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{{Short description|Protests in Finnmark, Norway}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Alta controversy
| subtitle = 
| image = Folkeaksjonen mot Altautbyggingen (6263033681).jpg 
| caption = Blockade against Alta hydroelectric project on traditional [[Sámi people|Sámi]] territories. The project was completed in 1987.
| date = 1970 – 1982
| place = [[Alta Municipality|Alta]], [[Finnmark]], [[Norway]]<br />(hunger strikes held in [[Oslo]] and [[Stockholm]])
| coordinates = 
| causes = * Damming of the [[Altaelva|Alta River]].
*Environmental and ecological damage of traditional Sámi territories
| methods = Protests, civil disobedience, blockade, hunger strike
| fatalities = 
| injuries = 
| arrests = [[Alfred Nilsen (protester)|Alfred Nilsen]]<br />{{ill|Tore Bongo|no}}<br />[[Svein Suhr]]<br />[[Per Flatberg]]
| detentions = 
| result = [[Alta Hydroelectric Power Station|Alta Power Station]] is constructed
* Some protesters arrested and fined
* "Folkeaksjonen -" disassembled
* Issues related to the [[Sámi people|Sámi's]] indigenous rights became a more important political agenda
| charged = 
| fined = {{currency|10000|NOK}}–20,000
| effect_label = 
| casualties_label = Arrests and fines
| sidebox = 
| concessions = 
| side1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sami people (old unofficial).svg}} Folkeaksjonen mot utbygging av Alta-Kautokeinovassdraget
* 10 000 Protesters
| side2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Norway, state.svg}} Norwegian Government
* [[File:Coat of arms of the Norwegian Police Service.svg|25px]] [[Norwegian Police Service|Law enforcement]]
| leadfigures1 = 
| leadfigures2 = 
}}
{{indigenous rights}}

The '''Alta conflict'''<ref name="Donald Duck">{{Cite news |last=Mortensen |first=Robin |date=2014-11-18 |title=Donald hamler opp med gruveaksjonistene |trans-title=Donald takes up with the mining activists |url=http://www.nrk.no/nordnytt/donald-bruker-jula-pa-a-hamle-opp-med-gruveaksjonistene-pa-finnmarksvidda-1.12048657 |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=NRK Finnmark |language=no}}</ref> or '''Alta controversy''' was a series of protests in [[Norway]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s against the construction of a [[hydroelectric power plant]] on the [[Altaelva|Alta River]] in [[Finnmark]], [[Northern Norway]].

==Timeline==
*Inhabitants of the village of [[Masi, Norway|Máze]] rallied and formed {{lang|no|Aksjonskomiteen mot neddemming av Masi}} (Action Committee Against the Damming of Masi) on 15 August 1970.{{r|LMH|p=17}}
*Starting in 1973, the {{lang|no|Altautvalget for bevaring av Alta-Kautokeino-vassdraget}} (Alta Committee for the Conservation of the Alta-Kautokeino River Basin) documented the detrimental effects of the project on salmon and "the nature" of the Alta [[drainage system (geomorphology)|river basin]]. The group is credited, in large part, for influencing the municipal council of Alta's opposition to the construction project.{{r|LMH|p=32-33}}
*On 12 July 1978, about 80 protestors form ''{{ill|Folkeaksjonen mot utbygging av Alta-Kautokeinovassdraget|no}}'' (People's Action Against the Development of the Alta-Kautokeino River Basin) assembled at [[Alta gymnas]], the local high school.{{r|LMH|p=32}}
*The {{ill|Detsika Camp|no|Detsika-leiren}} was established in the summer of 1979. It received 6,500 visitors<ref name="Turisme">{{Cite news |last=Glesnes |first=Gjermund |date=2013-08-10 |title=Fra sivil ulydighet til turisme |url=http://www.vg.no/reise/artikkel.php?artid=10112727 |work=[[Verdens Gang]]}}</ref><ref name="LMH">{{Cite book |last=Hjorthol |first=Lars Martin |title=Alta - Kraftkampen som utfordret statens makt |publisher=Gyldendal |year=2006 |isbn=978-82-05-33943-9 |location=Oslo, Norge |trans-title=Alta - the power struggle that challenged the government's power |oclc=174047661 |lang=no}}</ref>{{rp|38}} from 20 nations; a number of the visitors were demonstrators.  
*Later in 1979, the [[Stilla Camp]] was established and the Detsika Camp (which was a cultural gathering and a political workshop{{r|LMH|p=39}}) was disestablished.{{r|LMH|p=41}}
*{{lang|no|Folkeaksjonen}} held an election at an {{lang|no|ekstaordinær}} annual meeting in Alta on 24 January 1982, which concluded that the organization was to be disassembled. One of the reasons for disassembling the organization, was to avoid being blamed for sabotage and criminal acts, such as the arson that had taken place, in the previous Christmas holidays, against mobile constructions belonging to NVE.{{r|LMH|p=152}}
*{{lang|no|Folkeaksjonen}} held its last national conference in May 1982.{{r|LMH|p=153}}
*Court proceedings against [[Alfred Nilsen (protester)|Alfred Nilsen]] (d. 2025),<ref>https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/alfred-nilsen-er-dod_-_-han-var-en-brobygger-1.17342925. [[NRK]].no. Retrieved 2025-03-18</ref><ref>https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/GygJJ6/lederen-av-alta-aksjonen-er-doed. VG.no. Retrieved 2025-03-17</ref> {{ill|Tore Bongo|no}}, [[Svein Suhr]] and [[Per Flatberg]] began on 1 March 1983. They were later sentenced to fines of {{Currency|10000|NOK}}–20,000 each and suspended prison sentences of 60–90 days.{{r|LMH|p=200}}

==History==
The background for the controversy was a published plan by the [[Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate]] (NVE) that called for the construction of a dam and hydroelectric power plant that would create an artificial lake and inundate the [[Sámi people|Sámi]] village of [[Masi, Norway|Máze]]. After the initial plan met political resistance, a less ambitious project was proposed that would cause less displacement of Sámi residents and less disruption for [[reindeer]] migration and wild [[salmon]] fishing.

On 12 July 1978, ''{{ill|Folkeaksjonen mot utbygging av Alta-Kautokeinovassdraget|no}}'' (People's Action Against the Development of the Alta-Kautokeino River Basin) was founded, creating an organizational platform for first opposing and then resisting construction work.{{r|LMH|p=189}}  This group and others filed for an injunction in Norwegian courts against the Norwegian government to prevent construction from beginning.

On 1 May 1979, [[environmental minister]] [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] wore a [[Sámi costume]] in inner [[Finnmark]]; "the opponents"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sørensen |first=Heidi |date=2024-01-11 |title=Hva skjedde egentlig med Gro og Alta? |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/zEmPG5/hva-skjedde-egentlig-med-gro-og-alta |access-date=2024-01-12 |work=[[Aftenposten]] |language=no |author-link=Heidi Sørensen}}</ref> of the construction of the dam in Alta viewed the performance as being tasteless for an environmental minister that had not been listening to Sámi interests.  

In the fall of 1979, as construction was ready to start, protesters performed two acts of [[civil disobedience]]: at the construction site itself at Stilla, activists sat down on the ground and blocked the machines, and at the same time, Sámi activists began a [[hunger strike]] outside the [[Stortinget|Norwegian parliament]].

Documents that have since been declassified, show that the government planned to use military forces as logistical support for police authorities in their efforts to stop the protests.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-04-17 |title=Ville bruke soldater i Alta-aksjon |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1280217.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523213138/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1280217.ece |archive-date=2011-05-23 |work=[[Aftenposten]] |language=no}}</ref>

The prime minister at the time, [[Odvar Nordli]], pre-empted such an escalation by promising a review of the parliament's decision, but the Norwegian parliament subsequently confirmed its decision to dam the river. More than one thousand protesters chained themselves to the site when the work started again in January 1981. The police responded with large forces; at one point 10% of all Norwegian police officers were stationed in Alta (during which time they were quartered in a cruise ship). The protesters were forcibly removed by police.

For the first time since World War II, Norwegians were arrested and charged with violating laws against rioting. The central organizations for the Sámi people discontinued all cooperation with the Norwegian government. Two Sámi women even travelled to Rome to petition the Pope.

The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the government in early 1982, at which point organized opposition to the power plant ceased, and construction of the [[Alta Hydroelectric Power Station]] was completed by 1987.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Folkeaksjonen mot utbygging av Alta-Kautokeinovassdraget knapp samisk.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Sámi language button (campaign against development of the Alta)]]
As the first serious political upheaval since the [[1972 Norwegian EC referendum|debate about Norwegian EC membership]] in 1972, the Alta controversy was important in several ways:
* It put the rights of the Sámi as an indigenous people with distinct rights over the lands in Northern Norway, onto the national political agenda. This process reached a key milestone in 2005, when the [[Finnmark Act]] was passed. It is considered that though the Sámi lost the battle over this particular issue, they made important long-term gains.
* It unified formerly disparate environmental groups with respect to a common cause.
* Revived Sámi interest in their culture and rolled back efforts of the Norwegian government's ''[[Norwegianization]]'' policy.

The [[NGO]] organised the opposition against the construction in the Alta controversy, and had at the most 20,000 members. Of these, 10,000 actively participated in demonstrations, including the Stilla March. The organisation functioned as a cooperation between [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] and [[Sámi people|Sámi]] activists, and not only succeeded in putting focus on environmental issues but also on Sámi rights.

After their acts of [[civil disobedience]], the four leaders, [[Alfred Nilsen (protester)|Alfred Nilsen]], {{ill|Tore Bongo|no}}, [[Svein Suhr]] and [[Per Flatberg]] (information leader), were sentenced for encouraging illegal acts.

==Popular media==
''{{ill|La Elva Leve!|no}}'' (Let the River Flow) was a 1980 Norwegian [[docudrama]] inspired by the events of the Alta protests.
A 2023 film, ''{{ill|Ellos eatnu – La elva leve|no}}'' by [[Ole Giæver]], is a newer rendition of this story.

In 2014, in "one scene of the [[Donald Duck]] Christmas story, mining activists—clad in ''[[gákti]]''—and a chain gang show up. Associations to the Alta conflict of the 1970s and '80s, where there was great resistance to the building of a dam on the [[Alta River]], are clear", according to [[NRK]].{{r|Donald Duck}} A [[documentary film]] {{lang|no|Tidsvitne: Alta-kampen}} ("The Alta Struggle" episode of the series {{lang|no|Tidsvitne}}) was produced by [[NRK]].

A subplot in the 2019 animated musical film ''[[Frozen II]]'' where a dam built on tribal land by King Runeard, [[Elsa (Frozen)|Elsa]] and [[Anna (Frozen)|Anna]]'s grandfather, alludes to the Alta controversy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fonneland |first=Trude |date=2020 |title=Religion-Making in the Disney Feature Film, Frozen II: Indigenous Religion and Dynamics of Agency |journal=Religions |location=Tromsø, Norway |publisher=[[University of Tromsø]] |volume=11 |page=7 |doi=10.3390/rel11090430 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |number=9 |hdl=10037/20440}}</ref><ref name="altafrozen">{{Cite journal |last1=Kvidal-Røvik |first1=Trine |last2=Cordes |first2=Ashley |date=2020-12-02 |title=Into the unknown [Amas Mu Vuordá]? Listening to Indigenous voices on the meanings of Disney's Frozen 2 [Jikŋon 2] |journal=Journal of International and Intercultural Communication |volume=15 |language=en |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1080/17513057.2020.1849774 |issn=1751-3057 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10037/29263}}</ref><ref name="Utsi">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=FilmQuest - The Northuldra of Scandinavia |url=https://www.filmquest.co/stories/the-northuldra-of-scandinavia/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=www.filmquest.co |language=en}}</ref> In the film, Runeard had the dam built ostensibly as a gift to the Northuldra—a fictional tribe inspired by the [[Sámi people]]—but was actually a means to further subjugate the tribe whom the king distrusted for their reliance on magic–in an allusion to efforts to supplant [[Sámi shamanism]].<ref name="marshall">{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Emily Zobel |title=Frozen 2's postcolonial plotline: is it all a bit of a charade? |url=https://theconversation.com/frozen-2s-postcolonial-plotline-is-it-all-a-bit-of-a-charade-127981 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=The Conversation |date=18 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Environmental racism in Europe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Literature==
* Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs [http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/history/032005-990463/index-dok000-b-n-a.html The Sámi in Norway]
* Bård Berg: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125142952/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/25_aar_i_skyttergravene.pdf 25 år i skyttergravene? Fra kampen om Alta/Kautokeino-vassdraget til Bondevik-regjeringens forslag til Finnmarkslov]'' {{in lang|no}}

==External links==
*[http://tv.nrk.no/serie/tidsvitne/DKOS60000414/sesong-2/episode-6 Tidsvitne: Alta-kampen] (Documentary film viewable from Norwegian IP addresses)
*[http://www.nordlys.no/nyheter/article722508.ece - AKP ville hjelpe samene med sabotasje - I 1981 ble Samebevegelsen flere ganger kontaktet og tilbudt hjelp til terror- og sabotasjeaksjoner mot mål i Norge. Henvendelsene kom fra både IRA og venstreradikale nordmenn, mest sannsynlig AKP-medlemmer.] [The Workers' Communist Party wanted to help the Sámi with sabotage - In 1981, ''Samebevegelsen'' was contacted several times, and offered help with terror- and sabotage attacks against targets in Norway. Contact came from both IRA and leftist Norwegians, most probably AKP members.]
*[http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2003/08/10/375553.html Ville sprenge skip i Alta - Under Alta-striden planla venstreradikale nordmenn å sprenge politibåten «Janina», som lå i Alta med 800 politifolk om bord.]

{{indigenous rights footer}}

[[Category:1978 in Norway]]
[[Category:1979 in Norway]]
[[Category:1980 in Norway]]
[[Category:1981 in Norway]]
[[Category:1982 in Norway]]
[[Category:1970 protests]]
[[Category:1970 controversies]]
[[Category:Political history of Norway]]
[[Category:Environmental protests in Norway]]
[[Category:Sámi politics]]
[[Category:Political controversies in Norway]]
[[Category:Alta, Norway|Controversy]]
[[Category:Dam controversies]]
[[Category:Indigenous-related controversies]]