View source for Alice French

{{short description|American novelist}}
{{for|the Ninatakmuit Inuit author|Alice Masak French}}

{{Infobox writer
|name        = Alice French
|image       = Youngalicefrench.jpg
|pseudonym   = Octave Thanet
|birth_date  = {{Birth date|1850|03|19}}
|birth_place = [[Andover, Massachusetts]]
|death_date  = {{Death date and age|1934|01|09|1850|03|19}}
|death_place = [[Davenport, Iowa]]
|resting_place = [[Oakdale Memorial Gardens]]
|occupation  = Writer
|nationality = American
|notableworks= Expiation
|partner     =
|relatives   = [[Marcus Morton]] (grandfather)
|signature   = Signature of Octave Thanet.jpg
}}
'''Alice French''' (March 19, 1850 – January 9, 1934), better known as '''Octave Thanet''', was an American [[novelist]] and short fiction writer.

==Biography==
Alice French was born at [[Andover, Massachusetts]], a daughter of George Henry French, a successful leather merchant, and his wife Frances Morton.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1651] ''Encyclopedia of Arkansas'', Octave Thanet (1850-19334)</ref> Frances Morton French was the daughter of [[Governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts Governor]] [[Marcus Morton]].<ref name="AVIS">''A History of the Town of Freetown, Massachusetts with an Account of the Old Home Festival, July 30th, 1902''. Assonet Village Improvement Society (1902).</ref> Alice had four brothers: George, Morton, Nathaniel, and Robert.

In 1856 the French family moved to Davenport, Iowa, where the father engaged in manufacturing agricultural implements. Alice progressed through the public schools, then studied at [[Vassar College]] in Poughkeepsie, New York. She later transferred to [[Abbot Academy]] in Andover, graduating in 1868, and returning to Davenport.<ref name="appletons">{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=French, Alice|year=1900}}</ref>

==Later life==
By 1890, she had been settled in her comfortable lifelong lesbian partnership with a widowed friend, Jane Allen Crawford (1851-1932), for close to a decade, dividing their year between their home in Davenport, Iowa, and their plantation in Arkansas. The two women shared their lives, except for Jane's four-year marriage and then her European tour. Their home in Iowa, the [[Alice French House (Davenport, Iowa)|Alice French House]], has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983. For fifteen years, the home they shared in Arkansas known as [[Alice French House (Clover Bend, Arkansas)|Thanford]], was also on the National Register (until its destruction by fire).

Critics and editors acclaimed Octave Thanet. She was financially successful as a writer, though her investments in banks and railroads provided most of her income. In the 1890s, French published ten books. Between 1896 and 1900, fifty of her stories were published, and four different publishers collected five volumes for reprinting.

In 1909, French and Crawford gave up their Thanford house, after which French traveled widely in the United States, speaking for the conservative causes she embraced, adding to them her opposition to woman suffrage. She regularly attended the reunions of the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] in Washington, D.C.

Her point of view remained fixed in the era of her youth. After the first year of the twentieth century, she lost touch with literary and social developments in the United States. She developed [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|diabetes]], and complications from the disease caused the loss of one leg and most of her eyesight.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Alice French, Author, Critically Ill|date=March 14, 1927|work=New York Times}}</ref> She died on January 9, 1934, in Davenport.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Octave Thanet, 83, Novelist, Is Dead|date=January 10, 1934|work=New York Times}}</ref> She is buried alongside Jane Allen Crawford in Davenport's [[Oakdale Memorial Gardens]]

==Writing==
French began her literary career with a sentimental story, ''Hugo's Waiting'', printed in the Davenport Gazette in 1871. She then worked on ''Communists and Capitalists, A Sketch from Life'', inspired by a railroad workers' strike. The piece was published in October 1878 in [[Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]], which paid her forty-two dollars, the first money she earned from writing. At that point, French took the pseudonym “Octave Thanet.” She later claimed that she chose “Octave” because it was gender-neutral, and that she had seen the word “Thanet” written on a freight car in the Davenport yards. She published stories and essays in such national periodicals as the Atlantic Monthly, Harper’s, Scribner’s Magazine, and Century Magazine. These were often republished in book-length collections. She also published several novels and a work about photography.

Her first works contained a social and economic bent, such as ''Schopenhauer on Lake Pepin: A Study'', but she soon turned to short stories. [[Iowa]] and [[Arkansas]] gave her opportunities for exploiting regions hitherto little attempted in [[fiction]]. Her stories ''The Bishop's Vagabond'', ''The Hay of the Cyclone'', and ''Whitsun Harp, Regulator'' were popular. These initially appeared in the ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'' and ''[[Scribner's Magazine]]''. Later they appeared in her books.<ref name="appletons"/> Her novel ''Expiation'' (1890), won high praise. She prided herself on accurately depicting the physical setting of her stories, and limning the customs and dialect of her characters.

French also drew on her travel experiences. The “Schopenhauer” piece arose from a trip to the upper Mississippi Valley. Following a three-month coach tour of Great Britain with industrialist [[Andrew Carnegie]], she published ''A Day in an English Town'' and ''Through Great Britain in a Drag'' in Lippincott’s.

The Alice French House in Arkansas (Thanford) was the center of the area's literary and artistic life, with frequent galas and dinner parties hosting the literati and prominent citizens. French also exercised other talents at Thanford; she had a woodworking shop, where she built shelves and simple furniture, and a darkroom, where she developed and printed photographs with chemicals she mixed herself, an experience that she described and illustrated in ''An Adventure in Photography'', which was first published by Scribner’s in 1893.

==Partial bibliography==
* ''The Bishop's Vagabond'' (1884)
* ''Knitters in the Sun'' (1887)
* ''We All'' (1889)
* ''Expiation'' (1890)
* ''Victory's Divorcement'' (with [[Lura Eugenie Brown Smith]], 1891)
* ''Stories of a Western Town'' (1892)
* ''Otto the Knight'' (1893)
* ''The Defeat of Amos Wickliff'' (1896)
* ''The Stout Miss Hopkins's Bicycle'' (1897)
* ''The Dream Captured'' (1897)
* ''A Book of True Lovers'' (1897)
* ''Missionary Sheriff'' (1897)
* ''The Heart of Toil'' (1898)
* ''An Adventure in Photography'' (1899)
* ''The Best Letters of [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu|Mary Wortley Montagu]]'' (1901) (editor)
* ''The Man of the Hour'' (1905)
* ''The Lion's Share'' (1907)
* ''By Inheritance'' (1910)
* ''Stories That End Well'' (1911)
* ''A Step on the Stair'' (1913)

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
Two of Alice French's houses have been listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]:
*[[Alice French House (Clover Bend, Arkansas)]]
*[[Alice French House (Davenport, Iowa)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1651|title=Octave Thanet (1850–1934) aka: Alice French|last=Simpson|first=Ethel C.|date=June 7, 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture|publisher=Central Arkansas Library System|access-date=31 March 2015}}
*''Alice French''  Dictionary of American Biography, Supplements 1–2: To 1940. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1944–1958. Online at Biography Resource Center [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC] (accessed November 10, 2005)
*''Alice French''   Contemporary Authors Online [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503232627/http://www.gale-edit.com/cas/] (accessed November 10, 2005). Online at Biography Resource Center [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC] (accessed November 10, 2005)
*''Alice French Papers, 1871–1934''   The Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624165859/http://www.newberry.org/nl/collections/French.html] (accessed November 10, 2005)
*''Journey to Obscurity: The Life of Octave Thanet'',  McMichael, George. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965
*''By the Cypress Swamp: The Arkansas Stories of Octave Thanet'' (edited by Michael B. and Carol W. Dougan). Little Rock: Rose Publishing Company, 1980
*''Alice French, A Noble Anachronism'', Tigges, Sandra Ann Healey (Ph.D. dissertation), University of Iowa, 1981

==References==
*{{NIE|wstitle=French, Alice|year=1906}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Gutenberg author| id=1073| name=Alice French}} (as Octave Thanet)
* {{FadedPage|id=Thanet, Octave|name=Octave Thanet|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Alice French}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Octave Thanet}}
* {{Find a Grave|7574993}}
* [https://archives.newberry.org/repositories/2/resources/74 Alice French (Octave Thanet) Papers] at The [[Newberry Library]]
* [https://aspace.lib.uiowa.edu/repositories/2/resources/559 Alice French Papers ] are also housed at University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections & Archives

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:French, Alice}}
[[Category:19th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American women novelists]]
[[Category:People from Andover, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Davenport, Iowa]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Iowa]]
[[Category:American lesbian writers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Novelists from Iowa]]
[[Category:Abbot Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Novelists from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:19th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:American women short story writers]]
[[Category:Vassar College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Lawrence County, Arkansas]]
[[Category:Writers from Arkansas]]
[[Category:Deaths from diabetes in the United States]]
[[Category:American anti-suffragists]]
[[Category:19th-century American essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century American essayists]]
[[Category:American women essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American travel writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American travel writers]]
[[Category:American women travel writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century American photographers]]
[[Category:American women photographers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Arkansas]]