View source for Alians

{{Short description|Sufi mystic order in Shia Islam}}
{{For|the Polish band|Alians (band)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2009}}
{{Alevism}}
[[Image:Demir Baba tekkesi Razgrad isperih.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Demir Baba Teke|Demir Baba teke]], Alian sacred place]]
{{Sufism}}
{{Twelvers|collapsed=1}}
The '''Alian Order''' (in Bulgarian: алиани, in Turkish: Alevi) is a [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]] community based in [[Bulgaria]]. The term “Alian” derives from the veneration of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], cousin and son-in-law of [[Prophet Muhammad]], whom the community considers an emanation of God.<ref>Based on Ayats 2:107, 3:105, 5:55, 6:14, 33:17 and 9:116 etc.</ref> The community goes by several names in Bulgaria, including Aliani (Алиани), Alevii (Алевии), Kazalbashi (or Kızılbaşı, meaning “red heads” in Turkish), and Bektashi.<ref>https://ghayb.com/the-alian-order/</ref>

The Alian community's historical connection to the [[Safavid dynasty]] represents an important element of their identity and historical development. The [[Qizilbash]] tribes who sided with [[Ismail I]] (r. 1501-1524) are considered among the ancestors of the Alians. Theologically, the Alian community adheres to a form of Shi'a Islam with distinctive  principles that differentiate them from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnism]] and [[Twelver Shi'ism]]. They are also [[Sufi]] and believe that the union that a person can achieve with God is entirely personal and based on individual experience.<ref>https://ghayb.com/the-alian-order/</ref>

==Origin theories==
Their exact origin is not certain, since few relevant historical records have been preserved, but according to the prevailing theory they fled to Bulgaria from Central Anatolia after the 1512 victory by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Sultan]] [[Selim I]], a [[Sunni]], over the first, part-[[Turkmen people|Turcoman]] [[Safavid]] [[shah]] of the [[Persia]]ns, [[Ismail I]].

Alians appear to be descendants of a Sufi-dervish-like group of priests{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} but they themselves believe about 10% are the descendants of the earliest Christians of Asia Minor who fled the Sunni invasion of Anatolia. Ali for them is not one single historical person but the ineffable name kept by God's Ministers (Avlioh){{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}.

It has also been suggested that they perhaps first came to the [[Balkans]] during the 15th century, in order to keep up the morale of Ottoman soldiers and to help integrate the newly conquered peoples into the empire{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}.

==Observances and beliefs==
The Alians have similar beliefs and practices to the [[Alevi]]s and, along with Alevis are surviving examples of pre-Sunni Islam because the Alians are believed to be descendants of a member of the Banu Eli tribe who was called [[Abbas ibn Ali]] and [[Umm ul-Banin]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. Their 12 imams refer to 12 ministerial roles during the Alian religious ceremony, and they are hence different from those of [[Twelver Shiism]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. They believe the Quran was compiled by [[Salman al-Farsi]], whom they hold in high esteem{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. Their tafsir of the Quran is based on harmony between the 4 books (Quran, the Old Testament, the New Testament, and Psalter){{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}.

They are a closed society and hide their rituals{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. [[Circumcision]], is done when the boy is one week old.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://londoncircumcisioncentre.co.uk/blog-circumcision/-in-islam-sunnah | title=Circumcision (Khitan, Khatna) in Islam (Sunnah) | date=5 April 2019 }}</ref> At the age of 13 years, his [[pubic hair]] may be trimmed in a special ceremony where only male Elders are present.<ref>https://sunnah.com/search?q=pubic</ref> They are monogamous and should only marry other Alians. Marriages may be arranged years in advance by the families, but the couple is only married together as young men and women because Alians abhor child marriage. Alians believe in personal communication with God through a near-[[trance]] state during Zikr. They use the Persian calendar, an [[Lipovans|Old Rite]]-style [[breviary]], and use candles and wine during their [[Jem (Alevism)|Dzhem]] on Thursday nights to achieve the [[Haqq–Muhammad–Ali]] communion{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. They celebrate [[Gaxand]] in winter and [[Nowruz]] in spring, and celebrate Sufi saints, using icons and crosses alongside tasbih{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. They historically placed a great role among themselves for converting Christians in Bulgaria.<ref>Tareekh e Alian – Shaikh Zakaria pages – 92–113</ref>

A tradition is performed among Alians after the 3rd week of December until the first week of January, during which Gaxan, his bride Fadike, and a character normally known as the Arab, will visit homes to perform a play and collect gifts. They distribute these to others in the community, especially Zeyi, i.e. young women who can not afford dowries; they also distribute nuts, sweets, chocolate and dried fruits to children.

Balkan Christians visit Alian shrines{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. Alians did not visit [[madrassah]]s in the Ottoman Empire because [[Sunni Islam]] was taught there{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. Consequently, they educated their children themselves. They are at risk of gradual assimilation into Orthodox Christianity or secularism{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}. By the Second World War and the following [[Communism in Bulgaria]], many Alians fled to the European part of Turkey.

''[[Demir Baba Teke|Demir Baba teke]]'' is a sacred place to Alians and other Islamic sects because [[Demir Baba]], a famous dervish who lived during the 16th century, is buried there. The tekke of [[Otman Baba]], located in the [[Haskovo]]-region village of Teketo, is another Alian holy site.<ref name="bosakov282">Bosakov, p. 282.</ref>

{{Chart top|The historical emergence of the [[Shī'ah]] [[Imāmī]] Alian [[Ṭarīqah]] and other related [[Muslim sects]]}}
{| class="{{{class|navbox}}}" style="float:{{{1|center}}}; margin: 2ex 0 0.6em 0.5em; width: 8em; line-height:111%;" 
!<small>The schematic history of the development of the [[Imāmī]]-[[Schools of Islamic theology#Bakt.C4.81shism .28Bekta.C5.9Filik.29|Bektāşīlik]] from other [[Shī'ah]] [[Muslim sects]] </small>
|-   [[Shī'ah]] [[Imāmī]] [[Alevi|Alevī]] [[Schools of Islamic theology#Bakt.C4.81shism .28Bekta.C5.9Filik.29|Bektāshī]] [[Ṭarīqah]]
|
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{{tree chart|ARW|ARW=[[Arwa al-Sulayhi|Arwa <br>al-Sulayhi]]|-|DAW|.|AGA| |PAM| |CEP| |CEP=[[Chepni]]s|DAW=[[Zoeb bin musa|Zoeb Musa]] <small>([[Dawoodi Bohra|Dawoodis]])</small>|AGA=[[Aga Khan|Agha Khans]] <small>([[Imamate in Nizari doctrine|Nizārī Ismā'īlī]]s)</small>|boxstyle_DRZ= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_DAW= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_AGA= background-color:PapayaWhip; |HUS2232=[[Dawoodi Bohra#Intra-Bohra schisms|Other Bohra]]s  |PAM=[[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] [[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Ismāʿīlīsm]] | boxstyle_CEP= background-color:LavenderBlush; | boxstyle_PAM= background-color:Seashell;}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart|SUL| |ALA|!|HEB|,|ATB| |SUL=[[Sulayman bin Hassan|Sulayman]] <small>([[Sulaymanis]])</small> |HEB=<small>[[Hebtiahs Bohra]]</small>|ALA=<small>Ali bin Ibrāhim<br>([[Alavi Bohra]])</small> |PDB=[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] |boxstyle_HEB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|ATB=<small>[[Abdul Hussain Jivaji|A . Hussain Jivaji]]<br> ([[Atba-i-Malak]])</small> | boxstyle_SUL= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_ALA= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_ATB= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|'| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{tree chart|JAF| |PDB| |AMV| |AMB| |JAF=<small>[[Jafari Bohras]] ([[Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi]])</small>|PDB=<small>[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] ([[Asghar Ali Engineer|Asghar Ali]])</small>|AMB=<small>[[Atba-e-Malak Badar|Atba-i-Malak Badar]] ([[Badruddin Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan Saheb|Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan]])</small>|AMV=<small>[[Atba-i-Malak Vakil]] ([[Abdul Qadir Ebrahimji|A. Qadir Ebrahimji]])</small>|  boxstyle_PDB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMV= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
[[File:Imam chart-qizil.pdf|thumb|852px|center|Alians and Shia Islam]]

==Location==
In Bulgaria, Alians inhabit predominantly the villages of Yablanovo and Malko Selo in [[Sliven Province]]; Sevar, Ostrovo, Madrevo, Sveshtari, Bisertsi, and Lavino in [[Razgrad Province]]; Preslavci, Chernik, and Bradvari in [[Silistra Province]]; and Mogilets and Bayachevo in [[Targovishte Province]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
| title = Житието на Демир Баба и създаването на ръкописи от мюсюлманите от хетеродоксните течения на исляма в Североизточна България
| language = bg
}}: Demir Baba's life and the creation of manuscripts by heterodox Muslims in northeastern Bulgaria

* {{cite web
 |url      = http://www.orpheusclub.com/bg/news.php?id=71
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200629084349/http://orpheusclub.com/bg/news.php?id=71
 |url-status = dead
 |archive-date = 2020-06-29
 |title    = Демир баба теке е светиня
 |language = bg
}}: Demir baba teke is a holy place

* {{cite web
 |url          = http://www.btv.bg/news/newsprint.php?story=35028
 |title        = Националният институт за паметници на културата иска да спре реставрацията на Демир баба теке
 |language     = bg
 |access-date  = 2007-06-16
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011823/http://www.btv.bg/news/newsprint.php?story=35028
 |archive-date = 2007-09-28
 |url-status     = dead
}}: The National institute of cultural monuments want to halt the restоration of Demir baba teke

* {{cite book
| title = Българските алиани. Сборник етнографски материали.
| first = И.
|last= Георгиева
| location = Sofia
| year = 1997
| language = bg
}} Bulgarian Alians. A collection of ethnographic materials.

* {{cite journal |title=Religious and sociocultural dimensions of the Kazalbashi community in Bulgaria |url=http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=C8362565-E0C0-4564-A434-5328711C2497 |journal=Facta Universitatis |publisher=[[University of Niš]] |last=Bosakov |first=Vesselin |volume=2 |year=1999 |pages=277–283 |issue=6 }}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Islam in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Alevism]]
[[Category:Sufi orders]]
[[Category:Shia Sufi orders]]
[[Category:Liberal and progressive movements within Islam]]
[[Category:Shia Islamic branches]]