View source for Alexander Pechtold

{{Short description|Dutch politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix   = 
|name               = Alexander Pechtold
|image              = Alexander-pechtold (cropped).jpg
|caption            = Pechtold in 2013
|office             = Leader of the [[Democrats 66]] in the <br/> [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
|term_start         = 30 November 2006
|term_end           = 10 October 2018
|predecessor        = [[Lousewies van der Laan]]
|successor          = [[Rob Jetten]]
|office1            = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
|term_start1        = 30 November 2006
|term_end1          = 10 October 2018
|office2            = [[Leader of the Democrats 66]] 
|term_start2        = 24 June 2006
|term_end2          = 6 October 2018
|predecessor2       = [[Boris Dittrich]]
|successor2         = [[Sigrid Kaag]] (2020)
|office3            = [[List of Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands#List of Ministers without Portfolio|Minister for the Interior]]
|term_start3        = 31 March 2005 
|term_end3          = 3 July 2006 
|primeminister3     = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
|predecessor3       = [[Thom de Graaf]]
|successor3         = [[Atzo Nicolaï]]
|office4            = Mayor of [[Wageningen]]
|term_start4        = 1 October 2003 
|term_end4          = 31 March 2005
|predecessor4       = [[Geke Faber]]
|successor4         = Chris Rutten (''ad Interim'')
|office5            = [[Democrats 66#Leadership|Chair of the Democrats 66]]
|term_start5        = 16 November 2002 
|term_end5          = 31 March 2005
|leader5            = [[Thom de Graaf]] (2002–2003) <br/> [[Boris Dittrich]] (2003–2005)
|predecessor5       = [[Gerard Schouw]]
|successor5         = Jan Hoekema (''ad Interim'')
|birthname          = Alexander Pechtold
|birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|12|16}} 
|birth_place        = [[Delft]], Netherlands
|death_date         =
|death_place        =
|nationality        = Dutch
|party              = [[Democrats 66]] (since 1989)
|spouse             = {{marriage|Froukje Idema|1997|2018|reason=divorced}}
|children           = One son, one daughter
|residence          = [[Scheveningen]], The Hague, Netherlands
|alma_mater         = [[Leiden University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])
|occupation         = [[Politician]] · [[Civil service|Civil servant]] · [[Auction|Auctioneer]] · [[History of art|Art historian]]
|signature          = 
}}

'''Alexander Pechtold''' (born 16 December 1965) is a Dutch politician and art historian. He is a member of [[Democrats 66]].

Pechtold studied [[Archaeology]] and [[Dutch Golden Age painting|History of Dutch Art]] at [[Leiden University]], and obtained a [[Master of Arts]] degree. Pechtold worked as an auctioneer in [[The Hague]] from July 1992 until June 1996 and as an [[Alderman]] in Leiden from June 1996 until October 2003. Pechtold served as [[Democrats 66#Leadership|Chairman of the Democrats 66]] from 16 November 2002 until 31 March 2005. In September 2003, Pechtold was nominated as the next mayor of [[Wageningen]] taking office on 1 October 2003. Pechtold was appointed as [[List of Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands#List of Ministers without Portfolio|Minister without Portfolio for the Interior]] in the [[second Balkenende cabinet]] following a [[cabinet reshuffle]], taking office on 31 March 2005. After [[Leader of the Democrats 66|Party Leader]] [[Boris Dittrich]] announced he was stepping down, Pechtold announced his candidacy and was [[2006 Democrats 66 leadership election|elected]] as his successor on 24 June 2006. The cabinet fell just a year later, and he resigned on 3 July 2006.

For the [[2006 Dutch general election|2006 general election]], Pechtold served as [[lead candidate]] and was elected to the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]], becoming [[Parliamentary leader]] on 30 November 2006. For the [[2010 Dutch general election|2010]], [[2012 Dutch general election|2012]] and [[2017 Dutch general election|2017 general elections]], Pechtold served as lead candidate again, and following a successful [[2017 Dutch cabinet formation|cabinet formation]] in 2017 with the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD), the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA) and the [[Christian Union (Netherlands)|Christian Union]] formed the [[third Rutte cabinet]], with Pechtold opting to remain as Parliamentary leader. In October 2018 Pechtold unexpectedly announced his retirement from national politics and stepped down as leader and Parliamentary leader on 10 October 2018.

==Early life==
Alexander Pechtold was born on 16 December 1965 in [[Delft]] in the [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Dutch province]] of [[South Holland]]. Pechtold and his elder brother Roland Pechtold grew up in the village of [[Rhoon]]. He went to a [[Lyceum]] in [[Rotterdam]]. Pechtold studied [[art history]] and [[archaeology]] with a specialization in [[:Category:17th-century paintings|17th-century painting]] at [[Leiden University]], obtaining a [[Bachelor of Arts]] and a [[Master of Arts]] degree in 1996. During that time Pechtold obtained certification as an [[auctioneer]], and worked for the ''Van Stockum's Veilingen'' during his studies.

==Politics==

===Party chair===
Pechtold became a member of the [[Democrats 66]] (D66) party in 1989. He was elected as a [[Councillor|Municipal councillor]] in [[Leiden]] in 1994, and became an [[alderman]] in 1996. On 16 November 2002 he was elected as [[Democrats 66#Leadership|Chairman of the D66]]. Pechtold was tasked with reforming the party after its disastrous results in the [[2002 Dutch general election|2002 general election]], and preparing for the upcoming [[2003 Dutch general election|2003 general election]].

===Mayor of Wageningen===
On 1 October 2003, Pechtold was appointed mayor of [[Wageningen]]; he remained chairman of the D66.

===Minister for Government Reform and Kingdom Relations===
[[Thom de Graaf]], the D66 [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations|Minister for Government Reform and Kingdom Relations]] in the [[Second Balkenende cabinet]], resigned on 23 March 2005 after the introduction of democratically elected mayors had been rejected in the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]]. The proposal was especially important; it had become a symbol of the government reform that the D66 had wanted since the party's creation. Pechtold was asked to succeed him as Minister. Pechtold resigned as chairman and mayor the same day that he took office as the new Minister for  Government Reform and Kingdom Relations, on 31 March 2005.

On 29 June 2006 the D66 retracted its support for the Second Balkenende cabinet. The next day, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Minister]] [[Jan Peter Balkenende]] offered the resignation of the full cabinet to [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]]. Pechtold resigned as Minister for Government Reform and Kingdom Relations on 3 July 2006. His fellow D66 cabinet member [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]], the Deputy Prime Minister and [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Environment (Netherlands)|Minister of Economic Affairs]], resigned on 7 July 2006.

===House of Representatives===
Pechtold was elected the Leader of the D66 on 24 June 2006 in the [[2006 Democrats 66 leadership election|leadership election of 2006]], defeating [[Lousewies van der Laan]], the party's [[Parliamentary group leader|Parliamentary leader]] in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]. Van der Laan had only a few months earlier succeeded [[Boris Dittrich]], who had resigned as party leader and parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives on 3 February 2006.

In 2007 the parliamentarian press chose Pechtold with 31% of the votes as the "Dutch politician of the year 2007".

For the [[2006 Dutch general election|2006 general election]] Pechtold became [[lead candidate]] and the [[Democrats 66]] lost three seats and became an opposition party. For the [[2010 Dutch general election|2010 general election]], Pechtold again as lead candidate won ten seats but the [[Democrats 66]] remained an opposition party. With the following [[2012 Dutch general election|2012 general election]], Pechtold again as lead candidate won two seats with the [[Democrats 66]] again remaining an opposition party.

During the [[fourth Balkenende cabinet]] administration Pechtold served as government opposition leader. After the [[2010 Dutch general election|2010 general election]], the D66 won seven seats in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] which journalists claimed was due to Pechtold's leadership during the [[fourth Balkenende cabinet]] time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntr.nl/|title=Object Unknown|first=Omroep|last=NTR|website=NTR}}</ref> After the [[2010 Dutch cabinet formation]], D66 again remained in opposition. In 2012, Pechtold published ''Henk, Ingrid, & Alexander'', which ostensibly aimed to break through the populism that had dominated Dutch politics in the previous decade, "Henk" and "Ingrid" being the generic names proposed by [[Geert Wilders]] and other [[Party for Freedom]] politicians to represent the average Dutch couple, by engaging everyday people in conversation. The book was panned in ''[[de Volkskrant]]'' as a "cheap PR-stunt without any value to it."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/9284/Johan-Fretz/article/detail/3164241/2012/02/08/Johan-Fretz-Ik-mis-Hans-van-Mierlo-opeens-zo.dhtml|title='Ik mis Hans van Mierlo opeens zo'|last=Fretz|first=Johan|date=8 February 2012|work=[[de Volkskrant]]|access-date=8 February 2012|quote=Pechtold kijkt koddig in de lens van de NOS en noemt de populistische titel van zijn boek 'gewoon een knipoog'. Ik vind het een goedkope PR-stunt zonder onderliggende waarde.}}</ref>

During a debate with [[Mark Rutte]] in 2010, Pechtold championed the cause of [[social liberalism]], noting that the government "needs to offer services where fairness is more important than efficiency, such as education and healthcare," while accusing Rutte of pursuing policies that hurt the most vulnerable in Dutch society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.nl/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921031511/http://vorige.nrc.nl/international/article2557173.ece|url-status=dead|title=NRC - Nieuws, achtergronden en onderzoeksjournalistiek|archivedate=21 September 2012|website=NRC}}</ref>

After the shootdown of [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17]] in July 2014, Pechtold explicitly voiced his support for economic expediency over ethical correctness by stating: "We are a small country, dependent on our exports, and unlike the United States, we cannot always react from our moral high grounds."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/19/world/europe/the-netherlands-a-nation-in-mourning-but-mindful-of-ties-to-russia.html|title=The Netherlands, a Nation in Mourning but Mindful of Ties to Russia|newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 July 2014 |last1=Erdbrink |first1=Thomas }}</ref>

In December 2017, it was revealed that Pechtold received an apartment valued at 135,000 euros from Serge Marcoux, a former Canadian ambassador, that was not listed on the gift register of the House of Representatives, with Pechtold justifying the lack of report by saying that he knew Marcoux from outside politics and that the apartment was a private gift which did not fall under the purview of the register.<ref>{{cite news|author=Raoul du Pré|title=Pechtold kreeg Schevenings appartement van bevriende oud-ambassadeur en noemt die gift een privékwestie|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/politiek/pechtold-kreeg-schevenings-appartement-van-bevriende-oud-ambassadeur-en-noemt-die-gift-een-privekwestie~a4546476/|newspaper=de Volkskrant|date=18 December 2017|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref>

On 6 October 2018, Pechtold announced his resignation as D66 leader and from the parliament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2253630-alexander-pechtold-weg-als-partijleider-vertrekt-dinsdag-uit-kamer.htm|title=Alexander Pechtold weg als partijleider, vertrekt dinsdag uit Kamer|work=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]]|language=nl}}</ref> As chairman of the parliamentary party, Pechtold was succeeded by [[Rob Jetten]] on 9 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2254034-rob-jetten-nieuwe-fractievoorzitter-d66.html |title=Rob Jetten nieuwe fractievoorzitter D66 |website=NOS |language=nl |date=9 October 2018 |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>

==Post-politics==
Pechtold retired from active politics at 52 and became active in the [[public sector]] as a non-profit director and serves on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government. In October 2019 Pechtold was appointed as Director-General of the {{Interlanguage link multi|Central Bureau of Driving Licenses|nl|3=Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen}} (CBR).<ref>{{Cite web| last = van der Aa| first = Edwin| title = Alexander Pechtold nieuwe directeur CBR| work = [[Het Parool]]| access-date = 2024-03-05| date = 2019-10-11| url = https://www.parool.nl/nederland/alexander-pechtold-nieuwe-directeur-cbr~b3e6e546/| language = nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=Alexander Pechtold nieuwe algemeen directeur CBR - CBR |url=https://www.cbr.nl/nl/over-het-cbr/over/laatste-nieuws/nieuws/alexander-pechtold-nieuwe-algemeen-directeur-cbr.htm |access-date=2024-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022005148/https://www.cbr.nl/nl/over-het-cbr/over/laatste-nieuws/nieuws/alexander-pechtold-nieuwe-algemeen-directeur-cbr.htm |archive-date=22 October 2020 }}</ref> From March 23, 2021, Pechtold presents the TV program ''De Achterkant van het Gelijk'' for broadcaster [[BNNVARA]] on [[NPO 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALEXANDER PECHTOLD PRESENTEERT 'DE ACHTERKANT VAN HET GELIJK' |url=https://pers.bnnvara.nl/alexander-pechtold-presenteert-de-achterkant-van-het-gelijk/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=pers.bnnvara.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Since April 22, 2021, Pechtold has been the chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Dutch Lottery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woerd |first=Frank Op de |date=2021-05-07 |title=Alexander Pechtold nieuwe voorzitter Raad van Commissarissen Nederlandse Loterij |url=https://www.casinonieuws.nl/landgebonden/alexander-pechtold-nederlandse-loterij-rvc/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=CasinoNieuws.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref>
On 5 June 2025, Pechtold was nominated as mayor of his hometown of [[Delft]]<ref> https://nos.nl/artikel/2570117-oud-d66-leider-pechtold-wordt-burgemeester-van-zijn-geboortestad-delft</ref>

== Personal life ==
Pechtold is divorced and has two children.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-08-28 |title=Alexander Pechtold ontkent derde kind na research Wilfred Genee |url=https://www.mediacourant.nl/2023/08/alexander-pechtold-ontkent-derde-kind-na-research-wilfred-genee/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Mediacourant.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2023}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" border=2 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="border: 1px #aaa solid; font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"
|+ {{sronly|Electoral history of Alexander Pechtold}}
! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Year
! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Body
! scope="col" colspan=2 rowspan=2 |Party
! scope="col" rowspan=2 |{{abbr|2=Position on the party list|Pos.}}
! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Votes
! scope="colgroup" colspan=2 |Result
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" |{{abbr|2=References|Ref}}.
|-
! scope="col" |Party seats
! scope="col" |Individual
|-
! scope="row" | [[2006 Dutch general election|2006]]
| [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democrats 66}};"|
| [[Democrats 66]]
| style=text-align:right | 1
| style=text-align:right | 95,937
| style=text-align:right | 3
| {{yes2|Won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2006/11/27/proces-verbaal-zitting-kiesraad-uitslag-tweede-kamerverkiezing-2006 |website = Dutch Electoral Council |language = nl |access-date = 22 December 2023 |format = PDF |date = 27 November 2006 |title = Proces-verbaal zitting Kiesraad uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2006 |trans-title = Records meeting Duch Electoral Council results 2006 general election |pages = 71–89 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[2010 Dutch general election|2010]]
| House of Representatives
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democrats 66}};"|
| Democrats 66
| style=text-align:right | 1
| style=text-align:right | 507,187
| style=text-align:right | 10
| {{yes2|Won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2010/06/16/proces-verbaal-tweede-kamer-2010-kopie |website = Dutch Electoral Council |language = nl |access-date = 22 December 2023 |format = PDF |date = 16 June 2010 |title = Uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2010 |trans-title = Results 2010 general election |pages = 40–41 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[2012 Dutch general election|2012]]
| House of Representatives
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democrats 66}};"|
| Democrats 66
| style=text-align:right | 1
| style=text-align:right | 586,454
| style=text-align:right | 12
| {{yes2|Won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2012/09/19/proces-verbaal-zitting-uitslag-tweede-kamerverkiezing-2012 |website = Dutch Electoral Council |language = nl |access-date = 22 December 2023 |format = PDF |date = 17 September 2012 |title = Uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2012 |trans-title = Results 2012 general election |pages = 82–83 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[2017 Dutch general election|2017]]
| House of Representatives
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democrats 66}};"|
| Democrats 66
| style=text-align:right | 1
| style=text-align:right | 863,887
| style=text-align:right | 19
| {{yes2|Won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2017/3/proces-verbaal-zitting-kiesraad-uitslag-tweede-kamerverkiezing-2017/getekend-proces-verbaal-zitting-bekendmaking-uitslag-tweede-kamer-22-03-2017 |website = Dutch Electoral Council |language = nl |access-date = 21 December 2023 |format = PDF |date = 21 March 2017 |title = Uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2017 (getekend exemplaar) |trans-title = Results House of Representatives 2017 (signed example) |pages = 114–115 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[2023 Dutch general election|2023]]
| House of Representatives
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democrats 66}};"|
| Democrats 66
| style=text-align:right | [[List of Democrats 66 candidates in the 2023 Dutch general election|78]]{{efn|Pecthold participated as a {{lang|nl|[[lijstduwer]]}}.}}
| style=text-align:right | 1,196
| style=text-align:right | 9
| {{no2|Lost}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2023/12/04/proces-verbaal-van-de-uitslag-van-de-tweede-kamerverkiezing-2023 |website = Dutch Electoral Council |language = nl |access-date = 21 December 2023 |format = PDF |date = 4 December 2023 |title = Proces-verbaal van de uitslag van de verkiezing van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal 2023 d.d. 4 december 2023 |trans-title = Report of the results of the election of the House of Representatives on 4 December 2023 |pages = 21–22 }}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

;Official
* {{in lang|nl}} [https://www.parlement.com/id/vgz51a5nyogf/a_alexander_pechtold Drs. A. (Alexander) Pechtold] Parlement & Politiek

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gerard Schouw]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democrats 66#Leadership|Chair of the Democrats 66]]|years=2002–2005}}
{{s-aft|after=Jan Hoekema <br/> <small>''Ad interim''</small>}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Boris Dittrich]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Democrats 66]]|years=2006–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sigrid Kaag]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Thom de Graaf]] <br/> [[2003 Dutch general election|2003]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lead candidate]] of the <br/> [[Democrats 66]]|years=[[2006 Dutch general election|2006]], [[2010 Dutch general election|2010]], [[2012 Dutch general election|2012]], [[2017 Dutch general election|2017]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sigrid Kaag]] <br/> [[2021 Dutch general election|2021]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lousewies van der Laan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Parliamentary leader]] of the <br/> [[Democrats 66]] in the <br/> [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]|years=2006–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rob Jetten]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Geke Faber]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Mayor of [[Wageningen]]|years=2003–2005}}
{{s-aft|after=Chris Rutten <br/> {{small|''Ad interim''}}}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Thom de Graaf]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands#List of Ministers without Portfolio|Minister for the Interior]]|years=2005–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Atzo Nicolaï]]}}
{{s-civ}}
{{s-bef|before=Petra Delsing}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director-General of the <br/> [[Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen]]|years=2019–present}} 
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ministers of Kingdom Relations of the Netherlands}}
{{Ministers without Portfolio of the Netherlands}}
{{Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2017–present}}
{{Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2012–17}}
{{Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2010–12}}
{{Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2006–10}}
{{Second Balkenende cabinet}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pechtold, Alexander}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aldermen of Leiden]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the Democrats 66]]
[[Category:Democrats 66 politicians]]
[[Category:Dutch auctioneers]]
[[Category:Dutch agnostics]]
[[Category:Dutch republicans]]
[[Category:Dutch art historians]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Democrats 66]]
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:Mayors of Wageningen]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Dutch MPs 2017–2021]]
[[Category:Dutch MPs 2006–2010]]
[[Category:Dutch MPs 2010–2012]]
[[Category:Dutch MPs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Ministers of kingdom relations of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ministers without portfolio of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Municipal councillors of Leiden]]
[[Category:People from Albrandswaard]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delft]]
[[Category:People from Wageningen]]
[[Category:Scholars of Dutch art]]
[[Category:Scholars of Netherlandish art]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Dutch civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Dutch historians]]