View source for Aleksandr Dugin

{{Short description|Russian political activist and philosopher (born 1962)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{family name hatnote|Gelyevich|Dugin|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name             = Aleksandr Dugin
| native_name      = {{Nobold|Александр Дугин}}
| native_name_lang = ru
| image            = 2023 Aleksandr Dugin.jpg
| caption          = Dugin in 2023
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|1962|1|7|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Moscow]], Russian SFSR, Soviet Union<ref name="Исаев">{{Cite book |last=Борис Исаев |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xqwS5t83nYC&pg=PA329 |date=2005 |publisher=Издательский дом "Питер" |isbn=978-5469006510 |page=329 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Геополитика: Учебное пособие}}</ref>
| education        = {{ubl|[[Moscow Aviation Institute]] (dropped out)|Novocherkassk State Academy of Melioration|[[Rostov State University]] (PhD, 2000)}}
| era              = [[Contemporary philosophy]]
| region           = [[Russian philosophy]]
| school_tradition = [[Neo-Eurasianism]]
* [[Eurasia Movement]]
* [[Neo-Stalinism]]
* [[National Bolshevism]]
| institutions     = {{ubl|[[Moscow State University]] (2008–2014)|Ivan Ilyin Higher School of Politics at the [[Russian State University for the Humanities]] (since 2023)}}
| main_interests   = [[Geopolitics]], [[political philosophy]], conservative revolution, sociology
| notable_ideas    = {{ubl|[[Neo-Eurasianism]]|[[The Fourth Political Theory]]|[[Tellurocracy]]–[[thalassocracy]] distinction<ref>
{{cite book
| editor1-last  = Lukic
| editor1-first = Rénéo
| editor2-last  = Brint
| editor2-first = Michael
| title         = Culture, politics, and nationalism in the age of globalization
| url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=swKFAAAAMAAJ
| publisher     = Ashgate
| date          = 2001
| page          = 103
| isbn          = 9780754614364
| access-date   = 12 October 2015
| quote         = Dugin defines 'thalassocracy' as 'power exercised thanks to the sea,' opposed to 'tellurocracy' or 'power exercised thanks to the land'{{nbsp}}... The 'thalassocracy' here is the United States and its allies; the 'tellurocracy' is Eurasia.
}}</ref>}}
| spouse           = {{plain list|
* [[Evgenia Debryanskaya]]
* Natalya Melentyeva
}}
| children         = 2, including [[Darya Dugina|Darya]]
| website          =
}}
'''Aleksandr{{efn|Also spelled '''Alexander'''.}} Gelyevich Dugin''' ({{langx|ru|Александр Гельевич Дугин}}; born 7 January 1962) is a Russian [[far-right]] political philosopher.<ref name="WP-20220512">{{cite news |last=Burton |first=Tara Isabella |title=The far-right mystical writer who helped shape Putin's view of Russia – Alexander Dugin sees the Ukraine war as part of a wider, spiritual battle between traditional order and progressive chaos. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/05/12/dugin-russia-ukraine-putin/ |date=12 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=21 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Osipovich |first=Alexander |title=Meet the Russian Dubbed 'Putin's Brain' Who Is Courting Trump Supporters |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/russia/alexander-dugin-russia-putin-trump-voters-1740f271 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=WSJ |date=14 April 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the leading theorist of Russian [[neo-Eurasianism]].

Born into a military intelligence family, Dugin was an [[anti-communist]] dissident during the 1980s,<ref name="andrey-tolstoy">{{cite journal |last1=Tolstoy |first1=Andrey |last2=McCaffray |first2=Edmund |title=MIND GAMES: Alexander Dugin and Russia's War of Ideas |journal=World Affairs |year=2015 |volume=177 |issue=6 |pages=25–30 |issn=0043-8200}}</ref> and joined the far-right [[Pamyat]] organization. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], he co-founded the [[National Bolshevik Party]], which espoused [[National Bolshevism]], with [[Eduard Limonov]] in 1993 before leaving in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1058689.html|title=Russia: National Bolsheviks, The Party Of 'Direct Action'|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=29 April 2005}}</ref> In 1997, Dugin published his most well-known work, ''[[Foundations of Geopolitics]]'', in which he called on Russia to rebuild its influence through alliances and conquest in order to challenge a purported rival [[Atlanticist]] empire led by the United States.<ref name="guardian-bio" /><ref>Shekhovtsov, Anton (2018). ''Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir'', Abingdon, Routledge, p. 43.</ref> Dugin founded the [[Eurasia Party]] in 2002, and continued to develop his ideology in books including ''[[The Fourth Political Theory]]'' (2009).<ref name="guardian-bio" /><ref name="andrey-tolstoy" /> His views have been characterized as [[fascist]] or [[neo-fascist]], although he explicitly rejects fascism along with [[liberal democracy]] and [[Marxism]],<ref>Multiple sources:
* In a 1999 interview for the Polish magazine ''Fronda'', Dugin explains: "In [[Russian Orthodox]] christianity a person is a part of the Church, part of the collective organism, just like a leg. So how can a person be responsible for himself? Can a leg be responsible for itself? Here is where the idea of state, total state originates from. Also because of this, Russians, since they are Orthodox, can be the true fascists, unlike artificial Italian fascists: of Gentile type or their Hegelians. The true [[Hegelianism]] is Ivan Peresvetov – the man who in 16th century invented the ''[[oprichnina]]'' for [[Ivan the Terrible]]. He was the true creator of Russian fascism. He created the idea that state is everything and an individual is nothing."
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fronda.pl/a/aleksander-dugin-czekam-na-iwana-groznego,45653.html?part=2|title=Czekam na Iwana Groźnego|trans-title=I'm waiting for Ivan the Terrible|language=pl|work=11/12|publisher=Fronda|year=1999|access-date=23 February 2015|pages=133}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shekhovtsov |first=Anton |year=2008 |title=The Palingenetic Thrust of Russian Neo-Eurasianism: Ideas of Rebirth in Aleksandr Dugin's Worldview |url=http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov1.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions]] |volume=9 |pages=491–506 |doi=10.1080/14690760802436142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918015508/https://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov1.html |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=24 February 2015 |quote=Numerous studies reveal Dugin – with different degrees of academic cogency – as a champion of fascist and ultranationalist ideas, a geopolitician, an 'integral Traditionalist', or a specialist in the history of religions. . . . This paper is not aimed at offering an entirely new conception of Dugin and his political views, though it will, hopefully, contribute to a scholarly vision of this political figure as a carrying agent of fascist Weltanschauung. |number=4 |s2cid=144301027|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |first=Anton |last=Shekhovtsov |url=http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov2.html |title=Aleksandr Dugin's Neo-Eurasianism: The New Right à la Russe |journal=Religion Compass: Political Religions |volume=3 |number=4 |year=2009 |pages=697–716 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00158.x |access-date=24 February 2015 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103021517/https://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov2.html |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal | last = Ingram | first = Alan | title = Alexander Dugin: geopolitics and neo-fascism in post-Soviet Russia | journal = [[Political Geography (journal)|Political Geography]] | volume = 20 | issue = 8 | pages = 1029–1051 | doi = 10.1016/S0962-6298(01)00043-9 | date = November 2001 }}
* {{Cite web |title=The Most Dangerous Philosopher in the World |url=https://bigthink.com/the-past/the-dangerous-philosopher-behind-putins-strategy-to-grow-russian-power-at-americas-expense/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=Big Think |date=18 December 2016 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Rascoe |first=Ayesha |date=27 March 2022 |title=Russian intellectual Aleksandr Dugin is also commonly known as 'Putin's brain' |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/27/1089047787/russian-intellectual-aleksandr-dugin-is-also-commonly-known-as-putins-brain |accessdate=21 August 2022 |website=NPR News |quote=Dugin is a good old-fashioned mystical fascist of the sort that kind of flourished after World War I, when many people in Europe felt lost, felt like the Old World had failed, and were searching around for explanations. And a certain set of them decided the problem was all of modern thinking, the idea of freedom, the idea of individual rights. And in Dugin's case, he felt that the Russian Orthodox Church was destined to rule as an empire over all of Europe and Asia. And eventually, in a big book in 1997, he laid out the road map for accomplishing that. He's continued to be intimately involved in the Russian military, Russian intelligence services and Putin's inner circle.}}
* {{Cite web |last=Dunlop |first=John B. |date=31 January 2004 |title=Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics |url=https://tec.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/aleksandr-dugins-foundations-geopolitics |accessdate=13 May 2022 |website=The Europe Center, Stanford University |quote=By summer 2001, Aleksandr Dugin, a neo-fascist ideologue, had managed to approach the center of power in Moscow, having formed close ties with elements in the presidential administration, the secret services, the Russian military, and the leadership of the state Duma.}}
* {{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.euras.2010.04.008 | title=Aleksandr Dugin's transformation from a lunatic fringe figure into a mainstream political publicist, 1980–1998: A case study in the rise of late and post-Soviet Russian fascism | journal=Journal of Eurasian Studies | series=Disciplinary and Regional Trends in Russian and Eurasian Studies: Retrospective Glances and New Steps | date=July 2010 | volume=1 | issue=2 | pages=144–152 | last1=Umland | first1=Andreas | s2cid=154863277 | doi-access=free }}</ref> instead advocating a "[[Conservatism in Russia|conservative]] revolution" against [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ideas in Russia. He has drawn on the writings of [[René Guénon]], [[Julius Evola]], [[Carl Schmitt]], and [[Martin Heidegger]].

Dugin was an early advisor to [[Gennadiy Seleznyov]] and later [[Sergey Naryshkin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dugin |first1=Alexander |title=Eurasian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasianism |date=15 December 2014 |publisher=Arktos |isbn=978-1-910524-24-4 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZO4CAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Shaun Walker|title=Ukraine and Crimea: what is Putin thinking?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/23/ukraine-crimea-what-putin-thinking-russia|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 March 2014}}</ref> He served as head of the Department of Sociology of International Relations at [[Moscow State University]] from 2009 to 2014, when he lost his post due to backlash after he called for the death of pro-[[Revolution of Dignity|Maidan]] Ukrainians.<ref name="BBC 2014" /><ref>{{cite book|title=War for Eternity: The Return of Traditionalism and the Rise of the Populist Right|year=2020|author=Benjamin R. Teitelbaum|publisher=Allen Lane|pages=155–156}}</ref> Since 2023, he has served as the director of the {{ill|Ivan Ilyin Higher School of Politics|ru|Высшая политическая школа имени Ивана Ильина}} at the [[Russian State University for the Humanities]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsuh.ru/education/section_228/vpsh.php |title=Учебно-научный центр "Высшая политическая школа имени Ивана Ильина" |trans-title=Educational and scientific center—Ivan Ilyin Higher School of Politics |publisher=[[Russian State University for the Humanities]] |access-date=2024-06-28 |archive-date=2024-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220205705/https://www.rsuh.ru/education/section_228/vpsh.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

Dugin is a strong supporter of Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref name="guardian-bio" /> Although he has no official ties to the Kremlin,<ref name="reuters-bio" /> he is often referred to in foreign media as "Putin's brain";<ref name="brain">Multiple sources:
* {{Cite news |last1=Barbashin |first1=Anton |last2=Thoburn |first2=Hannah |date=31 March 2014 |title=Putin's Brain: Alexander Dugin and the Philosophy Behind Putin's Invasion of Crimea |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-03-31/putins-brain}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rutland |first=Peter |date=December 2016 |title=Geopolitics and the Roots of Putin's Foreign Policy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26549593 |journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]] |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |pages=425–436 |doi=10.1163/18763316-04304009 |jstor=26549593 |quote=Dugin ... has attracted a great deal of publicity since the annexation of Crimea, with analysts even describing him as 'Putin's brain.'|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite news |title=Russian intellectual Aleksandr Dugin is also commonly known as 'Putin's brain' |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/27/1089047787/russian-intellectual-aleksandr-dugin-is-also-commonly-known-as-putins-brain |access-date=13 April 2022}}
* {{Cite news |last=Heintz |first=Jim |date=21 August 2022 |title=Car blast kills daughter of Russian known as 'Putin's brain' |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-moscow-government-and-politics-c710e37b5cad623ff6ea47cfca6138ac}}
* {{Cite news |date=23 August 2022 |title=Who Is 'Putin's Brain' Whose Daughter Was Just Killed In A Car Bomb In Russia? |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/international/who-is-putin-s-brain-whose-daughter-was-just-killed-in-a-car-bomb-in-russia--news-218285}}
* {{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Khalida |date=21 August 2022 |title=Who is Alexander Dugin? 'Putin's Brain' in Distress After Daughter Killed |work=[[Newsweek]] |url=https://www.newsweek.com/alexander-dugin-putins-brain-distress-daughter-killed-1735443}}</ref> others say that his influence has been greatly exaggerated.<ref name="bloomberg" /><ref name="reshaping" /><ref name="underfire" /><ref name="overestimates" /> Dugin vocally supported the 2014 [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]] and the 2022 [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]].{{Efn|Sources:
* {{Cite journal |last=Lewis |last2=Lall |first=Alexandra |first2=Marie |date=4 July 2023 |title=From decolonisation to authoritarianism: the co-option of the decolonial agenda in higher education by right-wing nationalist elites in Russia and India |journal=Higher Education |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=1471–1488 |doi=10.1007/s10734-023-01074-0 |s2cid=259600071 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite news |last=Zizek |first=Slavoj |date=25 August 2022 |title=Degeneracy, Depravity, and the New Right |work=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/project-syndicate/news/degeneracy-depravity-and-the-new-right-3102961 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320192642/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/project-syndicate/news/degeneracy-depravity-and-the-new-right-3102961 |archive-date=20 March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last=Lall |first=Marie |date=2022 |title=The effects of the Ukraine conflict on South Asia – uncovering the clashing world views of populist autocracies vs. (neo)liberal democracies |url=https://www.suntory.com/sfnd/asteion/vol97-en/magazine-002.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331011316/https://www.suntory.com/sfnd/asteion/vol97-en/magazine-002.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |website=Suntory}}}} His daughter, [[Darya Dugina|Darya]], was assassinated in a car bombing on 20 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Julian E. |last2=Goldman |first2=Adam |last3=Entous |first3=Adam |last4=Schwirtz |first4=Michael |date=2022-10-05 |title=U.S. Believes Ukrainians Were Behind an Assassination in Russia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/05/us/politics/ukraine-russia-dugina-assassination.html |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The assassination is widely believed to have been conducted by Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |last2=Lillis |first2=Katie Bo |date=2022-10-05 |title=US believes elements within Ukraine's government authorized assassination near Moscow, sources say {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/05/politics/us-intelligence-ukraine-dugina-assassination/index.html |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Russia blames Ukraine for murder of Putin ally's daughter |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/fsb-russia-blame-ukraine-murder-vladimir-putin-darya-dugina/ |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref> though the exact relation of the assassins to the Ukrainian government is undetermined.

==Early life and education==
Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin was born on 7 January 1962, in Moscow, into the family of a colonel-general in the [[GRU (Soviet Union)|GRU]], a Soviet military intelligence agency, and [[Candidate of Science|candidate of law]], Geliy Aleksandrovich Dugin, and his wife Galina, a doctor and candidate of medicine.<ref name=Literaturnaya>{{cite web|url=https://www.litrossia.ru/2007/15/01412.html |script-title=ru:Доктор Дугин |publisher=Литературная Россия |access-date=18 March 2012 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031837/https://www.litrossia.ru/2007/15/01412.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 }}</ref> His father left the family when he was three, but ensured that they had a good standard of living, and helped Dugin out of trouble with the authorities on occasion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|pages=234–235|language=en|quote=Dugin, who left Alexander's mother when his son was three. While Dugin had very little contact with the man after that, it does appear that his father loomed large in his life. Dugin has been vague in various interviews about his father's profession. He told me and others that Geli was a general in military intelligence (the GRU). But when pressed, he admitted he didn't actually know for a fact what he did. 'At the end of his life he worked for the customs police, but where he worked before that – he did not tell me. That I do not really know.' Dugin's friends, however, are adamant that his father must have been someone of rank within the Soviet system. For starters, the family had the accoutrements of prestige – a nice dacha, relatives with nice dachas, and access to opportunities. According to Dugin's close friend and collaborator Gaidar Dzhemal, Geli Dugin had, on more than one occasion, intervened from a high-ranking position in the Soviet state to get his son out of trouble.}}</ref> He was transferred to the customs service due to his son's behaviour in 1983.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|language=en|quote=Alexander, Geli was transferred to the customs service after his son's detention in 1983 by the KGB.}}</ref>

In 1979, Aleksandr entered the [[Moscow Aviation Institute]]. He was expelled without a degree either because of low academic achievement, dissident activities or both.<ref name="Backman_2020">{{cite book | last=Backman | first=Jussi | title=Contestations of Liberal Order | editor-last=Lehti | editor-first=Marko | editor-last2=Pennanen | editor-first2=Henna-Riikka | editor-last3=Jouhki | editor-first3=Jukka | chapter=A Russian Radical Conservative Challenge to the Liberal Global Order: Aleksandr Dugin | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | publication-place=Cham | date=2020 | isbn=978-3-030-22059-4 | oclc=1112419471 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-22059-4_11 | pages=289–314| s2cid=202323563 | chapter-url=http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201908263901 }}</ref> Afterwards, he began working as a street cleaner. He used a forged reader's card to access the [[Russian State Library|Lenin Library]] and continue studying. However, other sources claim he instead started working in a [[KGB]] archive, where he had access to banned literature on Masonry, fascism, and paganism.<ref name=Umland>{{Cite journal |last=Umland |first=Andreas |date=July 2010 |title=Aleksandr Dugin's Transformation from a Lunatic Fringe Figure into a Mainstream Political Publicist, 1980–1998: A Case Study in the Rise of Late and Post-Soviet Russian Fascism |journal=Journal of Eurasian Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=144–152 |doi=10.1016/j.euras.2010.04.008 |s2cid=154863277 |issn=1879-3665|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1980, Dugin joined the "{{ill|Yuzhinsky circle|ru|Южинский кружок}}", an avant-garde dissident group which dabbled in [[Satanism]], [[esoteric Nazism]] and other forms of the [[occult]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laruelle |first=Marlene |date=2015 |title=The Iuzhinskii Circle: Far-Right Metaphysics in the Soviet Underground and Its Legacy Today |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/russ.12048 |journal=The Russian Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=563–580 |doi=10.1111/russ.12048|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Yuzhinsky circle gained a reputation for Satanism, for séances, a devotion to all things esoteric – mysticism, hypnotism, Ouija boards, Sufism, trances, pentagrams and so forth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teitelbaum|first=Benjamin R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdHADwAAQBAJ|title=War for Eternity: The Return of Traditionalism and the Rise of the Populist Right|date=21 April 2020|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-199204-4|pages=41|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|language=en|quote=}}</ref> In the group, he was known for his embrace of [[Nazism]] which he attributes to a rebellion against his Soviet upbringing, as opposed to genuine sympathy for [[Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|language=en|quote=Dugin is very forthright about his early Nazi antics, which he says were more about his total rebellion against a stifling Soviet upbringing than any real sympathy for Hitler. Still, virtually everyone who remembers Dugin from his early years brings it up.}}</ref> He adopted an [[alter ego]] with the name of "Hans Sievers", a reference to [[Wolfram Sievers]], a Nazi researcher of the [[paranormal]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|language=en|quote=He adopted the nom de plume 'Hans Sievers', which added a hint of Teutonic severity to an already colourful and fairly camp militaristic–folklore style. The impression he created was, as his later collaborator Eduard Limonov described it, a 'picture of Oscar Wildean ambiguity'. Sievers was not just a stage name: it was a complete persona and alter ego. This was painstakingly composed of as many antisocial elements as its creator could find – a total and malevolent rebellion not just against the Soviet Union, but against convention and public taste as a whole: his namesake, Wolfram Sievers}}</ref> Under the pseudonym, transcribed as Hans Zievers in Cyrillic, he recorded a musical album in 1981-1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hans Zivers - Кровавый Навет |url=http://zivers.lenin.ru/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=zivers.lenin.ru}}</ref>

Studying by himself, he learned to speak Italian, German, French, English,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|language=en|quote=In the evenings he read voraciously, learned to speak Italian, German, French and English, played the guitar and wrote songs.}}</ref> and Spanish.<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/1VcjIyUtulc| archive-date = 11 December 2021| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VcjIyUtulc| title = Alexandr Dugin en Argentina: "Nada puede frenar la transición hacia el mundo multipolar" | via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was influenced by [[René Guénon]] and by the [[Traditionalist School]]. In the Lenin Library, he discovered the writings of [[Julius Evola]], whose book ''Pagan Imperialism'' he translated into Russian.<ref name="Shenfield_2001">{{Cite book |last=Shenfield |first=Stephen D. |title=Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2001 |isbn=9780765611642 |page=192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Teitelbaum|first=Benjamin R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdHADwAAQBAJ|title=War for Eternity: The Return of Traditionalism and the Rise of the Populist Right|date=21 April 2020|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-199204-4|pages=43|language=en}}</ref>

==Career and political views==
{{Conservatism in Russia |Intellectuals}}
{{National Bolshevism|people}}
{{Stalinism sidebar|people}}
=== Early activism ===
In the 1980s, Dugin was a dissident<ref name="Clover">{{cite news|author=Charles Clover |title=Putin's grand vision and echoes of '1984'|url=https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/2917c3ec-edb2-11e0-a9a9-00144feab49a.html|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=5 October 2011}} In Russian: {{cite web|author=Чарльз Кловер|script-title=ru:Грандиозные планы Путина и отголоски "1984"|url=https://inosmi.ru/politic/20111005/175584070.html|publisher=[[inoSMI]]|date=6 October 2011|language=ru}}</ref> and an anti-communist.<ref name="Neef">{{cite news|author=Christian von Neef|title=Jeder Westler ist ein Rassist|url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-128101577.html|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|issue=29|date=14 July 2014|language=de}} In Russian: {{cite web|author1=Кристиан Нееф|script-title=ru:Дугин: На Западе все расисты|url=https://inosmi.ru/russia/20140716/221706180.html|publisher=InoSMI|date=16 July 2014|language=ru}}</ref> Dugin worked as a journalist before becoming involved in politics just before the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism]]. In 1988, he and his friend [[Geydar Dzhemal]] were involved in the [[ultranationalist]] and [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] group [[Pamyat]] ("Memory").<ref name="Backman_2020" /> For a brief period at the beginning of the 1990s he was close to [[Gennady Zyuganov]], leader of the newly formed [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]], and probably had a role in formulating its nationalist communist ideology.<ref name="Shenfield_2001"/><ref name="Dunlop">{{cite journal |author=John Dunlop |date=January 2004 |title=Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_12_1/John%20Dunlop%20Aleksandr%20Dugin's%20Foundations%20of%20Geopolitics.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Demokratizatsiya (journal)|Demokratizatsiya]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607175004/https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_12_1/John%20Dunlop%20Aleksandr%20Dugin's%20Foundations%20of%20Geopolitics.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2016 |quote='It is especially important,' Dugin adds, 'to introduce geopolitical disorder into internal American activity, encouraging all kinds of separatism and ethnic, social and racial conflicts, actively supporting all dissident movements—extremist, racist, and sectarian groups, thus destabilizing internal political processes in the U.S.'}}</ref> In 1993 he co-founded, together with [[Eduard Limonov]], the [[National Bolshevik Party]], whose nationalistic interpretation of Bolshevism was based on the ideas of [[Ernst Niekisch]]. He left the party in 1998 following disputes with Limonov.<ref name="Backman_2020" />

=== Publishing career ===
Dugin published ''[[Foundations of Geopolitics]]'' in 1997. The book was published in multiple editions, and is used in university courses on geopolitics,<ref name=Umland/> reportedly including the [[General Staff Academy (Russia)|Academy of the General Staff]] of the Russian military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/27/geopolitics-russia-mackinder-eurasia-heartland-dugin-ukraine-eurasianism-manifest-destiny-putin/|title=The Unlikely Origins of Russia's Manifest Destiny|website=Foreign Policy|date=27 July 2016 |access-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727220120/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/27/geopolitics-russia-mackinder-eurasia-heartland-dugin-ukraine-eurasianism-manifest-destiny-putin/|archive-date=2016-07-27|url-status=live}}</ref> It alarmed political scientists in the US,<ref name="HI01">{{cite web |last=Dunlop |first=John B. |date=30 July 2004 |title=Russia's New—and Frightening—"Ism" |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/russias-new-and-frightening-ism |access-date=12 October 2017 |work=[[Hoover Institution]]}}</ref> and is sometimes referenced by them as being "Russia's [[Manifest Destiny]]".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/27/geopolitics-russia-mackinder-eurasia-heartland-dugin-ukraine-eurasianism-manifest-destiny-putin/|title=The Unlikely Origins of Russia's Manifest Destiny|website=Foreign Policy|date=27 July 2016 |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref> In 1997, his article, "Fascism – Borderless and Red", described "national capitalism" as pre-empting the development of a "genuine, true, radically revolutionary and consistent, fascist fascism" in Russia. He believes that it was "by no means the racist and chauvinist aspects of [[National Socialism]] that determined the nature of its ideology. The excesses of this ideology in Germany are a matter exclusively of the Germans{{nbsp}}... while Russian fascism is a combination of natural national conservatism with a passionate desire for true changes."<ref name="Andreas">{{cite news |author=Andreas Umland |title=Will United Russia become a fascist party? |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/will-united-russia-become-a-fascist-party.aspx?pageID=438&n=will-united-russia-become-a-fascist-party-2008-04-15 |work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |date=15 April 2008|author-link=Andreas Umland }}</ref> The "[[Waffen-SS]] and especially the scientific sector of this organization, [[Ahnenerbe]]," was "an intellectual oasis in the framework of the National Socialist regime", according to him.<ref name="Andreas" />

Dugin soon began publishing his own journal entitled ''[[Elementy]]'', which initially began by praising Franco-Belgian [[Jean-François Thiriart]], belatedly a supporter of a "Euro-[[Soviet empire]] which would stretch from [[Dublin]] to [[Vladivostok]] and would also need to expand to the south, since it require(s) a port on the Indian Ocean."<ref name="warq">{{cite book |last1=Allensworth |first1=Wayne |title=The Russian Question: Nationalism, Modernization and Post-Communist Russia |date=1998 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |location=Lanham, MD |page=251}}</ref> Consistently glorifying both [[Russian Empire|Tsarist]] and [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|Stalinist Soviet Russia]], ''Elementy'' also indicated his admiration for [[Julius Evola]]. Dugin also collaborated with the weekly journal ''Den'' (The Day), previously directed by [[Alexander Prokhanov]].<ref name="Dunlop" /> In the journal he obtained the last interview of the Belgian [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|Nazi collaborator]] [[Léon Degrelle|Leon Degrelle]] six months before his death.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2000 |title=Последний фольксфюрер |url=http://arcto.ru/article/488 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Elementy]] |volume= |issue=6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180330100947/http://arcto.ru/article/488 |archive-date=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

=== Ideology ===
Dugin disapproves of liberalism and the West, particularly [[American hegemony|US hegemony]].<ref name="BBC 2014">{{cite web|script-title=ru:Дугин хочет с помощью Путина прояснить свой статус в МГУ|url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2014/06/140630_dugin_msu_university_dismissal|publisher=[[BBC Russian Service]]|date=30 June 2014|language=ru}}</ref> He asserts: "We are on the side of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and the [[Soviet Union]]".<ref>{{cite web|author=Иван Зуев|script-title=ru:Александр Дугин: Уроки религии – это великая победа над русофобами|url=https://www.nakanune.ru/articles/16845|publisher=Nakanune.ru|language=ru|date=31 October 2012}}</ref> He describes himself as being a conservative: "We, conservatives, want a strong, solid state, want order and healthy family, positive values, the reinforcing of the importance of religion and the Church in society". He adds: "We want patriotic radio, TV, patriotic experts, patriotic clubs. We want the media that expresses national interests".<ref name="Nakarune 2012">{{cite web|last=Dugin|first=Aleksandr|script-title=ru:Мы должны забрать у либералов как минимум половину медийного поля!|trans-title=We must take at least half of the media field from the liberals!|url=https://www.nakanune.ru/articles/16946/|publisher=Nakanune.ru|language=ru|date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

According to political scientist [[Marlène Laruelle]], the thinking of Dugin, main manufacturer of a fascism ''à-la-russe'', could be described as a series of concentric circles, with far-right ideologies underpinned by different political and philosophical traditions ([[Esoteric Nazism]], [[Traditionalist School|Traditionalism]]/[[Perennial philosophy|Perennialism]], the [[Conservative Revolution|German Conservative Revolution]] and the [[European New Right]]) at its backbone.{{Sfn|Laruelle|2019|pp=95–96}}

Dugin adapts [[Martin Heidegger]]'s notion of ''[[Dasein]]'' (Existence) and transforms it into a geo–philosophical concept.<ref name=DuginDaesin>{{cite web|language=it|title=''Ereticamente'' intervista Aleksandr Dugin, a cura di Eduardo Zarelli|trans-title=''Ereticamente'' interviews Aleksandr Dugin, edited by Eduardo Zarelli|date=31 March 2018|access-date=27 April 2020|website=Ereticamente.net|url=https://www.ereticamente.net/2018/03/ereticamente-intervista-aleksandr-dugin-a-cura-di-eduardo-zarelli.html}}</ref> According to Dugin, the forces of liberal and [[capitalist]] [[Western culture|Western civilization]] represent what the [[ancient Greeks]] called [[hubris|''ὕβρις'' (hubris)]], "the essential form of titanism" (the anti-ideal form), which opposes Heaven ("the ideal form—in terms of space, time, being"). In other words, the West would summarize "the revolt of the Earth against Heaven". To what he calls the West's "atomizing" [[universalism]], Dugin contrasts an [[Apophatic theology|apophatic]] universalism, expressed in the political idea of "empire".<ref name=DuginDaesin/> Values of democracy, human rights and individualism are considered by him not to be universal but uniquely Western.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2018|title=Did philosopher Alexander Dugin, aka "Putin's brain," shape the 2016 election?|url=https://www.salon.com/2018/05/05/did-philosopher-alexander-dugin-aka-putins-brain-shape-the-2016-election/}}</ref>

In 2019, Dugin engaged in a debate with French intellectual [[Bernard-Henri Lévy]] on the theme of what has been called "the crisis of capitalism" and the insurrection of nationalist populisms.<ref>{{cite web|language=it|title=Elogio di Bernard-Henri Levy, il filosofo engagé dei nostri tempi oscuri|trans-title=Praise to Bernard-Henri Levy, the committed philosopher of our dark times|website=[[Linkiesta]]|access-date=27 April 2020|date=5 November 2019|url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2019/11/bernard-henri-levy-francia-filosofo/|quote=A few weeks earlier, the confrontation with Aleksandr Dugin, Russian intellectual and theorist of the Euro-Asian empire.{{nbsp}}... Sometimes he [Lévy] stands as a witness, sometimes he thinks as an activist. Sometimes, and in certain periods more and more, he stands as a bulwark. Against Zemmour and for the Kurds. Against Dugin and for democracy.}}</ref>

====Eurasianism, and views on geopolitics====
{{Eurasianism|intellectuals}}
Dugin has theorized the foundation of a "Euro-Asian empire" capable of fighting the US-led Western world.<ref name="Anton1" /><ref name="Ingram1" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Shenfield|title=Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|year=2001|pages=195}}</ref> In this regard, he was the organizer and the first leader of the [[ultranationalist]] [[National Bolshevik Party]] from 1993 to 1998 (along with [[Eduard Limonov]]) and, subsequently, of the [[National Bolshevik Front]] and of the [[Eurasia Party]], which then became a non-governmental association. Dugin's Eurasitic ideology therefore aims at the unification of all [[Geographical distribution of Russian speakers|Russian-speaking peoples]] in a single country.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Horvath|date=21 August 2008|title=Beware the rise of Russia's new imperialism|url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/beware-the-rise-of-russias-new-imperialism-20080820-3yw6.html?page=-1|access-date=27 April 2020|website=[[The Age]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 August 2008|title=Вопросы к интервью – В ГОСТЯХ:Александр Дугин|trans-title=Questions for the interview – GUEST: Alexander Dugin|url=https://echo.msk.ru/programs/personalno/532383-echo/|access-date=27 April 2020|website=[[Echo of Moscow]]|language=ru}}</ref> His views have been characterised as fascist by critics.<ref name="Anton1">{{cite journal|last=Shekhovtsov|first=Anton|year=2009|title=Aleksandr Dugin's Neo-Eurasianism: The New Right à la Russe|url=https://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov2.html|journal=Religion Compass: Political Religions|volume=3|pages=697–716|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00158.x|number=4|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103021517/https://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov2.html|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Ingram1">{{cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Alan|date=November 2001|title=Alexander Dugin: geopolitics and neo-fascism in post-Soviet Russia|journal=[[Political Geography (journal)|Political Geography]]|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1029–1051|doi=10.1016/S0962-6298(01)00043-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shekhovtsov|first=Anton|year=2008|title=The Palingenetic Thrust of Russian Neo-Eurasianism: Ideas of Rebirth in Aleksandr Dugin's Worldview|url=https://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov1.html|journal=[[Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions]]|volume=9|pages=491–506|doi=10.1080/14690760802436142|number=4|s2cid=144301027|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918015508/https://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov1.html|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=23 February 2015|title=Aleksander Dugin: Czekam na Iwana Groźnego|trans-title=Aleksander Dugin: I am waiting for Ivan the Terrible|url=https://www.fronda.pl/a/aleksander-dugin-czekam-na-iwana-groznego,45653.html?part=2|access-date=27 April 2020|website=Fronda|pages=133|language=pl|quote=In [[Russian Orthodox]] christianity a person is a part of the Church, part of the collective organism, just like a leg. So how can a person be responsible for himself? Can a leg be responsible for itself? Here is where the idea of state, total state originates from. Also because of this, Russians, since they are Orthodox, can be the true fascists, unlike artificial Italian fascists: of Gentile type or their Hegelians. The true [[Hegelianism]] is Ivan Peresvetov – the man who in 16th century invented the ''[[oprichnina]]'' for [[Ivan the Terrible]]. He was the true creator of Russian fascism. He created the idea that state is everything and an individual is nothing.}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, Dugin's work at the [[National Bolshevik Front]] included research into the roots of national movements and the activities of [[Esotericism in Germany and Austria|supporting esoteric groups]] in the first half of the 20th century. Partnering with [[Christian Bouchet]],<ref>The Ordo Templi Orientis Phenomenon. [https://oto.ru/cgi-bin/article.pl?eng/articles/russia/cr_rus_books.txt "Mega Therion and his books in the Russian tradition"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220135/https://www.oto.ru/cgi-bin/article.pl?eng%2Farticles%2Frussia%2Fcr_rus_books.txt|date=24 December 2018}}. ''[[Ordo Templi Orientis]]''. Russia</ref> a then-member of the French branch of [[Ordo Templi Orientis]], and building on [[Nationalist]] and [[Human migration|migratory]]-[[Social integration|integrative]] interest groups in Asia and Europe, they contribute in bringing [[International relations|international politics]] closer to Russia's [[Eurasianism|Eurasian]] [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] concept.

Dugin spent two years studying the geopolitical, semiotic and esoteric theories of the controversial Dutch thinker [[Herman Wirth]] (1885–1981), one of the founders of the German [[Ahnenerbe]]. This resulted in the book ''Hyperborean Theory'' (1993), in which Dugin largely endorsed Wirth's ideas as a possible foundation for his [[Eurasianism]].<ref>Aleksandr G. Dugin, ''Hyperborean Theory: The Experience of Ariosophical Research'' (''Giperboreiskaia teoriia: Opit ariosofskogo issledovaniia''), Moscow 1993; Aleksandr G. Dugin, [https://eurasianist-archive.com/2017/10/26/herman-wirth-and-the-sacred-proto-language-of-humanity-in-search-of-the-holy-grail-of-meanings-part-1/ "Herman Wirth and the Sacred Proto-Language of Humanity: In Search of the Holy Grail of Meanings"] (transl. Jafe Arnold), in: Dugin, ''Philosophy of Traditionalism'' (''[https://hadit.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/filosofiya_traditcionalizma.pdf Filosofiia Traditsionalizma]''), Moscow 2002, p. 135–167; Aleksandr G. Dugin,  '[https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/herman-wirths-theory-civilization "Herman Wirth's Theory of Civilization"] (transl. Jafe Arnold), in: Dugin, ''Noomakhia: Wars of the Mind'', vol. 14: ''[https://eurasianist-archive.com/2019/03/13/noomachy-geosophy-horizons-and-civilizations/ Geosophy – Horizons and Civilizations]'' (''Noomakhia: voinii uma'', vol. 14: ''[https://vk.com/doc271202244_442956464?hash=543b5afd7eceb011ca&dl=0eafc0be95f0950b38 Geosofiia: gorizonti i tsivilizatsii]''), Moscow 2017, p. 153–157.</ref> Apparently, this is "one of the most extensive summaries and treatments of Wirth in any language".<ref>Jafe Arnold, ''[https://www.academia.edu/40386287/Mysteries_of_Eurasia_The_Esoteric_Sources_of_Alexander_Dugin_and_the_Yuzhinsky_Circle Mysteries of Eurasia: The Esoteric Sources of Alexander Dugin and the Yuzhinsky Circle]'', Research Masters Thesis, Amsterdam 2019, p. 72–73. Cf. Marlene Laruelle, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SjZyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100 Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields]'', Abington, Oxfordshire / New York 2019, p. 95–133 (A Textbook Case of Doctrinal Entrepreneurship: Aleksandr Dugin) (download [https://azpdf.tips/russian-nationalism-imaginaries-doctrines-and-political-battlefields-pdf-free.html here]). Ibidem, '[https://books.google.com/books?id=W0SCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 Alexander Dugin and Eurasianism]', in: Mark Sedgwick (ed.), ''Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy'', Oxford 2019, p. 155–169, 157, 159. Jacob Christiansen Senholt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=f1t_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 "Radical Politics and Political Esotericism: The Adaption of Esoteric Discourse within the Radical Right"], in: Egil Asprem, Kennet Granholm (red.), ''Contemporary Esotericism'', Abbington, Oxfordshire / New York 2013, p. 244–264, 252–254. Jafe Arnold, [https://www.academia.edu/40386449/Alexander_Dugin_and_Western_Esotericism_The_Challenge_of_the_Language_of_Tradition "Alexander Dugin and Western Esotericism: The Challenge of the Language of Tradition"], in: ''Mondi: Movimenti Simbolici e Sociali dell'Uomo'' 2 (2019), p. 33–70.</ref> According to the Moldovan anthropologist Leonid Mosionjnik, Wirth's overtly wild ideas fitted perfectly well in the ideological void after the demise of communism, liberalism and democracy.<ref>Highly critical of Dugin's enthousiasm for Wirth: Leonid A. Mosionjnik, ''Technology of the Historical Myth'' (''[https://books.google.com/books?id=K05TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 Tekhnologiya istoricheskogo mifa]''), Saint Petersburg 2012, p. 95–102 et passim ([https://histrf.ru/biblioteka/b/tiekhnologhiia-istorichieskogho-mifa here for download]).</ref> Dugin also promoted Wirth's claim to have written a book on the history of the Jewish People and the Old Testament, the so-called ''[[Palestinabuch]]'', which could have changed the world had it not been stolen.<ref>Aleksandr G. Dugin, "Herman Wirth: In Search of the Holy Grail of Meanings" (''[https://arcto.ru/article/120#14 German Virt: v poiskakh Sviatogo Graalia smislov]'') (1998), {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314085102/http://arcto.ru/article/120#14 |date=14 March 2022 }}, in: Ibidem, ''Philosophy of Traditionalism'' (''[https://hadit.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/filosofiya_traditcionalizma.pdf Filosofiia Traditsionalizma]''), Moscow 2002, p. 135–167, 162. See also Dugin, '[https://eurasianist1.rssing.com/chan-64114423/all_p1.html Runology According to Herman Wirth]' (transl. Jafe Arnold), in: ''Absolute Homeland'' (''[https://arcto.ru/article/320 Absoliutnaia Rodina]''), Moscow 1999, p. 489 (Ch. 9).  {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407184919/http://arcto.ru/article/320 |date=7 April 2022 }}. Ibidem, '[https://eurasianist-archive.com/2017/04/13/herman-wirth-runes-great-yule-and-the-arctic-homeland/ Herman Wirth: Runes, Great Yule, and the Arctic Homeland]' (transl. Jafe Arnold), Foreword to the 2nd ed. of ''Hyperborean Theory'': ''Signs of the Great Nord'' (''[https://skifed.ru/attachments/article/266/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%20%D0%90.%20-%20%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%20(Ariana%20Mystica)%20-%202008.pdf Znaki Velikogo Norda: Giperboreiskaia teoriia]''), Moscow 2008, p. 3–20, 17. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309034326/http://skifed.ru/attachments/article/266/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%20%D0%90.%20-%20%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%20(Ariana%20Mystica)%20-%202008.pdf |date=9 March 2021 }}.</ref>

At the end of the [[Second Chechen War]], Dugin was apparently requested by the Chechen side to come and negotiate, in addition he has met with the former president of Kazakhstan [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], and the ambassadors of Iran and Syria.<ref name="Teitelbaum 58">{{Cite book|last=Teitelbaum|first=Benjamin R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdHADwAAQBAJ&q=war+for+eternity|title=War for Eternity: The Return of Traditionalism and the Rise of the Populist Right|date=21 April 2020|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-199204-4|pages=58|language=en}}</ref>

Dugin's ideas, particularly those on "a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]–[[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] alliance in the Eurasian sphere", have begun to receive attention among certain nationalistic circles in Turkey, most notably among alleged members of the [[Ergenekon network]], which is the subject of a high-profile trial (on charges of conspiracy).{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Dugin's Eurasianist ideology has also been linked to his adherence to the doctrines of the [[Traditionalist School]]. (Dugin's Traditionalist beliefs are the subject of a book length study by J. Heiser, ''The American Empire Should Be Destroyed—Aleksandr Dugin and the Perils of Immanentized Eschatology.''<ref name="Heiser">{{cite book|author=James D. Heiser|title=The American Empire Should Be Destroyed: Alexander Dugin and the Perils of Immanentized Eschatology|date=May 2014|publisher=Repristination Press|isbn=978-1891469435}}</ref>) Dugin also advocates for a Russo-Arab alliance.<ref>{{cite news|author=Megah Stack|date=4 September 2008|title=Russian nationalist advocates Eurasian alliance against the U.S.|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|location=California|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fgw-dugin4-2008sep04-story.html|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>

{{blockquote|In principle, Eurasia and our space, the heartland Russia, remain the staging area of a new anti-bourgeois, [[Anti-Americanism|anti-American]] revolution{{nbsp}}... The new [[Russian Empire|Eurasian empire]] will be constructed on the fundamental principle of the common enemy: the rejection of [[Atlanticism]], strategic control of the USA, and the refusal to allow liberal values to dominate us. This common civilizational impulse will be the basis of a political and strategic union.|source=''[[Foundations of Geopolitics]]'' (1997)}}

The reborn Russia, according to Dugin's concept, is said by Charles Clover of the ''[[Financial Times]]'' to be a slightly remade version of the Soviet Union with echoes of ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' by [[George Orwell]], where [[Eurasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Eurasia]] was one of three continent-sized super states including [[Eastasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Eastasia]] and [[Oceania (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Oceania]] as the other two and was participating in endless war between them.<ref name="Clover" /> In the Eurasian public discourse sphere, the totalitarian communist policy deployed in over three decades of works by various international groups that are part of the movement, is "a version of reintegration of the post-Soviet space into a 'Eurasian' sphere of influence for Russia".<ref>{{cite journal|website=rand.org|first1=Andrew |last1=Radin |first2=Clint |last2=Reach|year=2017|title=Russian Views of the International Order|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1826.html|access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref> The North American program "works with a wide range of partners from all sectors of civil society" and "is advanced through grant making, advocacy and research, regional initiatives, and close engagement".<ref>{{cite web|author=Open Society Foundations|title=Eurasia Program|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/about/programs/eurasia-program|access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref>

The Kremlin invited Dugin to speak at its [[Orange Revolution|Anti-Orange Rally]] in Moscow in February 2012. There, Dugin addressed tens of thousands with this message:<ref name="Gessen 2017 388–89">{{Cite book |last=Gessen |first=Masha |title=The Future is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia |publisher=Riverhead Books |year=2017 |pages=388–89}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Dear Russian people! The global American empire strives to bring all countries of the world together under its control. They intervene where they want, asking no one's permission. They come in through the fifth column, which they think will allow them to take over natural resources and rule over countries, people, and continents. They have invaded Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya. Syria and Iran are on the agenda. But their goal is Russia. We are the last obstacle on their way to building a global evil empire. Their agents at Bolotnaya Square and within the government are doing everything to weaken Russia and allow them to bring us under total external control. To resist this most serious threat, we must be united and mobilized! We must remember that we are Russian! That for thousands of years we protected our freedom and independence. We have spilled seas of blood, our own and other people's, to make Russia great. And Russia will be great! Otherwise it will not exist at all. Russia is everything! All else is nothing!<ref name="Gessen 2017 388–89"/>}}

====Russian Orthodoxy and Rodnovery====
Dugin was [[baptism|baptized]] at the age of six in the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] church of [[Michurinsk]] by his great-grandmother Elena Mikhailovna Kargaltseva. Since 1999, he formally embraced a branch of the [[Old Believers]], a Russian religious movement which rejected the 1652–1666 [[Old Believers#Reforms of Patriarch Nikon|reforms]] of the official [[Russian Orthodox Church]].{{sfnp|Laruelle|2006|p=11}} Dugin's Eurasian philosophy owes much to [[Traditionalist School|Traditional Integralism]] and ''[[Nouvelle Droite]]'' movements, and as such it resonates with [[Neopaganism]],{{sfnp|Laruelle|2006|pp=11–14}} a category which in this context means the movement of [[Slavic Native Faith]] (Rodnovery), especially in the forms of [[Anastasianism]] and [[Ynglism]].

Dugin's Eurasianism is often cited as belonging to the same spectrum of these movements,<ref>[[Marat Shterin]] (2016). "[https://g2w.eu/zeitschrift/leseprobe/1250-attraktivitaet-und-dilemma-neue-religioese-bewegungen-in-russland Attraktivität und Dilemma: Neue religiöse Bewegungen in Russland]". ''RGOW'', 2. Institut G2W – Ökumenisches Forum für Glauben, Religion und Gesellschaft in Ost und West. p. 9.</ref> as well as also having influences from [[Hermeticism|Hermetic]], [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] and [[Eastern religions|Eastern]] traditions.{{sfnp|Laruelle|2006|p=15}} He calls to rely upon "Eastern theology and mystical currents" for the development of the [[The Fourth Political Theory|Fourth Political Theory]].<ref>Aleksandr Dugin. ''The Fourth Political Theory''. Arktos, 2012. p. 210.</ref>

According to [[Marlene Laruelle]], Dugin's adherence to the Old Believers allows him to stand between Paganism and Orthodox Christianity without formally adopting either of them. His choice is not paradoxical, since, according to him—in the wake of [[René Guénon]]—Russian Orthodoxy and especially the Old Believers have preserved an [[Western esotericism|esoteric]] and initiatory character which was utterly lost in Western Christianity. As such, the Russian Orthodox tradition may be merged with [[Modern Paganism|Neopaganism]] and may host "Neopaganism's nationalist force, which anchors it in the Russian soil, and separates it from the two other Christian confessions".{{sfnp|Laruelle|2006|p=11}}

====Other views====
In ''Foundations of Geopolitics'', Dugin advocated for the dismantling of the [[People's Republic of China]], with [[Xinjiang]], [[Tibet]], [[Inner Mongolia]], and [[Manchuria]] becoming [[buffer state]]s.<ref name="HI01" /> After the loss of leadership in Russia, [[Zhang Weiwei (professor)|Zhang Weiwei]], director of the China Institute of [[Fudan University]], invited Dugin for lectures, which caused a shift in Dugin's attitude towards China. Originally advocating "territorial disintegration, division, and political and administrative partition" of China, Dugin has since supported China's "''[[Tianxia]]''" and believes that a Russian-Chinese alliance would help counter Atlanticism. Dugin has been appointed as a senior fellow at Fudan University, and Chinese public opinion considers Dugin to be the most important thinker around Putin.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Huang |first1=Yuxiang |date=May 2022 |title=杜金從仇中到親中的轉變 |trans-title=Durgin's transformation from China-hating to China-friendly |url=https://www.yzzk.com/article/details/%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C/2022-18/1651117724032/%E6%9D%9C%E9%87%91%E5%BE%9E%E4%BB%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%B0%E8%A6%AA%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%89%E8%AE%8A |work=[[Yazhou Zhoukan]] |language=zh-hant |access-date=29 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ip |first1=Cyril |title=How 'Putin's Rasputin' Alexander Dugin changed his mind about China |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3190578/how-putins-rasputin-alexander-dugin-changed-his-mind-about |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Dugin wrote a 1997 essay in which he described Soviet-era serial killer [[Andrei Chikatilo]] as a mystic and "a practitioner of Dionysian "sacraments" in which the killer/torturer and the victim transcend their "metaphysical dualism" and become one".<ref name="chikatilo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebulwark.com/aleksandr-dugin-putin-brain-russian-prophet-bizarre/|title=The Bizarre Russian Prophet Rumored to Have Putin's Ear|date=27 April 2022|website=The Bulwark|accessdate=13 May 2022}}</ref>

=== Political parties ===

==== National Bolshevik Party ====
In 1992, Eduard Limonov founded the National Bolshevik Party as an amalgamation of six minor groups.<ref>Lee, p. 314</ref> Aleksandr Dugin was among its earliest members and was instrumental in convincing Limonov to enter politics, and signed the declaration of the founding of the party in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 September 2008|title=Нацбол.ру – Нацбол должен знать – Декларация о создании НБП|url=https://www.nazbol.ru:80/rubr28/index0/249.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921193029/https://www.nazbol.ru/rubr28/index0/249.html|archive-date=21 September 2008|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> The party first attracted attention in 1992 when two members were arrested for possessing [[grenade]]s. The incident gave the NBP publicity for a boycott campaign they were organizing against Western goods.<ref>Lee, p. 320</ref>

The NBP joined forces with the [[National Salvation Front (Russia)|National Salvation Front]] (a broad coalition of Russian [[Communism in Russia|communists]] and [[Russian nationalism|nationalists]]).<ref>Lee, p. 321</ref> In 1998, Dugin left the NBP as a result of a conflict with other members of the party.<ref>{{cite web|title=ВОС|url=https://w-o-s.ru/visual/nazboli/index.html|access-date=2 September 2018|website=w-o-s.ru}}</ref> This led to the party moving further left in Russia's political spectrum, and led to members of the party denouncing Dugin and his group as fascists.<ref name="radioliberty">{{cite web|last=Yasmann|first=Victor|date=29 April 2005|title=Russia: National Bolsheviks, The Party Of 'Direct Action'|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1058689.html|access-date=15 November 2018|website=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty|quote=For this mobilization, the NBP used a bizarre mixture of totalitarian and fascist symbols, geopolitical dogma, leftist ideas, and national-patriotic demagoguery.}}</ref>

====Eurasia Party====
[[File:New Horizons International Conference 01.jpg|thumb|Dugin (left) at the International Conference "New Horizon" in May 2018 in [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]]]

The [[Eurasia Party]], which advances [[Eurasianism#Eurasianism as ideology|neo-Eurasianist]] ideas, was launched in April 2001. Dugin was reported as the group's founder. He said the movement would stress cultural diversity in Russian politics, and oppose "American style globalisation, and would also resist a return to communism and nationalism." It was officially recognized by the [[Ministry of Justice (Russia)|Ministry of Justice]] on 31 May 2001.<ref name="Dunlop"/> The Eurasia Party claims support in some military circles and by leaders of the [[Russian Orthodox Church#Post-Soviet recovery and problems|Orthodox Christian]] faith in Russia. The party hopes to play a key role in attempts to resolve the [[Chechnya|Chechen]] problem, setting the stage for Dugin's objective of a Russian strategic alliance with European and Middle Eastern states, primarily Iran.

In 2005, Dugin founded the [[Eurasian Youth Union]] of Russia as the youth wing of the International [[Eurasia Movement]].<ref name="The Daily Beast">{{cite news|title=Alexander Dugin: The Crazy Ideologue of the New Russian Empire|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/02/alexander-dugin-the-crazy-ideologue-of-the-new-russian-empire.html|work=The Daily Beast|date=4 February 2014|last1=Shynkarenko|first1=Oleg}} In Russian: {{cite web|author1=Арсентий Тропаревский|script-title=ru:Дугин: Сумасшедший гений новой Российской империи|url=https://theinternettimes.ru/post/dugin_geniy|work=The Internet Times|language=ru}} {{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Stance on Ukraine and role in Russian politics===
{{quote box|"It is impossible to do without the mobilization of the Russian people, without explaining to them its historical mission, without awakening its deepest beginning, without these words "brothers and sisters". Get up, [[Russians|Russian people]], wake up, you are called to accomplish great deeds... All your ancestors, all generations were moving towards this moment, towards this clash with our ontological enemy... We are fighting absolute Evil, embodied in [[Western civilization]], its [[liberalism|liberal]]-[[totalitarian]] hegemony, in [[Banderites|Ukrainian Nazism]]. We were created for this mission. That's what is needed now - a call is needed."
| source = — Dugin demanding a full-scale Russian societal mobilization in the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], March 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sazhneva|first=Ekaterina |date=30 March 2022 |title=Александр Дугин: "солнечный" Путин победил "лунного" |url=https://www.mk.ru/social/2022/03/30/aleksandr-dugin-solnechnyy-putin-pobedil-lunnogo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331062134/https://www.mk.ru/social/2022/03/30/aleksandr-dugin-solnechnyy-putin-pobedil-lunnogo.html |archive-date=31 March 2022 |website=[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 25em
}}
Dugin supports [[Russian president]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and his foreign policies but has opposed the Russian government's economic policies. He stated in 2007: "There are no more opponents of Putin's course and, if there are, they are mentally ill and need to be sent off for clinical examination. Putin is everywhere, Putin is everything, Putin is absolute, and Putin is indispensable". It was voted number two in flattery by readers of ''[[Kommersant]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/Tests/Test10.aspx|script-title=ru:Кто похвалит его лучше всех|trans-title=Who will praise him better than the rest|language=ru|work=Kommersant|year=2007|access-date=24 March 2016}} (Click the "Results" ("Результаты") button at the bottom of the page)</ref>{{clarification needed|date=March 2023}}

In [[the Kremlin]], Dugin represents the "war party", a division within the leadership over Ukraine.<ref name="Jensen">{{cite web|author=Donald N. Jensen|title=Are the Kremlin Hardliners Winning?|url=https://imrussia.org/en/analysis/world/2041-are-the-kremlin-hardliners-winning|publisher=Institute of Modern Russia|date=1 October 2014}}</ref> Dugin is an author of Putin's initiative for the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea by Russia]].<ref name="Newman2">{{cite news |last=Newman |first=Dina |date=10 July 2014 |title=Russian nationalist thinker Dugin sees war with Ukraine |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28229785 |access-date=22 March 2022 |quote=A prominent Russian ultra-nationalist philosopher has told BBC News that war between Russia and Ukraine 'is inevitable' and has called on President Vladimir Putin to intervene militarily in eastern Ukraine 'to save Russia's moral authority'.}} In Russian: {{cite web |author=Дина Ньюман |script-title=ru:Кто придумал аннексировать украинский Крым? |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ukraine_in_russian/2014/07/140710_ru_s_dugin_russia_ukraine |work=[[BBC Ukrainian]] |date=10 July 2014 |language=ru}}</ref> He considered the war between Russia and Ukraine to be inevitable and appealed for Putin to intervene in the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]].<ref name="Newman2"/> Dugin said: "The Russian Renaissance can only stop at Kyiv."<ref name="За Ахметова"/>

During the [[war in Donbas]], Dugin was in regular contact with pro-Russian separatist insurgents.<ref name=DOUPOU/> He described his position as "unconditionally pro-[[Donetsk People's Republic|DPR]] and pro-[[Luhansk People's Republic|LPR]]".<ref name="interpretermag">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Russia This Week: Dugin Dismissed from Moscow State University? (23–29 June) |url=https://www.interpretermag.com/russia-this-week-what-will-be-twitters-fate-in-russia/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=interpretermag.com}}</ref> A [[Skype]] video call posted on YouTube showed Dugin providing instructions to separatists of South and Eastern Ukraine as well as advising [[Ekaterina Gubareva]], whose husband [[Pavel Gubarev]] declared himself the [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk Region]] governor and after that was arrested by the [[Security Service of Ukraine]].<ref name="The Daily Beast"/>

On 31 March 2014, Oleg Bahtiyarov, a member of the Eurasia Youth Union of Russia founded by Dugin, was arrested.<ref name="The Daily Beast"/> He had trained a group of about 200 people to seize parliament and another government building, according to the [[Security Service of Ukraine]].<ref name="The Daily Beast"/>

Dugin stated he was disappointed in President Putin, saying that Putin did not aid the pro-Russian insurgents in Ukraine after the [[Ukrainian Army]]'s early July 2014 offensive.<ref name=DOUPOU/> In August 2014, Dugin called for an eradication of Ukrainian identity.<ref name=FT150128>{{cite news |url= https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a87747de-a713-11e4-b6bd-00144feab7de.html |title= Alarm bells ring over Syriza's Russian links |first1= Sam |last1= Jones |first2= Kerin |last2= Hope |first3= Courtney |last3= Weaver |work= [[Financial Times]] |date= 28 January 2015 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Halya Coynash of the [[Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group]] said that the influence of Dugin's "Eurasian ideology" on events in eastern Ukraine and on Russia's invasion of the Crimea was beyond any doubt.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Halya Coynash|title=Intrigue over 'dismissal' of Putin's ideologue, Alexander Dugin|url=https://khpg.org.ua/en/index.php?id=1404029911|publisher=[[Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group]]|date=2 July 2014|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308105340/http://khpg.org.ua/en/index.php?id=1404029911|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Vincent Jauvert, Dugin's radical ideology became the basis for the internal and foreign policy of the Russian authorities.<ref name="Jauvert">{{cite news|author=Vincent Jauvert|title=Le Raspoutine de Poutine|url=https://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/ukraine-la-revolte/20140503.OBS6009/le-raspoutine-de-poutine.html|work=[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]|date=3 May 2014|language=fr}} In Russian: {{cite web|author=Венсан Жовер|script-title=ru:Дугин — путинский Распутин|url=https://inosmi.ru/russia/20140512/220188170.html|publisher=[[inoSMI]]|language=ru|date=12 May 2014}}</ref> "So Dugin is worth listening to, in order to understand to which fate the Kremlin is leading its country and the whole of Europe."<ref name="Jauvert"/>

Ukraine gave Dugin a five-year entry ban, starting in June 2006,<ref name="СБУ">{{cite web|date=20 October 2007|script-title=ru:Служба безопасности Украины установила лиц, которые надругались над государственной символикой Украины на горе Говерла|trans-title=The Security Service of Ukraine identified persons who outraged Ukraine's state symbols on the mountain of Hoverla|url=https://newvv.net/politics/ukraine/188184.html|language=ru|newspaper=Високий Вал: Чернігівська загальнополітична газета|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213201550/http://newvv.net/politics/ukraine/188184.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Kyiv declared him a ''[[persona non grata]]'' in 2007.<ref name="Laruelle">{{cite web|author=Marlène Laruelle|date=3 September 2008|title=Neo-Eurasianist Alexander Dugin on the Russia–Georgia conflict|url=https://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/4928|publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst}}</ref> His Eurasian Youth Union was banned in Ukraine.<ref name="СБУ" /> In 2007, the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] identified persons of the Eurasian Youth Union who committed [[:uk:вандалізм на Говерлі 2007 року|vandalism on Hoverla in 2007]]: they climbed up the mountain of [[Hoverla]], imitated sawing down the details of the construction in the form of the small [[coat of arms of Ukraine]] by tools brought with them and painted the emblem of the Eurasian Youth Union on the memorial symbol of the [[Constitution of Ukraine]].<ref name="СБУ" /> He was deported back to Russia when he arrived at [[Simferopol International Airport]] in June 2007.<ref>{{cite web|author=Andreas Umland|author-link=Andreas Umland|date=14 June 2007|title=Vitrenko's flirtation with Russian "Neo-Eurasianism"|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/vitrenkos-flirtation-with-russian-neo-eurasianism-26787.html|work=[[Kyiv Post]]|type=op-ed|place=Kyiv, UA}}</ref>

Before [[2008 South Ossetia war|war broke out]] between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Dugin visited [[South Ossetia]] and predicted: "Our troops will occupy the Georgian capital Tbilisi, the entire country, and perhaps even Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula, which is historically part of Russia, anyway."<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2008|title=Road to War in Georgia: The Chronicle of a Caucasian Tragedy|newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]]|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/road-to-war-in-georgia-the-chronicle-of-a-caucasian-tragedy-a-574812.html}}</ref> Afterwards he said Russia should "not stop at liberating South Ossetia but should move further," and "we have to do something similar in Ukraine."<ref name="Interview">{{cite web|author=Alexander Dugin|date=8 August 2008|title=Interview|url=https://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/personalno/532383-echo/|publisher=[[Echo of Moscow]]|language=ru}}</ref> In 2008, Dugin stated that Russia should repeat the Georgian scenario in Ukraine, namely attack it.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ірина Біла|newspaper=Радіо Свобода |date=10 September 2008|script-title=uk:Можливість застосування Ющенком силового сценарію; махінації навколо землі. (Огляд преси)|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1197679.html|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=uk}}</ref> In September 2008, after the Russian-Georgian war, he did not hide his anger towards Putin, who "dared not drop the other shoe" and "restore the Empire."<ref name="Jauvert" />

On 10 October 2014, Dugin said, "Only after restoring the Greater Russia that is the [[Eurasian Union]], we can become a credible global player. Now these processes slowed down very much. The [[Euromaidan|Ukrainian maidan]] was the response of the West to the advance of the Russian integration."<ref name="Медведева"/> He described the [[Euromaidan]] as a coup d'état carried out by the United States: "America wishes to wage the war against Russia not by its own hands but by the hands of the Ukrainians. Promising to wink at up to 10 thousand victims among the peaceful population of Ukraine and actually demanding the victims, the United States led to this war. The United States carried out the coup d'état during the maidan for the purpose of this war. The United States raised [[neo-Nazis]] [[Russophobes]] to the power for the purpose of this war."<ref>{{cite news|author=Руслан Горевой|script-title=ru:На пороге войны|url=https://versia.ru/articles/2014/jun/30/na_poroge_voyny|work=Газета "Версия"|issue=24|date=30 July 2014|language=ru}}</ref>

Dugin said Russia is the major driving force for the current events in Ukraine: "Russia insists on its sovereignty, its liberty, responds to challenges thrown down to it, for example, in Ukraine. Russia is attempting to integrate the post-Soviet space."<ref name="Медведева"/> As Israeli political scientist Vyacheslav Likhachov states, "If one seriously takes the fact that such a person as Alexander Dugin is the ideologist of the imperial dash for the West, then one can establish that Russia is not going to stop as far as the Atlantic Ocean."<ref>{{cite news|author=Юрій Савицький|newspaper=Радіо Свобода |script-title=uk:Путін є найбільшим радикалом Росії – ізраїльський експерт|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/26599384.html|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=uk|date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

In the 2014 article by [[Dmitry Bykov]] "Why TV, Alexander Dugin and Galina Pyshnyak [[Crucified Boy|crucified a boy]]", [[Channel One Russia]]'s use of the aired story by Dugin and Pyshnyak about the allegedly crucified boy as a pretext for escalating the conflict was compared to the case of [[Menahem Mendel Beilis|Beilis]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Дмитрий Быков|script-title=ru:Зачем ТВ, Александр Дугин и Галина Пышняк распяли мальчика|url=https://sobesednik.ru/dmitriy-bykov/20140715-dmitriy-bykov-zachem-tv-aleksandr-dugin-i-galina-pyshnyak-ra|publisher=Sobesednik.ru|language=ru|date=15 July 2014}}</ref> On 9 July 2014, Dugin on his Facebook account wrote a story that a 6-year-old child was allegedly nailed down to an advertisement board and shot to death before his father's eyes.<ref name="Епифанова">{{cite news|author=Мария Епифанова|script-title=ru:И это — не предел?|url=https://www.novayagazeta.ru/politics/64440.html|work=[[Novaya Gazeta]]|issue=77|date=16 July 2014|language=ru}}</ref>

On 16 July 2014, ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' provided a videotape of its correspondent Eugen Feldman walking along the main square in [[Sloviansk]], asking local old women if they had heard of the murder of the child. They said such an event did not take place.<ref name="Епифанова"/> The website [[Change.org]] hosted a petition of citizens who demanded "a comprehensive investigation with identification for all persons involved in the fabrication of the plot."<ref name="Епифанова"/>

On 2 October 2014, Dugin described the situation in Donbas: "The [[humanitarian crisis]] has long since been raging on the territory of [[Federal State of Novorossiya|Novorossiya]]. Already up to a million, if not more, refugees are in the Russian Federation. A large part of the inhabitants of the [[Donetsk People's Republic|DPR]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic|LPR]] simply moved abroad."<ref name="заговор"/> In the end of October 2014, Dugin advised the separatists to establish dictatorship in Novorossiya until they win in the confrontation.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Новости "Новороссии": для достижения победы Дугин рекомендует террористам диктатуру|url=https://joinfo.ua/politic/1041112_Novosti-Novorossii-dostizheniya-pobedi-Dugin.html|publisher=Joinfo.ua|language=ru|date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

==== Influence on Putin ====
[[file:Aleksandr Dugin 13981126000.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Dugin in 2020]]
Dugin's influence on the Russian government and on president [[Vladimir Putin]] is disputed.<ref name="guardian-bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/21/alexander-dugin-who-putin-ally-apparent-car-bombing-target|title=Alexander Dugin: who is Putin ally and apparent car bombing target?|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 August 2022}}</ref> He has no official ties to the Kremlin,<ref name="reuters-bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/who-is-alexander-dugin-russian-nationalist-whose-daughter-died-car-bomb-attack-2022-08-21/|title=Factbox: Alexander Dugin advocates a vast new Russian empire|work=[[Reuters]]|date=21 August 2022}}</ref> but is often referred to in the media as "Putin's brain",<ref name="brain" /> and as being responsible for shaping [[Foreign relations of Russia|Russian foreign policy]].<ref name="Newman2"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=To Understand Putin, You First Need to Get Inside Aleksandr Dugin's Head |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-to-understand-putin-you-first-need-to-get-inside-aleksandr-dugin-s-head-1.10682008 |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Burbank2">{{cite news |last=Burbank |first=Jane |date=22 March 2022 |title=The Grand Theory Driving Putin to War |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/22/opinion/russia-ukraine-putin-eurasianism.html|access-date=23 March 2022 |quote=After unsuccessful interventions in post-Soviet party politics, Mr. Dugin focused on developing his influence where it counted – with the military and policymakers&nbsp;... In Mr. Dugin's adjustment of [[Eurasianism]] to present conditions, Russia had a new opponent – no longer just Europe, but the whole of the 'Atlantic' world led by the United States. And his Eurasianism was not anti-imperial but the opposite: Russia had always been an empire, Russian people were 'imperial people', and after the crippling 1990s sellout to the 'eternal enemy', Russia could revive in the next phase of global combat and become a 'world empire'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-22/alexander-dugin-daughter-darya-dugina-vladimir-putin-ally/101356250 | title=What we know about the father of Darya Dugina, who was killed in a suspected car bombing in Russia | newspaper=ABC News | date=22 August 2022 }}</ref> Others contend that Dugin's influence is limited and has been greatly exaggerated,<ref name="reshaping">{{cite book |last1=Laruelle |first1=Marlène |title=Eurasianism and the European Far Right : Reshaping the Europe-Russia Relationship |date=2015 |location=Lanham |isbn=9781498510691 |page=59}}</ref><ref name="underfire">{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/08/22/putin-under-fire-from-the-ultranationalists-after-daria-dugina-s-assassination_5994386_4.html|title=Putin under fire from the ultranationalists after Daria Dugina's assassination|website=[[Le Monde]]|date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-21/russia-probes-car-bomb-that-killed-daughter-of-putin-ideologist|title=Russia Probes Car Bomb That Killed Daughter of Putin Ideologist|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=21 August 2022}}</ref> on the basis that the correlations between his views and Russian foreign policy do not imply causation.<ref name="overestimates">{{Cite web |first=George |last=Barros |date=2019-07-08 |title=The West Overestimates Aleksandr Dugin's Influence in Russia |url=https://providencemag.com/2019/07/west-overestimates-aleksandr-dugins-influence-russia/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Providence |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2016, international relations professor Peter Rutland wrote a review of a book by Charles Clover, the ''[[Financial Times]]''<nowiki/>'s Moscow correspondent. Rutland wrote:<blockquote>"Clover makes it clear that Dugin does not have any sort of direct influence over Putin. Rather what is happening is that Dugin expressed, early on, the zeitgeist of post-Soviet Russia, identifying the forces of disorientation and ressentiment that fueled Putin's subsequent actions."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rutland |first=Peter |date=2016 |title=Geopolitics and the Roots of Putin's Foreign Policy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26549593 |journal=Russian History |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |pages=425–436 |doi=10.1163/18763316-04304009 |jstor=26549593 |issn=0094-288X|url-access=subscription }}</ref></blockquote>[[Mark Galeotti]], writing in 2022 for ''[[The Spectator]]'', argued that Western commentators tend to overstate the importance of Dugin in Russian politics, sometimes even describing him as a new [[Grigory Rasputin|Rasputin]]. He argued that Dugin's influence on the politics since 2016 was negligible, but that he tried to present himself as an influential person.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galeotti |first1=Mark |author-link1=Mark Galeotti |title=What the Dugin assassination tells us about Russia |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/alexander-dugin-darya-putin-russia-ukraine-assassination |work=[[The Spectator]] |date=21 August 2022}}</ref>

In November 2022, the Latvia-based newspaper ''[[Meduza]]'' reported that, according to sources close to the Kremlin, Dugin's influence on Putin had grown after the killing of his daughter [[Darya Dugina|Daria Dugina]]. According to ''Meduza''{{'}}s interlocutors, the Western media had often exaggerated Dugin's political influence in the past, but after the murder of Dugina, Putin had allegedly started to take a serious interest in his ideas and to use one of his favourite terms ("[[Anglo-Saxons (slur)|Anglo-Saxon]]") in a public speech.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2022 |title=Александра Дугина много раз называли "мозгом" Кремля. Как утверждают источники "Медузы", его влияние на Путина действительно выросло — но произошло это после убийства его дочери Дарьи Дугиной |trans-title=Alexander Dugin has been called the "brain" of the Kremlin many times. According to ''Meduza''{{'}}s sources, his influence on Putin did grow, but this happened after the murder of his daughter Daria Dugina |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2022/11/03/aleksandra-dugina-mnogo-raz-nazyvali-mozgom-kremlya-kak-utverzhdayut-istochniki-meduzy-ego-vliyanie-na-putina-deystvitelno-vyroslo-no-proizoshlo-eto-posle-ubiystva-ego-docheri-dari-duginoy |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Meduza |language=ru}}</ref>

Dugin openly criticized Putin for failing to defend "Russian cities" such as [[Kherson]], which was [[Liberation of Kherson|liberated]] from Russian control on 11 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's retreat from Kherson divides Putin's allies |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/3733445-russias-retreat-from-kherson-divides-putins-allies/ |work=The Hill |date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Putin's brain' quotes chilling story about king being killed in threat at Russian despot after Kherson surrender |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/putin-brain-kherson-death-threat/ |work=[[LBC]] |date=12 November 2022}}</ref>

==== Relationships with radical groups in other countries ====
Dugin made contact with the French far-right thinker [[Alain de Benoist]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|language=en|quote=Before being introduced to Alexander Dugin in June 1990, the French writer Alain de Benoist had never really gone out of his way to meet Russians, and they had never really gone out of their way to meet him.}}</ref><ref name="Backman_2020" /> Around the same time he also met the Belgian [[Jean-François Thiriart]] and [[Yves Lacoste]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|language=en|quote=Another radical Dugin courted was Jean-François Thiriart, an eccentric Belgian optician, who was a proponent of National Bolshevism and a European empire stretching from Vladivostok to Dublin{{nbsp}}... Dugin also met Yves Lacoste, publisher of Hérodote, a journal devoted to geopolitics, who appears to have been an adviser to various French political figures.}}</ref> In 1992 he invited some of the European far-right figures he had met into Russia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|language=en|quote=Dugin travelled extensively in Europe. He spoke at a colloquium organized by de Benoist, and appeared on Spanish TV and at various conferences. In 1992 he would ultimately invite his new cohort of European far-rightists to Moscow, where they met some of Dugin's new patrons, who – they were surprised to realize – included quite a few military men.}}</ref> He also brought members of [[Jobbik]] and [[Golden Dawn (political party)|Golden Dawn]] to Russia to strengthen their ties to the country.<ref name="Teitelbaum 58"/>

According to the book ''War for Eternity'' by [[Benjamin R. Teitelbaum]], Dugin met [[Steve Bannon]] in Rome in 2018 to discuss Heidegger, Traditionalist esotericism, and a series of geopolitical matters which Bannon disagreed with him, wherein Bannon pressed him to abandon his support for China, Turkey, and Iran.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teitelbaum|first=Benjamin R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdHADwAAQBAJ&q=war+for+eternity|title=War for Eternity: The Return of Traditionalism and the Rise of the Populist Right|date=21 April 2020|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-199204-4|pages=1–2, 161 |language=en}}</ref> Dugin also developed links with far-right and far-left political parties in the European Union, including [[Syriza]] in Greece, [[National Union Attack|Ataka]] in Bulgaria, the [[Freedom Party of Austria]], and [[National Front (France)|Front National]] in France, to influence EU policy on Ukraine and Russia.{{r|FT150128}}<ref name="RFE150128">{{cite news|last=Coalson|first=Robert|date=28 January 2015|title=New Greek Government Has Deep, Long-Standing Ties With Russian 'Fascist' Dugin|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|url=https://www.rferl.org/content/greek-syriza-deep-ties-russian-eurasianist-dugin/26818523.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shekhovtsov|first=Anton|date=28 January 2015|title=Aleksandr Dugin and Greece's SYRIZA Connection|url=https://www.interpretermag.com/aleksandr-dugin-and-greeces-syriza-connection/|work=The Interpreter Magazine}}</ref><ref>Mehmet Ulusoy: "Rusya, Dugin ve‚ Türkiye'nin Avrasyacılık stratejisi" ''Aydınlık'' 5. Dezember 2004, S. 10–16</ref> Dugin is also closely aligned with Israeli journalist [[Avigdor Eskin]], who previously served on the board of Dugin's Eurasia Party.<ref>{{cite book|title=Black Wind, White Snow|first=Charles|last=Clover|page=240|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2016}}</ref>

==== Support for Donald Trump ====
Dugin celebrated Trump's re-election, stating that "'[[Putinism]]' has triumphed in the United States" and advocating for Russian victory in the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. He also said that "One of the ideologues of [[Trumpism]], [[Curtis Yarvin]], has declared that it's time to establish a monarchy in the United States. If Republicans gain a majority in both houses, what could stop them?"<ref name="Nafeez_11/8/2024">{{cite web | last=Ahmed | first=Nafeez | author-link=Nafeez Ahmed | date=November 8, 2024 | title=Trump's America: The Fulcrum of a Global 'Network War' on Democracy | url=https://bylinetimes.com/2024/11/08/trumps-america-the-fulcrum-of-a-global-network-war-on-democracy/ | website=[[Byline Times]] | access-date=May 16, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126122436/https://bylinetimes.com/2024/11/08/trumps-america-the-fulcrum-of-a-global-network-war-on-democracy/ | archive-date=January 26, 2025 | url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fifth column===
The typical rhetoric about the [[fifth column]] as [[foreign agent]]s is used by Dugin for political accusations in many publications. In his 2014 interview published by ''[[Vzglyad (newspaper)|Vzglyad]]'' and ''[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]'', he says, "A huge struggle is being conducted. And, of course, Europe has its own fifth column, its own [[2011–2013 Russian protests|Bolotnaya Square]]-minded people. And if we have them sitting idly and doing nasty things on [[TV Rain]], Europe is indeed dominated and ruled by the fifth column in full swing. This is the same American riffraff."<ref name="великая война">{{cite news|author1=Петр Акопов|script-title=ru:Это великая война континентов|url=https://www.vz.ru/politics/2014/2/20/672632.html|work=[[Vzglyad (newspaper)|Vzglyad]]|date=20 February 2014|language=ru}}</ref><ref name="KP">{{cite news|script-title=ru:Политолог, философ Александр Дугин: Это великая война континентов|url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/26197.4/3084361/|work=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]|date=20 February 2014|language=ru }}</ref>

He sees the United States standing behind all the scenes, including the Russian fifth column. According to his statement, "The danger of our fifth column is not that they are strong, they are absolutely paltry, but that they are hired by the greatest 'godfather' of the modern world—by the United States. That is why they are effective, they work, they are listened to, they get away with anything because they have the world power standing behind them."<ref name="великая война"/><ref name="KP"/> He sees the US embassy as the center for funding and guiding the fifth column and asserts, "We know that the fifth column receives money and instructions from the American embassy."<ref name="заговор">{{cite web|author=Александр Дугин|script-title=ru:Против Путина готовится заговор, мы наблюдаем либеральный ответ Русской весне|url=https://www.nakanune.ru/articles/19518/|publisher=Nakanune.ru|date=2 October 2014|language=ru}}</ref>

According to Dugin, the fifth column promoted the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|breakup of the Soviet Union]] as a land continental construction, seized power under [[Boris Yeltsin]], and headed Russia as the ruling politico-economic and cultural elite until the 2000s. The fifth column is the regime of liberal reformers of the 1990s and includes former [[Russian oligarchs]] like [[Vladimir Gusinsky]] and [[Boris Berezovsky (businessman)|Boris Berezovsky]], former government officials like [[Mikhail Kasyanov]], [[Boris Nemtsov]], and [[Vladimir Ryzhkov]], artistic, cultural, and media workers,<ref name="Шестая">{{cite news|author1=Александр Дугин|script-title=ru:Шестая колонна|url=https://vz.ru/opinions/2014/4/29/684247.html|work=[[Vzglyad (newspaper)|Vzglyad]]|date=29 April 2014|language=ru}}</ref> the [[Echo of Moscow]], the [[Russian State University for the Humanities]], the highest ranks of the [[National Research University Higher School of Economics]], a significant part of teachers of the [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]], and a minority part of teachers of the [[Moscow State University]].<ref>{{citation |author1=Александр Дугин|script-title=ru:Пятая колонна и либеральная идеология: аномалия вседозволенности |trans-title=The fifth column and liberal ideology: an anomaly of permissiveness|url=https://eurasiainform.md/pyataya-kolonna-i-liberalnaya-ideologiya-anomaliya-vsedozvolennosti-aleksandr-dugin.html|publisher=Eurasiainform.md|language=ru|date=24 March 2014|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729212858/https://eurasiainform.md/pyataya-kolonna-i-liberalnaya-ideologiya-anomaliya-vsedozvolennosti-aleksandr-dugin.html|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dugin proposes to deprive the fifth column of Russian citizenship and deport the group from Russia: "I believe it is necessary to deport the fifth column and deprive them of their citizenship."<ref name="Макаревич">{{cite web|author=Елена Янкелевич|script-title=ru:Андрей Макаревич: "пятая колонна" или жертва травли?|url=https://riafan.ru/56800-andrey-makarevich-pyataya-kolonna-ili-zhertva-travli/|publisher=Riafan.ru|language=ru|date=18 August 2014|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001004913/https://riafan.ru/56800-andrey-makarevich-pyataya-kolonna-ili-zhertva-travli|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, in 2007, Dugin argued, "There are no longer opponents of Putin's policy, and if there are, they are mentally ill and should be sent to prophylactic health examination."<ref>{{cite news|author=Максим Соколов|script-title=ru:Путин абсолютен|trans-title=Putin is absolute|url=https://izvestia.ru/news/329407|work=[[Izvestia]]|date=5 October 2007|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Григорий Пасько|script-title=ru:Шизофрения, или Будьте здоровы!|trans-title=Schizophrenia, or To your health!|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|year=2007|issue=27|url=https://index.org.ru/journal/27/pask27.html|language=ru|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213201546/http://index.org.ru/journal/27/pask27.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, Dugin in an interview to ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' confirmed that he considers the opponents of Putin to be mentally ill.<ref name="Neef"/>

In one of his publications, Dugin introduced the term ''the sixth column'' and defined it as "the fifth column which just pretends to be something different",<ref name="Шестая"/> those who are in favor of Putin, but demand that he stand for liberal values (as opposed to the liberal fifth column, which is specifically against Putin). During the [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]], Dugin said that all the Russian sixth column stood up staunchly for Ukrainian oligarch [[Rinat Akhmetov]].<ref name="За Ахметова">{{cite web|author=Александр Дугин|script-title=ru:За Ахметова грудью встала российская шестая колонна|url=https://www.nakanune.ru/news/2014/5/21/22353563/|publisher=Nakanune.ru|language=ru|date=21 May 2014}}</ref> As he asserts, "We need to struggle against the fifth and sixth columns."<ref name="Медведева">{{cite web|author=Татьяна Медведева|script-title=ru:Александр Дугин: "Нужно бороться с "шестой колонной"|url=https://portal-kultura.ru/articles/person/64670-aleksandr-dugin-nuzhno-borotsya-s-shestoy-kolonnoy/|work=Газета "Культура"|issue=35|language=ru|date=10–16 October 2014}}</ref>

Russian-American artist [[Mihail Chemiakin]] says Dugin is inventing "the sixth column". "Soon, probably, there would already be the seventh one as well. 'The fifth column' is understandable. That is we, intelligentsia, lousy, dirty, who read [[Albert Camus|Camus]]. And 'the sixth column', in his opinion, is more dangerous, because that is the personal entourage of Vladimir Putin. But he is naïve and understands nothing. And as for Dugin, he can tell him who to shoot to death and who to imprison. Maybe [[Alexey Kudrin|Kudrin]], and maybe [[Dmitry Medvedev|Medvedev]]..."<ref>{{cite news|author1=Виктор Резунков|newspaper=Радио Свобода |script-title=ru:Попахивает фашизмом|url=https://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26646237.html|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=ru|date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

According to Dugin, the whole Internet should be banned: "I think that Internet as such, as a phenomenon is worth prohibiting because it gives nobody anything good."<ref>{{YouTube|74QT-Wcgjbs|God is against Internet (Dugin's speech in Russian)}}</ref> In June 2012, Dugin said in a lecture that chemistry and physics are demonic sciences, and that all Orthodox Russians need to unite around the president of Russia in the last battle between good and evil, following the example of Iran and North Korea.<ref name="Гольянов">{{cite web|author=Владислав Гольянов|script-title=ru:Владимир Путин как спаситель от "сатанинского" Запада|url=https://www.baltinfo.ru/2012/06/13/Vladimir-Puti-kak-spasitel-ot-sataninskogo-Zapada-284483|publisher=Baltinfo.ru|language=ru|date=13 June 2012}}</ref> He added: "If we want to liberate ourselves from the West, it is needed to liberate ourselves from textbooks on physics and chemistry."<ref name="Гольянов"/>

In June 2014, Dugin characterized his position on the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]] as "firm opposition to the Junta and Ukrainian Nazism that are annihilating peaceful civilians" as well as rejection of liberalism and US hegemony.<ref name="interpretermag"/>

===Loss of departmental headship===
In 2008 Dugin established a Center for Conservative Studies at the [[Moscow State University]]. The Center focused on counter-Enlightenment and conservative ideas of authors such as [[René Guénon|Guénon]], [[Julius Evola|Evola]], [[Carl Schmitt|Schmitt]] and [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], and on their application to Russian politics.<ref name="Backman_2020" /> In 2014 Dugin lost that academic position due to the controversy following an interview where he commented on the [[2014 Odesa clashes|death of 42 anti-Maidan activists in Odesa]] saying "But what we see on May 2nd is beyond any limits. Kill them, kill them, kill them. There should not be any more conversations. As a professor, I consider it so". Media outlets interpreted this as a call to kill Ukrainians.<ref name=DOUPOU>{{cite news|author1=Ben Hoyle|title=Putin accused of betraying and abandoning Ukraine separatists|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/putin-accused-of-betraying-and-abandoning-ukraine-separatists/story-fnb64oi6-1226976223365|work=[[The Australian]]|date=3 July 2014}}<br />{{cite news|title=Rebel leaders in Ukraine feel 'abandoned' by Putin|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/rebel-leaders-in-ukraine-feel-abandoned-by-putin/story-fnb64oi6-1226976988427|work=[[The Australian]]|date=4 July 2014}}<br />{{cite news|author=Paul Sonne|title=Russian Nationalists Feel Let Down by Kremlin|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-nationalists-feel-let-down-by-kremlin-again-1404510139|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=4 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=Fitzpatrick2014>{{cite news|last1=Fitzpatrick|first1=Catherine A|title=Russia This Week: Dugin Dismissed from Moscow State University? (23–29 June). Entry at 2002GMT|url=https://www.interpretermag.com/russia-this-week-what-will-be-twitters-fate-in-russia/|access-date=12 January 2015|work=The Interpreter|date=27 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=В России собирают подписи за увольнение профессора МГУ, призвавшего убивать украинцев |url=https://www.unian.net/politics/928851-v-rossii-sobirayut-podpisi-za-uvolnenie-professora-mgu-prizvavshego-ubivat-ukraintsev.html |agency=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]]}}</ref> A petition entitled "We demand the dismissal of MSU Faculty of Sociology Professor A. G. Dugin!" was signed by over 10,000 people and sent to the MSU rector [[Viktor Sadovnichiy]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Требуем увольнения профессора факультета социологии МГУ А. Г. Дугина! |trans-title=We demand the dismissal of Professor of the Faculty of Sociology of Moscow State University A. G. Dugin! |url=https://www.change.org/p/ректору-мгу-им-ломоносова-академику-в-а-садовничему-требуем-увольнения-профессора-факультета-социологии-мгу-а-г-дугина |publisher=[[Change.org]]}}</ref><ref name="Fitzpatrick2014" />

Dugin claimed to have been fired from this post. The university claimed the offer of the position of the department head resulted from a technical error and was therefore cancelled, and that he would remain a professor and deputy department head under contract until September 2014.<ref name=DOUPOU /> Dugin wrote the statement of resignation from the [[faculty (division)|faculty]] staff to be reappointed to the Moscow State University staff due to the offered position of department head, but since the appointment was cancelled he was no longer a staff member of the faculty nor a staff member of the Moscow State University (the two staff memberships are formally different at the MSU).<ref name="BBC 2014" />

===Chief editorship of Tsargrad TV===
Dugin was named chief editor of [[Tsargrad TV]] by businessman [[Konstantin Malofeev]] soon after the TV station's founding in 2015.<ref name="lstd">{{cite news |last1=Shymko |first1=Lesia |title=The weaponization of religion: How the Kremlin is using Christian fundamentalism to advance Moscow's agenda |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/day-after-day/weaponization-religion-how-kremlin-using-christian-fundamentalism-advance |publisher=The Day (Kyiv) |date=5 September 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dugin's first wife was [[Evgenia Debryanskaya]], a Russian activist. They have a son, Artur Dugin, whom they named in honor of [[Arthur Rimbaud]].<ref name="chikatilo"/> Dugin had a daughter, [[Darya Dugina]], with his second wife, philosopher Natalya Melentyeva.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the most dangerous man in the world |url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/most-dangerous-man-world-paul-knott-putin-fascist-philosopher-33062/ |first=Paul |last=Knott |date=21 September 2018 |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=The New European}}</ref> On 20 August 2022, Darya Dugina [[Killing of Darya Dugina|was killed]] in a [[car bombing]] when the car she was driving exploded near [[Bolshiye Vyazemy]], a suburb of Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daughter of Russian philosopher Alexander Dugin killed in car explosion |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/daughter-of-russian-philosopher-alexander-dugin-killed-in-car-explosion/2665902 |access-date=2022-08-22 |publisher=Anadolu Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Sands">{{cite news |last1=Sands |first1=Leo |title=Darya Dugina: Daughter of Putin ally killed in Moscow bomb |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62621509 |publisher=BBC |date=21 August 2022 |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>  It is unclear whether she was targeted deliberately, or whether her father, who had been expected to travel with her, but switched to another car at the last minute, was the intended target.<ref name="Sands"/>

==Sanctions==
On 11 March 2015, the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] added Dugin to its list of Russian citizens who are sanctioned as a result of their involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war; his [[Eurasian Youth Union]] was targeted too.<ref name=USSanctions>{{cite news |url= https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20150311.aspx |title= U.S. Department of the Treasury Ukraine-related Designations |publisher= treasury.gov |date= 11 March 2015 }}</ref> In June 2015, Canada added Dugin to its list of [[List of individuals sanctioned during the Ukrainian crisis|sanctioned individuals]].<ref name=CA150629>{{cite news|url=https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2015/06/29/expanded-sanctions-list |title=Expanded Sanctions List |publisher=pm.gc.ca |date=29 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820173127/https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2015/06/29/expanded-sanctions-list |archive-date=20 August 2015 }}</ref>

On 3 March 2022, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned the outlet {{Interlanguage link|Geopolitika|lt=Geopolitika|ru|Геополитика (журнал)|italic=yes}} due to its alleged control by Dugin. Additionally, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Dugin's daughter [[Darya Dugina|Darya]] on the basis of her work as chief editor of the website United World International (UWI). According to the United States Department of the Treasury, UWI was developed as part of [[Project Lakhta]], owned by [[Yevgeny Prigozhin]], who is held responsible for part of the [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treasury Sanctions Russians Bankrolling Putin and Russia-Backed Influence Actors |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0628 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref><ref>[[Office of Foreign Assets Control]]. "Notice of OFAC Sanctions Actions" published 10 March 2022. {{Federal Register|87|13793}}</ref>

In January 2023, both Japan and Ukraine imposed sanctions on Dugin for promoting Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=ウクライナ情勢に関する外国為替及び外国貿易法に基づく措置について |url=https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/external_economy/trade_control/01_seido/04_seisai/downloadCrimea/20230127press_russia.pdf |access-date=7 February 2023 |language=ja |website=[[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine Latest: Russian Cease-Fire Moves Into Second Day |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-07/ukraine-latest-russian-cease-fire-moves-into-second-day |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
Several of Dugin's books have been published by the publishing house [[Arktos Media|Arktos]], an English-language publisher for traditionalist and alt-right books, which also published works by other fascists and neo-Nazis.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ljODQAAQBAJ&q=lions+of+the+north|title=Lions of the north : sounds of the new Nordic radical nationalism|last=Teitelbaum|first=Benjamin R.|isbn=9780190212599|location=New York, NY|pages=51|oclc=953576248|date=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2014/winter/White-Identity-Worldwide |title=White Identity Worldwide |author=Heidi Beirich |date=21 November 2014 |work=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schaeffer |first1=Carol |title=How Hungary Became a Haven for the Alt-Right |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/05/how-hungary-became-a-haven-for-the-alt-right/527178/ |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=The Atlantic |date=28 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Trump Revolution'', Arktos (2025)
* ''Talking to the Wolf: The Alexander Dugin Interviews'', Arktos (2023)
* ''Templars of the Proletariat'', Arktos (2023)
* ''The Great Awakening vs the Great Reset'', Arktos (2021)
* ''Political Platonism'', Arktos (2019)
* ''Ethnos and Society'', Arktos (2018)
* ''Konflikte der Zukunft – Die Rückkehr der Geopolitik'', Bonus (2015)
* ''Noomahia: voiny uma. Tri Logosa: Apollon, Dionis, Kibela'', Akademicheskii proekt (2014)
* ''Yetnosociologiya'', Akademicheskii proekt (2014)
** ''Ethnosociology'', Arktos (2019)
* ''Martin Hajdegger: filosofija drugogo Nachala'', Akademicheskii proekt (2013)
** ''Martin Heidegger: The Philosophy of Another Beginning'', Washington Summit (2014)
* ''V poiskah tiomnogo Logosa'', Akademicheskii proekt (2013)
* ''Geopolitika Rossii'', Gaudeamus (2012)
** ''Last War of the World-Island: The Geopolitics of Contemporary Russia'', Arktos (2015)
* ''Putin protiv Putina'', Yauza (2012)
** ''Putin vs Putin'', Arktos (2014)
* ''The United States and the New World Order'' (debate with [[Olavo de Carvalho]]), VIDE Editorial (2012)
* ''Chetvertaya Politicheskaya Teoriya'', Amfora (2009)
** ''[[The Fourth Political Theory]]'', Arktos (2012)
** ''Die Vierte Politische Theorie'', Arktos (2013)
** ''The Rise of the Fourth Political Theory'', Arktos (2017)
* ''Evrazijskaja missija'', Eurasia (2005)
** ''Eurasian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasianism'', Arktos (2014)
* ''Pop-kultura i znaki vremeni'', Amphora (2005)
* ''Filosofiya voiny'', Yauza (2004)
* ''Absoliutnaia rodina'', Arktogeia-tsentr (1999)
* ''Tampliery proletariata: natsional-bol'shevizm i initsiatsiia'', Arktogeia (1997)
* ''[[Foundations of Geopolitics|Osnovy geopolitiki: geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii]]'', Arktogeia (1997) (The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia)
* ''Metafizika blagoi vesti: Pravoslavnyi ezoterizm'', Arktogeia (1996)
* ''Misterii Evrazii'', Arktogeia (1996)
* ''Konservativnaia revoliutsiia'', Arktogeia (1994)
* ''[[Conspirology (conspiracy theories)|Konspirologiya]]'' (1993)

==Filmography==
* ''Dugin'' (2023)
* ''The Wolf in the Moonlight'' (2020)
* ''Dugin's House'' (2020)
* ''Chaos Theory'' (2019)
* ''Paradogma'' (2018)

==See also==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[All-Russian nation]]
* [[Anti-globalization movement]]
* [[Eurasianism]]
* [[Igor Panarin]]
* [[Intermediate Region]]
* [[Pan-Slavism]]
* [[Rashism]]
* [[Russian irredentism]]
* [[Russian world]]
* [[Russophilia]]
* [[Slavophilia]]
* [[Statism]]
* [[List of Russian philosophers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|3}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|title=Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5TBCwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22394-1|oclc=944961411}}
* {{cite news|last=Laruelle|first=Marlene|author-link=Marlene Laruelle|year=2006|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/aleksandr-dugin-russian-version-the-european-radical-right-2006|title=Aleksandr Dugin: A Russian Version of the European Radical Right?|work=Occasional Paper #254|publisher=Kennan Institute, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars}}
* {{cite book |last=Laruelle |first=Marlene |oclc=1105524560 |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe-Russia Relationship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9nRCQAAQBAJ |date=July 2015 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-1069-1}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9wZuQEACAAJ |title=Russian Nationalism. Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields |first=Marlene |last=Laruelle |year=2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |oclc=1042352311 |author-mask={{long dash}} |chapter=A textbook case of doctrinal entrepreneurship: Aleksandr Dugin |pages=95–133 |location=London and New York |isbn=978-1-138-38652-5}}
* {{cite web|first=Branko|last=Malić|title=The Invisible Empire: Introduction to Alexander Dugin's "Foundations of Geopolitics", pt. 1|website=Kali Tribune|date=7 May 2017|url=https://en.kalitribune.com/the-invisible-empire-introduction-to-alexander-dugins-foundations-of-geopolitics-pt-1/}}
* {{cite web|first=Branko|last=Malić|author-mask={{long dash}}|title=Against The Gnostics: Anti-Traditional and Anti-Christian Core of Alexander Dugin's 4th Political Theory|website=Kali Tribune|date=9 May 2015|url=https://en.kalitribune.com/against-the-gnostics/}}
* {{cite web|first=Branko|last=Malić|author-mask={{long dash}}|title=Idiot's Guide to Chaos: Some Passages from Dugin's "4th PT" Left Untranslated Into English|website=Kali Tribune|date=23 January 2015|url=https://en.kalitribune.com/idiots-guide-to-chaos-some-passages-of-dugins-4th-pt-left-untranslated-into-english/}}
* {{cite web|first=Mihai|last=Marinescu|title=A Serpent Oil Salesman: Alexander Dugin from Eastern Orthodox Perspective|website=Kali Tribune|date=31 January 2017|url=https://en.kalitribune.com/serpent-oil-salesman-a-simple-message-to-eastern-orthodox-christians-in-the-west/}}
* {{Cite book |last=Millerman |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-7lzQEACAAJ |title=Beginning with Heidegger: Strauss, Rorty, Derrida, Dugin and the Philosophical Constitution of the Political |date=18 September 2020 |publisher=Arktos Media Limited |isbn=9781912975792 |location=London |oclc=1198715113}}
* Umland, Andreas. "[https://www.academia.edu/2635113/Post-Soviet_Uncivil_Society_and_the_Rise_of_Aleksandr_Dugin_A_Case_Study_of_the_Extraparliamentary_Radical_Right_in_Contemporary_Russia_Ph._D._in_Politics_University_of_Cambridge_2007_ Post-Soviet "Uncivil Society" and the Rise of Aleksandr Dugin: A Case Study of the Extraparliamentary Radical Right in Contemporary Russia]". PhD in Politics, University of Cambridge, 2007.
* {{Cite book |last=R. Teitelbaum |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1WaDwAAQBAJ |title=War for Eternity Inside Bannon's Far-Right Circle of Global Power Brokers |date=21 April 2020 |publisher=Dey Street Books |isbn=9780062978479 |oclc=1152156905}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|c=Category:Aleksandr Dugin|d=yes|q=yes|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* [https://www.4pt.su/en The Fourth Political Theory]
* [https://eurasia.com.ru/english.html Movement Eurasia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823115050/http://eurasia.com.ru/english.html |date=23 August 2022 }}
* [https://paideuma.tv/en PaideumaTV]
* [https://www.geopolitika.ru/en Geopolitika.ru]
* [https://eurasianist-archive.com/alexander-dugin-2/ Works at Eurasianist Archive]
* {{Citation |first=Yigal |last=Liverant |url=https://azure.org.il/include/print.php?id=483|title=The Prophet of the New Russian Empire |newspaper=[[Azure (magazine)|Azure]] |date=Winter 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202052657/https://azure.org.il/include/print.php?id=483 |archive-date=2 February 2020 }}
* [https://eurasia.com.ru/eng/ft.html Will the Russian bear roar again?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815132939/http://eurasia.com.ru/eng/ft.html |date=15 August 2022 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpdkDZIkMbg Russia's rise in conservative family values], Alexander Dugin featured prominently at 12:30.

{{Russian far right}}
{{Political philosophy}}
{{2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dugin, Aleksandr}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian politicians]]
[[Category:Anti-American sentiment in Russia]]
[[Category:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Russia]]
[[Category:Anti-Western sentiment]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Russia]]
[[Category:Defenders of the White House (1993)]]
[[Category:Eurasia Party politicians]]
[[Category:Eurasianists]]
[[Category:Geopoliticians]]
[[Category:Heidegger scholars]]
[[Category:Journalists from Moscow]]
[[Category:National Bolshevik Party politicians]]
[[Category:National Bolsheviks]]
[[Category:Neo-Sovietism]]
[[Category:Neo-Stalinists]]
[[Category:Old Believers]]
[[Category:People deported from Ukraine]]
[[Category:People of the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]]
[[Category:Politicians from Moscow]]
[[Category:Pro-Russian people of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Pro-Russian people of the war in Donbas]]
[[Category:Russian conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Russian fascists]]
[[Category:Russian far-right politicians]]
[[Category:Russian individuals subject to European Union sanctions]]
[[Category:Russian individuals subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions]]
[[Category:Russian magazine founders]]
[[Category:Russian male journalists]]
[[Category:Russian nationalists]]
[[Category:Russian activists]]
[[Category:Russian political party founders]]
[[Category:Russian political philosophers]]
[[Category:Russian political scientists]]
[[Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]]
[[Category:Writers from Moscow]]