View source for Albert VII, Archduke of Austria

{{Short description|Sovereign of the Netherlands from 1598 to 1621}}
{{Other people|Albert of Austria}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Albert VII
|image = File:Rubens - arquiduquealbertoVII01.jpg
|caption = Portrait by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], {{circa|1615}}<br>[[São Paulo Museum of Art]] collection
|succession    = [[Spanish Netherlands|Sovereign of the Netherlands]]{{efn|Monarchs from the [[House of Habsburg]] ruled the [[Low Countries]] with the title of [[Duke of Burgundy|Duke/Duchess of Burgundy]].}}
| moretext   = ([[#External links|more..]])
|reign = 6 May 1598 – 13 July 1621<ref name="gen">{{cite web |last=Marek |first=Miroslav |url= http://genealogy.euweb.cz/habsburg/habsburg4.html#M2 |title= Complete Genealogy of the House of Habsburg |publisher= Genealogy.EU}}{{Self-published source|date=August 2012}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2012}}
|predecessor = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]
|successor = [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]]
|reg-type = Co-monarch
|regent = [[Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain|Isabella Clara Eugenia]]
|succession1 = [[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Lower and Upper Austria]]
|reign1 = 20 March – 9 October 1619
|predecessor1 = [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]]
|successor1 = [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]]
|succession2 = [[List of viceroys of Portugal|Viceroy of Portugal]]
|reg-type2 = Monarch
|regent2 = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip I of Portugal]]
|reign2 = 11 February 1583 – 5 July 1593
|predecessor2 = [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]]
|successor2 = [[List of viceroys of Portugal|1st Regency Council]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain]]|18 April 1599}}
|house = [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]
|father = [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|mother = [[Maria of Spain]]
|birth_date = 13 November 1559
|birth_place = [[Wiener Neustadt]], [[Archduchy of Austria]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1621|7|13|1559|11|15|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Brussels]], [[Duchy of Brabant]], [[Spanish Netherlands]], Holy Roman Empire
|burial_place = [[St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral]]
|religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
|signature = Signatur Albrecht VII. von Habsburg.PNG
}}

'''Albert VII''' ({{langx|de|Albrecht VII}}; 13 November 1559 – 13 July 1621) was the ruling [[Archduke of Austria]] for a few months in 1619 and, jointly with his wife, [[Isabella Clara Eugenia]], sovereign of the [[Habsburg Netherlands]] between 1598 and 1621. Prior to this, he had been a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Archbishop of Toledo]], [[List of viceroys of Portugal|viceroy of Portugal]] and  [[Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|Governor General]] of the Habsburg Netherlands. He succeeded his brother [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]] as reigning archduke of [[Archduchy of Austria|Lower and Upper Austria]], but abdicated in favor of [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] the same year, making it the shortest (and often ignored) reign in Austrian history.

==Early life==
Archduke Albert was the fifth son of [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Maria of Spain]], daughter of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Isabella of Portugal]]. He was sent to the Spanish Court at the age of eleven, where his uncle, King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], looked after his education, where he was apparently quite intelligent. Initially he was meant to pursue an ecclesiastical career. On 3 March 1577 he was appointed cardinal by [[Pope Gregory XIII]], with a dispensation because of his age of eighteen, and was given [[Santa Croce in Gerusalemme]] as his titular church.<ref>Guilelmus van Gulik and Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii  et recentioris aevi''  Volumen tertium, editio altera (ed. L. Schmitz-Kallenberg) (Monasterii 1923),  p. 45.</ref> Philip II planned to make Albert [[archbishop of Toledo]] as soon as possible, but the incumbent, [[Gaspar de Quiroga y Sandoval]], lived much longer than expected; he died on 12 November 1594. In the meantime Albert only took lower orders. He was never ordained priest or bishop, and thus he resigned the See of Toledo in 1598.<ref>Gulik-Eubel, p. 315.</ref> He resigned the cardinalate in 1598.<ref>There was a contemporary precedent. In 1588 Cardinal [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinando de' Medici]] resigned on the death of his brother in order to become grand duke of Tuscany: Gulik-Eubel, p. 40 and n. 5.  Ferdinand too had not taken Holy Orders.</ref> His clerical upbringing did however have a lasting influence on his lifestyle.<ref>Caeiro (1961) p. 5-31.</ref>{{Explain|date=March 2016}}

After the [[Iberian Union|dynastic union]] with [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], Albert became the first [[List of viceroys of Portugal|viceroy]] of the kingdom and its [[Portuguese Empire|overseas empire]] in 1583. At the same time he was appointed [[Papal Legate]] and [[Grand Inquisitor]] for Portugal.<ref>Gulik-Eubel, p. 45 note 12.</ref> As viceroy of Portugal he took part in the organization of the [[Spanish Armada|Great Armada]] of 1588 and beat off an [[English Armada|English counter-attack]] on Lisbon in 1589.<ref>Caeiro (1961) passim.</ref> In 1593 Philip II recalled him to Madrid, where he would take a leading role in the government of the Spanish Monarchy.<ref>Feros (2000) p. 28-30</ref> Two years later, [[Chief of the Name|Irish clan chief]]s [[Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone]] and [[Hugh Roe O'Donnell]] offered Albert the [[Kingdom of Ireland|Irish crown]] in the hope of obtaining Spanish support in the ongoing [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] against [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref>Morgan (1993) p. 208-210.</ref>

==Governor General of the Habsburg Netherlands==
[[File:Isabella Clara Eugenia Spain Albrecht.jpg|thumb|left|Albert and Isabella Clara Eugenia, by an anonymous 17th century master, after originals by [[Frans Pourbus the younger]].]]
After the death of [[Archduke Ernest of Austria]] in 1595, Albert was sent to [[Brussels]] to succeed his elder brother as [[Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|Governor General of the Habsburg Netherlands]]. He made his entry to Brussels on 11 February 1596. His first priority was restoring Spain's military position in the Low Countries. Spain was facing the combined forces of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]] and had known nothing but defeats since 1590. During his first campaign season, Albert surprised his enemies by [[Siege of Calais (1596)|capturing Calais]] and nearby [[Ardres]] from the French and [[Siege of Hulst (1596)|Hulst]] from the Dutch. These successes were however offset by the third bankruptcy of the Spanish crown later that year. As a consequence, 1597 was marked by a series of military disasters. Stadholder [[Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange]] captured the last Spanish strongholds that remained north of the great rivers, as well as the strategic town of [[Rheinberg]] in the [[Electorate of Cologne]]. Between 13 May and 25 September 1597, the Spanish, who had sent a large army in March, had captured the city of [[Amiens]] easily in a ruse. Finally the Spanish [[Army of Flanders]] [[Siege of Amiens (1597)|lost Amiens]] in September the same year to [[Henry IV of France]] despite desperate efforts to relieve the place by Albert and [[Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort|Ernst von Mansfeld]]. With no more money to pay the troops, Albert was also facing a series of mutinies.
[[File:Jeton Brabant Antwerpen Albert Isabella 1612.jpg|thumb|left|Jeton with portraits of Albert and [[Isabella Clara Eugenia]] struck in Antwerp 1612.]]

While pursuing the war as well as he could, Albert made overtures for peace with Spain's enemies, but only the French king was disposed to enter official negotiations. Under the mediation of the papal legate [[Pope Leo XI|Cardinal Alessandro de'Medici]] — the future Pope Leo XI — Spain and France concluded the [[Peace of Vervins]] on 2 May 1598. Spain gave up its conquests, thereby restoring the situation of [[Italian War of 1551–1559|Cateau Cambrésis]]. France tacitly accepted the Spanish occupation of the [[Cambrésis|prince-archbishopric of Cambray]] and pulled out of the war, but maintained the financial support for the Dutch Republic. Only a few days after the treaty, on 6 May 1598, Philip II announced his decision to marry his eldest daughter, [[Isabella Clara Eugenia]], to Albert and to cede them the sovereignty over the Habsburg Netherlands. The Act of Cession did however stipulate that if the couple would not have children, the Netherlands would return to Spain. It also contained a number of secret clauses that assured a permanent presence of the Spanish Army of Flanders. After obtaining the pope's permission, Albert formally resigned from the [[College of Cardinals]] on 13 July 1598 and left for Spain on 14 September, unaware that Philip II had died the night before. [[Pope Clement VIII]] celebrated the union by procuration on 15 November at [[Ferrara]], while the actual marriage took place in [[Valencia]] on 18 April 1599.
[[File:0 L'archiduc Albert de Habsbourg - Frans Pourbus le Jeune (1).JPG|thumb|''Portrait of Albert VII'' (''c.'' 1599–1600), by [[Frans Pourbus the Younger]]. [[Convent of Las Descalzas Reales]] collection in [[Madrid]].]]

He was 39 and his bride 33; they had three children who all died in infancy.

==War years==

The first half of the reign of Albert and Isabella was dominated by war. After overtures to the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] and to Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] proved unsuccessful, the Habsburg policy in the Low Countries aimed at regaining the military initiative and isolating the Dutch Republic. The strategy was to force its opponents to the conference table and negotiate from a position of strength. Even if Madrid and Brussels tended to agree on these options, Albert took a far more flexible stance than his brother-in-law, King [[Philip III of Spain]]. Albert had first-hand knowledge of the devastation wrought by the Dutch Revolt, and he had come to the conclusion that it would be virtually impossible to reconquer the northern provinces. Quite logically, Philip III and his councillors felt more concern for Spain's reputation and for the impact that a compromise with the Dutch Republic might have on Habsburg positions as a whole. Spain provided the means to continue the war. Albert took the decisions on the ground and tended to ignore Madrid's instructions. Under the circumstances, the division of responsibilities repeatedly led to tensions.
[[File:Coat of Arms of Archduke Albert of Austria as Governor-Monarch of the Low Countries.svg|thumb|left|170px|Arms of Albert VII as Sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.]]

Albert's reputation as a military commander suffered badly when he was defeated by the Dutch stadtholder [[Maurice of Nassau, prince of Orange]] in the [[Battle of Nieuwpoort]] on 2 July 1600. His inability to conclude the lengthy [[Siege of Ostend]] (1601–1604), resulted in his withdrawal from the tactical command of the Spanish Army of Flanders. From then on military operations were led by the Genoese [[Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases|Ambrogio Spínola]]. Even though he could not prevent the almost simultaneous [[Siege of Sluis (1604)|capture of Sluis]], Spínola forced [[Ostend]] to surrender on 22 September 1604. He seized the initiative during the next campaigns, bringing the war north of the great rivers for the first time since 1594.

Meanwhile, the accession of [[James VI of Scotland]] as James I in England had paved the way for a separate peace with England. On 24 July 1604 England, Spain and the Archducal Netherlands signed the [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]]. The return to peace was severely hampered by differences over religion. Events such as the [[Gunpowder Plot]] caused a lot of diplomatic tension between London and Brussels. Yet on the whole relations between the two courts tended to be cordial.

Spínola's campaigns and the threat of diplomatic isolation induced the Dutch Republic to accept a ceasefire in April 1607. The subsequent negotiations between the warring parties failed to produce a peace treaty. They did lead however to conclusion of the [[Twelve Years' Truce]] in Antwerp on 9 April 1609. Under the terms of the Truce, the United Provinces were to be regarded as a sovereign power for its duration. Albert had conceded this point against the will of Madrid and it took him a lot of effort to persuade Philip III to ratify the agreement. When Philip's ratification finally arrived, Albert's quest for the restoration of peace in the Low Countries had finally paid off.
[[File:Otto van Veen - Portrait of the archdukes Albert and Isabella of Austria.jpg|thumb|160px|''Albert and Isabella Clara Eugenia'', by [[Otto van Veen]], 1615]]

==Years of peace==

The years of the Truce gave the Habsburg Netherlands a much needed breathing-space. The fields could again be worked in safety. The archducal regime encouraged the reclaiming of land that had been inundated in the course of the hostilities and sponsored the [[polder|impoldering]] of the [[Les Moëres|Moeren]], a marshy area that is presently astride the Belgian–French border. The recovery of agriculture led in turn to a modest increase of the population after decades of demographic losses. Industry and in particular the luxury trades likewise underwent a recovery. International trade was however hampered by the closure of the River [[Scheldt]]. The archducal regime had plans to bypass the blockade with a system of canals linking Ostend via [[Bruges]] to the Scheldt in [[Ghent]] and joining the [[Meuse]] to the [[Rhine]] between [[Venlo]] and [[Rheinberg]]. In order to combat urban poverty, the government supported the creation of a network of [[Mont de Piété|Monti di Pietà]] based on the Italian model.
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens and Jan Brueghel (I) - Albert VII, Archduke of Austria - Prado 001.jpg|thumb|left|300px|''Portrait of Archduke Albert'' by [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], {{circa|1615}}]]

Meanwhile, the archducal regime ensured the triumph of the [[Counter-Reformation]] in the Habsburg Netherlands. Most Protestants had by that stage left the Southern Netherlands. After [[Anna Utenhoven|one last execution]] in 1597, those that remained were no longer actively persecuted. Under the terms of legislation passed in 1609, their presence was tolerated, provided they did not worship in public. Engaging in religious debates was also forbidden by law. The resolutions of the Third [[Great Council of Mechelen|Provincial Council of Mechelen]] of 1607 were likewise given official sanction. Through such measures and by the appointment of a generation of able and committed bishops, Albert and Isabella laid the foundation of the Catholic [[confessionalisation]] of the population. The same period saw important waves of [[witch-hunt]]s.

[[File:Emanuel van Meteren Historie ppn 051504510 MG 8788 albertus.tif|thumb|''Portrait of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria'', engraving, 1614]]
In the process of [[recatholicisation]], new and reformed religious orders enjoyed the particular support of Albert and Isabella. Even though the archduke had certain reservations about the order, the [[Jesuits]] received the largest cash grants, allowing them to complete their ambitious building programmes in Brussels and Antwerp. Other champions of the Catholic Reformation, such as the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]], were also given considerable sums. The foundation of the first convents of [[Discalced Carmelites]] in the Southern Netherlands depended wholly on the personal initiative of the archducal couple and bore witness to the Spanish orientation of their spirituality.

The reign of Albert and Isabella Clara Eugenia saw a strengthening of princely power in the Habsburg Netherlands. The [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]] of the loyal provinces were only summoned once in 1600. Thereafter the government preferred to deal directly with the provinces. The years of the Truce allowed the archducal regime to promulgate legislation on a whole range of matters. The so-called [[Perpetual Edict (1611)]], for instance, reformed the judicial system and ushered in the transition from customary to written law. Other measures dealt with monetary matters, the nobility, duels, gambling, etc.

Driven by strategic as well as religious motives, Albert intervened in the squabbles over the inheritance of the [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg]]. He played a major role in the [[War of the Jülich Succession|war]] and the subsequent confrontation with the armies of the Dutch Republic led to the [[Treaty of Xanten]]. The episode was in many ways a rehearsal of what was to come in the [[Thirty Years' War]]. After the [[Defenestrations of Prague|defenestration of Prague]], Albert responded by sending troops to his cousin [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] and by pressing Philip III for financial support to the cause of the Austrian Habsburgs. As such he contributed considerably to the victory of the Habsburg and [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavarian]] forces in the [[Battle of the White Mountain]] on 8 November 1620.

==Death and succession==
[[File:Funerals Albert VII, Archduke of Austria (1623) Funeral procession for Albert VII, Archduke of Austria.jpg|thumb|300px|''Funeral procession of the Archduke'']]

Albert and Isabella Clara Eugenia had three children who died at a very young age, in 1605, 1607 and 1609. As the years passed, it became clear that they would have no more offspring. When Albert's health suffered a serious breakdown in the winter of 1613–1614, steps were taken to ensure the accession of Philip III of Spain in accordance to the Act of Cession. As a result, the States of the loyal provinces swore to accept the king as heir of the archduke and archduchess in a number of ceremonies between May 1616 and January 1617. Philip III however predeceased his uncle on 31 March 1621. The right to succeed the couple thereupon passed to his heir, King [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]].

Albert's health again deteriorated markedly in the closing months of 1620. As the Twelve Years' Truce would expire the next April, he devoted his last energies to securing its renewal. In order to reach this goal he was prepared to make far reaching concessions. Much to his frustration, neither the Spanish Monarchy, nor the Dutch Republic took his pleas for peace seriously. His death on 13 July 1621 therefore more or less coincided with the resumption of hostilities.

==Artistic patronage==
[[File:Hieronymus Francken Ii - The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|289px|''Albert and Isabella visiting an [[art museum|art gallery]]'' by [[Jan Brueghel the Elder]] and [[Hieronymus Francken II]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]]
 |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/14623
 |title= The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet}}</ref>]]

Virtually nothing remains of Albert and Isabella Clara Eugenia' [[Palace of Coudenberg]] in Brussels, their summer retreat in [[Mariemont, Belgium|Mariemont]] or their hunting lodge in [[Tervuren]]. Their once magnificent collections were scattered after 1633 and considerable parts of them have been lost. Still, the Archdukes Albert and Isabella enjoy a well merited reputation as patrons of the arts. They are probably best remembered for the appointment of [[Peter Paul Rubens]] as their court painter in 1609. They likewise gave commissions to outstanding painters such as [[Frans Pourbus the Younger]], [[Otto van Veen]] and [[Jan Brueghel the Elder]]. Less well known painters such as [[Hendrik de Clerck]], [[Theodoor van Loon]] and [[Denis van Alsloot]] were also called upon. Mention should furthermore be made of architects such as [[Wenceslas Cobergher|Wenzel Cobergher]] and [[Jacob Franquart]], as well as of the sculptors de Nole. By far the best preserved ensemble of art from the archducal period is to be found at [[Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel|Scherpenheuvel]] where Albert and Isabella directed Cobergher, the painter Theodoor van Loon and the de Noles to create a pilgrimage church in a planned city.

==Titles==
As co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands, the title was: "Albert and Isabella Clara Eugenia, Infanta of Spain, by the grace of God Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Lothier, Brabant, Limburg, Luxembourg and Guelders, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders, Artois, Burgundy, Tyrol, Palatines in Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, Namur and Zutphen, Margraves of the Holy Roman Empire, Lord and Lady of Frisia, Salins, Mechlin, the City, Towns and Lands of Utrecht, Overijssel and Groningen".

For use in correspondence with German princes: "The Most Serene, Highborn Prince and Lord, Lord Albert, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Lothier, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Limburg, Luxembourg, Guelders and Württemberg, Count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tyrol, Artois, Burgundy, Palatine in Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, Namur and Zutphen, Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Lord of Frisia, Salins, Mechlin, the City, Towns and Lands of Utrecht, Overijssel and Groningen".

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = 1. '''Albert VII, Archduke of Austria'''
|2= 2. [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|3= 3. [[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria of Austria]]
|4= 4. [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="NDB-Maximilian II">{{NDB|16|471|475|Maximilian II.|Press, Volker|11857938X}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Anne of Bohemia and Hungary]]<ref name="NDB-Maximilian II"/>
|6= 6. [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria von Spanien">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Maria von Spanien |volume=7 |page=19}}</ref>
|7= 7. [[Isabella of Portugal]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria von Spanien"/>
|8= 8. [[Philip I, King of Castile]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich |volume=7 |year=1861 |page=112}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Joanna, Queen of Castile]]<ref name="1911-Joanna">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Joanna |volume=15}}</ref>
|10= 10. [[Vladislas II, King of Bohemia and Hungary]]<ref name="ADB-Wladislaw II">{{cite ADB|54|688|696|Wladislaw II.|Priebatsch, Felix|ADB:Wladislaw II.}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Anne of Foix-Candale]]<ref name="ADB-Wladislaw II"/>
|12= 12. [[Philip I, King of Castile]]<ref name="EB-Charles V">{{Britannica|107009|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}</ref> (= 8)
|13= 13. [[Joanna, Queen of Castile]]<ref name="EB-Charles V"/> (= 9)
|14= 14. [[Manuel I, King of Portugal]]<ref name="Stephens1903">{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Henry Morse |title=The story of Portugal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139 |access-date=11 July 2018 |year=1903 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |pages=125, 139, 279|isbn=9780722224731 }}</ref>
|15= 15. [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
}}

==Male-line family tree==
{{Habsburg family tree}}

==See also==
* [[History of Luxembourg]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|last= Allen|first=Paul C.|year=2000|title=Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598-1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-07682-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Duerloo|first=Luc|year=2012|title=Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598-1621) and Habsburg Dynastic Culture in an Age of Religious Wars|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=9780754669043}} [https://internationalhistory.wordpress.com/2013/06/27/book-review-of-dynasty-and-piety-archduke-albert-1598-1621-and-habsburg-political-culture-in-an-age-of-religious-wars/ online review]
* {{Cite book|last=Feros|first=Antonio|year=2000|title=Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598–1621|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-56113-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Hiram|year=1993|title=Tyrone's Rebellion: The Outbreak of the Nine Years' War in Tudor Ireland|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-0-86193-224-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/tyronesrebellion0000morg}}

===Other languages===
* {{Cite book|last=Caeiro|first=Francisco|year=1961|title=O arquiduque Alberto de Áustria: Vice-rei e inquisidor-mor de Portugal, cardeal legado do papa, governador e depois soberano dos Países Baixos: Historia e arte|publisher=Neogravusa}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Duerloo|editor-first=Luc|year=1998|editor2=Thomas, Werner|title=Albrecht & Isabella, 1598–1621: Catalogus|publisher=Brepols|isbn=2-503-50724-7}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Thomas|editor-first=Werner|year=1998|editor2= Duerloo, Luc|title=Albert & Isabella, 1598–1621: Essays|publisher=Brepols|isbn=2-503-50726-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Duerloo|first=Luc|year=2002|author2= Wingens, Marc|title=Scherpenheuvel: Het Jeruzalem van de Lage Landen|publisher=Davidsfonds|isbn=90-5826-182-4}}
* {{NDB|1|170||Albrecht VII. (Albert)|Otto Brunner|11864436X}}
* ''Copia Ihrer Hochfurstlicher Durchleuchtigkeit des Ertz-Herzogen zu Österreich etc. Dem Furstenthumb Cleve, Graffschafft von der Marck ... Ertheilte Neutralitet''. Verstegen, Cleve 1621. ([http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-17585 digital version] by the University and State Library, Düsseldorf)

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{DNB-Portal|11864436X}}
* 1627 illustration: ''Alberto Austriae Archiduci'' ({{ULBDD|urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-110390}})

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Habsburg#Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Kings of Hungary and Bohemia, Archdukes of Austria|House of Habsburg]]|13 November|1559|13 July|1621|name=Archduke Albert of Austria}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jorge de Almeida]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Inquisitor]] of Portugal|years=1586 – 1593}}
{{s-aft|after=[[António de Matos de Noronha]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Archbishop of Toledo]]|years=1595 – 1598}}
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{{s-gov}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|Governor of the Spanish Netherlands]]|years=1596–1598}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain|Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Fernando Álvarez de Toledo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of viceroys of Portugal|Viceroy of Portugal]]|years=1583–1593}}
{{s-vac|reason=Government Junta|next=[[Cristóvão de Moura]]}}
{{s-reg}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=|before=[[Philip II of Spain]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=|title=[[Dukes of Lothier|Duke of Lothier]], [[Dukes of Brabant|Brabant]], [[Dukes of Limburg|Limburg]],<br>[[Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg|Luxemburg]] and [[Dukes of Guelders|Guelders]];<br>[[Counts of Namur|Margrave of Namur]];<br>[[List of counts of Burgundy|Count Palatine of Burgundy]];<br>[[Counts of Flanders|Count of Flanders]], [[Counts of Artois|Artois]] and [[Counts of Hainaut|Hainaut]]|years=1598 – 1621|regent1=[[Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain|Isabella Clara Eugenia]]|years1=1598 – 1621}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Philip IV of Spain]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Lower and Upper Austria]]|years=1619}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Rulers of Austria}}
{{Monarchs of Luxembourg}}
{{Austrian archdukes}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Albert Of Austria}}
[[Category:1559 births]]
[[Category:1621 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century archdukes of Austria]]
[[Category:16th-century dukes of Brabant]]
[[Category:17th-century dukes of Brabant]]
[[Category:16th-century House of Habsburg]]
[[Category:16th-century dukes of Limburg]]
[[Category:17th-century dukes of Limburg]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:17th-century monarchs of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:16th-century counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:17th-century counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:16th-century counts of Hainaut]]
[[Category:17th-century counts of Hainaut]]
[[Category:16th-century margraves of Namur]]
[[Category:17th-century margraves of Namur]]
[[Category:Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Portugal]]
[[Category:Spanish generals]]
[[Category:Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War]]
[[Category:Spanish imperial proconsuls]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula]]
[[Category:Austrian princes]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:Children of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
[[Category:People of the Nine Years' War (Ireland)]]