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{{Short description|1931 Indian film by Ardeshir Irani}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Alam Ara
| image          = Alam Ara poster, 1931.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| alt            = A poster for ''Alam Ara'' featuring the lead cast.
| director       = [[Ardeshir Irani]]
| producer       = Ardeshir Irani
| screenplay     = Ardeshir Irani
| based_on       = {{based on|''Alam Ara''|Joseph David}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Master Vithal]]
* [[Zubeida]]
}}
| music          = {{Plainlist|
* Firozshah Mistry
* B. Irani
}}
| cinematography = Adi M. Irani
| editing        = [[Ezra Mir]]
| studio         = Imperial Film Company
| distributor    = [[Sagar Movietone]]
| released       = {{film date|1931|3|14|df=yes}}
| runtime        = 124 minutes{{Sfn|Pradeep|2006}}
| country        = India
| language       = Hindustani
| budget         = {{INR}}40,000{{Sfn|Garga|1980|p=12}}
}}

'''''Alam Ara''''' ({{Translation|''Ornament of the World''}}) is a 1931 Indian [[historical fantasy]] film directed and produced by [[Ardeshir Irani]]. It revolves around a king and his two wives, Navbahaar and Dilbahaar, who are childless; soon, a ''[[fakir]]'' (Wazir Muhammad Khan) tells the king that the former wife will give birth to a boy, later named Qamar ([[Master Vithal]]), but the child will die following his 18th birthday if Navbahaar cannot find the necklace he asks for. Meanwhile, the king finds out that Dilbahaar falls for the ''[[senapati]]'' Adil ([[Prithviraj Kapoor]]), leading the king to arrest him and evicts his pregnant wife, who later gives birth to Alam Ara ([[Zubeida]]).

Irani was inspired to make ''Alam Ara'' after watching the 1929 American [[part-talkie]] ''[[Show Boat (1929 film)|Show Boat]]''. The story was adapted from the [[Bombay]]-based dramatist Joseph David's play of the same name. Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|40|k|year=1931}}, [[principal photography]] was handled by Adi M. Irani within four months in Bombay. Because the studio was located near a [[Track (rail transport)|railway track]], it was filmed mostly during the nighttime to avoid noise from the active trains. Following filming, Ardeshir Irani finished the sound recording using the [[single-system recording]]. Firozshah Mistry and B. Irani served as the music directors.

''Alam Ara'' was released on 14 March 1931 and performed well at the box office. Critics were appreciative, with the performance and songs getting the most attention, though some of whom criticised the sound recording. In addition to the successes, the film was also widely considered a major breakthrough for the Indian film industry and Ardeshir Irani's career with its status as the country's first sound film. Although no print or gramophone record of the film is known to survive, making it a [[lost film]], surviving artefacts include its stills and posters. In 2017, the [[British Film Institute]] declared it as the most important of any lost films produced in India.

== Plot ==
A king and his two wives, Navbahaar and Dilbahaar, are childless. Soon, a ''fakir'' tells Navbahaar she will give birth to a boy but she must find a necklace tied around a fish's neck—which will appear once at the palace's lake—if she wants her son to live past his 18th birthday. The boy is named Qamar. Besides that, Dilbahaar has an affair with the palace's ''senapati'' Adil. The king finds out about this, and Dilbahaar tells him it was Adil who seduced her first. Therefore, the king arrests him and evicts his pregnant wife, Mehar Nigar, from the palace; Nigar gives birth to Alam Ara and dies when a ''[[Wikt:shikari|shikari]]'' tells her about her husband's affair. The ''shikari'' later adopts Ara.

Dilbahaar is jealous of Navbahaar and knows about her agreement with the ''fakir''. When the necklace appears on Qamar's 18th birthday, she secretly replaces it with a fake one, which soon results in Qamar's death. His family, however, does not bury his body and starts looking for the ''fakir'' to find out what went wrong. As a result, Qamar comes alive every night when Dilbahaar removes the necklace from her neck and later dies when she wears it in the morning. Apart from that, Ara knows about her innocent father's suffering, vowing to release him from prison. On her visit to the place one night, Ara sees the alive Qamar and falls for him. Everyone in the palace subsequently learns about Dilbahaar's foul play and finally retrieve the real necklace, with Adil being released. The film ends with Qamar and Ara living happily together.{{Sfn|Miglani|2006}}

== Cast ==
* [[Master Vithal]] as Qamar{{Sfnm|1a1=Miglani|1y=2006|2a1=Pradeep|2y=2006}}
* [[Zubeida]] as Alam Ara{{Sfn|Pradeep|2006}}
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] as Adil{{Sfnm|1a1=Pradeep|1y=2006|2a1=Kapoor|2a2=Gahlot|2y=2004|2p=10}}
* [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]] as Alam Ara's Friend{{Sfnm|1a1=Nihalani|1y=2018|2a1=Gulzar|2a2=Nihalani|2a3=Chatterjee|2y=2003|2p=280}}
* Wazir Muhammad Khan as a ''Fakir'' (cameo appearance){{Sfnm|1a1=Nihalani|1y=2018|2a1=Gulzar|2a2=Nihalani|2a3=Chatterjee|2y=2003|2p=280}}

Other supporting roles were played by [[Jilloo]], Sushila, [[Elizer]], [[Jagdish Sethi]], [[L. V. Prasad]], and Yaqub.{{Sfnm|1a1=Pradeep|1y=2006|2a1=Miglani|2y=2006|3a1=Gazdar|3y=1997|3p=9}}

== Production ==
[[File:Ardeshir Irani recording Alam Ara, 1931.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|Irani at the sets of ''Alam Ara'', recording the film's sound|alt=Ardeshir Irani recording sound for ''Alam Ara''.]]

After watching [[Harry A. Pollard]]'s 1929 American romantic drama part-talkie ''Show Boat'' at Excelsior Theatre in Bombay (present-day Mumbai), Ardeshir Irani was inspired to make his next project a sound film which he would direct and produce.{{Sfnm|1a1=Garga|1y=1980|1pp=11–12|2a1=Bali|2y=2015}} Although having no experience creating this type of film, he determined to make it and decided to not follow any precedential sound films.{{Sfn|Garga|1980|pp=11–12}} The project was subsequently titled ''Alam Ara'' and produced by Irani for Imperial Film Company (IFC), an entertainment studio he co-founded with the [[Tent boxing|tent showman]] Abdulally Esoofally in 1926.{{Sfnm|1a1=Valicha|1y=1996|1p=54|2a1=Rajadhyaksha|2y=1996|2pp=398–403|3a1=Gulzar|3a2=Nihalani|3a3=Chatterjee|3y=2003|3p=170}} The story was adapted from the Bombay-based dramatist Joseph David's [[Parsi theatre|Parsi play]] of the same name, while the screenplay was done by Irani.{{Sfnm|1a1=Garga|1y=1980|1pp=11–12|2a1=Bose|2y=2006|2p=74|3a1=Gulzar|3a2=Nihalani|3a3=Chatterjee|3y=2003|3p=170|4a1=Dev|4y=2013|5a1=Pradeep|5y=2006|6a1=Miglani|6y=2006}} The dialogue was written in Hindustani, a mix of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]].{{Sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=45}}

Zubeida was cast in the title role after Irani's frequent collaborator and first choice, [[Ruby Myers]], was unable to join the cast due to her inability to speak the film's language.{{Sfn|Bali|2015}} This left Myers disappointed and she took a one-year hiatus from acting, perfecting her ability to speak Hindustani.{{Sfn|Raheja|Kothari|1996|p=13}} Irani initially wanted the debutant [[Mehboob Khan]] to be the male lead, but later changed his mind and wanted a "more commercially-viable" actor, an opportunity taken by Master Vithal—one of the most successful filmmakers of Indian silent cinema.{{Sfn|Bali|2015}} In later years, Khan would admit that it left him unhappy.{{Sfnm|1a1=Chatterjee|1y=2002|1p=14|2a1=Bose|2y=2006|2p=98}} When Vithal decided to star in the film, he ended his ongoing contract with [[Saradhi Studios]], at which he started his career, causing him legal issues as the studio believed he was in [[breach of contract]]. With help from his lawyer [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], he won the case and moved to IFC to play the male lead of ''Alam Ara''.{{Sfnm|1a1=Bali|1y=2015|2a1=Ahmed|2y=2012}}

''Alam Ara'', which was funded by the business tycoon Seth Badriprasad Dube, cost {{INRConvert|40|k|year=1931}}.{{Sfn|''Mid Day''|2019}} Principal photography was completed by Adi M. Irani at Jyoti Studios in Bombay within four months, using equipment that was bought from [[Bell & Howell]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Garga|1y=1980|1pp=11–12|2a1=Bali|2y=2015|3a1=''The Hindu''|3y=2012|4a1=Bose|4y=2006|4p=194|5a1=Advani|5y=2006|5p=138|6a1=Garga|6y=1996|6p=72}} When being interviewed by [[Bhagwan Das Garga]], Ardeshir Irani confessed that he kept the project a secret during its production.{{Sfn|Garga|1980|pp=11–12}} [[H. M. Reddy]], Bharucha, Gidwani, and Pessi Kerani were the assistant directors.{{Sfnm|1a1=Narasimham|1y=2006|2a1=Garga|2y=1980|2p=11}} As the studio was located near a railway track, the film was shot mostly during the nighttime—between 1:00{{nbsp}}am and 4:00{{nbsp}}am—to avoid noise from the active trains, which according to Ardeshir Irani would pass every several minutes.{{Sfnm|1a1=Garga|1y=1980|1pp=11–12|2a1=Bali|2y=2015}} Microphones were placed at concealed locations around the actors.{{Sfn|Miglani|2006}}

Irani and Rustom Bharucha, a lawyer and the manager of his other production company, Imperial Studios, worked as sound technicians for the film.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ahmed|1y=2012|2a1=Garga|2y=1980|2p=11}} Before the shooting started, they learned the basics of sound recording from American expert Wilford Deming. When Deming came to Mumbai to give them the sound machines, he charged {{INRConvert|100|year=1931}}, which Irani considered a large number at the time. Irani could not fulfill his demand and later finished it by himself and Bharucha. They used Tanar, a single-system recording by which sound is recorded at the same time of shooting.{{Sfn|Garga|1980|p=11}} After filming ended, ''Alam Ara'' was edited by [[Ezra Mir]] and its final [[reel]] length was {{Convert|10,500|ft|m|abbr=on}}.{{Sfnm|1a1=British Film Institute|2a1=Miglani|2y=2006}} In 2012, the magazine ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' reported that the cast and crew were pleased to be parts of the film and ready to receive lesser pays for their work.{{Sfn|Ahmed|2012}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack to ''Alam Ara'' was released by [[Saregama]],{{Sfn|Datta|Dutt|2005}} and has a total of seven songs: "De De Khuda Ke Naam Pe Pyaare", "Badla Dilwayega Yaar Ab Tu Sitamgaroon Se", "Rootha Hai Aasmaan", "Teri Kateelee Nigaahon Ne Mara", "De Dil Ko Aaram Aey Saaki Gulfaam", "Bhar Bhar Ke Jaam Pila Ja", and "Daras Bin Morey Hain Tarse Nayna Pyare".{{Sfn|Miglani|2006}} "De De Khuda Ke Naam Pe Pyaare", sung by Wazir Muhammad Khan, became popular at the time of its release and was acknowledged as the first song of [[Hindi cinema]]. Zubeida performed mostly the rest of the songs.{{Sfn|Ahmed|2012}} The credit of the film, however, did not mention both the music director and lyricist. According to Ferozshah Mistri's son Kersi Mistri, all of the songs were composed by his father; in contrast, the film's booklets mentioned B. Irani as the composer.{{Sfn|Miglani|2006}} Ardeshir Irani said that he did not know who the music directors are, adding that he had only a [[pump organ]] and [[tabla]] player. Furthermore, he confessed that the lyrical composition was done by himself.{{Sfn|Garga|1980|pp=11–12}}

== Release and reception ==
[[File:Alam Ara advertisement.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|A promotional poster for ''Alam Ara'' at Majestic Cinema|alt=A release poster for ''Alam Ara'' at Majestic Cinema, featuring Zubeida's image at the right side.]]

Distributed by [[Sagar Movietone]], ''Alam Ara'' premiered at Majestic Cinema, Bombay on 14 March 1931, and the screenings ran for eight weeks.{{Sfnm|1a1=''Bombay: The City Magazine''|1y=1988|1p=36|2a1=Ojha|2y=2002|2p=22}} Ramesh Roy, an office boy of IFC, brought the film's reel to the theatre. When [[Mayank Shekhar]] of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' interviewed him in 2006, he recalled it as "a moment in history, when the public coming out of the show wouldn't stop talking about the film they'd seen, that also talked!"{{Sfn|Shekhar|2011}} According to ''[[Daily Bhaskar]]'', crowds of people would stand in line from 9:00{{nbsp}}am although the first show occurred at 3:00{{nbsp}}pm. As a solution, police were assigned to the theatre and allowed to use [[Baton (law enforcement)|batons]] to control the crowds and traffic.{{Sfnm|1a1=''Daily Bhaskar''|1y=2017|2a1=Goddard|2y=2003}} Sharmistha Gooptu, in her article published in ''[[The Times of India]]'', reported: "[''Alam Ara''] is proving to a great attraction at the Majestic Cinema, and crowded houses have been the order of the day."{{Sfn|Gooptu|2013}} It was also the first film to be screened at Imperial Cinema in [[Paharganj]].{{Sfn|Soofi|2015}}

The film clashed with ''[[Shirin Farhad (1931 film)|Shirin Farhad]]'', a [[J.J. Madan]]-directed musical film that was released around two months later. Exact figures for the box-office earnings of ''Alam Ara'' are not available, but many historians believed that the film performed well. According to the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]'' in 2003, the film was more successful than ''Shirin Farhad'';{{Sfnm|1a1=Rajadhyaksha|1a2=Willemen|1y=2014|1p=253|2a1=Gulzar|2a2=Nihalani|2a3=Chatterjee|2y=2003|2p=170|3a1=News18|3y=2016}} a 2006 report from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that it became an "instant hit".{{Sfn|Pradeep|2006}} Similar thoughts were given by Roy Armes, in his book titled ''Third World Film Making and the West'' (1987), calling the film "an enormous popular success".{{Sfn|Armes|1987|p=111}} In 2012, the writer of ''Outlook'' observed that the film's commercial performance "dealt a body blow to the careers of the reining stars of [silent] cinema", including Vithal especially since he was not fluent in Hindustani language.{{Sfn|Ahmed|2012}}

Critics were generally positive of ''Alam Ara'', praising the performance of the cast but some of whom criticising the sound recording; they have noted that it has "shared many of the common defects of Indian productions" and ended a trend where the previous Indian films always promoting social values in their plot.{{Sfn|Pradeep|2006}} On 2 April 1931, ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'' took note of Irani's "thoughtful" direction and applauded the performances from Vithal, Zubeida and Kapoor, which the reviewer thought had evolved dramatic values that silent films could not do.{{Sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=170}} In the magazine's June 1932 issue, ''[[American Cinematographer]]'' gave a scathing review, saying that "[t]hroughout, the blindest groping for fundamental facts was evident"; the reviewer wrote that the laboratory processing and sound recording were the biggest issues of the film.{{Sfn|Garga|1996|p=72}} A writer of ''The Times of India'' observed how the actors lacked experience in talking near microphones, which made them sound like they were screaming.{{Sfn|Garga|1996|p=72}} ''Indian Talkie'' (a magazine published by the [[Film Federation of India]] from 1931 to 1956) called the film "the birth cry of the talkie".{{Sfn|Chakravorty|2016|p=130}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Master Vithal and Zubeida in Alam Ara, 1931.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Vithal and Zubeida in a scene of the film. The scene was later re-created by Google into a [[Google Doodle|doodle]] in 2011|alt=Master Vithal and Zubeida in a scene of ''Alam Ara'']]

''Alam Ara'' is widely regarded as the first sound film of India.{{Sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=561}} It has been described as the rise of the [[Indian cinema]] of the early 1930s, and in its 2013 report, ''The Times of India'' added, "... edging out the advantage enjoyed by imported films in the silent era, when the largest share of the Indian market was taken by American films ... this transition also made for the rise of a host of new operators, who would become the industry's vanguard in the first talkie era."{{Sfn|Gooptu|2013}} The author of ''Indian Film Music'' (1991), [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]], said she believed that it has made later films produced in the country more dependent on songs "in a way that has differentiated Indian cinema from most world cinema".{{Sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|p=48|2004}} Writing for ''The Rough Guide to World Music'' (1999), Mark Ellingham reported that the film's success has influenced India, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar.{{Sfn|Ellingham|1999|p=105}} In 2003, the scholar [[Shoma Chatterji]] hailed, "With the release of ''Alam Ara'', Indian cinema prove two things—that films could now be made in a regional language that the local viewers could understand; and that songs and music [were] integral part[s] of the entire form and structure of the Indian film."{{Sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=170}}

The film is also considered as a turning point of Ardeshir Irani's career and gave him a reputation as the "father of Indian talkies".{{Sfn|Ramachandran|Rukmini|1985|p=63}} Impressed by it, producer [[Birendranath Sircar]] acquired the recording equipment of the film and contacted Deming to work with him in [[Calcutta]] (present-day Kolkata).{{Sfn|Bose|2006|p=46}} Irani used the sets of the film to shoot his next production venture, titled ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'', which would become the first Indian multilingual film following its release in 1931.{{Sfnm|1a1=Poorvaja|1y=2016|2a1=Narasimham|2y=2012|3a1=Narasimham|3y=2010}} ''Alam Ara'' is listed in "40 Firsts in Indian Cinema" by [[NDTV]] in 2013,{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2013}} "100 Filmfare Days" by ''[[Filmfare]]'' in 2014,{{Sfn|''Filmfare''|2014}} and "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema" by ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' in 2017.{{Sfn|''Mint''|2017}} In 2011, [[Google]] made a [[Google Doodle|doodle]] to celebrate its 80th release anniversary, featuring Vithal and Zubeida.{{Sfn|''Business Insider''|2011}} Writer Renu Saran features the film in the book ''101 Hit Films of Indian Cinema'' (2014).{{Sfn|Saran|2014|pp=1–2}} In the same year, a 2015 calendar titled "The Beginnings of Indian Cinema" was released, featuring the poster of its.{{Sfn|Indo-Asian News Service|2014}} The film has been remade at least four times: by [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in 1942 and 1967, and by [[Nanubhai Vakil]] in Hindi in 1956 and 1973.{{Sfnm|1a1=Rajadhyaksha|1a2=Willemen|1y=2014|1p=253|2a1=Murthy|2y=2012|2p=20}}

No print of ''Alam Ara'' is known to have survived, but several stills and posters are available.{{Sfnm|1a1=Press Trust of India|1y=2008|2a1=''Stardust''|2y=2003}} According to an article published by ''[[The Indian Express]]'', several publications and the film's entry on [[Wikipedia]] had mistakenly stated that the film's last print was destroyed by a fire at the [[National Film Archive of India]] in 2003. Its founder, [[P. K. Nair]], declined the reports, clarifying in 2011 that it has been lost before the archive itself was established in 1964. He added the fire only destroyed mostly the nitrate negatives of [[Prabhat Film Company]], and confirmed that he had received several photographs of the film from Irani and his son Shapoorji.{{Sfn|Jain|2011}} Nair estimated that 70 percent of pre-1950 Indian films are lost.{{Sfn|''The Hans India''|2013}} In 2017, the [[British Film Institute]]'s Shruti Narayanswamy declared ''Alam Ara'' as the most important lost film of India.{{Sfn|Narayanswamy|2017}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
* [[List of lost films]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 1931]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Mihir |url=https://archive.org/details/bollywood-a-history/page/n1/mode/2up?q=Alam+Ara |title=Bollywood: A History |date=2006 |publisher=[[The History Press]] |isbn=81-7436-508-7 |language=en |author-link=Mihir Bose}}
* {{Cite news |last=Chakravarty |first=Riya |date=3 May 2013 |title=Indian cinema@100: 40 Firsts in Indian cinema |language=en |publisher=[[NDTV]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-633031 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918230709/https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-633031 |archive-date=18 September 2015}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chakravorty |first=Pallabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqtHDAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Screendance Studies |date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-01-99981-61-8 |editor-last=Douglas |editor-first=Rosenberg |language=en |chapter=Bombay Filmi Nach to Bollywood Dance}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gayatri |url=https://archive.org/details/motherindiamadar00chat/mode/2up?q=Alam+Ara |title=Mother India |date=2002 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |isbn=0-85170-917-6 |language=en |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Datta |first1=Kausik |last2=Dutt |first2=Ishita Ayan |date=21 April 2005 |title=EMI pulls out of HMV's Saregama |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/sare/20050421.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108084007/https://www.rediff.com/money/report/sare/20050421.htm |archive-date=2021-01-08 |access-date=8 January 2021 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=Dev |first=Atul |date=21 September 2013 |title=The untold story of Jews in Indian cinema |language=en |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/masala-art/the-untold-story-of-jews-in-indian-cinema |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023203947/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/masala-art/the-untold-story-of-jews-in-indian-cinema |archive-date=23 October 2013}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ellingham |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC |title=The Rough Guide to World Music |date=1999 |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |isbn=978-18-582863-6-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Ezra Mir |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f8b0723 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201217123401/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f8b0723 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|British Film Institute}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Freitag |first=Sandra B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRBuAAAAMAAJ |title=Pleasure and the Nation: The History, Politics, and Consumption of Public Culture in India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-01-95650-90-7 |editor-last=Dwyer |editor-first=Rachel |editor-link=Rachel Dwyer |language=en |chapter=Visions of the Nation: Theorizing the Nexus between Creation, Consumption, and Participation in the Public Sphere |editor2-last=Pinney |editor2-first=Christopher |editor-link2=Christopher Pinney}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Garga |first=Bhagwan Das |author-link=Bhagwan Das Garga |date=1980 |title=Making of Alam Ara: An Interview with Ardeshir Irani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-wKAQAAMAAJ |magazine=Cinema Vision India |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2–4}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190101164341/https://garga-archives.com/writings/the-making-of-alamara-interview-with-ardeshir-irani/ Alt URL]
* {{Cite book |last=Garga |first=Bhagwan Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ |title=So Many Cinemas: The Motion Picture in India |date=1996 |publisher=Eminence Design |isbn=978-81-90060-21-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOdkAAAAMAAJ |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947–1997 |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-01-95778-17-5 |language=en |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSlSDwAAQBAJ |title=The British in India: Three Centuries of Ambition and Experience |date= 2018 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-02-410045-3-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=Goddard |first=John |date=30 July 2003 |title=Missouri Masala |language=en |work=[[Riverfront Times]] |url=https://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/missouri-masala/Content?oid=2465392 |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123505/https://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/missouri-masala/Content?oid=2465392 |archive-date=2015-09-24}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |url=https://archive.org/details/indianpopularcin0000goku/page/48/mode/2up?q=Alam+Ara |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |date=2004 |publisher=Trentham Books |isbn=1-85856-329-1 |language=en |orig-year=1998}}
* {{Cite news |last=Gooptu |first=Sharmishta |date=3 May 2013 |title=The Talkie Revolution, 1931, and the rise of 'Indian' cinema |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/175-years/the-talkie-revolution-1931-and-the-rise-of-indian-cinema/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505204129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/175-years/the-talkie-revolution-1931-and-the-rise-of-indian-cinema/ |archive-date=5 May 2019}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gulzar |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]] |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |date=2003 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |language=en |author-link=Gulzar |author-link2=Govind Nihalani |author-link3=Saibal Chatterjee}}
* {{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 July 2011 |title=Draupadi Vastrapaharanam 1934 |language=en |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/draupadi-vastrapaharanam-1934/article2287714.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131080701/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/draupadi-vastrapaharanam-1934/article2287714.ece |archive-date=31 January 2020}}
* {{Cite news |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=15 December 2014 |title=A New Year calendar with film posters of yesteryear |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/a-new-year-calendar-with-film-posters-of-yesteryear/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226145446/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/a-new-year-calendar-with-film-posters-of-yesteryear/ |archive-date=26 December 2014 |ref={{Sfnref|Indo-Asian News Service|2014}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Ismat |first=Tasheen |date=22 June 2018 |title=On a heritage trail at Opera House |language=en |work=The Times of India |publisher=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/on-a-heritage-trail-at-opera-house/articleshow/64680754.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107083735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/call-centre-scam-kingpin-shaggys-sister-arrested/articleshow/64688404.cms |archive-date=7 January 2021}}
* {{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Amrita |date=17 March 2011 |title=Alam Ara long lost, was never with NFAI: founder-director |language=en |work=The Indian Express |location=Pune, India |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/alam-ara-long-lost-was-never-with-nfai-founderdirector/763632/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063256/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/alam-ara-long-lost-was-never-with-nfai-founderdirector/763632/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAhlAAAAMAAJ |title=Shashi Kapoor Presents the Prithviwallahs |last2=Gahlot |first2=Deepa |date=2004 |publisher=[[Roli Books]] |isbn=978-81-74363-48-0 |language=en |author-link=Shashi Kapoor |author-link2=Deepa Gahlot}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ |title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-01-95644-46-3 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Monika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36MJEAAAQBAJ |title=Industrial Networks and Cinemas of India: Shooting Stars, Shifting Geographies and Multiplying Media |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Madhuja |date= 2020 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-10-002933-1-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=Miglani |first=Surendra |date=26 March 2006 |title=Talking images: 75 years of cinema |language=en |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060326/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423202148/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060326/spectrum/main1.htm |archive-date=23 April 2006}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Murthy |first=C. S. H. N. |date=13 November 2012 |title=Film Remakes as Cross-cultural Connections Between North and South |url=https://archive.org/details/RemakesInIndianCinemaTeluguCinema/page/n19/mode/2up?q=Alam+Ara+1931+film |journal=The Journal of International Communication |language=en |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=19 |issue=1–42 |doi=10.1080/13216597.2012.739573|s2cid=144092306 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=24 October 2010 |title=Bhaktha Prahlada 1931 |language=en |url-access=subscription |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/BHAKTHA-PRAHLADA-1931/article15789926.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214113/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/BHAKTHA-PRAHLADA-1931/article15789926.ece |archive-date=14 January 2021}}
* {{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=8 September 2006 |title=A leader and a visionary |language=en |url-access=subscription |work=The Hindu |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/09/08/stories/2006090802530100.htm |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415091050/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/09/08/stories/2006090802530100.htm |archive-date=15 April 2014}}
* {{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=9 September 2012 |title=Wake up, industry |language=en |url-access=subscription |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/wake-up-industry/article3875804.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118043211/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/wake-up-industry/article3875804.ece |archive-date=18 January 2014}}
* {{Cite web |last=Narayanswamy |first=Shruti |date=22 March 2017 |title=The internationalism of P.K. Nair, the celluloid man |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/internationalism-p-k-nair-celluloid-man |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321185039/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/internationalism-p-k-nair-celluloid-man |archive-date=2017-03-21 |access-date=8 January 2021 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=Nihalani |first=Akash |date=1 July 2018 |title=Best films of all time (1913–1951) |language=en |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-best-films-of-all-time-1913-1951_-29134-1.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701212638/https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-best-films-of-all-time-1913-1951_-29134.html |archive-date=1 July 2018}}
* {{Cite news |date=26 July 2013 |title=No prints of several epic films: PK Nair |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2013-07-26/No-prints-of-several-epic-films-PK-Nair/27974?infinitescroll=1 |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210605110458/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2013-07-26/No-prints-of-several-epic-films-PK-Nair/27974?infinitescroll=1 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |ref={{Sfnref|''The Hans India''|2013}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ojha |first=Rajendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9c1kAAAAMAAJ&q=Alam%20Ara%20Sagar%20Movietone%20distribution |title=Hindi Cinema Year Book Volume 1 |date=2002 |publisher=Screen World Publication |isbn=978-81-90025-83-6}}
* {{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Chitara |date=18 February 2009 |title=India's first talkie 'silent forever'—All Alam-Ara prints lost, govt [''sic''] clueless |language=en |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-s-first-talkie-silent-forever-all-alam-ara-prints-lost-govt-clueless/cid/499863 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801151012/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-s-first-talkie-silent-forever-all-alam-ara-prints-lost-govt-clueless/cid/499863 |archive-date=1 August 2020}}
* {{Cite news |last=Poorvaja |first=S. |date=1 November 2016 |title=A reel revolution from 85 years ago |language=en |url-access=subscription |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20161101/281556585380160 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201207094749/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20161101/281556585380160 |archive-date=7 December 2020}}
* {{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=17 March 2006 |title=When the stars talked |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/03/17/stories/2006031701580300.htm |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908072749/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/03/17/stories/2006031701580300.htm |archive-date=8 September 2006}}
* {{Cite news |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=7 October 2008 |title=Prints of first sound movie 'Alam Ara' lost |language=en |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/prints-of-first-sound-movie-alam-ara-lost/617165 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201218125527/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/prints-of-first-sound-movie-alam-ara-lost/617165 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |ref={{Sfnref|Press Trust of India|2008}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HixlAAAAMAAJ |title=The Hundred Luminaries of Hindi Cinema |last2=Kothari |first2=Jitendra |date=1996 |publisher=[[India Book House]] |isbn=978-81-75080-07-2 |language=en |author-link=Dinesh Raheja}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish | author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZwVDAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford History of World Cinema |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-01-98742-42-5 |editor-last=Nowell-Smith |editor-first=Geoffrey |language=en |chapter=Indian Cinema: Origins to Independence}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-11-35943-18-9 |language=en |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-year=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=T. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC |title=70 Years of Indian Cinema (1913–1983) |last2=Rukmini |first2=S. |date=1985 |publisher=Cinema India-International |isbn=978-08-61320-90-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rovisco |first1=Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9GhAgAAQBAJ |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Cosmopolitanism |last2=Nowicka |first2=Magdalena |date=2013 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=978-14-09494-52-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Renu |title=101 Hit Films of Indian Cinema |date= 2014 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-93-50836-53-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |author-link=Mayank Shekhar |date=14 March 2011 |title=India's first talkie Alam Ara all gone |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/india-s-first-talkie-alam-ara-all-gone/story-qeANiHBJeOvaYA7HKV9NnI.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107091245/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/india-s-first-talkie-alam-ara-all-gone/story-qeANiHBJeOvaYA7HKV9NnI.html |archive-date=7 January 2021}}
* {{Cite news |last=Soofi |first=Mayank Austen |author-link=Mayank Austen Soofi |date=26 March 2015 |title=Delhi's cinematic monuments |language=en |work=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rqppIjBmp8BaxRNBOxWTRL/Delhis-cinematic-monuments.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328033547/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rqppIjBmp8BaxRNBOxWTRL/Delhis-cinematic-monuments.html |archive-date=2015-03-28}}
* {{Cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |date=6 September 2002 |title=Meanwhile: In India's name game, cities are the big losers |language=en |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/06/opinion/IHT-meanwhile-in-indias-name-game-cities-are-the-big-losers.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201217120729/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/06/opinion/IHT-meanwhile-in-indias-name-game-cities-are-the-big-losers.html |archive-date=17 December 2020}}
* {{Cite news |date=14 May 2012 |title=The pioneering cameraman |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20120513/282578785072821 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205122147/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20120513/282578785072821 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |ref={{Sfnref|''The Hindu''|2012}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Valicha |first=Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx5lAAAAMAAJ |title=Dadamoni: The Authorized Biography of Ashok Kumar |date=1996 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-06-70872-71-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |date=14 March 2017 |title=ये है पहली बोलती फिल्म की एक्ट्रेस, इनकी फिल्म के लिए लोगों ने खाई लाठियां |language=hi |trans-title=This is the actress of the first sound film, people ate lathis for her film |work=[[Daily Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MH-PUN-HMU-india-first-spoken-film-alam-ara-actress-jubaida-dhanrajgir-5694001-NOR.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605225608/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MH-PUN-HMU-india-first-spoken-film-alam-ara-actress-jubaida-dhanrajgir-5694001-NOR.html |archive-date=5 June 2018 |ref={{Sfnref|''Daily Bhaskar''|2017}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:1930s Indian films]]
[[Category:1930s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1931 musical films]]
[[Category:1931 films]]
[[Category:1931 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1930s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:1930s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:1930s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1931 lost films]]
[[Category:1930s musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1930s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1931 comedy films]]
[[Category:1931 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films about gambling]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Silent feature films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ardeshir Irani]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Part-talkie films]]
[[Category:Silent romantic drama films]]
[[Category:India in fiction]]
[[Category:Transitional sound films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about hunting]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about military personnel]]
[[Category:Films about jewellery]]
[[Category:Films about adoption]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy-drama films]]