View source for Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah

{{Short description|Imam and Fatimid Dynasty Caliph from 1154 to 1160}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Good article}}
{{Lowercase title}}{{Infobox royalty
| name         = al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah<br/>{{Nobold|{{lang|ar|الفائز بنصر الله}}}}
| succession   = [[List of Isma'ili imams|Imam]]–[[Caliph]] of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]
| image        = 
| caption      = 
| reign        = 1154–1160
| predecessor  = [[al-Zafir]]
| successor    = [[al-Adid]]
| birth_date   = 31 May 1149
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 22 July 1160 {{nowrap|(aged 11)}}
| death_place  =
| religion     = [[Ismaili Shia Islam]]
| issue        = 
| full name    = 
| house        = [[Fatimid dynasty|Fatimid]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = al-Zafir
| mother       = 
}}{{Ismailis|collapsed=1}}
'''Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir''' ({{langx|ar|أبو القاسم عيسى بن الظافر}}; 1149–1160), better known by his [[laqab|regnal name]] '''al-Fāʾiz bi-Naṣr Allāh''' ({{lang|ar|الفائز بنصر الله}}), was the thirteenth and penultimate [[Fatimid caliph]], reigning in [[Egypt]] from 1154 to 1160, and the 23rd [[Imamate in Ismaili doctrine|imam]] of the [[Hafizi Ismaili]] branch of [[Shi'a Islam]]. Al-Fa'iz was raised to the throne at the age of five after the murder of his father by the [[vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|vizier]] [[Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh]], and spent his entire life as a [[puppet ruler|puppet]] of Abbas' successor, [[Tala'i ibn Ruzzik]]. Experiencing [[epileptic seizure]]s, al-Fa'iz died from an episode at the age of eleven, and his nephew, [[al-Adid]], the final Fatimid caliph, succeeded him.

== Life ==
The future al-Fa'iz was born as Abu'l-Qasim Isa, the son of the twelfth [[List of Isma'ili imams|imam]]–[[caliph]] of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]], [[al-Zafir]].{{sfn|Halm|2014|p=237}} Isa was raised to the throne on 16 April 1154 at the age of five, after the murder of his father and two of his uncles, by the [[vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|vizier]], [[Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh]], and his son, Nasr.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=250}}{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=283}} He was given the [[laqab|regnal name]] {{transliteration|ar|al-Fāʾiz bi-Naṣr Allāh}}, 'Victorious with God's Help'.{{sfn|Halm|2014|p=237}} The sight of his uncle's corpses, and the loud cries of acclamation from the assembled troops of the [[Fatimid army]] frightened the young boy. Throughout his life, the common belief was that his subsequent [[epileptic seizures]] and tremors were a result of these traumatic experiences.{{sfn|Halm|2014|p=237}} For the same reason, his role in public ceremonies was limited; the annual ceremony celebrating the [[flooding of the Nile]] was even held at night during his reign.{{sfn|Halm|2014|p=247}}

The bloody events soon resulted in Abbas' own downfall. Terrified women in the Fatimid family called upon the [[Armenians|Armenian]]-born governor of [[Asyut]], [[Tala'i ibn Ruzzik]], for assistance, reportedly sending their own cut hair in supplication.{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=283}}{{sfn|Halm|2014|p=238}} Ibn Ruzzik readily agreed and marched on Cairo. Abbas tried to resist, but faced general opposition: most of the troops were reluctant to support him or defected outright, and the remainder found themselves under attack by the populace with stones. In the end, on 29 May Abbas had to force his way out of the capital with his son and a handful of followers. The party made for [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]] but was intercepted on 6 June by the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusaders]] near the [[Dead Sea]]. Abbas was killed, and Nasr was sold to the Fatimids; he was mutilated and beaten to death by the palace women.{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=283}}{{sfn|Halm|2014|pp=238–240}}

Ibn Ruzzik was named vizier with plenipotentiary powers on 17 June,{{sfn|Halm|2014|pp=241–242}} while the underage al-Fa'iz was placed under the tutelage of his aunts, headed by al-Zafir's sister [[Sitt al-Qusur]] ('Lady of the Palaces'), who had played a leading role in securing revenge against Abbas and Nasr for the murder of her brothers.{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=283}}{{sfn|Cortese|Calderini|2006|p=114}} Outside the walls of the [[Great Fatimid Palaces]], Ibn Ruzzik was the actual ruler of the state, and al-Fa'iz was virtually his prisoner.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=250}} A [[Twelver Shi'ite]], he actively sponsored the [[Alid]] {{transliteration|ar|[[ashraf]]}} in the [[Hijaz]] and [[Iraq (region)|Iraq]], but he made no attempt to depose the Fatimid dynasty, instead ruling on its behalf as a ''de facto'' king in the style of the all-powerful and illustrious Armenian viziers [[Badr al-Jamali]] and [[al-Afdal Shahanshah]], whom he attempted to emulate.{{sfn|Brett|2017|pp=283–285}}

Ibn Ruzzik's position was not without its challenges: in 1155, and again in 1157, he faced uprisings against him by provincial governors.{{sfn|Halm|2014|p=242}} Seeking to bolster his legitimacy, Ibn Ruzzik returned to an aggressive policy against the Crusaders in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. He scored some successes with a naval attack on [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] in 1155 and with raids at [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Hebron]] in 1157 and 1158, but his efforts to secure Egypt through an alliance with the [[Zengids]] of Syria under [[Nur al-Din Zangi]] failed.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=250}}{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=285}}{{sfn|Halm|2014|pp=242–243}} When [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]] prepared an invasion of Egypt in 1160, he had to be bought off.{{sfn|Brett|2017|p=285}} Ibn Ruzzik's reputation as a holy warrior, a poet, and a patron of culture was counterbalanced by his despotic rule, resorting to confiscations to address the by now chronic shortfalls of revenue, exacerbated by the active pursuit of the war against the Crusaders.{{sfn|Brett|2017|pp=284–285}}

Al-Fa'iz died during an epileptic seizure on 22 July 1160.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=250}}{{sfn|Halm|2014|p=247}} Ibn Ruzzik chose another underage child to succeed him: al-Fa'iz's nine-year-old cousin al-Adid, who was wed to one of the vizier's daughters for good measure.{{sfn|Halm|2014|p=247}}{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=250–251}} He was to be the last Fatimid caliph.{{sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=251–252}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Fatimid Caliphate|Egypt}}
* [[List of rulers of Egypt]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Brett | first=Michael | title=The Fatimid Empire |series=The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-7486-4076-8}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Cortese | first1 = Delia | last2 = Calderini | first2 = Simonetta |title=Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam |year=2006 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press | location = Edinburgh |isbn=0-7486-1733-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p8uqBgAAQBAJ }}
* {{Daftary-The Ismailis|edition=Second}}
* {{Kalifen und Assassinen}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Fatimid Caliph]]|years=16 April 1154 – 22 July 1160}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[al-Adid li-Din Allah]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Isma'ili imams|Imam]] of [[Hafizi Isma'ilism]]|years=16 April 1154 – 22 July 1160}}
{{s-end}}

{{Fatimid caliphs|state=expanded}}
{{Fatimid Caliphate topics}}
{{Shia Imams}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faiz bi-Nasr Allah}}
[[Category:1149 births]]
[[Category:1160 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Fatimid caliphs]]
[[Category:Deaths from epilepsy]]
[[Category:Royalty and nobility with epilepsy]]
[[Category:Egyptian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Hafizi imams]]
[[Category:Medieval child monarchs]]
[[Category:Neurological disease deaths in Egypt]]
[[Category:Monarchs who died as children]]
[[Category:Sons of Fatimid caliphs]]
[[Category:Egyptian people with disabilities]]