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{{Short description|Polish chess player (1880–1961)}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Akiba Rubinstein
| image = Akiba-RubinsteinC.jpg
| caption = Rubinstein c. 1907/1908
| full_name = Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein
| country = Russian Empire (1880-1917) → Poland (1918-1926)<br/>Belgium (1926-61)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|12|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Stawiski]], [[Congress Poland]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Poland]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1961|3|14|1880|12|1|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]]
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (1950)
}}

'''Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein''' (1 December 1880<ref name="dob" /> – 14 March 1961)<ref name="dod">{{citation|url=https://www.kwabc.org/en/newsitem/the-date-of-rubinstein-s-death.html|title=The date of Rubinstein's death|publisher=Chess History & Literature Society|date=30 August 2021|access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref> was a Polish [[chess]] player. He is considered to have been one of the greatest players never to have become [[World Chess Champion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/chebase-show-rubinstein-alekhine-karlsbad-1911|title=Rubinstein-Alekhine, Karlsbad 1911|date=12 January 2010|publisher=[[ChessBase]]}}</ref> Rubinstein was granted the title [[Grandmaster (chess)|International Grandmaster]] in 1950, at its inauguration.

In his youth, he defeated top players [[José Raúl Capablanca]] and [[Carl Schlechter]] and was scheduled to play a match with [[Emanuel Lasker]] for the [[World Chess Championship]] in 1914, but it was cancelled due to the outbreak of [[World War I]]. He was unable to re-create consistently the same form after the war, and his later life was plagued by mental illness.

==Biography==

===Early life===

Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein was born in [[Stawiski]], [[Congress Poland]], to a [[Jew]]ish family. He was the youngest of 12 children,{{efn|name=birthorder|According to Donaldson and Mirev, he was the youngest of 12.}} but only one sister survived to adulthood.<ref name="dob">{{citation|url=https://www.kwabc.org/index.php/en/newsitem/rubinsteins-dob.html|title=Rubinstein's DOB|publisher=Chess History & Literature Society|date=19 April 2014|access-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603222609/http://www.kwabc.org/index.php/17-latest-news-and-reports/146-rubinstein-s-dob|archive-date=2014-06-03}}</ref><ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/jews.html Edward Winter, Chess and Jews, 2003], retrieved April 26, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1PaWiQTsWg|title=The Life and Chess of Akiba Rubinstein|author=Anderson, Lucas|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref> Rubinstein learned to play chess at the relatively late age of 14, and his family had planned for him to become a rabbi.<ref>{{cite book
 |last1=Hooper 
 |first1=David
 |author-link1=David Vincent Hooper
 |last2=Whyld 
 |first2=Kenneth 
 |author-link2=Kenneth Whyld
 |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]]
 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
 |edition=2nd
 |year=1996
 |orig-year=First pub. 1992
 |pages=346–47
 |isbn=0-19-280049-3}}</ref> He trained with and played against the strong master [[Gersz Salwe]] in [[Łódź]] and in 1903, after finishing fifth in a tournament in [[Kiev]], Rubinstein decided to abandon his rabbinical studies and devote himself entirely to chess.

===Chess career===

Between 1907 and 1912, Rubinstein established himself as one of the strongest players in the world. In 1907, he won the [[Carlsbad 1907 chess tournament|Carlsbad tournament]] and the [[Russian Chess Championship#Imperial Russia|All-Russian Masters' tournament]], and shared first at [[Saint Petersburg]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} In 1912 he had a record string of wins, finishing first in five consecutive major tournaments: [[San Sebastián chess tournament|San Sebastián]], [[Piešťany|Pöstyén]], [[Wrocław|Breslau]], [[Warsaw]] and [[Vilnius|Vilna]] (All-Russian Masters' tournament), although none of these events included Lasker or Capablanca.<ref name="Fine">''The World's Great Chess Games'', [[Reuben Fine]], (McKay, 1976), p.79–80 {{ISBN|4-87187-532-6}}</ref> Some sources believe that he was stronger than [[World Chess Championship|World Champion]] [[Emanuel Lasker]] at this time.<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Silman|first=Jeremy|author-link=Jeremy Silman
|year=2007
|title=Silman's Complete Endgame Course: From Beginner to Master
|url=https://archive.org/details/silmanscompletee00silm_087|url-access=limited|publisher=Siles Press
|isbn=978-1-890085-10-0
|page=[https://archive.org/details/silmanscompletee00silm_087/page/n490 477]
}}</ref> Ratings from [[Chessmetrics]] support this conclusion, placing him as world No. 1 between mid-1912 and mid-1914.<ref>[http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/Summary.asp?Params=190510SSSSS3S000000000000111000000000000010100 Chessmetrics Summary for 1905–15], retrieved on 25-Apr-2007</ref>

During the first decade of the 20th century, the playing field for competitive chess was relatively thin. [[Wilhelm Steinitz]], the first universally recognized world champion, died in 1900 after having been largely retired from chess for several years, Russian master [[Mikhail Chigorin]] was nearing the end of his life, while American master [[Frank Marshall (chess player)|Frank Marshall]] lived on the other side of the Atlantic, far from the center of chess activity in Europe. Another promising American master, [[Harry Nelson Pillsbury]], had died in 1906 at just 33. In the pre-FIDE era, the reigning world champion handpicked his challenger, and [[Emanuel Lasker]] demanded a high sum of money that Rubinstein could not produce. In the [[Chigorin Memorial#St. Petersburg 1909|St. Petersburg tournament in 1909]], he had tied with Lasker and won his individual encounter with him.<ref>B.F. Winkelman, "Biography of Akiba Rubinstein", in ''RUBINSTEIN'S Chess Masterpieces: 100 Selected Games'', Annotated by [[Hans Kmoch]], Translated by Barnie F. Winkelman (Dover 1960).</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Alexey Popovsky|title=International Tournament St Petersburg 2-28.2.1909|url=http://al20102007.narod.ru/it/1909/peterb09.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Russian Chess Base}}</ref> However, he had a poor showing at the [[St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament|1914 St. Petersburg tournament]], not placing in the top five. A match with Lasker was arranged for October 1914, but it did not take place because of the outbreak of World War I.<ref>{{Harvnb|Silman|2007|p=477}}</ref>

Rubinstein's peak as a player is generally considered to have been between 1907 and 1914. During World War I, he was confined to Poland, although he played in a few organized chess events there and traveled to Berlin in early 1918 for a tournament. His playing after the war never regained the same consistency as it had pre-1914. He and his family moved to Sweden following the Armistice in November 1918, where they stayed until 1922, and then moved to Germany. Rubinstein won at [[Vienna]] in 1922, ahead of future World Champion [[Alexander Alekhine]], and was the leader of the Polish team that won the [[1930 Chess Olympiad]] at [[Hamburg]] with a record of thirteen wins and four draws. He also won an Olympic silver at the [[1931 Chess Olympiad]], again leading the Polish team.

Rubinstein came in fourth place in the [[London 1922 tournament]], after which the new world champion [[Jose Raul Capablanca]] offered to play him in a match if he could raise the money, which once again he was unable to do. At Hastings 1922, he came in second place, followed by a fifth-place finish at Teplitz-Schönau late in the year, and then won in Vienna brilliantly. This triumph, however, was soured when Austrian border guards impounded most of the prize money he had won. Rubinstein closed out 1922 with another appearance at Hastings, which he won, but his tournament record during 1923 was disappointing as he came in just twelfth place at Carlsbad and tenth at Maehrisch-Ostrau.

His first tournament of 1924, at Meran, saw him come in third. He attempted to participate in the New York tournament that spring but was excluded from the event due to a limited number of available slots, all of which were filled. Rubinstein's 1925 tournament record was reasonably good, but his year-end appearance in Moscow saw him come in 14th. His record in 1926 was fair but not outstanding. That year, the Rubinstein family moved to Belgium permanently.

In 1927, Rubinstein visited his birthplace in Poland, where he won the Polish Championship in [[Łódź]]. He embarked on an exhibition tour of the United States in early 1928; although a match with reigning US chess champion Frank Marshall was proposed along with an international tournament, it never materialized. He tied third with Max Euwe at Bad Kissingen and then delivered a poor performance in Berlin. Rubinstein had his best post-WWI showing during 1929, when he dominated the Ramsgate tournament in Britain and had excellent showings at Carlsbad and Budapest. He won Rogaška-Slatina.

As the 1930s started, Rubinstein contested the San Remo tournament, coming in fourth. He played well in a few Belgian events that year, and then third place at Scarborough. His performance at Liege was weak, possibly due to exhaustion. He skipped Bled 1931 despite an invitation, played well at Antwerp, but came in dead last at Rotterdam. This was the last major chess event he participated in.

[[File:תל אביב - המשחק הסומוליטני בשח מט ע"י רובינשטיין.-JNF044295.jpeg|thumb|Rubinstein in simultaneous chess exhibition, Tel Aviv, 1931]]

===Mental health problems and later life===

After 1932 he withdrew from tournament play as his noted [[anthropophobia]] showed traces of [[schizophrenia]] during a mental health breakdown.<ref>Barbara Wyllie, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nDF86NIiSboC&pg=PA193 ''Vladimir Nabokov,''] [[Reaktion Books]] p.193n.64</ref> In one period, after making a chess move he would go and hide in the corner of the tournament hall while awaiting his opponent's reply.<ref>''How Life Imitates Chess'' by Garry Kasparov</ref> Regardless, his former strength was recognized by FIDE when he was one of 27 players awarded the inaugural Grandmaster title in 1950.<ref>{{citation
|last=Elo | first=Arpad | author-link=Arpad Elo
|title=The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present
|year=1978
|publisher=Arco
|page=66
|isbn=978-0-668-04721-0
}}</ref>

It is not clear how Rubinstein, who was Jewish, survived [[World War II]] in [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]]-occupied Belgium. Chess historian [[Edward Winter (chess historian)|Edward Winter]] has written on the subject.<ref name="WInter">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/rubinstein1.html|title = Akiba Rubinstein's Later Years by Edward Winter}}</ref> Citing a number of Rubinstein's peers in the chess world and people who were close to him, it seems that Rubinstein spent the war in a [[sanatorium]]. He cites a story about Rubinstein that has, since the war, been published in various books and articles, with varying details: "Nazi investigators once descended on the place and asked Rubinstein, "Are you happy here?" "Not at all", Rubinstein replied. "Would you prefer to go to Germany and work for the Wehrmacht?" "I'd be delighted to", Rubinstein replied. "Then he really must be barmy", the Nazis decided", but Winter quotes Rubinstein's biographers as saying "Most stories concerning Rubinstein are at best half truths, which have become so embellished over time that they bear little resemblance to what actually transpired", before adding "That is indisputable."<ref name="WInter"/>

Rubinstein was also a well-known coffee drinker, and was known to consume the hot beverage in large quantities before important matches. Unlike many other top grandmasters, he left no literary legacy, which has been attributed to his mental health problems. He spent the last 29 years of his life living at home with his family and in a sanatorium because of his severe mental illness. Rubinstein is a tragic, mentally ill character in the novel ''[[The Lüneburg Variation]]'' about chess masters, obsession and revenge, by Italian writer [[Paolo Maurensig]].
However, while in the mental clinic Rubinstein was visited by [[Albéric O'Kelly de Galway|Alberic O'Kelly]] on a number of occasions and he provided the latter with some chess guidance.

==Legacy==

{{AN chess|pos=secright}}

He was one of the earliest chess players to take the [[chess endgame|endgame]] into account when choosing and playing the [[chess opening|opening]]. He was exceptionally talented in the endgame, particularly in rook endings, where he broke new ground in knowledge. [[Jeremy Silman]] ranked him as one of the five best [[Chess endgame|endgame]] players of all time, and a master of [[rook (chess)|rook]] endgames.<ref>{{Harvnb|Silman|2007|pp=477–88}}</ref>

He originated the Rubinstein System against the [[Tarrasch Defense]] variation of the [[Queen's Gambit Declined]]: 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 c5 3.c4 e6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.g3 Nf6 7.Bg2 (Rubinstein–[[Siegbert Tarrasch|Tarrasch]], 1912). He is also credited with inventing the Meran Variation, which stems from the Queen's Gambit Declined but reaches a position of the [[Queen's Gambit Accepted]] with an extra move for Black.

Many [[chess opening|opening variations]] are [[List of chess openings named after people|named]] for him. According to Grandmaster [[Boris Gelfand]], "Most of the modern openings are based on Rubinstein."<ref name="a">{{cite web |url=http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/boris-gelfand-kasparov-offered-his-help-but-i-said-no-interview-part-2-of-2 |title=Boris Gelfand: "Kasparov offered his help, but I said no" <nowiki>|</nowiki> Interview, part 2 of 2 |publisher=ChessVibes |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=11 February 2013 |archive-date=29 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129182212/http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/boris-gelfand-kasparov-offered-his-help-but-i-said-no-interview-part-2-of-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The "Rubinstein Attack" often refers to 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e3 0-0 6.Nf3 Nbd7 7.Qc2. The Rubinstein Variation of the [[French Defence]] arises after 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 (or 3.Nd2) dxe4 4.Nxe4. Apart from 4.Qc2, the Rubinstein Variation of the [[Nimzo-Indian]]:<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/explorer?node=112308&move=4&moves=d4.Nf6.c4.e6.Nc3.Bb4&nodes=10703.11482.11470.75542.75543.112308] Popularity of the non-classical line of the Nimzo–Indian from [[Chessgames.com]]</ref> 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3. There are also the Rubinstein Variation of the [[Four Knights Game]], which arises after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bb5 Nd4, and the Rubinstein Variation of the Symmetrical English, 1.c4 c5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.g3 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Bg2 Nc7, a complex system that is very popular at the grandmaster level.

The [[Rubinstein Trap]], an opening trap in the Queen's Gambit Declined that loses at least a [[pawn (chess)|pawn]] for [[White and Black in chess|Black]], is named for him because he fell into it twice. One version of it runs 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bg5 Be7 6.e3 0-0 7.Nf3 Nbd7 8.Bd3 c6 10.0-0 Re8 11.Rc1 h6 12. Bf4 Nh5? 13. Nxd5! Now 13...cxd5?? is met by 14.Bc7, winning the [[queen (chess)|queen]], while 13...Nxf4 14.Nxf4 leaves White a pawn ahead.

The [[Rubinstein Memorial]] tournament in his honour has been held annually since 1963 in [[Polanica Zdrój]], with a glittering list of top-flight winners. [[Boris Gelfand]] has named Rubinstein as his favourite player,<ref name="a" /> and once said, "what I like in chess&nbsp;... comes from Akiba."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessintranslation.com/2010/05/gelfand-at-crestbook-part-i/ |title=Gelfand at Crestbook Part I <nowiki>|</nowiki> Interview, part 2 of 2 |publisher=Chess in Translation |date=6 May 2012 |access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>

==Notable games==

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Mattison vs. Rubinstein, 1929
|  |  |kd|rd|  |  |  |
|  |pd|  |  |  |  |pd|pd
|pd|  |  |pd|  |pd|  |
|  |  |pd|rl|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  |
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |  |pl|pl
|  |  |kl|  |  |  |  |
|Position after 20.Rxd5
|reverse=true
}}
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1066873 Hermanis Mattison vs. Akiba Rubinstein, Carlsbad 1929, (C68), 0–1] This game contains a rook and pawn ending that seemed "hopelessly drawn" but was won by Rubinstein. The editor of the tournament book said that if this game had been played 300 years earlier, Rubinstein would have been burned at the stake for dealing with evil spirits.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Purdy |first = C.J.S. |author-link = Cecil Purdy |title = C.J.S. Purdy on the Endgame |year = 2003 |publisher = Thinker's Press |pages=223–26 |isbn=1-888710-03-9 }}</ref>
*[[Rotlewi versus Rubinstein|George Rotlewi vs. Akiba Rubinstein, Lodz 1907, Tarrasch Defense: Symmetrical Variation (D02), 0–1]] This game contains an attacking combination that was called "perhaps the most magnificent&nbsp;... of all time" by [[Carl Schlechter]].
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1119726 Akiba Rubinstein vs. Emanuel Lasker, St.Petersburg 1909, Queen's Gambit Declined: Orthodox Variation (D30), 1–0] This game ends in a position where Lasker has no good moves ([[zugzwang]]).
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Rubinstein vs. Vidmar, 1908
|  |  |  |  |  |  | kd|
| pd|pd|pd  |  |  |  |pd|pd
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |bd|
|qd  |  |  | |  |  |  | kl 
|  |  | pl| pl|nd|pl  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|pl|ql|  |  |  | pl|pl|pl
|  |  |rl|  |  |  |  | rl 
|Position after 24...Bg6+
}}
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1075094 Akiba Rubinstein vs. Karel Hromádka, Moravská Ostrava 1923, King's Gambit Declined: Classical Variation (C30), 1–0] A game full of tactics and {{chessgloss|hanging}} pieces in which Rubinstein beat former Czech champion [[Karel Hromádka]].
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1119757 Akiba Rubinstein vs. Carl Schlechter, San Sebastian 1912, 1–0] Capablanca called this game "a monument of magnificent precision".
*[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1119780 Akiba Rubinstein vs. Milan Vidmar Sr., Berlin 1908, 0–1] This game was the sensation of the tournament, in that Vidmar defeated Rubinstein, the winner of six previous tournaments. Vidmar employed the then novel [[Budapest Gambit]]. The game featured a spectacular [[King hunt]], with the White King fleeing from e1 to h5. White resigned on move 24, one move shy of [[checkmate]].<ref>{{citation|title=My Best Move|publisher=[[Chess Life]]|pages=72|date=May 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==

In 1917, Rubinstein married Eugénie Lew. They had two sons, Jonas in 1918 and Sammy in 1927. For a time, they lived above the restaurant that Eugénie operated. After she died in 1954, Rubinstein lived in an old-people's home until his death in 1961 at the age of 80. He reportedly still followed chess in his final years; his sons recalled going over the games of the [[World Chess Championship 1954|1954 Botvinnik–Smyslov world championship match]] with him.<ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/rubinstein1.html Akiba Rubinstein's Later Years by Edward Winter]</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of chess grandmasters]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book | author=[[John Donaldson (chess player)|Donaldson, John]] and [[Nikolay Minev]] | title=Akiva Rubinstein: Uncrowned King | publisher=International Chess Enterprises | year=1994 | isbn=1-879479-19-2}}
*{{Cite book |author-link=Irving Chernev |first=Irving |last=Chernev |year=1995 |title=Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games |location=New York |publisher=Dover |isbn=0-486-28674-6 |pages=14–28 }}
*{{cite book | author=[[Hans Kmoch|Kmoch, Hans]] | title=Rubinstein's Chess Masterpieces/100 Selected Games | publisher=Dover | year=1960 | isbn=0-486-20617-3 | others=Barnie F. Winkelman}}

* [[Craig Pritchett|Pritchett, Craig]] (2009). ''Heroes of Classical Chess: Learn from Carlsen, Anand, Fischer, Smyslov and Rubinstein''. London: Everyman Chess. pp. 12-50. {{ISBN|978-1-85744-619-7}}.
* [[William John Donaldson|Donaldson, John]] and [[Nikolay Minev]] (2018, 2nd edition). ''Akiva Rubinstein, Volume 1: Uncrowned King''. Milford, CT: Russell Enterprises. {{ISBN|978-1-941270-88-2}}.
* [[William John Donaldson|Donaldson, John]] and [[Nikolay Minev]] (2011, 2nd edition). ''Akiva Rubinstein, Volume 2: The Later Years''. Milford, CT: Russell Enterprises. {{ISBN|978-1-888690-51-4}}.
* [[Zenón Franco Ocampos|Franco, Zenón]] (2016). ''Rubinstein: Move by Move''. London: Everyman Chess. {{ISBN|978-1-78194-314-4}}.
* [[Yuri Razuvaev|Razuvaev, Yuri]] and Valery Murakhveri (2023, 1st English edition). ''Akiba Rubinstein''. Stockholm: Verendel Publishing. {{ISBN|978-91-519-7645-7}}.

==External links==

{{Commons category|Akiba Rubinstein}}
*{{Chessgames player|10841}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070530222431/http://www.starfireproject.com/chess/rubinstein.html Starfire bio]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070211040708/http://www.supreme-chess.com/famous-chess-players/akiba-rubinstein.html Supreme Chess bio]
*[https://akibarubinstein.pl Akiba Rubinstein Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210162654/https://akibarubinstein.pl/ |date=2021-12-10 }}

{{Polish chess grandmasters}}
{{Poland squad 3rd Chess Olympiad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rubinstein, Akiba}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolno County]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish chess players]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish sportsmen]]
[[Category:19th-century Polish Jews]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:Chess theoreticians]]
[[Category:Chess players from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Jewish chess players]]
[[Category:Polish Holocaust survivors]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Polish emigrants to Belgium]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]