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{{Short description|Muhammad's third wife (c. 614 – 678)}}
{{Other uses|Aisha (given name)|Aisha (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{infobox person
| name               = Aisha<br/>{{small|[[Muhammad's wives|Mother of the Believers]]}}
| native_name        = {{lang|ar|عائشة}}
| birth_date         = {{circa|614}}
| birth_place        = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]]
| death_date         = {{circa|July 678}} (aged 63–65)
| death_place        = [[Medina]], [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
| occupation          = Scholar, orator, politician, military commander
| resting_place      = [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]], Medina
| parents            = [[Abu Bakr]] (father)<br />[[Umm Ruman]] (mother)
| spouse             = [[Muhammad]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 620; died 632)
| family             = {{ubl|[[Banu Taym]] |[[Ahl al-Bayt]] (by marriage, disputed){{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=157}}}}
}}

'''Aisha bint Abi Bakr{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|iː|ʃ|ɑː}} {{respell|AH|ee|shah}},<ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|Aisha|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aisha |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/aisha |access-date=6 May 2019 |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|ʃ|ə|,_|aɪ|ˈ|iː|ʃ|ə}} {{respell|-|shə|,_|eye|EE|shə}};<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Āishah|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> {{langx|ar|عائشة بنت أبي بكر|translit=ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈʕaːʔiʃa|pron}}. Like other wives of Muhammad, her name is sometimes prefixed by the honorific "Mother of the Believers" ({{langx|ar|links=no|أمّ المؤمنين|ʾumm al-[[mu'min|muʾminīn]]}}).<ref>{{qref|33|6|b=y}}</ref>{{sfn|Brockelmann|1947}}{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p={{pn|date=November 2022}}}}}}''' ({{circa|{{CE|614}} – July 678}}) was a seventh century [[Arab]] commander,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aisha, Widow of the Prophet Muhammad, at the Battle of the Camel, from a dispersed Assembly of Histories (Majma' al-Tawarikh) manuscript {{!}} Yale University Art Gallery |url=https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/91386 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=artgallery.yale.edu}}</ref> politician,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spellberg |first=D. A. |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/politics-gender-and-the-islamic-past/9780231079990 |title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha bint Abi Bakr |date=February 1995 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-07998-3}}</ref> [[Muhaddith|muhadditha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gendering the Hadith Tradition Recentering the Authority of Aisha, Mother of the Believers |url=https://campusstore.miamioh.edu/gendering-hadith-tradition-recentering/bk/9780192865984 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=campusstore.miamioh.edu}}</ref> and the third and youngest wife of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]].{{sfn|Esposito|2004a}}{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=3}}

Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during Muhammad's life and after his death. In [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] tradition, Aisha is portrayed as scholarly, intelligent and inquisitive. She contributed to the spread of Muhammad's message and served the [[Muslims|Muslim]] community for 44 years after his death.{{sfn|Aleem|2007|p=130}} 

Aisha narrated 2,210 [[hadith]]s throughout her life,<ref>Islamyat: a core text for students.{{fcn|date=November 2022}}</ref> not just on matters related to Muhammad's private life, but also on topics such as [[Islamic inheritance|inheritance]], [[Hajj|pilgrimage]], prayer, and [[Islamic eschatology|eschatology]].{{sfn|Sayeed|2013|pp=27–29}} Her intellect and knowledge in various subjects, including poetry and medicine, were highly praised by early scholars and luminaries such as [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri|al-Zuhri]] and her student [[Urwa ibn al-Zubayr]].{{sfn|Sayeed|2013|pp=27–29}}

Her father, [[Abu Bakr]] ({{Reign|632|634}}), became the first [[caliph]] to succeed Muhammad, and after two years was succeeded by [[Umar]] ({{Reign|634|644}}). Aisha played a leading role in opposing some policies of the third caliph [[Uthman]] ({{Reign|644|656}}), though she also opposed those responsible for his assassination.{{sfn|Watt|1960}} She refused to recognize Uthman's successor [[Ali]] ({{Reign|656|661}}) and joined [[al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] and [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah]]. She was defeated in the [[Battle of the Camel]] during the [[First Fitna]], after which she retired in Medina, was pardoned by Ali and did not oppose caliph [[Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|661|680}}).{{sfn|Watt|1960}} She participated in the Battle of the Camel by giving speeches and leading troops on the back of her camel.{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p={{pn|date=November 2022}}}} Because of her involvement in this battle, [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] have a generally [[Shia view of Aisha|negative view of Aisha]], although Ali pardoned her after defeating her army.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=173}} In [[Sunni Islam]], Aisha is viewed as a leading [[Islamic scholar]] and a teacher of several [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] and the {{Transliteration|ar|[[tabi'in]]}}.

==Early life==
Aisha was born in [[Mecca]] {{circa|614}}.{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p=1}}<ref>{{harvnb|Ibn Sa'd|1995|p=55}}<br />"Aisha was born at the beginning of the fourth year of prophethood"<br />i.e., the year 613–614</ref> She was the daughter of Abu Bakr and [[Umm Ruman]], two of Muhammad's [[Sahabah|companions]].{{sfn|Esposito|2004a}} No sources offer much more information about Aisha's childhood years.{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=102}}{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p=7}} The classical sources converge on Aisha being six or seven years old at the time of her marriage, which followed a failed engagement with another man, and nine at the [[consummation]].{{sfn|Spellberg|1996|pp=39–40}}

===Marriage to Muhammad===
Muhammad said that he had twice seen Aisha in his dreams, being carried in a silk cloth by an angel who told him that she would be his wife. Muhammad believed that if the dreams were from God, he would make them come true.{{sfn|Leaman|2005|p=22}}{{sfn|Neil|2021|p=144}} Following the death of his first wife, [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]], his aunt [[Khawlah bint Hakim]] suggested that he marry Aisha.{{sfn|Samadi|2021|p=72}}{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p=3}} Aisha's father [[Abu Bakr]] was at first unsure about marrying his daughter to Muhammad; he thought they were brothers. Muhammad clarified that they were merely brothers in religion, and it was legal for him to marry Aisha.{{sfn|Samadi|2021|p=73}}{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p=3}} Aisha's engagement to Jubayr ibn Mut'im, a boy close to her age, was then annulled.{{sfn|Turner|2003|p=52}}{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p=3}} Orientalist [[W. Montgomery Watt]] suggests that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr;{{sfn|Watt|1960}} the strengthening of ties commonly served as a basis for marriage in Arabian culture.{{sfn|Sonbol|2003|pp=3–9}} 

All extant hadiths agree that Aisha was married to Muhammad in Mecca but the marriage was consummated only in the month of [[Shawwal]] after his ''[[hijrah]]'' to Medina (April 623).{{sfn|Bahramian|2015}} Some classical sources have Aisha speak of the marriage to have been executed in Medina itself without referencing to any delay.{{sfn|Bahramian|2015}}

====Age at marriage and consummation {{anchor|Age at time of marriage}}====

Islamic sources of the classical era list Aisha's age at the time of her marriage as six or seven and nine or ten at its consummation. In a hadith from [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], Aisha recollects having been married at six years of age.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=39}} [[Ibn Sa'd]]'s biography holds her age at the time of marriage as between six and seven, and gives her age at consummation to be nine while [[Ibn Hisham]]'s biography of Muhammad suggests she may have been ten years old at consummation.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=40}} [[Al-Tabari]] notes Aisha to have stayed with her parents after the marriage and consummated the relationship at nine years of age since she was young and sexually immature at the time of marriage; however, elsewhere Tabari appears to suggest that she was born during the [[Jahiliyyah]] (before 610 C.E), which would translate to an age of about twelve or more at marriage.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=197-198 (Note 4)}}{{Sfn|Ali|2014|p=189-190}}

In Islamic literature, the young age of her marriage did not draw any significant discourse; nonetheless, Spellberg and Ali find the very mention of her age to be atypical of early Muslim biographers, and hypothesize a connotation to her virginity and, more than that, religious purity.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=40}}{{sfn|Ali|2014|p=157-158}}{{efn|Ibn Sa'd notes Aisha to have boasted of her being the only virgin-wife before Muhammad himself.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=39}}}} Her age did not interest later Muslim scholars either, and went unremarked-upon even by medieval and early-modern Christian polemicists.{{Sfn|Ali|2014|p=158}} Early [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] writers, even in their condescending approach towards Muhammad and Islam, were primarily concerned with Muhammad's embrace of polygamy and the ethics of marrying for political causes;{{Sfn|Ali|2014|p=158-159, 161-162}} the few, who discussed Aisha's age chose to explain the age-gap — without any condemnation — by citing the contemporary understanding of the Orient as a ''hot'' place, that promulgated sexually deviant practices.{{Sfn|Ali|2014|p=164-165}}

Beginning late nineteenth century, with the East and its alleged immoralities subject to increasing opprobrium,{{Efn|Scholars note the formation of an unprecedented political consciousness in Europe around the time, that created a moral imperative for the Western elites to rescue the victims of Eastern barbarity. Additionally, these reforms were especially palatable to the colonial governments since they fostered the penetration of bureaucracy into hitherto-private affairs and aided in the construction of a governable nation-state.{{sfn|Ali|2014|p=172}}}} the colonizing powers sought to regulate the [[age of consent]]. As such efforts ran into conflicts with local forms of ''[[Sharia]]'', Aisha's age at marriage — and the involved Prophetic precedent — became the predominant explanation in explaining the backwardness of Muslim societies and their reticence to reforms.{{sfn|Ali|2014|p=167-168, 170-171}} In response, some Muslims{{efn|[[Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad]] in Egypt and others like .}} chose to align themselves with the projects of modernization and re-calculated her age — using deft stratagems of omission and commission — to fix it at early adolescence, but conservatives rejected such revisionist readings since they flew in the face of ''[[Hadith studies|ʻilm al-ḥadīth]]''.{{sfn|Brown|2014|p=}}

From mid-20th century, amidst growing concerns of Islamic extremism, as Muslim societies and Islam itself came under renewed scrutiny, pointed criticisms of Aisha's young age at marriage began to be abundant; this has since prompted many{{efn|Ali finds an exception in "traditional S. Asian biographers" who maintain outright frankness in noting the "practicalities" of marrying a virgin girl.{{sfn|Ali|2014|p=173}}}} Muslim scholars to contextualize the traditionally accepted age of Aisha with renewed vigor emphasizing on cultural relativism, anachronism, the political dimensions of the marriage, Aisha's non-ordinary physique etc.{{sfn|Ali|2014|p=173, 175-178}}{{efn|Ali notes the polarizing environment to have prompted even scholars and popular authors from the West to incorporate apologetics premised on anachronism and political implications, often at the cost of historical accuracy.{{sfn|Ali|2014|p=174, 188-189}}}} Since the late-twentieth century, polemicists have used Aisha's age to accuse Muhammad of [[pedophilia]] and to explain a reported higher prevalence of [[child marriage]] in Muslim societies.{{Sfn|Ali|2014|p=187, 190-191}}

==Personal life==

=== Relationship with Muhammad ===
[[File:Mohammed and his wife Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief. From the Siyer-i Nebi.jpg|thumb|Muhammad and Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief]]
In most [[Islamic culture|Muslim traditions]], [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] is described as Muhammad's most beloved and favored wife; Sunni tradition places Aisha as second only to Khadija.{{sfn|Ahmed|1992|p=51}}{{sfn|Roded|1994|p=36}}{{sfn|Roded|2008|p=23}}{{sfn|Joseph|2007|p=227}}{{sfn|McAuliffe|2001|p=55}} There are several hadiths, or stories or sayings of Muhammad, that support this belief. One relates that when a companion asked Muhammad, "who is the person you love most in the world?" he responded, "Aisha."{{sfn|Mernissi|1988|p=65}} Others relate that Muhammad built Aisha's apartment so that her door opened directly into the mosque,{{sfn|Mernissi|1988|p=107}}{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p=25}} and that she was the only woman with whom Muhammad received revelations.{{sfn|Roded|1994|p=28}}{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p=46}} They bathed in the same water, and he prayed while she lay stretched out in front of him.{{sfn|Shaikh|2003|p=33}}

Various traditions reveal the mutual affection between Muhammad and Aisha. He would often just sit and watch her and her friends play with dolls, and on occasion, he would even join them.{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p=8}}{{sfn|Lings|1983|pp=133–134}}{{sfn|Haykal|1976|pp=183–184}} Leila Ahmed argues, "Aisha must have felt reasonably equal to and unawed by this prophet of God, for his announcement of a revelation permitting him to enter into marriages disallowed other men drew from her the retort, 'It seems to me your Lord hastens to satisfy your desire!'"{{sfn|Ahmed|1992|pp=51–52}} Furthermore, Muhammad and Aisha had a strong intellectual relationship.{{sfn|Mernissi|1988|p=104}} 

===The Necklace Incident===
When [[Muhammad]] and his followers carried out a raid on the [[Banu Mustaliq]] tribe, he brought along Aisha, who was 13 years old at the time. She was carried in a closed [[Howdah|litter]] on the back of a camel. Aisha recounted that when the raiding party was resting at night on the way home to [[Medina]] from the successful operation, she went out to relieve herself. After doing so and returning to her litter, she realized that her necklace was missing, so she traced her way back to look for it. By the time she found it, the convoy had already left, thinking she was in the litter. Assuming that they would notice her absence and return to look for her, Aisha decided to stay where she was.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=199–200}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=66}}

Aisha related that [[Safwan ibn Muattal]], a young Muslim from the raiding party, had lagged behind for some reason. On his solo return journey to Medina, he came across Aisha sleeping on the ground by herself.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=200–1}}{{sfn|al-Bukhari|1997|p=232|loc=vol. 6, no. 4750}} He addressed her, let her ride on his camel while he guided it, and escorted her home to Medina. It was not until the morning that Muhammad's convoy realized that Aisha was not in her litter.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=200–1}} And later, when they were taking a break from the hot midday sun, Aisha and Safwan ran into them.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=264}}{{sfn|al-Bukhari|1997|p=232|loc=vol. 6, no. 4750}} A rumor accusing Aisha of committing adultery with Safwan spread.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smirna Si |url=http://archive.org/details/TheCommentaryOnTheQuranVol.1ByAlTabari |title=The Commentary on the Quran, vol. 1, by al-Tabari |language=English}}</ref>{{page number|date=April 2025}} Moreover, it was said that she had conversed with him several times before. This rumor of adultery, if true, could have led to Aisha being [[stoned to death]].{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=200–1}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=67}}

Upon their arrival in Medina, Aisha fell ill and sensed that Muhammad was uncharacteristically cold toward her. She only learned of the rumor some three weeks later when Umm Mistah told her on their way back from defecating in an open field at night, as was customary for Muslim women at that time. Aisha subsequently went to her mother, asking what the people were talking about, and she replied, "Daughter, be at peace, for I swear by God that no beautiful woman is married to a man who has other wives, but that these other wives would find fault with her." So Aisha cried all night long.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=201–2}}{{sfn|al-Shati|2006|p=87}}{{sfn|al-Bukhari|1997|p=232|loc=vol. 6, no. 4750}}

Muhammad, despite his fondness for Aisha, was unsure of her innocence. He asked [[Usama ibn Zayd]] and [[Ali]] for their opinions. Usama vouched for Aisha's innocence,{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=201–2}}{{sfn|Forward|1997|p=90}} but Ali said, "Women abound; you can easily find a substitute. Ask her slave; she might reveal the truth."{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=70}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=265}}{{sfn|al-Shati|2006|p=88}}{{sfn|Forward|1997|p=90}} When the slave girl arrived, Ali beat her severely and said, "Mind you tell the apostle the truth."{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=265}} But her answer was that she knew only good things about Aisha, with the single exception that when Aisha was entrusted with watching over a dough, she dozed off and allowed a sheep to eat it.{{sfn|al-Shati|2006|p=88}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=265}}

Muhammad later visited Aisha at her parents' house and advised her to confess if she had sinned, as God was merciful towards those who seek repentance.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=202–3}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=265}} It had been more than a month since Aisha had returned alone with Safwan.{{sfn|al-Bukhari|1997|p=285|loc=vol. 5, no. 4141}} Despite Muhammad's advice, Aisha refused to apologize as it would indicate guilt. She told Muhammad that she could find no better parallel for her current situation than that of [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph]]'s father, who had endured disbelief despite telling the truth and had no other choice but to remain patient. Shortly thereafter, Muhammad experienced a trance and received verses (Quran 24:11–15) that confirmed Aisha's innocence.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=202–3}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=265}}{{sfn|al-Shati|2006|p=89–90}}

===Death of Muhammad===
Aisha remained Muhammad's favorite wife throughout his life. When he became ill and suspected that he was probably going to die, he began to ask his wives whose apartment he was to stay in next. They eventually figured out that he was trying to determine when he was due with Aisha, and they then allowed him to retire there. He remained in Aisha's apartment until his death, and his last breath was taken as he lay in Aisha's arms.{{sfn|Ahmed|1992|p=58}}{{sfn|Abbott|1942|p=69}}{{sfn|Lings|1983|p=339}}{{sfn|Haykal|1976|pp=502–503}}{{sfn|Ibn Ishaq|1955|p=679 & 682}}

==Political career==
Aisha's importance to revitalizing the Arab tradition and leadership among the Arab women highlights her magnitude within Islam.{{sfn|Elsadda|2001}} Aisha became involved in the politics of early Islam and the first three caliphate reigns: Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, and ‘Uthman. During a time in Islam when women were not expected or wanted to contribute outside the household, Aisha delivered public speeches, became directly involved in a war and even battles, and helped both men and women to understand the practices of Muhammad.{{sfn|Ahmed|1992|p=51}}{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2016}}

===Role during caliphate===

====Role during first and second caliphates====
After Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr was appointed as the first caliph. This matter of succession to Muhammad is extremely controversial to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] who believe that Ali had been appointed by Muhammad to lead while Sunni maintain that the public elected Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Aghaie|2005}} Abu Bakr had two advantages in achieving his new role: his long personal friendship with Muhammad and his role as a father-in-law. As caliph, Abu Bakr was the first to set guidelines for the new position of authority.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|pp=4–5}}

Aisha garnered more special privileges in the Islamic community for being known as both a wife of Muhammad and the daughter of the first caliph. Being the daughter of Abu Bakr tied Aisha to honorable titles earned from her father's strong dedication to Islam. For example, she was given the title of ''al-siddiqa bint al-Siddiq'', meaning 'the truthful woman, daughter of the truthful man',{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|pp=34–40}} a reference to Abu Bakr's support of the [[Isra and Mi'raj]].{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=33}}

In 634 Abu Bakr fell sick and was unable to recover. Before his death, he appointed ‘Umar, one of his chief advisers, as the second caliph.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|pp=34–40}} Throughout ‘Umar's time in power Aisha continued to play the role of a consultant in political matters.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|pp=34–40}}

===First Fitna===
{{Main|Battle of the Camel}}
[[File:First Fitna map blank.svg|thumb|350px|Domains of [[Rashidun Caliphate]] under [[Rashidun|four caliphs]]. The divided phase relates to the Rashidun Caliphate of [[Ali]] during the [[First Fitna]].
{{legend|#00ff00|Strongholds of the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali during the [[First Fitna]]}}
{{legend|#ef1000|Region under the control of [[Muawiyah I]] during the [[First Fitna]]}}
{{legend|#5200FA|Region under the control of [[Amr ibn al-As]] during the [[First Fitna]]}}]]

In 656, Uthman's house was put under siege by about 1000 rebels. Eventually the rebels broke into the house and murdered Uthman, provoking the [[First Fitna]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Lapidus|2002|p=47}}
* {{harvnb|Holt|1977|pp=70–72}}
* {{harvnb|Tabatabaei|1979|pp=50–57}}
* {{harvnb|al-Athir|1231|p=19}}P.19</ref> After killing Uthman, the rebels asked Ali to be the new caliph, although Ali was not involved in the murder of Uthman according to many reports.{{sfn|Holt|1977|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=107 & 111}} Ali reportedly initially refused the [[caliphate]], agreeing to rule only after his followers persisted.

When Ali could not execute those merely accused of Uthman's murder, Aisha delivered a fiery speech against him for not avenging the death of Uthman. The first to respond to Aisha were Abdullah ibn Aamar al-Hadhrami, the governor of Mecca during the reign of Uthman, and prominent members of the [[Banu Umayya]].

Aisha, along with an army including [[al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] and [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah]], confronted Ali's army, demanding the prosecution of Uthman's killers who had mingled with his army outside the city of [[Basra]]. When her forces captured Basra she ordered the execution of 600 Muslims and 40 others, including Hakim ibn Jabala, who were put to death in the Grand Mosque of Basra.{{sfn|Ishaq|1955}}{{sfn|Razwy|2001}}
[[File:Muhammad's widow, Aisha, battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel (rotated).jpg|thumb|Aisha battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel]]

Ali rallied supporters and fought Aisha's forces near Basra in 656. The battle is known as the Battle of the Camel, after the fact that Aisha directed her forces from a [[howdah]] on the back of a large camel. Aisha's forces were defeated and an estimated 10,000 Muslims were killed in the battle,{{sfn|Glubb|1963|p=320}} considered the first engagement where Muslims fought Muslims.{{sfn|Goodwin|1994}}

After the defeat of the rebels, Ali "severely reproached" Aisha for her sedition but granted her pardon.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=173}}{{sfn|Muir|1892|p=262}} He sent her back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother [[Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr]], one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of the state. She was also awarded a pension by Ali.{{sfn|Muir|1892|p=261}}

Although she retired to Medina, her forsaken efforts against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali did not end the First Fitna.{{sfn|Black|1994|p=34}}

===Contributions to Islam and influence===
After 25 years of a monogamous relationship with his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad participated in nine years of [[polygyny]], marrying at least nine further wives. Muhammad's subsequent marriages were depicted purely as political matches rather than unions of sexual indulgence. In particular, Muhammad's unions with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar associated him with two of the most significant leaders of the early Muslim community, Aisha's father, Abu Bakr, and Hafsa's father, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb.{{sfn|Aslan|2005|pp=58–136}}

Aisha's marriage has given her significance among many within Islamic culture, becoming known as the most learned woman of her time. She was also recognized during her lifetime as Muhammad’s favorite.{{sfn|Armstrong|2006|pp=159}} When Muhammad married Aisha in her youth, she was accessible "...to the values needed to lead and influence the sisterhood of Muslim women."{{sfn|Anwar|2005}} Aisha conveyed ideas expressing Muhammad's practice (sunnah). She expressed herself as a role model to women, which can also be seen within some traditions attributed to her. The traditions regarding Aisha habitually opposed ideas unfavorable to women in efforts to elicit social change.{{sfn|Geissinger|2011|pp=37–49}}

According to [[Reza Aslan]]:{{sfn|Aslan|2005|p=136}}
{{Blockquote|The so-called Muslim women's movement is predicated on the idea that Muslim men, not Islam, have been responsible for the suppression of women's rights. For this reason, Muslim feminists throughout the world are advocating a return to the society Muhammad originally envisioned for his followers. Despite differences in culture, nationalities, and beliefs, these women believe that the lesson to be learned from Muhammad in Medina is that Islam is above all an egalitarian religion. Their Medina is a society in which Muhammad designated women like Umm Waraqa as spiritual guides for the Ummah; in which the Prophet himself was sometimes publicly rebuked by his wives; in which women prayed and fought alongside the men; in which women like Aisha and Umm Salamah acted not only as religious but also as political—and on at least one occasion military—leaders; and in which the call to gather for prayer, bellowed from the rooftop of Muhammad's house, brought men and women together to kneel side by side and be blessed as a single undivided community.}}

Her intellectual contributions regarding the verbal texts of Islam were in time transcribed into written form, becoming the official history of Islam.{{sfn|Ahmed|1992|pp=47–75}} Jawed Anwar also writes that Aisha was regarded as the most reliable source in the teachings of hadith.{{sfn|Anwar|2005}} Aisha's authentication of Muhammad's ways of prayer and his recitation of the Qur'an allowed for the development of knowledge of his sunnah of praying and reading verses of the Quran.{{sfn|Ahmed|1992|p=51}}

===Political influence===
Spellberg argues that Aisha's political influence helped promote her father, Abu Bakr, to the caliphate after Muhammad's death.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=3}}

After the defeat at the Battle of the Camel, Aisha retreated to Medina and became a teacher.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=3}} Upon her arrival in Medina, Aisha retired from her public role in politics. Her discontinuation of public politics did not stop her political influence completely. Privately, Aisha continued influencing those intertwined in the Islamic political sphere. Among the Islamic community, she was known as an intelligent woman who debated law with male companions.{{sfn|Geissinger|2011|p=42}} Aisha was also considered to be the embodiment of proper rituals while partaking in the [[Hajj|pilgrimage to Mecca]], a journey she made with several groups of women. For the last two years of her life, Aisha spent much of her time telling the stories of Muhammad, hoping to correct false passages that had become influential in formulating Islamic law. Due to this, Aisha's political influence continues to impact Muslims.{{sfn|Spellberg|1994|p=3}}

==Death==
Aisha died at her home in Medina on 17 [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] 58 AH (16 July 678).{{efn|This is the generally accepted date, although the actual date of death is not known for certain.{{sfn|Haylamaz|2013|pp=192–193}}}} She was 67 years old.<ref>{{harvnb|Nasa'i|1994|p=108}}<br/>"‘A’isha was eighteen years of age at the time when the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) died and she remained a widow for forty-eight years till she died at the age of sixty-seven. She saw the rules of four caliphs in her lifetime. She died in Ramadan 58 AH during the caliphate of Mu‘awiya..."</ref> [[Abu Hurayra]] led her funeral prayer after the {{Transliteration|ar|[[tahajjud]]}} (night) prayer, and she was buried at [[Al-Baqi Cemetery|al-Baqi cemetery]].{{sfn|Ibn Kathir|p=97}}  

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Biography}}
* [[List of people related to Quranic verses]]
* [[Muhammad's wives]]
* ''[[The Jewel of Medina]]'' (fictional work based loosely on Aisha's existence)
* [[Child marriage]]
* [[Shia view of Aisha]] 

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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*{{Cite book |last=Irving |first=Washington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-4f5m2oHlcC |title=Mohammed |date=2007 |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |isbn=978-1-84022-573-0 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Riaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QErrlgEACAAJ |title=Islam and Society: Sociological Explorations |date=2013 |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |isbn=978-0-522-86256-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume VI (Mahk-Mid): [Fasc. 99-114a] |date=1991 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1956 |editor-last=Bosworth |editor-first=C. E. |access-date=20 Dec 2023 |publisher=Brill |language=en |editor2-last=Donzel |editor2-first=E. van |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first= B. |editor4-last=Pellat |editor4-first=Ch.|isbn=978-90-04-08112-3| ref = {{harvid|Bosworth et al.|1991}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Spellberg|first1=Denise|author1-link=Denise Spellberg|title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr|year=1994|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231079990|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsgenderis0000spel|via=archive.org|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last=Spellberg |first=Denise A. |title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-231-07999-0 |author-link=Denise Spellberg}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sayeed|first=Asma|date=6 August 2013|title=Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107031586}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tabatabaei|first1=Muhammad Husayn|title=Shi'ite Islam|translator=[[Hossein Nasr]]|language=ar|year=1979|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0873952729}}
* {{cite book|last1=Vaglieri|first1=Laura Veccia|author1-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|editor1-first=Peter M.|editor1-last=Holt|editor-link1=Peter M. Holt|editor2-last=Lambton|editor2-first=Ann|editor2-link=Ann Lambton|editor3-last=Lewis|editor3-first=Bernard|editor3-link=Bernard Lewis|year=1977|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1139055024 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521219464|volume=1|chapter=4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Watt|first1=William Montgomery|author1-link=William Montgomery Watt|title=ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Bint Abī Bakr|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aisha-bint-abi-bakr-SIM_0440|year=1960|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online|isbn=978-9004161214|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|last1=Watt|first1=William Montgomery|author1-link=William Montgomery Watt|title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman|year=1961|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0198810780|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{commons cat}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Afshare|first=Haleh|author-link=Haleh Afshar, Baroness Afshar|title=Democracy and Islam|publisher=[[Hansard Society]]|date=2006}}
* {{cite book|last='Askari|first=Murtada Sharif|author-link=Murtada Sharif 'Askari|title=Role of Ayesha in the History of Islam|publisher=Ansarian|place=Iran}}
* {{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192800947 | title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Bowker, John | year=2000 | isbn=978-0192800947 | doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001 }}
* {{cite book|last=Chavel|first=Geneviève|title=Aïcha : La bien-aimée du prophète|language=Fr|publisher= Editions SW Télémaque|year=2007|isbn=978-2753300552}}
* {{cite book|last=Rivzi|first=Sa'id Akhtar|author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi|title=The Life of Muhammad The Prophet|publisher= Darul Tabligh North America|date=1971}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book|last=Rodinson|first=Maxime|author-link=Maxime Rodinson|title=Muhammad|date=2002|publisher= New Press|isbn=978-1565847521|language=en}} (translated from the French by Anne Carter)
<!---doesn't qualify as per WP:EL but leaving here as further reading--->
*{{cite web  |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/history/biographies/sahaabah/bio.AISHAH_BINT_ABI_BAKR.html 
 |title=Biography of Aisha   |access-date=22 November 2004 |url-status=dead 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201061117/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/history/biographies/sahaabah/bio.AISHAH_BINT_ABI_BAKR.html  |archive-date=1 February 2008 }}
{{refend}}

{{Wives of Muhammad}}
{{Honoured women in Islam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aisha}}
[[Category:610s births]]
[[Category:678 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:7th-century women]]
[[Category:People of the Quran]]
[[Category:Arab women]]
[[Category:Daughters of caliphs]]
[[Category:Children of Rashidun caliphs]]
[[Category:Family of Abu Bakr]]
[[Category:Child marriage]]
[[Category:Wives of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Women in medieval warfare]]
[[Category:Women in war in West Asia]]
[[Category:Muslim female saints]]
[[Category:Angelic visionaries]]
[[Category:People of the First Fitna]]
[[Category:Women companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]
[[Category:Arab women in war]]
[[Category:Banu Abu Bakr]]