View source for Air Vietnam

{{Short description|Defunct South Vietnamese airline}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Vietnam Airlines]], the present-day flag carrier of Vietnam}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2010}}

{{Infobox airline 
| airline         = Air Vietnam <br /> Hãng Hàng Không Việt Nam
| image           = Air Vietnam logo 01.png 
| image_size      = 220px
| fleet_size      = 15
| destinations    = 20
| IATA            = VN
| ICAO            = AVN
| callsign        = AIR VIETNAM
| parent          = Government of the [[State of Vietnam]] 1951&ndash;1955, the [[Republic of Vietnam]] 1955&ndash;1975
| subsidiaries    = 
| founded         = 8 June 1951
| ceased          = {{end date|df=yes|1975|04|30}}
| headquarters = [[Saigon]]; [[South Vietnam]]
| key_people      = 
| hubs = [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport]], [[Saigon]]
| secondary_hubs  = [[Da Nang International Airport]]
| focus_cities    = 
| frequent_flyer  = 
| lounge          = 
| alliance        =
| website         = 
|aoc=|num_employees=}}

Active from 1951 to 1975, '''Air Viet Nam''' (Air VN) ({{langx|vi|Hãng Hàng không Việt Nam}}) was [[South Vietnam]]'s first commercial air carrier, headquartered in [[District 1, Ho Chi Minh City|District 1]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] (now Ho Chi Minh City).<ref>"World Airline Directory." ''[[Flight International]]''. 10 April 1969. {{cite web| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%200629.html?search=%22Air%20Vietnam%22| title = 557}}. "Head Office: 116 Boulevard Nguyen-Hue. Saigon. South Vietnam."</ref> Established under a decree by Chief of State [[Bảo Đại]], the airline flew over two million passengers, throughout the [[Vietnam War]], and until its collapse due to the [[Fall of Saigon]].

== History ==
[[File:AirVietNam.jpg|thumb|Air Viet Nam plane and passengers, 1961]]
[[File:Hang Khong Viet Nam Douglas C-54 Volpati.jpg|thumb|Douglas C-54D in 1975]]
[[File:Air Viet Nam Caravelle Groves.jpg|thumb|Caravelle in 1962]]
[[File:Air Vietnam Boeing 727-100.jpg|thumb|Boeing 727-100 in 1971]]
[[File:Hang Khong Viet Nam Boeing 707 Volpati.jpg|thumb|Boeing 707-300 in 1974]]
Air Viet Nam's initial fleet consisted of five [[Cessna 170]]s, [[Douglas DC-3]]s and [[Douglas DC-4]]s with the airline flying mainly between cities and towns throughout [[Vietnam]]. By 1975, Air Viet Nam was using a fleet of Boeing aircraft, some leased from [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]] and [[China Airlines]] consisting of a number of [[Boeing 707]]s and [[Boeing 727]]s on both regional and international routes.

As passenger traffic increased with the start of the [[Vietnam War]], Air Viet Nam added aircraft, initially [[Vickers Viscount|Viscounts]], DC-3s, and [[Douglas DC-4|DC-4s]]. It eventually obtained more modern aircraft, including Boeing 727s, some of which were obtained from [[Air France]] and [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]]. At least one [[C-46 Commando|C-46]] was leased from [[China Airlines]], and was flown by a [[Taiwan]]ese crew. That aircraft had a color scheme different from the rest of the Air Viet Nam fleet.

In an unusual joint venture, Air Viet Nam was joined by [[Continental Air Services, Inc|Continental Air Services]] (CASI), a subsidiary airline of [[Continental Airlines]] set up to provide operations and airlift support in [[Southeast Asia]], in the mid-1960s. Under this agreement, CASI would share passengers and cargo routes with Air Viet Nam on certain domestic and international routes. In addition, CASI and Air Viet Nam would share [[hangar]]s and flight lines. CASI also picked up a portion of aircraft maintenance. Heavy engine overhaul was done in [[Hong Kong]], by China Airlines, and some in [[Taiwan]] by [[Air Asia (Taiwan)|Air Asia]] (a subsidiary of [[Air America (airline)|Air America]]). CASI paid a portion of its revenues to Air Viet Nam for the routes and privileges. Many CASI aircraft operating from [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] carried the [[dragon]] emblem of Air Viet Nam.

In 1972, Air Vietnam had one B747-200 leased from [[Air France]] and another B747-100 leased from [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]] both of which were flown back to their owners within a few weeks of the [[Fall of Saigon]].{{citation needed|reason= I can't find any article/media about Air Vietnam leased 747|date=March 2024}}

=== Fall of Saigon ===
During the [[Fall of Saigon]] and the impending invasion of [[North Vietnam]] into [[South Vietnam]], Air Viet Nam decided to assist and help all South Vietnamese citizens to escape to neighboring countries. Many of their pilots and crew worked long hours ferrying South Vietnamese citizens to [[Thailand]], Taiwan, the [[Philippines]], and other [[Southeast Asia]]n countries to escape the invading North Vietnamese army. One [[Boeing 707]] flew to [[Taipei]] (capital of [[Taiwan]]) for the use of former President [[Nguyen Van Thieu]] and his wife, and close aides had been flown into exile on a [[CIA]] [[C-118]] transport. Thieu was extended the courtesy once in exile of the Boeing jet as he went from first Taiwan, then the [[United Kingdom]], before finally flying onto the [[United States]] where it was returned to [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]] from which it had been leased.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-oct-01-me-52050-story.html| title = Nguyen Van Thieu, 78; S. Vietnam's President - Los Angeles Times| website = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = October 2001}}</ref> An Air Vietnam aircraft abandoned at the [[Songshan Airport]] was later handed over to a Taiwanese airline.<ref>{{citation|url=https://chinapost.nownews.com/20061120-135110|title=Taiwan-Vietnam ties are looking better than ever|periodical=China Post|date=2006-11-20|access-date=2022-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420070241/https://chinapost.nownews.com/20061120-135110|archive-date=2019-04-20|url-status=live }}</ref>

One Air Vietnam [[Boeing 727]] was returned to Vietnam from [[British Hong Kong]] in early June 1975, by lead pilot Huynh Minh Boong, who had married [[General]] [[Pham Hung]]'s sister. [[Captain (airlines)|Captain]] [[Huynh Minh Boong]] with over 10,000 flight hours, was a pilot on [[Vietnam Airlines]] overseas flights due to his [[IATA]] credentials, then in early 1980 he was appointed as head of training of Vietnam Airlines, now retired and lives in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].

The only commercial jet airplanes transferred from Air Vietnam to Vietnam Airlines are: one  [[Boeing 707]] and one [[Boeing 727]]-100.

==Codeshare partners==
According to the timetable published in 1969, Air Vietnam codeshared with the following airlines:

*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Qantas]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Royal Air Cambodge]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Air France]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Union de Transports Aériens]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|India}} [[Air India]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|JPN|1959}} [[Japan Airlines|Japan Air Lines]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Hong Kong|1959}} [[Cathay Pacific]]
*{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[KLM Royal Dutch Airlines]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[China Airlines|China Air Lines]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pan Am]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Northwest Orient Airlines]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/vn66/vn66-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1/vn6710/vn6710-1.jpg| title = Reference at www.timetableimages.com}}</ref>

==Flight crew==
Air Viet Nam flight crews were composed of [[civilian]]s with a mixture of ex-military [[Aviator|pilot]]s, (mostly former [[Republic of Vietnam Air Force]]), along with a few [[United States|Americans]]. However, one American CASI pilot reported that the Taiwanese crew of the leased C-46 always parked its aircraft separately at [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Tân Sơn Nhứt International Airport]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] and kept its distance from the regular Air Viet Nam and CASI crews.

===Uniforms===
Pilots for Air Viet Nam wore a distinctive gold/bronze wing with a center shield containing a colored enamel version of the dragon/flag. It can be presumed that some senior grades of pilot and crew existed, although how these were indicated is not clear.

Stewardesses, or [[flight attendant]]s, wore a gold or bronze metal wing with an embossed dragon emblem. Uniforms consisted of the traditional ''[[áo dài]]'' in a variety of colors.

==Aircraft livery==
Air Vietnam aircraft generally had a single or dual green stripe down the main [[fuselage]]. The top fuselage was generally white with a natural metal (silver) lower. The colorful dragon/flag roundel appeared in various sizes, most often on the tail [[rudder]]. Sometimes the roundel would appear alone and occasionally with a dual green stripe. The wording "Air Viet Nam" appeared in red/orange lettering above the windows on all large aircraft except the 727s, which were marked "Hàng Không Việt Nam". Exceptions to these schemes included the early Viscount aircraft, which were all white with a green stripe and had the roundel appearing on the front fuselage. The Chinese C-46 aircraft had a blue and red nose-side stripe with the roundel appearing on the rudder.

==Marketing==
Advertisements used from the mid-1960s included South Vietnamese [[Olympic Games|Olympians]], such as Thach Thi Ngoc, and flamboyant military officer [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]], whose wife [[Madame Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] was a flight stewardess before they were married. These celebrities promoted the airline's operation of Viscounts on the "Green Dragon Route", alternating flights from Saigon to [[Siem Reap]], [[Cambodia]]; [[Bangkok]], Thailand; and Hong Kong. Timetables indicate domestic routes covering destinations as far north as [[Huế]], as far south as [[Ca Mau|Cà Mau]], and including almost every major city in between.

== Destinations ==
=== Domestic ===
*[[Buon Ma Thuot Airport|Buôn Ma Thuột]]
*[[Ca Mau Airport|Cà Mau]]
*[[Can Tho International Airport|Can Tho]]
*[[Lien Khuong Airport|Đà Lạt]]
*[[Da Nang International Airport|Đà Nẵng]]
*[[Phu Bai International Airport|Huế]]
*Kon Tum
*[[Nha Trang Air Base|Nha Trang]]
*[[Phan Rang Air Base|Phan Rang]]
*[[Phan Thiet Airport|Phan Thiết]]
*[[Phu Quoc International Airport|Phú Quốc]]
*[[Pleiku Airport|Pleiku]]
*Quảng Đức
*[[Chu Lai Airport|Quảng Nam]]
*[[Quảng Ngãi]]
*[[Qui Nhon Airfield|Quy Nhơn]]
*[[Rach Gia Airport|Rạch Giá]]
*[[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Saigon]] (Hub)
*[[Tuy Hoa Airport|Tuy Hòa]]
=== International ===
*{{CAM}}: [[Phnom Penh]]
*{{JPN}}: [[Osaka]], [[Tokyo]]
*{{LAO}}: [[Vientiane]]
*{{MYS}}: [[Kuala Lumpur]]
*{{PHI}}: [[Manila]]
*{{ROC}}: [[Taipei]]
*{{SIN}}
*{{THA}}: [[Bangkok]]


==Incidents and accidents==
;16 August 1954: [[Bristol Freighter]] 21E F-VNAI crashed on the bank of the Sedone River (a tributary of the [[Mekong River]]) while on approach to [[Pakxe|Pakse]] for an emergency landing following engine failure, killing 47 of 55 on board. The aircraft was flying [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] refugees from [[Hanoi]] to Saigon.<ref name=ASN160854>{{ASN accident|title= F-VNAI|id= 19540816-0|accessdate= 5 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-bristol-170-freighter-21e-pakse-47-killed|title=Crash of a Bristol 170 Freighter 21E in Pakse: 47 killed|website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives}}</ref>

;10 November 1962: [[Douglas C-47]]B XV-NID crashed into a mountain {{convert|19.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Da Nang Airport]] due to a navigation error in bad weather, killing all 27 on board. The aircraft was operating on a flight route from [[Phu Bai Airport]] to Da Nang Airport.<ref name=ASN201162>{{ASN accident|title= XV-NID|id= 19621110-1|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;1962: [[Douglas C-54]]B XV-NUA was reportedly written off at an unknown location.<ref name=ASN999962>{{ASN accident|title= XV-NUA|id= 19629999-0|accessdate= 28 January 2020}}</ref>

;16 September 1965: [[Douglas C-47]]A XV-NIC was shot down by Communist ground fire shortly after takeoff and crashed {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Quảng Ngãi]], killing all 39 on board; one passenger survived, but died a few hours later.<ref name=ASN160965>{{ASN accident|type=Criminal|title= XV-NIC|id= 19650916-0|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;2 April 1969: [[Douglas DC-6]]B XV-NUC was destroyed on the ground at Hue-Citadel Airfield during a Communist attack.<ref name=ASN040269>{{ASN accident|type=Criminal|title= XV-NIC|id= 19690402-2|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;1 May 1969: [[Douglas C-54|Douglas C-54B]] F-BELL burned out on the ground while parked at [[Saigon Airport]].<ref name=ASN050169>{{ASN accident|type=Hull-loss|title= F-BELL|id= 19690501-1|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;20 September 1969: [[Douglas C-54]]D XV-NUG collided with [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]] ''67-0393'' and crashed into a field near Da Nang, killing 74 of 75 on board and two people working in the field<!--BAAA-ACRO reports 75 dead on the C-54-->; the Phantom was able to land safely. The C-54 was operating on a flight route from Saigon to [[Pleiku Airport]] to [[Da Nang Airport]].<ref name=ASN069902>{{ASN accident|title= XV-NUG|id= 19690920-1|accessdate= 11 March 2011}}</ref> When the pilot of the Phantom was cleared to land on Runway 17R by ATC, the pilot of the C-54, cleared to land on Runway 17L, thought that the message was addressed to his aircraft and turned right for approach to Runway 17R. This brought the C-54 in the path of the Phantom and the two aircraft collided.

;22 December 1969: [[Douglas DC-6]]B B-2005 suffered an explosion and hydraulic failure while descending for [[Nha Trang Air Base|Nha Trang Airport]]. After a low level pass to check the landing gear, a nose-high flapless approach was made. The aircraft touched down, but became airborne again after application of reverse thrust. The throttles were closed and the aircraft landed again, but overran the runway, struck a concrete pylon and caught fire, killing 10 of 77 on board and 24 on the ground.<ref name=ASN221269>{{ASN accident|title= B-2005|id= 19691222-0|accessdate= 5 September 2011}}</ref> A bomb placed in the front left lavatory detonated during approach, blowing a {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} hole in the fuselage and damaging hydraulic lines.

;22 July 1970: A 20-year-old [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] private, George M. Hardin, hijacked a DC-4 en route from [[Pleiku]] to Saigon. Hardin allowed the 65 passengers aboard to disembark from the plane before moving to the cockpit and threatening the pilot with a small knife. He was detained in Saigon after attempting to force the pilot, Floyd R. Derieux, to take him to [[Hong Kong]], but the pilot told him the DC-4 could not carry enough fuel to make the trip. There were no fatalities.<ref>{{ASN accident|type=Hijacking|title= |id= 19700722-0|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;30 September 1970: [[Douglas DC-3]]DST-318A B-305 crashed into a hill in the Hai Van Mountains at {{convert|970|m|ft|abbr=on}} near [[Da Nang]] while attempting to divert to [[Da Nang Airport]] due to weather conditions at its intended destination of [[Phu Bai International Airport|Phu Bai Airport]], [[Huế]]. Three of the 38 people on board were killed.<ref name=ASN300970>{{ASN accident|title= B-305|id= 19700930-0|accessdate= 20 October 2010}}</ref>

;1 November 1970: [[Curtiss C-46]] B-1543 force-landed on a beach at [[Quy Nhơn]] due to fuel system problems; the aircraft sank in sand and flooded out at high tide. The aircraft was operating on a flight from Saigon to Quang Ngai.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= B-1543|id= 19701101-0|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;22 August 1971: [[Douglas DC-3|Douglas DC-3A-375]] B-304 was written off at [[Kampot Airport]].<ref>{{ASN accident|type=Hull-loss|title= B-304|id= 19710822-0|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;24 September 1972: [[Douglas C-54]]D XV-NUH crashed into a marshy area 23 miles from [[Saigon]] following a loss of control due to mechanical failure, killing 10 of 13 on board. The aircraft was operating a flight from [[Vientiane Airport]] to [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport]].<ref name=ASN249372>{{ASN accident|title= XV-NUH|id= 19720924-0|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;19 March 1973: [[Douglas C-54]]D XV-NUI crashed 4.1&nbsp;mi S of [[Buon Ma Thuot Airport]] following an unexplained mid-air explosion, killing all 58<!--BAAA-ACRO says 62 dead--> on board. The aircraft was operating a flight from [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport]] to Da Nang. A bomb explosion was not ruled out.<ref>{{ASN accident|type=Criminal|title= XV-NUI|id= 19730319-1|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-douglas-c-54-skymaster-buon-ma-thuot-62-killed|title=Crash of a Douglas C-54 Skymaster in Buon Ma Thuot: 62 killed|website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives}}</ref>

;5 September 1973: [[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-121C]] XV-NJC suffered an explosion in the galley at {{convert|15000|ft|m|abbr=on}} 15 minutes after takeoff from Bangkok, injuring two passengers and a stewardess; the aircraft was able to return and land safely at Bangkok. Although it was thought that a bomb exploded, a Royal Thai Air Force investigation concluded that a defective broiler in the galley caused the explosion. Although the aircraft was repaired and returned to service, it was written off following the hijacking and crash of Flight 706 in 1974.<ref>{{ASN accident|type=Non hull-loss|title= XV-NJC|id= 19730905-0|accessdate= 24 October 2016}}</ref>

;17 November 1973: [[Douglas C-47]]B XV-NIE struck a mountain at {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} {{convert|20|km|mi}} NNW of [[Quảng Ngãi]] killing all 27 people on board. The crew, flying VFR in IMC, had gotten lost and flew too low in a mountainous area while attempting to reach Chu Lai, near the crash site. The aircraft was operating a domestic scheduled passenger flight from [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport]] to Quảng Ngãi Airport.<ref name=ASN171173>{{ASN accident|title= XV-NIE|id= 19731117-0|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;20 February 1974: [[Douglas C-54]]A XV-NUM was hijacked en route from Quy Nhơn to Da Nang. The hijacker was a 19-year-old South Vietnamese man demanding to go to Đồng Hới, [[North Vietnam]]. The pilot stated that the aircraft had to stop at Đông Hà to refuel, but flew to [[Huế]] instead. The hijacker realized he had been tricked and detonated explosives in the front part of the aircraft, killing three passengers and injuring several others. The explosion also blew a {{convert|2|x|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} hole in the port side of the fuselage and broke three starboard side windows. The aircraft was written off.<ref>{{ASN accident|type=Hijacking|title= XV-NUM|id= 19740220-0|accessdate= 22 November 2016}}</ref>

;15 September 1974: [[Air Vietnam Flight 706|Flight 706]] - Le Duc Tan, a ranger in the South Vietnamese army who had recently been demoted from captain to lieutenant for the theft of two cars in [[Da Nang]], smooth-talked his way past security checkpoints and hijacked the Boeing 727 en route from Da Nang to Saigon, demanding to go to [[Hanoi]]. The pilot explained that it was not possible and needed to stop at [[Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm|Phan Rang]]. During the approach, Tan detonated two hand grenades, and the aircraft crashed when it overshot the runway on an attempted landing. All 75 persons on board, including 67 passengers and eight crew members, were killed.

;12 March 1975: [[Douglas C-54]]D XV-NUJ crashed 16&nbsp;mi from [[Pleiku]], killing all 26 on board; the wreckage was not examined due to hostile conditions in the area.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= XV-NUJ|id= 19750312-0|accessdate= 2 April 2014}}</ref> The aircraft, operating a flight from Vientiane to Saigon, was probably shot down by a missile.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Vietnam|Companies|Aviation}}
* [[Royal Air Cambodge]]
* [[Royal Air Lao]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/vn1.htm Timetables of Air Vietnam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080930190942/http://www.air-america.net/airviet.htm Photos of Air Vietnam]
* [http://waybackmachine.org/*/http://www.vnafmamn.com/AirVN_Photo/index.htm Photos of Air Vietnam]
* [http://waybackmachine.org/*/www.vnaf.net/photos/air_vietnam/air_vietnam.html Photos of Air Vietnam planes]

{{Airlines of Vietnam}}
{{French Indochina}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Air Vietnam| ]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of South Vietnam]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1951]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 1975]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in French Indochina]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in South Vietnam]]
[[Category:1975 disestablishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:1950s in French Indochina]]
[[Category:1950s in South Vietnam]]
[[Category:1960s in South Vietnam]]
[[Category:1970s in South Vietnam]]