View source for Agui

{{Short description|Manchu noble general}}
{{about|the Manchu general|the Japanese town|Agui, Aichi}}
{{family name hatnote|Agūi|Janggiya|Agui|lang=Manchu}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty#Notable titles|First Class Duke Chengmou Yingyong]]
| honorific-suffix = 
| name = Agūi
| image = Agui.jpg
| office = [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Chief Grand Councillor]]
| monarch = [[Qianlong Emperor]]<br/>[[Jiaqing Emperor]]
| term_start = 1779
| term_end = 1797
| predecessor = [[Yu Minzhong]]
| successor = [[Heshen]]
| office1 = [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Councillor]]
| monarch1 = 
| term_start1 = 1776
| term_end1 = 1797<br>{{small|(as the Chief Grand Councillor since 1779)}}
| term_start2 = 1763
| term_end2 = 1765

| office3 = [[Grand Secretariat|Grand Secretary of the Wuying Hall]]
| term_start3 = 1777
| term_end3 = 1797
| alongside3 = 
| office4 = [[Grand Secretariat|Assistant Grand Secretary]]
| term_start4 = 1776
| term_end4 = 1777
| alongside4 = 
| predecessor3 = 
| successor3 =

| office5 = [[Ministry of Personnel|Minister of Personnel]]
| monarch5 = 
| term_start5 = 6 March 1776
| term_end5 = 27 June 1777
| alongside5 = Cheng Jingyi
| predecessor5 = Guanbao
| successor5 = Yonggui
| office6 = [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Minister of Revenue]]
| monarch6 = 
| term_start6 = 24 April 1773
| term_end6 = 6 March 1776
| alongside6 = [[Yu Minzhong]] (until 1773), Wang Jihua (since 1773)
| predecessor6 = [[Šuhede]]
| successor6 = [[Fengšengge]]
| office7 = [[Ministry of Rites|Minister of Rites]]
| monarch7 = 
| term_start7 = 19 February
| term_end7 = 24 August 1773
| alongside7 = Wang Jihua
| predecessor7 = Yonggui
| successor7 = Yonggui
| term_start8 = 4 January
| term_end8 = 23 September 1770
| alongside8 = Wang Jihua
| predecessor8 = Yonggui
| successor8 = Yonggui
| office9 = [[Ministry of War (imperial China)|Minister of War]]
| monarch9 = 
| term_start9 = 5 June
| term_end9 = 8 August 1768
| alongside9 = Lu Zongkai
| predecessor9 = Fulong'an
| successor9 = Toyong

| office10 = [[General of Ili]]
| monarch10 = 
| term_start10 = March 1767
| term_end10 = April 1768
| predecessor10 = [[Mingrui]]
| successor10 = Iletu

| birth_name = Agūi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1717|09|17}}
| birth_place = [[Beijing]], [[Qing dynasty]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1797|10|10|1717|09|17}}
| death_place = [[Beijing]], [[Qing dynasty]]
| father = [[Akdun]]
| children = 
| relations = 
| occupation = politician, general

| blank1 = [[Manchu name|Clan name]]
| data1 = Janggiya
| blank2 = [[Courtesy name]]
| data2 = Guangting (廣廷)
| blank3 = [[Posthumous name]]
| data3 = Wencheng (文成)

| allegiance          = [[Qing dynasty]]
| branch              = [[Plain Blue Banner|Manchu Plain Blue Banner]]<br>[[Plain White Banner|Manchu Plain White Banner]]
| serviceyears        = 
| rank                = 
| commands            = 
| battles             = 
| laterwork           = 
}}
'''Agui''' ({{Zh|c=阿桂|p=Āguì|w=A¹-kuei⁴}}; {{manchu|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡤᡡᡳ}}|v=agūi|a=agvi}}; September 7, 1717 – October 10, 1797) was a [[Manchu]] noble general for the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref>{{cite ECCP|title=A-kuei}}</ref> As the only son of [[Akdun]], he was a [[kinship|scion]] of a noble family who led a number of important Manchu  military operations, including several of the "[[Ten Great Campaigns]]".

==Sino-Burmese War==
On April{{nbsp}}14, 1768, [[Fuheng]] was appointed military commissioner (Jinglue) and Agui and [[Aligun]], both [[Manchu people|Manchu]]s, were appointed deputies.<ref name=d2>{{harvnb|Dai|2004|p=163}}</ref> This occurred due to the death of the previous commander [[Ming Rui]]. Agui had already proven himself in Chinese Turkestan, as a competent commander.<ref name=d2/>
He served under [[Fuheng]] in the 1769 failed campaign of the [[Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769)]]. Agui soon found himself out of favor as he was not fully supportive of Fuheng's plans and the Chinese [[Qianlong Emperor]] was vocal of his dislike for this behavior.<ref name=d3>{{harvnb|Dai|2004|p=166}}</ref> The main push occurs in December at the height of the disease period and the Chinese suffer great losses to disease. Confusion surrounds the following events. Some sources say that the [[Myanmar]] nation initiated peace talks and others say the Chinese did; however it happened, by December 1769 peace negotiations had started, and on December{{nbsp}}22 the treaty was signed. However, both Agui and Fuheng were absent.<ref name=d4>{{harvnb|Dai|2004|p=167}}</ref> The chief negotiator for the Chinese was [[Ha Guoxing]]. Documents from this era seem to support the fact that the only reason the Chinese agreed to a treaty was through the leadership of Agui and other generals, as Fuheng was vehemently opposed to a peace treaty.<ref name=d5>{{harvnb|Dai|2004|p=168}}</ref> When the treaty was brought from the Myanmar king to Fuheng to be signed, he refused. Agui, after allying other powerful generals on his side, confronted Fuheng again. Fuheng demanded that all those allied against him and for peace, sign a statement (ganjie) to that effect. When they all did, he grew furious and threatened impeachment. This did not occur as he was getting sicker each day. At this time a decree was received from Qianlong, demanding a complete withdrawal regardless of the circumstances. This withdrawal, may also have been attributed to Agui, as he was the one responsible for letting the emperor know of the illness affecting Fuheng.<ref name=d6>{{harvnb|Dai|2004|p=169}}</ref> Agui took charge of the troops during the withdrawal as Fuheng was worsening.

When all was said and done, Agui took the majority of the emperor's wrath as Fuheng was on his deathbed. The emperor in acknowledging the retreat and defeat at the hands of the Myanmar, stated that it 
<blockquote> made the Myanmar look down upon our celestial dynasty.</blockquote> 
He also blamed Agui and others for not stopping Fuheng from the foolhardy decision to invade Myanmar if they knew that it would fail.<ref name=d7>{{harvnb|Dai|2004|p=181}}</ref> The Jinchuan uprising could not come at a better time for Agui, who would alter drastically, the emperor's opinion of him after his coming victories. Agui thought so negatively of his time in Myanmar that he had all correspondence and writings concerning this time destroyed upon his death.<ref name=d7/>

==Ten Great Campaigns==
He put down [[Ten Great Campaigns#Suppression of the Jinchuan hill peoples .281747-1749.2C 1776.29|an uprising of the Jinchuan people]] west of [[Sichuan]],<ref name=EB>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=1}}</ref> called the second Battle of the [[Ten Great Campaigns#Suppression of the Jinchuan hill peoples|Jinchuan]]. This battle took place  from 1771 until 1776.<ref>{{harvnb|Dai|2001|p=39}}</ref> During this battle, Agui expressed the importance in ''shangyun'' which was the policy of utilizing merchants in keeping the military stocked.<ref name=Dai>{{harvnb|Dai|2001|p=75}}</ref>

In 1781, Agui went to [[Lanzhou]],  in the northwestern [[Gansu]] province, to lead the suppression of the [[Jahriyya revolt]] by the [[Salar people|Salar]] adherents of the [[Jahriyya]] [[Sufi order]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lipman|1998|pp=110–111}}</ref><ref>{{cite ECCP|title=Ch'ang-ling|link=no}}</ref> along with [[Heshen]],<ref>{{cite ECCP|title=Ho-shên|link=no}}</ref> [[Li Shiyao]]<ref>{{cite ECCP|title=Li Shih-yao|link=no}}</ref> and [[Fuk'anggan]].<ref>{{cite ECCP|title=Fu-k'ang-an|link=no}}</ref>

Agui also led campaigns to unify the [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture|Yili]] area and [[Taiwan]] island (1786-1787)<ref name=dupuy>{{harvnb|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=704}}</ref> within the Chinese state.

He served as a minister to the [[emperor]] and a member of the [[Grand Council (Qing Dynasty)|Grand Council]] and [[Grand Secretariat]] (both administrative cabinets of the [[China|Chinese]] government) until his death.

Agui's grandson was Na-yen-ch'êng who served as an official in [[Xinjiang]] after the [[Afaqi Khoja revolts]].<ref>{{cite ECCP|title=Na-yen-ch'êng|link=no}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal | last = Dai | first = Yingcong | title = A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 145–189 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X04001040 | s2cid = 145784397 | issn = 1469-8099 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Dai | first = Yingcong | title = The Qing State, Merchants, and the Military Labor Force in the Jinchuan Campaigns | journal = Late Imperial China | doi = 10.1353/late.2001.0008 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | date = December 2001 | pages = 35–90 | s2cid = 145620289 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Dupuy | first1 = R. Ernest | last2 = Dupuy | first2 = Trevor N. | title = The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present | edition = 2nd Revised | year = 1986 | publisher = Harper & Row, Publishers | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-06-181235-8 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = A-kuei | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = I: A-Ak – Bayes | location = Chicago, Illinois | isbn = 978-1-59339-837-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency }}
* {{cite ECCP|title=A-kuei}}
* {{Cite book | last = Lipman | first = Jonathan Neaman | publisher = Hong Kong University Press | year = 1998 | isbn = 962-209-468-6 | title = Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4_FGPtLEoYQC }}

{{Chief Councillors of the Qing dynasty}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agui}}
[[Category:1717 births]]
[[Category:1797 deaths]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty generals]]
[[Category:Manchu politicians]]
[[Category:Generals from Beijing]]
[[Category:Grand Councillors of the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Grand secretaries of the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Assistant grand secretaries]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Sichuan]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Yun-Gui]]
[[Category:Manchu Plain Blue Bannermen]]
[[Category:Manchu Plain White Bannermen]]