View source for Aging of Russia

{{short description|Aging population of Russia}}
[[File:Population pyramid of Russia from 2020 to 2100.gif|thumb|Population pyramid of Russia from 2020 to projections up to 2100]]

The '''demographic crisis of Russia''' is the [[Population ageing|aging]] and [[Population decline|decline]] of the Russian population caused by [[demographic transition]].<ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ssqu.12936 Population Aging and Its Impact on the Country's Economy], ''[[Social Science Quarterly]]'', First published: 12 January 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12936</ref><ref>[https://www.inss.org.il/publication/russia-demographic/ The War in Ukraine: Exacerbating Russia's Demographic Crisis], [[Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)|Institute for National Security Studies]], [[Tel Aviv University]], August 22, 2023</ref><ref>[https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2024-07-03/short-term-stability-and-long-term-problems-demographic Short-term stability and long-term problems. The demographic situation in Russia], [[Center for Eastern Studies]], 7-3-2024</ref> Although most [[Developed country|high-income economies]] or [[List of countries by Human Development Index|relatively advanced countries]] experience demographic transition, [[Russia]] stands out within that group with its high mortality rate and a relatively low life expectancy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=Short-term stability and long-term problems. The demographic situation in Russia |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2024-07-03/short-term-stability-and-long-term-problems-demographic |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}</ref> 

From 1992 to 2008 and again since 2020, Russia has experienced net population loss; the [[Rate of natural increase|natural population decline]] has no longer been offset by a positive migration balance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=Short-term stability and long-term problems. The demographic situation in Russia |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2024-07-03/short-term-stability-and-long-term-problems-demographic |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}</ref> The demographic decline of Russia is likely to continue in the future, with the UN projecting Russia's population to shrink from 146 million in 2022 to 135.8 million by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-31 |title=Russia's rapidly approaching demographic crisis – GIS Reports |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/russia-demographic-decline/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The median age has risen significantly as a result of the demographic crisis, increasing from 32.2 in 1990 to 40.3 in 2025, in what has been the '''aging of Russia'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia - median age of the population 2100 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/275400/median-age-of-the-population-in-russia/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> The number of senior citizens (i.e, those older than 65) has increased as well, rising from 10% in 1990 to 16.6% in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Population ages 65 and above for the Russian Federation |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SPPOP65UPTOZSRUS |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Population of Russia-rus.PNG|thumb|Total population of Russia 1950–2010]]

=== In the economic sphere ===
The demographic crisis has a positive economic effect on the second stage of the changing age structure of the population (the fraction of the average working-age generation is maximal at a relatively small proportion of younger and older) and a negative economic effect on the third stage of the changing age structure of the population (when the proportion of the older generation is maximal at a relatively small share younger and middle generation). By 2025, Russia will have labor shortages.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Старостин|first=Алексей|title=Свобода перемещения трудовых ресурсов в ЕАЭС к 2025 году|url=https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/svoboda-peremeshcheniya-trudovykh-resursov-v-eaes-k-2025-godu-/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=russiancouncil.ru|language=ru|archive-date=2023-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929024610/https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/svoboda-peremeshcheniya-trudovykh-resursov-v-eaes-k-2025-godu-/|url-status=live}}</ref>  
  
With a reduced [[Total fertility rate|fertility rate]], the load on the working population increases because each worker has to support more retirees.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Berriault |first=Lea |date=2022-01-31 |title=Russia's demographic setback |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/russia-demographic-decline/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005181910/https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/russia-demographic-decline/ |archive-date=2023-10-05 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=GIS Reports |language=en-US}}</ref>
  
=== Demographic aging of the population ===
{{Seealso|Demographics of Russia}}
Prior to First World War, the [[Russian Empire]] had the fastest growing population among [[world powers]], only surpassed by the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia - Transformation of Russia in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://countrystudies.us/russia/6.htm |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Despite demographic losses in the [[interwar period]] from the [[First World War]], the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]], and the numerous famines, between 1920 and 1940, the [[RSFSR]] of the Soviet Union grew at an average of 1.11% per year and managed to surpass 100 million people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Russia's population changed over the years |url=https://tass.com/society/1041670 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=TASS}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Ryazantsev |first1=S. V. |last2=Rybakovskii |first2=L. L. |date=2021 |title=Demographic Development of Russia in the 20th‒21st Centuries: Historical and Geopolitical Dimensions |journal=Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=516–524 |doi=10.1134/S1019331621050075 |issn=1555-6492 |pmc=8562029 |pmid=34744395|bibcode=2021HRuAS..91..516R }}</ref>

In the Second World War, the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] was one of the most costly theaters of the war, accounting up to 40 million of the [[World War II casualties|70–85 million deaths]] attributed to World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Front |url=https://www.americanheritagemuseum.org/exhibits/world-war-ii/eastern-front/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The American Heritage Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]] in particular had exceptionally heavily demographic damage, Russia alone losing as much as 13 million people.<ref name=":02" /> Because young men bore the brunt of war losses, the war left Russia with a huge lack of men compared to women.<ref name=":12">{{Cite report |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/issue_papers/IP162.html |title=Russia's Demographic 'Crisis': How Real Is It? |last1=Adamson |first1=David M. |last2=DaVanzo |first2=Julie |date=1997-01-01 |language=en}}</ref> Even in 1959, men still made up less than 45% of the overall population.<ref name=":02" />
[[File:Russia animated population pyramid.gif|thumb|The age structure of the population of Russia, 1946-2023]]
Despite a relatively stable birth rate after the war, after the 1960s, Russia had begin to experience demographic ageing; the proportion of those 60 and older doubled between 1959 and 1990.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /> 

Despite [[Population ageing|population aging]], the population of Russia remained relatively young and had many women of childbearing age, which would compensate for fertility decline and thus continue population growth; the population increased by 45,760,000 people from 1951 to 1990.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" />

However, starting in the early 1990s, the aged structure of the population had eventually morphed in a way that would start prompting population decline not growth, and the fertility crash following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] only further enforced this.<ref name=":12" /> This was not unique to Russia, and such issues have been felt in many developed countries and increasingly in many developing countries as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The EU is ageing and in need of care - here's what that might mean for its economic future |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/10/eu-ageing-society-care-cost/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004910/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/10/eu-ageing-society-care-cost/ |archive-date=2023-09-30 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=[[World Economic Forum]] |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Deserted village at Sukhona River.jpg|thumb|Thousands of [[abandoned village]]s are scattered across Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's decaying villages |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/5/2/russias-decaying-villages |work=Al Jazeera |date=2 May 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145913/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/5/2/russias-decaying-villages |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Currently, the share of people aged 65 and older in the population of Russia is 13%. According to forecasts of the Russian Academy of Sciences from the early 2000s, in 2016 elderly people aged 60 and over would have accounted for 20% of Russians, and children up to 15 years old would only have made up 17%. However, in Russia, in contrast to other countries, aging is limited by high mortality among older people.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Russia's Demographic Crisis |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russias-demographic-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705223345/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russias-demographic-crisis |archive-date=2017-07-05 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |date=7 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Timonin |first1=Sergey |last2=Klimkin |first2=Ilya |last3=Shkolnikov |first3=Vladimir M. |last4=Andreev |first4=Evgeny |last5=McKee |first5=Martin |last6=Leon |first6=David A. |date=March 2022 |title=Excess mortality in Russia and its regions compared to high income countries: An analysis of monthly series of 2020 |journal=SSM - Population Health |volume=17 |article-number=101006 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.101006 |issn=2352-8273 |pmc=8717231 |pmid=35005187}}</ref>

=== Population trends 2015–present ===
{{Seealso|COVID-19 pandemic in Russia|Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War}}
[[File:№ 3009 А.И. Старчков.jpg|thumb|Russian soldiers killed in [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|war in Ukraine]] have further exacerbated Russia's demographic crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's 'catastrophic' missing men problem |url=https://theweek.com/russia/1017914/russias-catastrophic-missing-men-problem |work=The Week |date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128215352/https://theweek.com/russia/1017914/russias-catastrophic-missing-men-problem |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Total fertility rate in Russia.png|thumb|Total fertility rate in Russia, 1990—2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31517 |title=Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости |website=Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia |access-date=27 May 2025 |language=ru |trans-title=Total Fertility Rate}}</ref>]]
In 2020, over 500,000 deaths were attributed to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], bringing the total deaths since its onset to approximately 700,000. Although 2021 was initially projected to have less impact on mortality, death rates still surpassed birth rates. President [[Vladimir Putin]]'s plan to overturn the stagnation was announced in 2017 in response to the downward trend. However the plan only partially helped in their demographic crisis and was hindered by the Pandemic, despite showing signs of recovery.

{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=RUSSIA: historical demographical data of the whole country|url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/russiac.htm|website=Populstat.info|access-date=6 July 2017|url-access=subscription|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707234550/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/russiac.htm}}</ref><ref name="gks.ru-popul">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/population-by-country.htm|format=XLS|script-title=ru:Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2020 года и в среднем за 2019 год|trans-title=Preliminary estimated population as of 1 January 2020 and on the average for 2019|language=ru|work=[[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Rosstat]]|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113215738/http://nationsonline.org/oneworld/population-by-country.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2020|reason=Two references are offered; one is inaccessible, and the other doesn't contain any of this historical data.}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-russia/ | title=Population of Russia 2022 &#124; Religion in Russia | date=3 May 2021 | access-date=20 December 2021 | archive-date=8 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208170941/https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-russia/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
| percentages = pagr
|1897 | 67473000
|1926 | 93459000
|1939 | 108377000
|1959 | 117534000
|1970 | 130079000
|1979 | 137552000
|1989 | 147386000
|2002 | 145166731
|2010 | 142856836
|2015 | 144985057
|2019 | 146764655
|2020 | 146171015
|2021 | 146000460
}}

The [[Rate of natural increase|natural population]] declined by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021 (the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths over a period).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |title=Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline |first=Pjotr |last=Sauer |date=13 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013112949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |url-status=live }}</ref> The natural death rate in January 2020, 2021, and 2022 have each been nearly double the natural birth rate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |title=Natural population decrease in Russia down by 21% in Jan 2022 vs Jan 2021, but twice higher than in Jan 2020 - Rosstat |date=6 March 2022 |publisher=Interfax News Agency |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212161240/https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/26/russia-stares-population-abyss-putin-sends-young-men-die/ |work=The Telegraph |date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230083717/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/26/russia-stares-population-abyss-putin-sends-young-men-die/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as the country has reportedly suffered high military fatalities while facing renewed [[brain drain]] and [[human capital flight]] caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8c576a9c-ba65-4fb1-967a-fc4fa5457c62 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c576a9c-ba65-4fb1-967a-fc4fa5457c62 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis|date=4 April 2022|last1=Cocco|first1=Federica|last2=Ivanonva|first2=Polina|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=6 October 2022|location=London}}</ref> Many commentators predict that the situation will be worse than during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://jamestown.org/program/russias-demographic-collapse-is-accelerating/|title=Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating|last=Goble|first=Paul|volume=19|issue=127|date=18 August 2022|location=Washington, D.C.|journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor|publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]]|archive-date=21 October 2023|access-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021105942/https://jamestown.org/program/russias-demographic-collapse-is-accelerating/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2023, ''The Economist'' reported that "Over the past three years the country has lost around 2 million more people than it would ordinarily have done, as a result of war [in Ukraine], disease and exodus."<ref name="economist-2023">{{cite news |title=Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311153739/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |url-status=live }}</ref> 

According to Russian economist Alexander Isakov, "Russia's population has been declining and the war will reduce it further. Reasons? Emigration, lower fertility and war-related casualties."<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin's War Escalation Is Hastening Demographic Crash for Russia |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-18/putin-s-war-escalation-is-hastening-demographic-crash-for-russia |work=Bloomberg |date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=2023-10-12 |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20231012065405/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-18/putin-s-war-escalation-is-hastening-demographic-crash-for-russia |url-status=live }}</ref> Russian journalist [[Andrey Vladimirovich Kolesnikov|Andrey Kolesnikov]] noted that "We are seeing a phenomenon Russia has faced many times: wave after wave of wars and repression that drain away human resources."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kolesnikov |first1=Andrei |title=Russia's Second, Silent War Against Its Human Capital |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2023/01/russias-second-silent-war-against-its-human-capital?lang=en |work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |date=8 February 2023}}</ref>

The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |website=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-date=2022-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ }}</ref><ref name="economist-2023"/>

In January 2024, the Russian statistics agency [[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Rosstat]] predicted that Russia's population could drop to 130 million by 2046, in a worst-case scenario.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Population Could Fall to 130Mln by 2046 – Rosstat |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/10/russias-population-could-fall-to-130mln-by-2046-rosstat-a83687 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114183040/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/10/russias-population-could-fall-to-130mln-by-2046-rosstat-a83687 |url-status=live }}</ref> The UN's 2024 scenarios project Russia's population to be between 74 million and 112 million in 2100, a decline of 25 to 50%.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Population Prospects 2024 |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/world-population-prospects-2024 |publisher=United Nations |page=16}}</ref>

==Reactions==
Many Russian politicians have called for the reinstating of the [[childless tax]] in Russia that it used to have from the 1940s until the 1990s, due to declining birth rates.

In August 2022, Russia revived the Soviet-era [[Mother Heroine]] award for women with ten children.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-08-18 |title=Putin revives Stalin-era 'Mother Heroine' award for women with 10 children |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/18/europe/putin-mother-heroine-award-decree-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217153027/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/18/europe/putin-mother-heroine-award-decree-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin revives Soviet 'Mother Heroine' award for women who have 10 children |date=17 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819143212/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/17/russia-ukraine-putin-mother-heroine-award-children/ |archive-date=19 August 2022 |url-status=live |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/17/russia-ukraine-putin-mother-heroine-award-children/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2022-08-18 |title=Russia is offering a hero's medal and $16,000 to women who have 10 kids |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/18/russia-offers-mother-heroine-medal-and-16800-for-having-10-children.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2024, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] signed a bill into law that bans '[[Voluntary childlessness|Childfree Propaganda]]' to boost birthrates in Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2024/11/24/putin-signs-child-free-propaganda-bill-into-law-en-news | title=Putin signs 'child-free propaganda' bill into law }}</ref> On the same year, in a decree for national development goals, Putin set a life expectancy target of 81 years by 2036, an update from an earlier goal of 78 years by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Putin Wants Russians to Live Longer as Demographic Crisis Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-08/putin-wants-russians-to-live-longer-as-demographic-crisis-grows |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609092708/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-08/putin-wants-russians-to-live-longer-as-demographic-crisis-grows |archive-date=2024-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-21 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Russian Cross]]
*[[Demographics of Russia]]
*[[Human capital flight]]
*[[Day of Conception]]
*[[Population decline]]
*[[Unpromising villages]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==

* [http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B08_16/Main.htm Демографический ежегодник России — 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012254/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B08_16/Main.htm |date=2016-03-05 }}
* [https://archive.today/20150208131034/http://www.twirpx.com/file/425788/ Демографический ежегодник России — 2010]
* Ермаков С. П., Захарова О. Д. Демографическое развитие России в первой половине XXI века. — М.: ИСПИ РАН, 2000.
* Антонов А. И., Медков В. М., Архангельский В. Н. Демографические процессы в России XXI века. — М.: «Грааль», 2002.
* Зиверт Ш., Захаров С., Клингхольц Р. [http://www.berlin-institut.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Russland/Russland_rus_online.pdf Исчезающая мировая держава] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127203524/https://www.berlin-institut.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Russland/Russland_rus_online.pdf |date=2019-11-27 }} Берлин: Berlin Institute for Population and Development, 2011. {{ISBN|978-3-9812473-8-1}}
* Эберштадт Н. Демографический кризис в России в мирное время.
* Антонов А. И. [http://www.demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=20&idArt=1882 Институциональный кризис семьи и возможности его преодоления в России (часть 1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614111129/http://www.demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=20&idArt=1882 |date=2020-06-14 }} // Демография.ру, 27.03.2011.
* Борисов В. Демографическая ситуация в современной России. Демографические исследования. 2006. No. 1.
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{{Population Aging}}
{{Russia topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Ageing by country]]
[[Category:Demographics of Russia]]