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{{Short description|Figure from Greek mythology}}
{{About|a character in Greek mythology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Agamemnon
| deity_of = King of Mycenae<br />Commander of the Achaeans
| siblings = [[Menelaus]]
| consort = [[Clytemnestra]]
| offspring = [[Orestes]], [[Iphigenia]], [[Electra]], [[Chrysothemis]], [[Iphianassa (daughter of Agamemnon)|Iphianassa]], [[Chryses (mythology)|Chryses]]
| image = Lekanis Agamemnon MNA Taranto.jpg
| caption = Fifth century BC depiction of Agamemnon seated while holding his scepter.
| dynasty = [[Atreus#The House of Atreus|Atreid Dynasty]]
| father = [[Atreus]] or [[Pleisthenes]]
| mother = [[Aerope]] or [[Cleolla]]
}}

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Agamemnon''' ({{IPAc-en||æ|g|ə|ˈ|m|ɛ|m|n|ɒ|n|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Agamemnon.wav}}; {{langx|grc|Ἀγαμέμνων}} ''Agamémnōn'') was a king of [[Mycenae]] who commanded the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]] during the [[Trojan War]]. He was the son (or grandson) of King [[Atreus]] and Queen [[Aerope]], the brother of [[Menelaus]], the husband of [[Clytemnestra]], and the father of [[Iphigenia]], [[Iphianassa (daughter of Agamemnon)|Iphianassa]], [[Electra]], [[Laodice (Greek myth)|Laodike]], [[Orestes]] and [[Chrysothemis]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.114-9.161 9.145].</ref> Legends make him the king of Mycenae or [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], thought to be different names for the same area.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Argos |last=Leeming |first=David |encyclopedia=Oxford Companion to World Mythology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2005 |isbn=0-19-515669-2}}</ref> Agamemnon was killed upon his [[Returns from Troy|return from Troy]] by Clytemnestra, or in an older version of the story, by Clytemnestra's lover [[Aegisthus]].

== Etymology ==
Different etymologies have been proposed for the name ''Agamemnon'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀγαμέμνων}}). According to one view, the name means 'very steadfast', 'unbowed' or 'resolute'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graves |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Graves |title=The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition |title-link=The Greek Myths |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2017 |isbn=9780241983386 |pages=418, 682}}</ref> This is based on the interpretation of the name as a compound word comprising the elements {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἄγαν|ἄγαν]]}} 'very much' and {{lang|grc|[[wikt:μένω|μένω]]}} 'to stay, wait; stand fast'.<ref name="VB">{{Cite book |last=Blažek |first=Václav |author-link=Václav Blažek |chapter=Agamemnon |title=Studies in Greek Lexicography |date=2019 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-062274-4 |editor-last=Charalambakis |editor-first=Christoforos |series=Trends in Classics – Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 72 |location=Berlin |editor-last2=Giannakis |editor-first2=Georgios K. |editor-last3=Montanari |editor-first3=Franco |editor-last4=Rengakos |editor-first4=Antonios |pp=120–121}}</ref> According to another view, the name developed from the [[Linguistic reconstruction|unattested form]] *{{lang|grc|Ἀγαμέδμων}} (*{{transliteration|grc|Agamédmōn}}), a compound word composed of the elements {{lang|grc|ἄγαν}} 'very much' and {{lang|grc|[[wikt:μέδομαι|μέδομαι]]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beekes |first=R. S. P. |author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |volume=1 |pages=8}}</ref> 'to think on, provide for', with the overall meaning of 'very mindful'. Yet another proposal derives the second part of the compound word from {{lang|grc|[[wikt:μέμονα|μέμονα]]}} 'to be inclined, to wish eagerly, to strive' for the overall meaning of 'very eagerly wishing'.<ref name="VB"/> Linguist [[Václav Blažek]] proposes a relationship with [[Vedic Sanskrit]] ''[[Agni]]'' on etymological and functional bases.{{Sfn|Blažek|2019|pp=121–129}}

== Ancestry and early life ==
[[File:Chryses Agamemnon Louvre K1.jpg|thumb|Fourth century BC depiction of [[Chryses (priest of Apollo)|Chryses]] attempting to ransom his daughter [[Chryseis]] from Agamemnon.]]

Agamemnon was a descendant of [[Pelops]], son of [[Tantalus]].<ref>For a discussion of the house of Tantalus see Gantz, pp. 531{{ndash}}556. For Agamemnon's genealogy see, Grimal, p. 526 Table 2, and p. 534 Table 13.</ref> According to the common story (as told in the ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'' of Homer), Agamemnon and his younger brother [[Menelaus]] were the sons of [[Atreus]], king of [[Mycenae]], and [[Aerope]], daughter of the [[Cretan]] king [[Catreus]].<ref>Grimal, s.v. Menelaus; Hard, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA355 355], [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA507 507], [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA508 508]; Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.517.xml p. 517]; Gantz, p. 552; Parada, s.v. Agamemnon; [[Euripides]], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Eur.+Hel.+390 390&ndash;392], ''[[Orestes (play)|Orestes]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=57514F65526E804C8BAABD84924B4C06?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0116 16]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#97 97]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.Epit+E.3.12 E.3.12]; Scholia on ''[[Iliad]]'' 1.7 (citing "Homer" = [[Hesiod]] ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.227.xml fr. 137a Most]) and Scholia on [[Tzetzes]]' ''Exegesis in Iliadem'' 1.122 (citing "Homer" = [[Hesiod]] ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.227.xml fr. 137c Most]). They are also the sons of Atreus, in the ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'', see for example ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+11.131 11.131], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Hom.+Od.+4.462 4.462], although Aerope is not mentioned (see Gantz, p. 522). See also [[Euripides]], ''[[Iphigenia in Tauris]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Eur.+It.+1 4{{ndash}}5], (Atreus as father, no mention of mother); Hesiod ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.229.xml fr. 138 Most] [= fr. 195 MW], and [[Sophocles]], ''[[Ajax (play)|Ajax]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Soph.+Aj.+1295 1295{{ndash}}1297] (Aerope as mother, no mention of father).</ref> However, according to another tradition, Agamemnon and Menelaus were the sons of Atreus' son [[Pleisthenes]], with their mother being Aerope, [[Cleolla]], or Eriphyle. In this tradition, Pleisthenes dies young, with Agamemnon and Menelaus being raised by Atreus.<ref>Hard, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA355 355], [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA508 508]; Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.517.xml p. 517]; Collard and Cropp 2008b, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.79.xml p. 79]; Gantz, pp. 552{{ndash}}553; Parada, s.v. Agamemnon. For Aerope as mother see: [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.2.2 3.2.2]; [[Dictys Cretensis]], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/DictysCretensis1.html 1.1]; Scholia on ''[[Iliad]]'' 1.7 (citing "Hesiod" = [[Hesiod]] ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.227.xml fr. 137a Most]) and Scholia on [[Tzetzes]]' ''Exegesis in Iliadem'' 1.122 (citing "Hesiod" = [[Hesiod]] ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.227.xml fr. 137c Most]). For Cleolla, see [[Tzetzes]], ''Exegesis in Iliadem'' 1.122 (citing "Hesiod, Aeschylus, and some others" = [[Hesiod]] ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.227.xml fr. 137b Most]). For Eriphyle see Gantz, p. 553 (citing Scholia on [[Euripides]] ''[[Orestes (play)|Orestes]]'' 4).</ref> Agamemnon had a sister [[Anaxibia]] (or [[Astyoche]]) who married [[Strophius]], the son of [[Crisus]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA566 p. 566]; Gantz, p. 223; Parada, s.vv. Anaxibia 4, Astyoche 6. For Anaxibia as the sister's name see [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.29.4 2.29.4]; [[Dictys Cretensis]], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/DictysCretensis1.html 1.1]; [[Tzetzes]], ''Exegesis in Iliadem'' 1.122 (= [[Hesiod]] ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.227.xml fr. 137b Most]); Scholia on [[Tzetzes]]' ''Exegesis in Iliadem'' 1.122 (= [[Hesiod]] ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.227.xml fr. 137c Most]). For Astyoche, as the sister's name, see [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#117 117].</ref>

Agamemnon's father, Atreus, murdered the sons of his twin brother [[Thyestes]] and fed them to Thyestes after discovering Thyestes' [[adultery]] with his wife Aerope. Thyestes fathered [[Aegisthus]] with his own daughter, [[Pelopia (daughter of Thyestes)|Pelopia]], and this son vowed gruesome revenge on Atreus' children. Aegisthus murdered Atreus, restored Thyestes to the throne, and took possession of the throne of Mycenae and jointly ruled with his father. During this period, Agamemnon and his brother Menelaus took refuge with [[Tyndareus]], King of [[Sparta]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

In Sparta, Agamemnon and Menelaus respectively married Tyndareus' daughters [[Clytemnestra]] and [[Helen of Troy|Helen]]. In some stories (such as ''[[Iphigenia in Aulis|Iphigenia at Aulis]]'' by [[Euripides]]) Clytemnestra was already married to [[Tantalus, son of Thyestes|Tantalus]], and Agamemnon murders him and the couple's infant son before marrying Clytemnestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Euripides |title=Iphigenia in Aulis, lines 1148-1152 |url=https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Greek/Iphigeneia.php |website=poetryintranslation.com |publisher=Poetry in Translation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tzetzes |first=John |title=Chiliades 1.18 line 463-465 |url=https://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades1.html#18 |website=theoi.com |publisher=Theoi Classical Texts Library}}</ref>

Agamemnon and Clytemnestra had four children: one son, [[Orestes]], and three daughters, [[Iphigenia]], [[Electra]], and Chrysothemis. Menelaus succeeded Tyndareus in Sparta, while Agamemnon, with his brother's assistance, drove out Aegisthus and Thyestes to recover his father's kingdom. He extended his dominion by conquest and became the most powerful prince in Greece.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Agamemnon's family history had been tarnished by [[murder]], [[incest]], and [[Betrayal|treachery]], consequences of the heinous crime perpetrated by his ancestor, [[Tantalus]], and then of a curse placed upon [[Pelops]], son of Tantalus, by [[Myrtilus]], whom he had murdered. Thus misfortune hounded successive generations of the [[House of Atreus]], until atoned by Orestes in a court of justice held jointly by humans and gods.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

== Trojan War ==
{{Main|Trojan War}}

=== Sailing for Troy ===
[[File:Charles_de_La_Fosse_-_Le_sacrifice_d'Iphigénie_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''The Sacrifice of Iphigenia'' by [[Charles de La Fosse]]]]

Agamemnon gathers the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. In order to recruit [[Odysseus]], who is feigning madness so as to not have to go to war, Agamemnon sends [[Palamedes (mythology)|Palamedes]], who threatens to kill Odysseus' infant son, [[Telemachus]]. Odysseus is forced to stop acting mad in order to save his son and joins the assembled Greek forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APOLLODORUS, THE LIBRARY EPITOME |url=https://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#3 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=theoi.com |publisher=Theoi Classical Texts Library |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518195824/https://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#3 |url-status=live}}</ref> Preparing to depart from [[Aulis (ancient Greece)|Aulis]], a port in [[Boeotia]], Agamemnon's army incurs the wrath of the goddess [[Artemis]], although the myths give various reasons for this. In [[Aeschylus]]' play ''[[Agamemnon (play)|Agamemnon]]'', Artemis is angry for she predicts that so many young men will die at Troy, whereas in [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Electra (Sophocles)|Electra]]'', Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasts that he is her equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and a lack of wind, prevent the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet [[Calchas]] announces that the wrath of the goddess can only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter [[Iphigenia]].

Classical dramatizations differ on how willing either father or daughter are to this fate; some include such trickery as claiming she was to be married to [[Achilles]], but Agamemnon does eventually sacrifice Iphigenia. Her death appeases Artemis and the Greek army set out for Troy. Several alternatives to the [[human sacrifice]] have been presented in Greek mythology. Other sources, such as ''[[Iphigenia at Aulis]]'', say that Agamemnon is prepared to kill his daughter but that Artemis accepts a deer in her place and whisks her away to Tauris in the [[Crimean Peninsula]]. However, this version is widely considered to be the work of an interpolator, and not Euripides himself.<ref>Richard Rutherford, in John Davie (tr.), Euripides: The Bacchae and Other Plays, London, [[Penguin Books]], 2005, pp. 174, 326–327.</ref> [[Hesiod]] says she became the goddess [[Hecate]].

During the war, but before the events of the ''Iliad'', Odysseus contrives a plan to get revenge on [[Palamedes (mythology)|Palamedes]] for threatening his son's life. By forging a letter from [[Priam]], king of the Trojans, and caching some gold in Palamedes' tent, Odysseus has Palamedes accused of treason and Agamemnon orders him to be stoned to death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ovid, Metamorphoses XII-XV |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26073/26073-h/Met_XII-XV.html#bookXIII |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=gutenberg.org |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303124439/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26073/26073-h/Met_XII-XV.html#bookXIII |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== The ''Iliad'' ===
[[File:Achilles Briseis MAN Napoli Inv9105 n01.jpg|thumb|[[Achilles]]' surrender of [[Briseis]] to Agamemnon, from the [[House of the Tragic Poet]] in [[Pompeii]], fresco, 1st century AD, now in the [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]]]]
{{Trojan War}}

The ''[[Iliad]]'' tells the story of the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles in the final year of the war. In Book One, following one of the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaean]] army's raids, [[Chryseis]], daughter of [[Chryses (priest of Apollo)|Chryses]], one of [[Apollo]]'s priests, is taken as a war prize by Agamemnon. Chryses pleads with Agamemnon to free his daughter but meets with little success. Chryses then prays to Apollo for the safe return of his daughter. Apollo responds by unleashing a plague over the Achaean army. The prophet [[Calchas]] tells that the plague may be dispelled by returning Chryseis to her father. After bitterly berating Calchas for his painful prophecies, which first forced him to sacrifice his daughter and now to return his concubine, Agamemnon reluctantly agrees. However, Agamemnon demands a new prize from the army as compensation and seizes Achilles' prize, the beautiful captive [[Briseis]]. This creates deadly resentment between Achilles and Agamemnon, causing Achilles to withdraw from battle and refuse to fight.

Agamemnon is then visited in a dream by Zeus who tells him to rally his forces and attack the Trojans (in Book Two). After several days of fighting, including duels between Menelaus and [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]], and between [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]] and [[Hector]], the Achaeans are pushed back to the fortifications around their ships. In Book Nine, Agamemnon, having realized Achilles's importance in winning the war, sends ambassadors begging for Achilles to return, offering him riches and the hand of his daughter in marriage. Achilles refuses, only being spurred back into action when his companion [[Patroclus]] is killed in battle by Hector, eldest son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba. In Book Nineteen, Agamemnon, reconciled with Achilles, gives him the offered rewards for returning to the war. Achilles sets out to turn back the Trojans and to duel with Hector. After Hector's death, Agamemnon assists Achilles in performing Patroclus' funeral in Book Twenty-three. Agamemnon volunteers for the javelin throwing contest, one of the games being held in Patroclus' honor, but his skill with the javelin is so well known that Achilles awards him the prize without contest.

Although not the equal of Achilles in bravery, Agamemnon was a representative of "kingly authority". As commander-in-chief, he summoned the princes to the council and led the army in battle. His chief fault was his overwhelming haughtiness; an over-exalted opinion of his position that led him to insult [[Chryses]] and Achilles, thereby bringing great disaster upon the Greeks.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Agamemnon was the [[commander-in-chief]] of the Greeks during the Trojan War. During the fighting, Agamemnon killed [[Antiphus]] and fifteen other Trojan soldiers, according to one source.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#114 114] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329161255/https://topostext.org/work/206#114 |date=29 March 2019}}.</ref> In the ''Iliad'' itself, he is shown to slaughter hundreds more in Book Eleven during his ''aristeia'', loosely translated to "day of glory", which is the most similar to Achilles' ''aristeia'' in Book Twenty-one. Even before his ''aristeia,'' Agamemnon is considered to be one of the three best warriors on the Greek side, as proven when Hector challenges any champion of the Greek side to fight him in Book Seven, and Agamemnon (along with Diomedes and Ajax the Greater) is one of the three Hector most wishes to fight out of the nine strongest Greek warriors who volunteer.

=== End of the war ===
[[File:Exekias_Suicide_d_Ajax_01.jpg|thumb|The suicide of [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]] depicted on [[Pottery of ancient Greece|Greek pottery]] by [[Exekias]], now on display at the Château-musée de [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]]]

According to [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Ajax (play)|Ajax]],'' after Achilles had fallen in battle, Agamemnon and Menelaus award Achilles' armor to [[Odysseus]]. This angers Ajax, who feels he is now the strongest among the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaean]] warriors and so deserves the armor. Ajax considers killing them, but is driven to madness by [[Athena]] and instead slaughters the herdsmen and cattle that had not yet been divided as spoils of war. He then commits suicide in shame for his actions. As Ajax dies, he curses the sons of Atreus (Agamemnon and Menelaus), along with the entire Achaean army. Agamemnon and Menelaus consider leaving Ajax's body to rot, denying him a proper burial, but are convinced otherwise by Odysseus and Ajax's half-brother [[Teucer]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sophocles - The Seven Plays |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14484/14484-h/14484-h.htm#pg041 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=gutenberg.org |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605000406/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14484/14484-h/14484-h.htm#pg041 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the capture of Troy, [[Cassandra]], the doomed prophetess and daughter of [[Priam]], fell to Agamemnon's lot in the distribution of the prizes of war.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

== Return to Greece and death ==
[[File:The Murder Of Agamemnon - Project Gutenberg eText 14994.png|thumb|The assassination of Agamemnon, an illustration from ''Stories from the Greek Tragedians'' by Alfred Church, 1897]]
[[File:Aegisthus.jpg|thumb|[[Orestes]] slaying Clytemnestra]]

After a stormy voyage, Agamemnon and Cassandra land in [[Argolis]], or, in another version, are blown off course and land in Aegisthus's country. Clytemnestra, Agamemnon's wife, has taken Aegisthus, son of [[Thyestes]], as a lover. When Agamemnon comes home he is slain by Aegisthus (in the oldest versions of the story)<ref>Homer, ''[[Odyssey]]'' 3:266</ref> or by Clytemnestra. According to the accounts given by [[Pindar]] and the tragedians, Agamemnon is slain in a bath by his wife alone, after being ensnared by a blanket or a net thrown over him to prevent resistance.<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Agamemnon (play)|Agamemnon]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg005.perseus-eng1:1372-1406 1381{{ndash}}1385] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319224214/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg005.perseus-eng1:1372-1406 |date=19 March 2022}}.</ref> This is the case in [[Aeschylus]]' ''Oresteia.''<ref>Aeschylus, ''Oresteia'', edited by C. (Christopher) Collard, [[Oxford University Press]], 2017.</ref>

In Homer's version of the story in the ''Odyssey'', Aegisthus ambushes and kills Agamemnon in a feasting hall under the pretense of holding a feast in honor of Agamemnon's return home from Troy.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |title=The Odyssey |author=Homer |publisher=[[Barnes & Noble]] |date=2003 |pages=48–49, 140 |location=New York |isbn=9781593080099}}</ref> Clytemnestra also kills Cassandra. Her motivations are her wrath at the sacrifice of Iphigenia (as in the ''[[Oresteia]]'' and ''Iphigenia at Aulis'') and her jealousy of Cassandra and other war prizes taken by Agamemnon (as in the ''Odyssey'' and works by [[Ovid]]'')''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haynes |first=Natalie |date=28 March 2022 |title=Is Clytemnestra an Archetypically Bad Wife or a Heroically Avenging Mother? |url=https://lithub.com/is-clytemnestra-an-archetypically-bad-wife-or-a-heroically-avenging-mother/ |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=lithub.com |publisher=[[Literary Hub]]}}</ref>

Aegisthus and Clytemnestra then rule Agamemnon's kingdom for a time, Aegisthus claiming his right of revenge for Atreus's crimes against Thyestes (Thyestes then crying out "thus perish all the race of [[Pleisthenes]]!",<ref>Aeschylus, ''Agamemnon'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg005.perseus-eng1:1577-1616 1602].</ref> thus explaining Aegisthus' action as justified by his father's curse). Agamemnon's son [[Orestes]] later avenges his father's murder, with the help or encouragement of his sister Electra, by murdering Aegisthus and Clytemnestra (his own mother), thereby inciting the wrath of the [[Erinyes]] (English: the Furies), winged goddesses who track down wrongdoers with their hounds' noses and drive them to insanity.

== The Curse of the House of Atreus ==
[[File:Lineage_Tantalus.svg|thumb|Family Tree of the House of Atreus]]

Agamemnon's family history is rife with misfortune, born from several curses contributing to the [[Miasma (Greek mythology)|miasma]] around the family. The curse begins with Agamemnon's great-grandfather Tantalus, who is in [[Zeus]]'s favor until he tries to feed his son Pelops to the gods in order to test their [[omniscience]], as well as stealing some [[ambrosia]] and nectar. Tantalus is then banished to the [[Greek underworld|underworld]], where he stands in a pool of water that evaporates every time he reaches down to drink, and above him is a fruit tree whose branches are blown just out of reach by the wind whenever he reaches for the fruit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pindar, Olympian, Olympian 1 For Hieron of Syracuse Single Horse Race 476 BC |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227052549/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162 |url-status=live}}</ref> This begins the cursed house of Atreus, and his descendants would face similar or worse fates.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The House of Atreus by Aeschylus |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8604/8604-h/8604-h.htm |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=gutenberg.org |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210060946/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8604/8604-h/8604-h.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Later, using his relationship with Poseidon, Pelops convinces the god to grant him a chariot so he may beat [[Oenomaus]], king of Pisa, in a race, and win the hand of his daughter [[Hippodamia of Pisa|Hippodamia]]. [[Myrtilus]], who in some accounts helps Pelops win his chariot race, attempts to lie with Pelops's new bride Hippodamia. In anger, Pelops throws Myrtilus off a cliff, but not before Myrtilus curses Pelops and his entire line.<ref name=":0" /> Pelops and [[Hippodamia (daughter of Oenomaus)|Hippodamia]] have many children, including Atreus and Thyestes, who are said to have murdered their half-brother [[Chrysippus of Elis|Chrysippus]]. Pelops banishes Atreus and Thyestes to Mycanae, where Atreus becomes king. Thyestes later conspires with Atreus's wife, Aerope, to supplant Atreus, but they are unsuccessful. Atreus then kills Thyestes' son and cooks him into a meal which Thyestes eats, and afterwards Atreus taunts him with the hands and feet of his now dead son. Thyestes, on the advice of an oracle, then has a son with his own daughter [[Pelopia (daughter of Thyestes)|Pelopia]]. Pelopia tries to [[Infant exposure|expose]] the infant Aegisthus, but he is found by a shepherd and raised in the house of Atreus. When Aegisthus reaches adulthood Thyestes reveals the truth of his birth, and Aegisthus then kills Atreus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apollodorus, Epitome, book E, chapter 2 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Epitome:book=E:chapter=2&highlight=atreus |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605000406/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Epitome:book=E:chapter=2&highlight=atreus |url-status=live}}</ref>

Atreus and Aerope have three children, Agamemnon, Menelaus, and [[Anaxibia]]. The continued miasma surrounding the house of Atreus expresses itself in several events throughout their lives. Agamemnon is forced to sacrifice his own daughter, Iphigenia, to appease the gods and allow the Greek forces to sail for [[Troy]]. When Agamemnon refuses to return [[Chryseis (mythology)|Chryseis]] to her father [[Chryses (priest of Apollo)|Chryses]], he brings plague upon the Greek camp. He is also later killed by his wife, Clytemnestra, who conspires with her new lover Aegisthus in revenge for the death of Iphigenia. Menelaus's wife, [[Helen of Troy]], runs away with [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]], ultimately leading to the [[Trojan War]]. According to book 4 of the ''Odyssey,'' after the war his fleet is scattered by the gods to Egypt and [[Crete]]. When Menelaus finally returns home, his marriage with Helen is now strained and they produce no sons.<ref name=":3" /> Both Agamemnon and Menelaus are cursed by Ajax for not granting him Achilles's armor as he commits suicide.<ref name=":2" />

Agamemnon and Clytemnestra have three remaining children, Electra, Orestes, and Chrysothemis. After growing to adulthood and being pressured by Electra, Orestes vows to avenge his father Agamemnon by killing his mother Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. After successfully doing so, he wanders the Greek countryside for many years constantly plagued by the [[Erinyes]] (Furies) for his sins. Finally, with the help of [[Athena]] and [[Apollo]] he is absolved of his crimes, dispersing the miasma, and the curse on house Atreus comes to an end.<ref name=":1" />

== Other stories ==
[[Athenaeus]] tells a tale of how Agamemnon mourns the loss of his friend or lover [[Argynnus]], when he drowns in the [[Cephissus (Boeotia)|Cephisus]] river.<ref name="ArgynnusLD">{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Charlton T. |author2=Short, Charles |title=Argynnus |work=[[A Latin Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Perseus Project]] |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DArgynnus |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-date=16 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016171706/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=Argynnus |url-status=live}}</ref> He buries him, honored with a tomb and a shrine to [[Aphrodite]] Argynnis.<ref>[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'' ("The Learned Banqueters") [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/atheneus_grammarian-learned_banqueters/2007/pb_LCL345.51.xml 13.603d-e].</ref> This episode is also found in [[Clement of Alexandria]],<ref>Clement of Alexandria, ''[[Protrepticus (Clement)|Protrepticus]]'' II.38.2</ref> in [[Stephen of Byzantium]] ''(Kopai'' and ''Argunnos)'', and in [[Propertius]], III with minor variations.<ref>Butler, Harold; Edgeworth & Barber, Eric Arthur, eds. (1933), ''The Elegies of Propertius'', Oxford, [[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]]; p. 277</ref>

The fortunes of Agamemnon have formed the subject of numerous [[tragedy|tragedies]], ancient and modern, the most famous being the ''[[Oresteia]]'' of Aeschylus. In the legends of the [[Peloponnesus]], Agamemnon was regarded as the highest type of a powerful monarch, and in [[Sparta]] he was worshipped under the title of ''[[Agamemnon (Zeus)|Zeus Agamemnon]]''. His tomb was pointed out among the ruins of Mycenae and at [[Amyclae]].

In works of art, there is considerable resemblance between the representations of [[Zeus]], king of the gods, and Agamemnon, king of men. He is generally depicted with a [[sceptre]] and [[diadem]], conventional attributes of kings.

Agamemnon's mare is named Aetha. She is also one of two horses driven by Menelaus at the funeral games of [[Patroclus]].<ref>[[pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.8.3 5.8.3] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319224213/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.8.3 |date=19 March 2022}}; [[Plutarch]], ''Moralia - How the Young Man Should Study Poetry'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_how_young_man_should_study_poetry/1927/pb_LCL197.171.xml 12]</ref>

In Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'' Agamemnon makes an appearance in the kingdom of Hades after his death. There, the former king meets Odysseus and explains just how he was murdered before he offers Odysseus a warning about the dangers of trusting a woman.<ref>Homer, ''[[Odyssey]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.361-11.403 11.385–465] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319224259/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.361-11.403 |date=19 March 2022}}.</ref>

Agamemnon is a character in [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Troilus and Cressida]]'', set during the Trojan War.

In [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'', the House of Atreides trace themselves back to the House of Atreus. At a key point in [[Children of Dune]], Alia Atreides, in a struggle with her ancestral memories, hears Agamemnon shouting "I, your ancestor Agamemnon, demand audience!"

== In media and art ==
=== Visual arts ===
==== General works ====
* The ''[[Mask of Agamemnon]]'', discovered by [[Heinrich Schliemann]] in 1876, on display at [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]
* ''[[c:File:The_Tomb_of_Agamemnon_MET_DP318879.jpg|The Tomb of Agamemnon]]'', by [[Louis Desprez]], 1787, on display at [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York
* ''[[c:File:Pierre-Narcisse_Guérin_-_Clytemnestra_and_Agamemnon_-_WGA10974.jpg|Clytemnestra and Agamemnon]]'', by [[Pierre-Narcisse Guérin]], 1817, on display at the [[Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Orléans]]
* ''[[c:File:1869_Frederic_Leighton_-_Electra_at_the_Tomb_of_Agamemnon.jpg|Electra at the Tomb of Agamemnon]]'', by [[Frederic Leighton]], 1868, on display at [[Ferens Art Gallery]], [[Kingston upon Hull]]
* ''[[c:File:Agamemnon_killing_Odios_MET_DP822145.jpg|Agamemnon Killing Odios]]'', anonymous, 1545, on display at [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York

==== With Iphigenia ====
* ''[https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-A-4942 Sacrifice of Iphigenia]'', by [[Arnold Houbraken]], 1690–1700, on display at the [[Rijksmuseum]], Amsterdam
* ''[[c:Category:Charles de La Fosse - Le sacrifice d'Iphigénie - Versailles|The Sacrifice of Iphigenia]]'', by [[Charles de La Fosse]], 1680, on display at the [[Palace of Versailles]]
* ''[[c:File:The_Sacrifice_of_Iphigenia_MET_DP341859.jpg|The Sacrifice of Iphigenia]]'', by [[Gaetano Gandolfi]], 1789, on display at [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York
* ''[[c:File:Sacrificio_di_Ifigenia_(dipinto)_-_Testa.jpg|Sacrificio di Ifigenia]]'', by [[Pietro Testa]], 1640
* ''[[c:File:Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_The_Sacrifice_of_Iphigenia_-_WGA22333.jpg|The Sacrifice of Iphigenia]]'', by [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]], 1757, on display at the [[Villa Valmarana (Vigardolo)|Villa Varmarana]], Vicenza
* ''[[c:File:The_Sacrifice_of_Iphigenia_by_Jan_Havickszoon_Steen.jpg|Sacrifice of Iphigenia]]'', by [[Jan Steen]], 1671, on display at the [[Thomas Kaplan|Leiden Collection]], New York
* ''[[c:File:Bourdon,_Sébastien_-_Le_Sacrifice_d'Iphigénie_-_1653.jpg|The Sacrifice of Iphigenia]]'', by [[Sébastien Bourdon|Sebastian Bourdon]], 1653, on display at the [[Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Orléans]]

==== With Achilles ====
* ''[http://mudo.oise.fr/collections/details/giovanni-battista-gaulli-dit-il-baciccio-la-querelle-dachille-et-dagamemnon/ The Quarrel Between Agamemnon and Achilles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205211505/https://mudo.oise.fr/collections/details/giovanni-battista-gaulli-dit-il-baciccio-la-querelle-dachille-et-dagamemnon/ |date=5 December 2022 }}'', by [[Giovanni Battista Gaulli]], 1695, on display at the [[Musée départemental de l'Oise]], Beauvais
* ''[[The Anger of Achilles]]'', by [[Jacques-Louis David]], 1819, on display at [[Kimbell Art Museum]], Fort Worth
* ''[[c:File:Michel_Martin_Drolling_-_La_colère_d'Achille.jpg|The Wrath of Achilles]]'', by [[Michel Martin Drolling]], 1810, on display at the [[École des Beaux-Arts]], Paris
* ''[[c:File:William_Page_-_Quarrel_of_Achilles_and_Agamemnon_-_1984.153.1_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg|Quarrel of Achilles and Agamemnon]]'', by [[William Page (painter)|William Page]], on display at the [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]], Washington, D.C.

{{Gallery|
|title=Agamemnon in art | mode = packed-hover
|width=190 | height=200 |noborder=yes
|align=center
|File:Murder of agamemnon.jpg | ''Clytemnestra and Agamemnon'' by [[Pierre-Narcisse Guérin]]
|File:Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_The_Sacrifice_of_Iphigenia_-_WGA22333.jpg|''The Sacrifice of Iphigenia'' by [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]]
|File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Anger_of_Achilles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|''The Anger of Achilles'' by [[Jacques-Louis David]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[HMS Agamemnon|HMS ''Agamemnon'']]
* [[National Archaeological Museum of Athens]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* Aeschylus, ''[[Oresteia|Agamemnon]]'' in ''Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes'', Vol. 2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1926, [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg005.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, [[Heinemann (publisher)|William Heinemann]], 1921, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Athenaeus, ''The Learned Banqueters, Volume VI: Books 12-13.594b'', edited and translated by S. Douglas Olson, [[Loeb Classical Library]], No. 345, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-674-99673-1}}, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL345/2011/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008a), ''Euripides Fragments: Aegeus{{ndash}}Meleanger'', [[Loeb Classical Library]], No. 504, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-674-99625-0}}, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL504/2008/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008b), ''Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 506, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-674-99631-1}}, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL506/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Dictys Cretensis]], ''The Trojan War - The Chronicles of Dictys of Crete and Dares the Phrygian'', translated by R. M. Frazer (Jr.), [[Indiana University Press]], 1966.
* Euripides, ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'', translated by E. P. Coleridge in ''The Complete Greek Drama'', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr, Volume 2, New York, [[Random House]], 1938, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg014.perseus-eng1:1-30 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Euripides, ''[[Iphigenia in Tauris]]'', translated by Robert Potter in ''The Complete Greek Drama'', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr, Volume 2, New York, [[Random House]], 1938, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0112 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Euripides, ''[[Orestes (play)|Orestes]]'', translated by E. P. Coleridge in ''The Complete Greek Drama'', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr, Volume 1, New York, [[Random House]], 1938, [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg016.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Timothy Gantz]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Grimal, Pierre; ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', [[Wiley-Blackwell]], 1996 {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}.
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', [[Taylor & Francis|Psychology Press]], 2004 {{ISBN|9780415186360}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes'', Cambridge, MA, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, [[Heinemann (publisher)|William Heinemann]], 1924, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes'', Cambridge, MA, [[Harvard University Press]], London, [[Heinemann (publisher)|William Heinemann]], 1919, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence, [[University Press of Kansas]], 1960, [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Glenn W. Most]], ''Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments'', [[Loeb Classical Library]], No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2007, 2018 {{ISBN|978-0-674-99721-9}}, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993 {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}.
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, [[Heinemann (publisher)|William Heinemann]], 1918, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Sophocles]], ''The Ajax of Sophocles - Edited with introduction and notes by Sir Richard Jebb'', [[Richard Claverhouse Jebb|Sir Richard Jebb]], Cambridge, [[Cambridge University Press]], 1893, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg003.perseus-eng1:1-35 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Agamemnon|volume=1|pages=363–364}}
{{refend}}

=== Primary sources ===
* [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]''
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Electra (Euripides)|Electra]]''
* [[Sophocles]], ''[[Electra (Sophocles)|Electra]]''
* [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''Agamemnon''
* [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Oresteia#The Libation Bearers|The Libation Bearers]]''
* [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' I, 28–31; XI, 385–464
* [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Agamemnon (play)|Agamemnon]]''
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''[[Epitome]]'', II, 15 – III, 22; VI, 23

== External links ==
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/Agamemnon/ Agamemnon] – [[World History Encyclopedia]]

{{Characters in the Iliad}}
{{Characters in the Odyssey}}
{{Iphigenia}}
{{Electra}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Achaean Leaders]]
[[Category:Agamemnon| ]]
[[Category:Deeds of Artemis]]
[[Category:Filicide in mythology]]
[[Category:Greek mythological heroes]]
[[Category:Kings of Mycenae]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Atreidai]]
[[Category:Characters in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Characters in the Odyssey]]
[[Category:LGBTQ themes in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Hubris myths]]