View source for African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights

{{Short description|International court}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2020}} 
{{Politics of the African Union mini|judiciary}}
The '''African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights''', also known simply as the '''African Court''',<ref>Charles Ohene-Amoh, [https://www.academia.edu/10016577/Assessing_the_African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples_Rights Assessing the African Court on Human and People’s Rights] University Of Education, Winneba</ref> is an [[international court]] established by [[member states of the African Union]] (AU) to implement provisions of the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]] (also known as the Banjul Charter). Seated in [[Arusha|Arusha, Tanzania]], it is the judicial arm of the AU and one of three regional human rights courts (together with the [[European Court of Human Rights]] and the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic Information|url=https://www.african-court.org/wpafc/basic-information/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights|language=en-US}}</ref>

The African Court was created pursuant to a protocol to the Banjul Charter adopted in 1998 in [[Burkina Faso]] by the [[Organization of African Unity]] (OAU), the predecessor of the AU. The protocol came into force on 25 January 2004, following ratification by more than 15 countries. The court's first judges were elected in 2006 and it issued its first judgment in 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rodríguez|first1=Juan Bautista Cartes|last2=Álvarez|first2=Laura Íñigo|date=2020|title=The case law of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights in Libya following the Arab uprisings: Lessons learned for the consolidation and legitimation of the Court|url=https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/62077/1/J.%20B%2C%20CARTES%20RODRI%CC%81GUEZ%20.pdf|journal=African Human Rights Law Journal|volume=20|issue=1|pages=1–25 |doi=10.17159/1996-2096/2020/v20n1a3|s2cid=226694771|doi-access=free}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The African Court's mandate is to complement and reinforce the functions of the [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]], a quasi-judicial body that monitors implementation of the charter and recommends cases to the court.<ref>Kate Stone, African Court of Human and People's Rights (Advocates for International Development, February 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235445/http://www.a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/African%20Court%20of%20Human%20and%20People's%20Rights.pdf Legal Guide (2012)]</ref> It has jurisdiction over all cases and disputes submitted to it concerning the interpretation and application of the Banjul Charter, the protocol to the charter, and any other applicable human rights instrument. The court can issue advisory opinions on legal matters and adjudicate contentious cases.

The court is composed of eleven judges nominated by member states of the AU and elected by the latter's Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Judges serve six-year terms and may only be re-elected once. The president of the court resides and works full-time in Arusha, while the other ten judges work on a part-time basis. Registry, managerial, and administrative functions are executed by a registrar.

Thirty-four African countries have ratified the protocol establishing the African Court, of which only nine have made a special declaration allowing individuals and NGOs to submit cases directly to the court: Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda, Tanzania, Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, Tunisia, and the Gambia;<ref name="http://www.african-court.org 257">[http://www.african-court.org/en/index.php/news/press-releases/item/257-the-gambia-becomes-the-ninth-country-to-allow-ngos-and-individuals-to-access-the-african-court-directly The Gambia becomes the ninth country to allow NGOs and individuals to access the African Court directly]</ref> otherwise, cases must be submitted to the African Commission, which then determines whether to refer it to the court.

As of September 2021, the African Court has delivered 259 decisions, including 131 judgments and 128 orders, and has 217 pending cases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Court Cases {{!}} Statistic|url=https://www.african-court.org/cpmt/statistic|access-date=2021-09-10|website=www.african-court.org}}</ref>

==Members==
[[File:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights.png|thumb|Members of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights.<br>Burgundy – fully recognize the competence of the court<br>Pink – other states that have ratified the protocol]]
As of January 2019, nine state parties to the protocol have made a declaration recognizing the competence of the Court to receive cases from non-government organizations (NGOs) and individuals. The nine states are Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Gambia and Tunisia.<ref name="http://www.african-court.org 257"/> Altogether, 34 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Niger, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zambia.<ref name="AU-LIST">{{cite web |last1=African Union |title=LIST OF COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE SIGNED, RATIFIED/ACCEDED TO THE PROTOCOL TO THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES'RIGHTS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36393-sl-PROTOCOL_TO_THE_AFRICAN_CHARTER_ON_HUMAN_AND_PEOPLESRIGHTS_ON_THE_ESTABLISHMENT_OF_AN_AFRICAN_COURT_ON_HUMAN_AND_PEOPLES_RIGHTS_0.pdf |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>

Côte d'Ivoire announced that it was withdrawing from the court in April 2020, after the tribunal ordered the government to suspend an arrest warrant for [[Guillaume Soro]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ivory Coast Withdraws From African Human Rights Court |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/onweb/ivory-coast-withdraws-from-african-human-rights-court |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200430183514/https://www.bloombergquint.com/onweb/ivory-coast-withdraws-from-african-human-rights-court |archive-date=April 30, 2020 |first1=Leanne |last1=de Bassompierre |first2=Baudelaire |last2=Mieu |date=April 29, 2020 |quote=Ivory Coast withdrew from the African Human Rights and Peoples Court, a week after the tribunal ordered the West African nation to suspend an arrest warrant against presidential hopeful Guillaume Soro, who on Tuesday was sentenced to 20 years in jail.}}</ref>

==Mission==
The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights was established to complement and reinforce the functions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Commission – often referred to as the Banjul Commission), which is a quasi-judicial body charged with monitoring the implementation of the Charter.

==Mandate==
The mission of the Court is to enhance the protective mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights by strengthening the human rights protection system in Africa and ensuring respect for and compliance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as other international human rights instruments, through judicial decisions.

==Vision==
The vision of the Court is an Africa with a viable human rights culture.

==Core values==
* Judicial independence from any partisanship, bias, influence, whether it comes from States, NGOs, funding agencies, or individuals.
* Fair and impartial application and interpretation of the provisions of the African Charter, the Protocol, the Rules, and other relevant international human rights instruments.
* Transparent and ethical accountability in the operations of the Court.
* Fundamental rights of every individual to enjoy basic civil, political, social, economic, and cultural rights are upheld.
* Collaboration with relevant stakeholders in pursuance of the Court's objective of protecting human and peoples' rights.
* Non-discrimination and equality in performance of the work of the Court.
* Integrity of the Judges and staff working at the Court.
* Provide equal access to all potential users of the Court.
* Be responsive to the needs of those who approach the Court.

==Strategic objectives==
* Exercise jurisdiction in all cases and disputes brought before it concerning the interpretation and application of the Charter, the protocol and any other relevant instrument relating to human rights ratified by the States concerned;
* Collaborate with sub-regional and national judicial bodies to enhance the protection of human rights on the continent;
* To enhance the participation of the African people in the work of the Court;
* To enhance the capacity of the Registry of the Court to be able to fulfill its mandate; and
* To enhance working relationship between the Court and the African Commission.

==Election of judges==
On January 22, 2006, the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union elected the first eleven [[Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights]].

Judges are normally elected for six-year terms and can be re-elected once. The President and Vice-President are elected to two-year terms and can be re-elected once.

The Court had its First Ordinary Session from July 2–5, 2006, in Banjul, the Gambia.

==Location==
Tanzania is the Court's host state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Host Agreement Between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the African Union on the Seat of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights in Arusha, Tanzania|url=https://www.african-court.org/wpafc/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/3-HOST-AGREEMENT-TANZANIA-AND-AU.pdf|access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> The Court's temporary premises are located in [[Arusha, Tanzania]], at the Phase II of the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Conservation Centre Complex along Dodoma Road. The plans for Tanzania to build permanent premises for the Court have experienced repeated delays, and the Court has stressed the necessity of purpose-built premises for it to properly carry out its work.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Silva|first=Nicole|date=2018|title=African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3314940|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3314940}}</ref>

==Jurisdiction==

The Court has jurisdiction to determine applications against state parties of the Court Protocol. To date, 34 states (listed above) have ratified the protocol.<ref name="http://www.african-court.org 44">[http://en.african-court.org/index.php/news/press-releases/item/41-cameroon-becomes-29th-au-member-state-to-ratify-protocol-on-establishment-of-the-african-court Cameroon ratifies the Protocol]</ref>

An application against these states may be made by the [[African Commission]] or African inter-governmental organisations.

Where a state has made a declaration accepting the right of individual application under Article 34(6) of the Court's Protocol, an individual or NGO with observer status before the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights may make an application. As it stands, 9 states have made the declaration: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Tanzania, Tunisia, and The Gambia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights|url=https://www.african-court.org/en/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.african-court.org}}</ref> Rwanda made a declaration in 2013 but withdrew it in 2016, and Tanzania gave notice that it was withdrawing its declaration (which will take effect a year later) in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=De Silva|first=Nicole|date=2019-12-16|title=Individual and NGO Access to the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights: The Latest Blow from Tanzania|url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/individual-and-ngo-access-to-the-african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights-the-latest-blow-from-tanzania/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=EJIL: Talk!|language=en}}</ref>

==Judgments==
On December 15, 2009, the Court delivered its first judgment, finding an application against Senegal inadmissible.<ref>[http://www.african-court.org/fileadmin/documents/Court/Latest_Judgments/English/JUDGMENT._MICHELOT_YOGOGOMBAYE_VS._REPUBLIC_OF_SENEGAL_1_.pdf Judgment in the matter of Michelot Yogogombaye versus the Republic of Senegal], 15 December 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215144307/http://www.african-court.org/fileadmin/documents/Court/Latest_Judgments/English/JUDGMENT._MICHELOT_YOGOGOMBAYE_VS._REPUBLIC_OF_SENEGAL_1_.pdf |date=December 15, 2010 }}</ref>

The court's first judgment on the merits of a case was issued on June 14, 2013, in a case involving Tanzania. It found Tanzania had violated its citizens' rights to freely participate in government directly or through representatives regardless of their party affiliation, and ordered Tanzania to take constitutional, legislative, and all other measures necessary to remedy these violations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.african-court.org/en/index.php/2012-03-04-06-06-00/all-cases-and-decisions/2-home/161-applications-no-009-12-joint-case|title=36. App. No. 032/2015 – Kijiji Isiaga v. United Republic of Tanzania|website=www.african-court.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurist.org/forum/2013/07/roland-adjovi-tanzanian-candidates.php|title=Tanzania's Constitution Violates the Rights of Political Candidates|website=jurist.org|date=July 2013 }}</ref>

On March 28, 2014, the court ruled against Burkina Faso, in a case brought by the family of Norbert Zongo, a newspaper editor who was murdered in 1998. The court found that Burkina Faso had failed to properly investigate the murder, and had failed in its obligations to protect journalists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.african-court.org/en/index.php/about-the-court/brief-history/22-recient-judgements/439-application-no-013-2011 |title=Application No 013/2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080534/http://www.african-court.org/en/index.php/about-the-court/brief-history/22-recient-judgements/439-application-no-013-2011 |archive-date=2014-04-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/killing-norbert-zongo-african-court-stresses-state-obligation-protect-journalists|title=The Killing of Norbert Zongo: African Court Stresses State Obligation to Protect Journalists|website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref>

On June 23, 2022, the court ruled that the Kenyan government must pay the evicted and displaced [[Okiek people]] 157,850,000 shillings for decades of material and moral damages, recognize their indigeneity and help get them official titles to their ancestral lands.<ref>[https://grist.org/indigenous/indigenous-ogiek-win-landmark-reparations-ruling-from-african-court/ "Indigenous Ogiek win ‘landmark’ reparations ruling from African Court", by Joseph Lee, Grist.com]</ref>

==Composition==
{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
! Name !! State !! Position !! Elected !! Term ends
|-
|Justice [[Ben Kioko]]|| {{flag|Kenya}} || Vice President || 2012* || 2024
|-
|Justice [[Rafââ Ben Achour]]|| {{flag|Tunisia}} || Judge || 2014* || 2026
|-
|Justice [[Ntyam Mengue]]|| {{flag|Cameroon}} || Judge || 2016* || 2028
|-
|Justice [[Tujilane Chizumila]]|| {{flag|Malawi}} || Judge || 2017* || 2028
|-
|Justice [[Bensaoula Chafika]]|| {{flag|Algeria}} || Judge || 2017* || 2028
|-
|Justice [[Blaise Tchikaya]]|| {{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}} || Vice President || 2018 || 2024
|-
|Justice [[Stella Isibhakhomen Anukam]] || {{flag|Nigeria}} || Judge || 2018 || 2024
|-
|Justice [[Imani Daud Aboud]] || {{flag|Tanzania}} || President || 2018 || 2024
|-
|Justice Dumisa Ntsebeza
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|Judge
|2021
|2027
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates elected for a second term.

==Former judges==
{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
! Name !! State !! Position !! Elected !! Term ended  
|-
|Justice [[George W. Kanyeihamba]] ||{{flag|Uganda}} || Judge || 2006 || 2008
|-
|Justice [[Jean Emile Somda]] || {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || Judge || 2006 || 2008
|-
|Justice [[Githu Muigai]] || {{flag|Kenya}} || Judge || 2008 || 2010
|-
|Justice [[Hamdi Faraj Fannoush]] || {{flag|Libya}} || Judge || 2006 || 2010
|-
|Justice [[Kellelo Justina Mafoso-Guni]] || {{flag|Lesotho}} || Judge || 2006 || 2010
|-
|Justice [[Sophia A.B. Akuffo]]
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|President
|2012
|2014
|-
|Justice [[Jean Mutsinzi]]
|{{flag|Rwanda}}
|President
|2008
|2010
|-
|Justice [[Gerard Niyungeko]] 
| {{flag|Burundi}} 
|President 
|2006 
|2012
|-
|Justice [[Bernard Ngoepe]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|Judge
|2006
|2014
|-
|Justice [[Joseph Nyamihana Mulenga]]
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|Judge
|2008
|2014
|-
|Justice [[Fatsah Ouguergouz]] || {{flag|Algeria}} || Judge || 2006 || 2016
|-
|Justice [[Duncan Tambala]]||{{flag|Malawi}} || Judge ||  2010 || 2016
|- 
|Justice [[Augustino Ramadhani|Augustino S. L. Ramadhani]] || {{flag|Tanzania}}  || Judge || 2010 || 2016
|- 
|Justice [[Elsie Nwanwuri Thompson]]||{{flag|Nigeria}} || Vice-President ||  2010 || 2016
|-
|Justice [[El Hadji Guissé]]
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|Judge
|2012
|2018
|-
|Justice [[Solome Bossa|Solome Balungi Bossa]]
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|Judge
|2014
|2020
|-
|Justice [[Sylvain Ore]]
|{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}
|President
|2014
|2020
|-
|Justice [[Angelo Vasco Matusse]]
|{{flag|Mozambique}}
|Judge
|2014
|2020
|-
|Justice [[Marie Thérèse Mukamulisa]]
|{{flag|Rwanda}}
|Judge
|2016
|2022
|-
|}

==Planned merger with the African Court of Justice==
On July 1, 2008, at the African Union Summit in [[Sharm El Sheikh]], [[Egypt]], Heads of State and Government signed a protocol<ref>[http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/PROTOCOL_STATUTE_AFRICAN_COURT_JUSTICE_AND_HUMAN_RIGHTS.pdf Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605075603/http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/PROTOCOL_STATUTE_AFRICAN_COURT_JUSTICE_AND_HUMAN_RIGHTS.pdf |date=June 5, 2015 }}, 1 July 2008.</ref> on the merger of the AfCHPR with the still non-existent [[African Court of Justice]] following a decision by member states at a June 2004 African Union Summit. As of 18 June 2020, only eight countries have ratified the protocol out of 15 needed for its entry into force.<ref>[https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/7792-sl-protocol_on_the_statute_of_the_african_court_of_justice_and_human_rights.pdf Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, Status list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202102843/https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/7792-sl-protocol_on_the_statute_of_the_african_court_of_justice_and_human_rights.pdf |date=2017-12-02 }} Accessed 2019-03-07.</ref> The new court would be known as the [[African Court of Justice and Human Rights]].

==See also==
* [[European Court of Human Rights]] – regional court originally established in 1950
* [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] – regional court established in 1979
* [[Linguistic rights]]
* [[List of Linguistic Rights in Constitutions (Africa)|List of Linguistic Rights in Constitutions]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Faix |first1=Martin |last2=Jamali |first2=Ayyoub |title=Is the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights in an Existential Crisis? |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |date=2022 |volume=40 |pages=56–74 |doi=10.1177/09240519211072424|s2cid=245943959 }}
* J. B. Cartes-Rodríguez (2024), "''The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights''", UPNA, Navarra, 264 pp. [https://tienda.unavarra.es/index.php?id_product=493&rewrite=the-african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights&controller=product]

==External links==
*[http://www.african-court.org Official website of the African Court on Human and People's Rights]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120611083224/http://www.african-court.org/en/index.php/about-the-court/jurisdiction-3/judges Biographies of AfCHPR Judges]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070804181409/http://www.aict-ctia.org/courts_conti/achpr/achpr_home.html African International Courts and Tribunals website]
*[https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights-establishment-african-court-human-and Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights]
*[https://minorityrights.org/publications/african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights-ten-years-on-and-still-no-justice-september-2008/ African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights: Ten years on and still no justice] (2008), London, Minority Rights Group
*[http://www.africancourtcoalition.org/ Coalition for an Effective African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights]
*[https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/10/issue/24/african-court-human-and-peoples-rights The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, American Society of International Law, ASIL Insight, September 19, 2006, Volume 10, Issue 24]
*[http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Viljoen_CT.html "The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights: An Introduction"], a lecture by Mr. Frans Viljoen, Professor of International Human Rights Law at the [[University of Pretoria]], in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]
{{African Union}}
{{International human rights organizations}}

[[Category:Organs of the African Union]]
[[Category:International courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental human rights organizations]]
[[Category:Arusha]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Human rights courts]]
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 2004]]