View source for Advanced Mobile Phone System

{{short description|Analog mobile phone system standard}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2010}}

[[File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg|thumb|[[Motorola DynaTAC]] 8000X [[TACS]] mobile phone]]
'''Advanced Mobile Phone System''' ('''AMPS''') was an [[analog mobile phone]] system standard originally developed by [[Bell Labs]] and later modified in a cooperative effort between Bell Labs and [[Motorola]]. It was officially introduced in the Americas on October 13, 1983,<ref name="Testing the First Cell Phone Network">{{cite web|author=AT&T Tech Channel |url=http://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2011/6/13/AT&T-Archives-AMPS:-coming-of-age |title=AT&T Archives : Testing the First Public Cell Phone Network |publisher=Techchannel.att.com |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=September 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194138/http://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2011/6/13/AT%26T-Archives-AMPS%3A-coming-of-age |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="PrivateLine">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120610001231/http://www.privateline.com/dailynotes/index13.html Private Line]}}</ref><ref name = "MilestonesPast">[http://www.milestonespast.com/exbringing.htm MilestonesPast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006011650/http://www.milestonespast.com/exbringing.htm |date=October 6, 2011 }}</ref> and was deployed in many other countries too, including Israel in 1986, Australia in 1987, Singapore in 1988, and Pakistan in 1990.<ref name="Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.amta.org.au/default.asp?Page=142 |title=Ten years of GSM in Australia |access-date=August 16, 2008 |work=AMTA |publisher=Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association |year=2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720110058/http://www.amta.org.au/default.asp?Page=142 |archive-date=July 20, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. As of February 18, 2008, carriers in the United States were no longer required to support AMPS and companies such as [[AT&T]] and [[Verizon Communications]] have discontinued this service permanently. AMPS was discontinued in Australia in September 2000, in India by October 2004,<ref name="Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pta.gov.pk/index.php/en?Itemid=1&cur_t=vtext&id=237&option=com_content&scid=146|title=Home &#124; PTA|website=pta.gov.pk}}</ref> in Israel by January 2010, and Brazil by 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/tecnologia/noticia/2010/07/celulares-analogicos-estao-extintos-no-brasil-diz-anatel.html|title=Celulares analógicos estão extintos no Brasil, diz Anatel|first=Agencia|last=Estado|date=July 16, 2010|website=Tecnologia e Games}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|History of mobile phones}}
{{external media
| float  = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6X_1PcR_gs Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)] (YouTube: AT&T Archives) 1978 Bell Labs film explaining the technology behind AMPS.
}}
The first cellular network efforts began at [[Bell Labs]] and with research conducted at [[Motorola]].
In 1960, [[John Francis Mitchell|John F. Mitchell]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography |title=John F. Mitchell Biography |publisher=Brophy.net |date=August 7, 2012 |access-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223150703/http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052435/http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |title=The Top Giants in Telephony |publisher=Historyofthecellphone.com |date=June 11, 2009 |access-date=September 28, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography#CELLPHONEINVENTOR |title=Who invented the cell phone? |publisher=Brophy.net |date=August 7, 2012 |access-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223150703/http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography#CELLPHONEINVENTOR |url-status=dead }}</ref>
became Motorola's chief engineer for its mobile-communication products, and oversaw the development and marketing of the first [[pager]] to use transistors.

Motorola had long produced [[Radiotelephone|mobile telephone]]s for automobiles, but these large and heavy models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile's engine running. Mitchell's team, which included [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Dr. Martin Cooper]], developed portable cellular telephony. Cooper and Mitchell were among the Motorola employees granted a patent for this work in 1973.  The first call on the prototype connected, reportedly, to a wrong number.<ref>
Motorola Executive Helped Spur Cellular Revolution, Oversaw Ill-fated Iridium Project, ''The Wall Street Journal'', Remembrances, June 20–21, 2009, p. A10
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2009/06/17/john-f-mitchell-1928-2009/ |title=John F. Mitchell, 1928–2009: Was president of Motorola from 1980 to '95 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |first=Clare |last=Lane |date=June 17, 2009 |access-date=December 5, 2011}}
</ref>

While Motorola was developing a cellular phone, from 1968 to 1983 Bell Labs worked out a system called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), which became the first cellular network standard in the United States.  The Bell system deployed ASTM in Chicago, Illinois, first as an equipment test serving approximately 100 units in 1978, and subsequently as a service test planned for 2,000 billed units.<ref>{{ Citation | last = Huff | first = D. L. | date = January 1979 | title = Advanced Mobile Phone Service: The Developmental System | journal = Bell System Technical Journal | volume = 58 | issue = 1  | pages = 249-269 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1979.tb02218.x | accessdate = 13 Nov 2024 }} </ref>  Motorola and others designed and built the cellular phones for this and other cellular systems. Louis M. Weinberg, a marketing director at AT&T, was named the first president of the AMPS corporation. He served in this position during the startup of the AMPS subsidiary of AT&T.

[[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, led a team that produced the first cellular handset in 1973 and made the first phone call from it. In 1983 Motorola introduced the [[Motorola DynaTAC|DynaTAC 8000x]], the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried. He later introduced the so-called [[Motorola Bag Phone|Bag Phone]].

In 1992, the first [[smartphone]], called [[IBM Simon]], used AMPS.  [[Frank J. Canova|Frank Canova]] led its design at [[IBM]] and it was demonstrated that year at the [[COMDEX]] computer-industry trade-show.  A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by [[BellSouth]] under the name [[IBM Simon|Simon Personal Communicator]].  The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though that term was not yet coined.<ref name=bus_week_2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701034025/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 1, 2012 |title=Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone |last=Sager |first=Ira |date=June 29, 2012 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |publisher=Bloomberg L.P |access-date=June 30, 2012 |quote=Simon was the first smartphone. Twenty years ago, it envisioned our app-happy mobile lives, squeezing the features of a cell phone, pager, fax machine, and computer into an 18-ounce black brick.}}</ref><ref name=schneidawind>{{cite news |last=Schneidawind |first=John |title=Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs; Big Blue unveiling |date=November 23, 1992 |newspaper=USA Today |page=2B}}</ref>

== Technology ==
AMPS is a first-generation [[Cellular network|cellular]] technology that uses [[frequency-division multiple access|separate frequencies]], or "channels", for each conversation. It therefore required considerable [[bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] for a large number of users. In general terms, AMPS was very similar to the older "0G" [[Improved Mobile Telephone Service]] it replaced, but used considerably more computing power to select frequencies, hand off conversations to [[PSTN|land lines]], and handle billing and call setup.

What really separated AMPS from older systems is the "back end" call setup functionality. In AMPS, the cell centers could flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength, allowing the same frequency to be re-used, without interference, if locations were separated enough. The channels were grouped so a specific set was different of the one used on the cell nearby. This allowed a larger number of phones to be supported over a geographical area. AMPS pioneers coined the term "cellular" because of its use of small hexagonal "cells" within a system.<ref name="bell_young">{{ Citation | last = Young | first = W. Rae | date = January 1979 | title = Advanced Mobile Phone Service: Introduction, Background, and Objectives | journal = Bell System Technical Journal | volume = 58 | issue = 1  | pages = 1-14 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1979.tb02208.x }} (Note: Young was the Bell Labs engineer who invented the hexagonal cell concept.)</ref><ref name="fluhr_porter">{{ Citation | last = Fluhr | first = Z. C.  | last2 = Porter | first2 = P. T. | date = January 1979 | title = Advanced Mobile Phone Service: Introduction, Background, and Objectives | journal = Bell System Technical Journal | volume = 58 | issue = 1  | pages = 43-69 | url =https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1979.tb02210.x }} ''(Note: Porter was the Bell Labs engineer who proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in 3 directions into 3 adjacent hexagon cells.)''</ref>

AMPS suffered from many weaknesses compared to today's digital technologies. As an analog standard, it was susceptible to static and noise, and there was no protection from 'eavesdropping' using a [[Scanner (radio)|scanner]] or an older TV set that could tune into channels 70–83.<ref>{{cite web |title=Analog Cellphone Calls on UHF Channels of a TV | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsEgUA4z_SM}}</ref>

==Cloning==
[[File:2007Computex e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]] of Motorola in 2007, reenacting the first private handheld mobile-phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973.]]
In the 1990s, an epidemic of "cloning" cost the cellular carriers millions of dollars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Malley |first1=Kathy |title=COSTLY CELLULAR PHONE FRAUD RISES WITH NUMBER 'CLONING' |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1995-03-19-9503190163-story.html |access-date=June 18, 2019 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=March 19, 1995}}</ref> An eavesdropper with specialized equipment could intercept a handset's [[Electronic Serial Number|ESN]] (Electronic Serial Number) and MDN or CTN (Mobile Directory Number or Cellular Telephone Number). The Electronic Serial Number, a 12-digit number sent by the handset to the cellular system for billing purposes, uniquely identified that phone on the network. The system then allowed or disallowed calls and/or features based on its customer file. A person intercepting an ESN/MDN pair could clone the combination onto a different phone and use it in other areas for making calls without paying.

Cellular [[phone cloning]] became possible with off-the-shelf technology in the 1990s. Would-be cloners required three key items :

# A radio receiver, such as the Icom PCR-1000, that could tune into the Reverse Channel (the frequency on which AMPS phones transmit data to the tower)
# A PC with a sound card and a software program called Banpaia
# A phone that could easily be used for cloning, such as the Oki 900

The radio, when tuned to the proper frequency, would receive the signal transmitted by the cell phone to be cloned, containing the phone's ESN/MDN pair. This signal would feed into the sound-card audio-input of the PC, and Banpaia would decode the ESN/MDN pair from this signal and display it on the screen. The hacker could then copy that data into the Oki 900 phone and reboot it, after which the phone network could not distinguish the Oki from the original phone whose signal had been received. This gave the cloner, through the Oki phone, the ability to use the mobile-phone service of the legitimate subscriber whose phone was cloned – just as if that phone had been physically stolen, except that the subscriber retained his or her phone, unaware that the phone had been cloned—at least until that subscriber received his or her next bill.

The problem became so large that some carriers required the use of a [[Personal identification number|PIN]] before making calls. Eventually, the cellular companies initiated a system called RF Fingerprinting, whereby it could determine subtle differences in the signal of one phone from another and shut down some cloned phones. Some legitimate customers had problems with this though if they made certain changes to their own phone, such as replacing the battery and/or antenna.

The Oki 900 could listen in to AMPS phone-calls right out-of-the-box with no hardware modifications.<ref>Takedown, {{ISBN|0786862106}}, Tsutomu Shimomura John Markoff – Shimomura describes demonstrating a shrink-wrapped the Oki 900 during courtroom testimony</ref>

==Standards==
AMPS was originally standardized by [[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI) as EIA/TIA/IS-3. EIA/TIA/IS-3 was superseded by EIA/TIA-553 and TIA interim standard with digital technologies, the cost of wireless service is so low that the problem of cloning <!-- in this what was meant, that cloning was the 'problem'? --> has virtually disappeared.

==Frequency bands==
AMPS cellular service operated in the 850 [[MHz]] [[Cellular frequencies|Cellular]] band. For each market area, the United States [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) allowed two licensees (networks) known as "A" and "B" carriers. Each carrier within a market used a specified "block" of frequencies consisting of 21 control channels and 395 voice channels. Originally, the B (wireline) side license was usually owned by the local phone company, and the A (non-wireline) license was given to wireless telephone providers.

At the inception of cellular in 1983, the FCC had granted each carrier within a market 333 channel pairs (666 channels total). By the late 1980s, the cellular industry's subscriber base had grown into the millions across America and it became necessary to add channels for additional capacity. In 1989, the FCC granted carriers an expansion from the previous 666 channels to the final 832 (416 pairs per carrier). The additional frequencies were from the band held in reserve for future (inevitable) expansion. These frequencies were immediately adjacent to the existing cellular band. These bands had previously been allocated to UHF TV channels 70–83.

Each duplex channel was composed of 2 [[frequency|frequencies]]. 416 of these were in the 824–849&nbsp;MHz range for transmissions from mobile stations to the base stations, paired with 416 frequencies in the 869–894&nbsp;MHz range for transmissions from base stations to the mobile stations. Each cell site used a different subset of these channels than its neighbors to avoid interference. This significantly reduced the number of channels available at each site in real-world systems. Each AMPS channel had a one way bandwidth of 30&nbsp;kHz, for a total of 60&nbsp;kHz for each duplex channel.

Laws were passed in the US which prohibited the FCC [[type acceptance]] and sale of any receiver which could tune the frequency ranges occupied by analog AMPS cellular services.{{why|date=August 2023}} Though the service is no longer offered, these laws remain in force (although they may no longer be enforced).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arrl.org/forum/topics/view/112 |work=Forum-General discussion about technology and policy |title=Why are cellular bands blocked on receivers? |publisher=Arrl.org |access-date=September 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>47cfr15.121 http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2010/octqtr/47cfr15.121.htm and http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm?job=service_home&id=cellular {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023132/http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm?job=service_home&id=cellular |date=October 26, 2011 }}</ref>

==Narrowband AMPS==
In 1991, Motorola proposed an AMPS enhancement known as narrowband AMPS (NAMPS or N-AMPS).<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/technology/mobile-telephone#ref1079049 Mobile telephone] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref>

==Digital AMPS==
{{main|Digital AMPS}}
Later, many AMPS networks were partially converted to [[D-AMPS]], often referred to as '''TDMA''' (though [[time-division multiple access|TDMA]] is a generic term that applies to many 2G cellular systems).  D-AMPS, commercially deployed since 1993,<ref>Anton A. Huurdeman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C&dq=d-amps+tia+history&pg=PA533 The Worldwide History of Telecommunications], John Wiley & Sons, 31 juli 2003, page 533</ref> was a [[Digital data|digital]], [[2G]] standard used mainly by [[AT&T Mobility]] and [[U.S. Cellular]] in the United States, [[Rogers Wireless]] in Canada, [[Telcel]] in Mexico, [[Telecom Italia Mobile]] (TIM) in Brazil, [[VimpelCom]] in Russia, [[Movilnet]] in Venezuela, and [[Cellcom (Israel)|Cellcom]] in Israel.  In most areas, D-AMPS is no longer offered and has been replaced by more advanced digital wireless networks.

==Successor technologies==
AMPS and D-AMPS have now been phased out in favor of either [[CDMA2000]] or [[GSM]], which allow for higher capacity data transfers for services such as [[Wireless Application Protocol|WAP]], [[Multimedia Messaging System]] (MMS), and wireless Internet access. There are some phones capable of supporting AMPS, D-AMPS and GSM all in one phone (using the [[GAIT (wireless)|GAIT]] standard).

==Analog AMPS being replaced by digital==
In 2002, the FCC decided to no longer require A and B carriers to support AMPS service as of February 18, 2008. All AMPS carriers have converted to a digital standard such as CDMA2000 or GSM. Digital technologies such as GSM and CDMA2000 support multiple voice calls on the same channel and offer enhanced features such as two-way text messaging and data services.

Unlike in the United States, the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) and [[Industry Canada]] have not set any requirement for maintaining AMPS service in Canada. [[Rogers Wireless]] has dismantled their AMPS (along with [[IS-136]]) network; the networks were shut down May 31, 2007. [[Bell Mobility]] and [[Telus Mobility]], who operated AMPS networks in Canada, announced that they would observe the same timetable as outlined by the FCC in the United States, and as a result would not begin to dismantle their AMPS networks until after February 2008.<ref name="sptnews">{{cite web|url=http://www.sptnews.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=238&Itemid=9 |title=SP&T News |publisher=Sptnews.ca |date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=September 28, 2013}}</ref>

[[OnStar]] relied heavily on North American AMPS service for its subscribers because, when the system was developed, AMPS offered the most comprehensive wireless coverage in the US. In 2006, [[ADT Security Services|ADT]] asked the FCC to extend the AMPS deadline due to many of their alarm systems still using analog technology to communicate with the control centers.<ref name="ITWorld">[http://wireless.itworld.com/4279/061004adt/page_1.html ITWorld] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016114055/http://wireless.itworld.com/4279/061004adt/page_1.html |date=October 16, 2006 }}</ref> Cellular companies who own an A or B license (such as Verizon and Alltel) were required to provide analog service until February 18, 2008. After that point, however, most cellular companies were eager to shut down AMPS and use the remaining channels for digital services. [[OnStar]] transitioned to digital service with the help of data transport technology developed by Airbiquity, but warned customers who could not be upgraded to digital service that their service would permanently expire on January 1, 2008.<ref name="OnStar">{{Cite web |title=Helpful Info {{!}} Analog-to-Digital Transition |url=http://www.onstar.com/us_english/jsp/explore/onstar_basics/helpful_info.jsp?info-view=tech_equip |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215630/http://www.onstar.com/us_english/jsp/explore/onstar_basics/helpful_info.jsp?info-view=tech_equip |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |website=OnStar}}</ref>

==Commercial deployments of AMPS by country==
{| class="wikitable"
!Country
!Main Cellular Operator
!Launch date
!End of service
!Notes
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|
|1983
|2008
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=To open or not to open a technological system: insights from the history of mobile phones and their application to 5G |url=https://media.crai.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/05145230/Insights-The-Economics-of-5G-article-6-Open-or-Closed-System-May2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809072232/https://media.crai.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/05145230/Insights-The-Economics-of-5G-article-6-Open-or-Closed-System-May2021.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=media.crai.com}}</ref>

* [[Verizon Wireless]]—Formerly operated an AMPS network. On February 18, 2008, Verizon discontinued all AMPS service. Initially migrated to [[CDMA2000]], but now operates on [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] and [[5G]].
* [[U.S. Cellular]]—Formerly operated an AMPS & D-AMPS network. On February 10, 2009, U.S. Cellular discontinued all AMPS & D-AMPS service. Initially migrated to CDMA2000, but now operates on LTE and 5G.
*[[Alltel]]—In 2005 disclosed that only 15% of their total customer base are still using the existing analog network. The company has posted a three-phase turn down schedule,<ref>"[http://www.alltel.com/wps/wcm/connect/Personal/home/p/customerservice/annoucements/announcements_analog_sunset_p.html/ Analog Sunset] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227084522/http://www.alltel.com/wps/wcm/connect/Personal/home/p/customerservice/annoucements/announcements_analog_sunset_p.html/|date=December 27, 2007}}" alltel.com</ref> which was completed in September 2008. With the acquisition of Western Wireless, Alltel now took the claim of the "largest network in America." The claim was true, oddly enough because of wide analog coverage in rural areas. All Alltel AMPS and D-AMPS service was discontinued in September 2008
* Coastel Offshore Cellular—Operated an AMPS network in the Gulf of Mexico that stretched from south of Corpus Christi, TX to south of Gulf Shores, AL. In 2006 Coastel was the only carrier in the US whose entire customer base was still 100% analog based. In 2007 Coastel was merged with Petrocom and SOLA Communications to form [[Broadpoint]] Inc. and the network was converted to [[GSM]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadpointinc.com/aboutus.htm |title= Broadpoint|website=www.broadpointinc.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230135248/http://www.broadpointinc.com/aboutus.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2007}}</ref>
* [[AT&T Mobility]] – In areas where AT&T Mobility previously had D-AMPS operating on [[Personal Communications Service|1900&nbsp;MHz frequencies]], no analog AMPS network existed, and the D-AMPS network on the 1900&nbsp;MHz frequency was shut down on July 15, 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AT&T shutting down TDMA network |url=https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/at-t-shutting-down-tdma-network |date=June 22, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref> Service on the remaining 850&nbsp;MHz AMPS markets was discontinued along with 850&nbsp;MHz D-AMPS service on February 18, 2008, except in areas where service was provided by [[Dobson Communications]]. The Dobson AMPS and TDMA networks were shut down on March 1, 2008.
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|
|1984
|
|<ref name=":1" />

* [[Bell Mobility]] and [[Telus Mobility]] operated AMPS networks in Canada, though they have since been overlaid with digital services. Both Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility had announced that they would observe the same shutdown guidelines as in the United States, and decommissioned their AMPS networks in 2008.<ref name="sptnews" />
* [[Rogers Wireless]]—operated an AMPS network in Canada, though it has since been overlaid with digital services. Rogers discontinued its AMPS network on May 31, 2007.<ref name="Rogers AMPS Shut Down">{{cite web |title=Majority of Rogers' Remaining TDMA and Analogue Subscribers Already Moved to GSM |url=https://about.rogers.com/news-ideas/majority-of-rogers-remaining-tdma-and-analogue-subscribers-already-moved-to-gsm/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Rogers|date=May 3, 2007 }}</ref>
* [[SaskTel]] – operated an AMPS network in [[Saskatchewan]], Canada. It was the third-largest AMPS network, by subscribers, in the world at the time of its turndown.<ref>{{cite web |author=GSMA Intelligence |date=May 16, 2013 |title=GSMA Intelligence |url=https://www.wirelessintelligence.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530190902/https://wirelessintelligence.com/ |archive-date=May 30, 2013 |access-date=September 28, 2013 |publisher=Wirelessintelligence.com}}</ref> It was officially shutdown site by site starting at 00:00 on January 2, 2010, after twenty-one years of service. [[SaskTel]] continues to run UMTS networks.
|-
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|
|1984
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|
|1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=CELLULAR TELEPHONE BUSINESS SLUMPING; MARKET COMPETITION UP. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/CELLULAR+TELEPHONE+BUSINESS+SLUMPING;+MARKET+COMPETITION+UP.-a053378770 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref>
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 June 1993 |title=Global Competitiveness of U.S. Advanced-Technology Industries: Cellular Communications |url=https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub2646.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=United States International Trade Commission}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|
|1986
|2000 <ref>{{cite web |last1=Dickerson |first1=Mathew |title=Australia's mobile phone network has come a long way |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6857507/cheers-to-more-than-30-years-for-our-mobile-phone-network/ |website=Canberra Times |access-date=2022-11-15}}</ref>
|<ref name=":1" />
[[Telstra]] (formerly Telecom Australia) – operated an AMPS network in Australia from February 1987 until the end of 2000. As part of the introduction of mobile phone competition in Australia, the Australian government mandated GSM as the new standard for mobile networks, and required that Telstra close the AMPS network by 2000. However, GSM base stations could only serve a limited area. While this was OK for Europe, it meant that GSM could not cover large, sparsely populated rural areas of Australia cost effectively. Telstra deployed a CDMA network, which did not suffer this limitation, and while the AMPS network was closed down at the end of 1999 in the major cities, the closure deadline was extended until the end of 2000 in rural areas to ease the transition to CDMA. The CDMA network has since been replaced by an 850&nbsp;MHz UMTS network, [[Next G]].
|-
|{{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}
|
|1986
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|
|1986
|
|<ref name=":1" />[[Pelephone]] – began offering nationwide AMPS service in Israel in 1986. In the mid-1990s it converted to CDMA (IS-95 and later EV-DO) and in the mid-2000s converted to UMTS.
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|
|1991-1992
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Cayman Islands}}
|
|1987
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Bermuda}}
|
|1987
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|
|1987
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|
|1987
|
|<ref name=":1" />[[Singtel]] (previously known as Telecommunications Equipment) – operated an AMPS network, marketed as a Cellular Mobile Radio System (CMRS), in Singapore from 1988 until 1994. In 1989, Singapore's [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)]] became the first [[rapid transit]] system in the world to have full mobile phone coverage inside underground stations and tunnels using AMPS technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supercharging Singapore |url=https://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2015/10/35-years-of-ict/supercharging-singapore/the-1980s.html |website=The Straits Times|date=October 10, 2015 }}</ref> Singtel decommissioned its AMPS network in 1994 after [[GSM]] was implemented.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Janice Lim |date=June 15, 2015 |title=How mobile services in Singapore have evolved |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/how-mobile-services-in/1917188.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053134/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/how-mobile-services-in/1917188.html |archive-date=March 23, 2017 |access-date=March 22, 2017 |website=Channel NewsAsia}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|
|1987
|2007
|<ref name=":1" /> Telecom New Zealand (now [[Spark New Zealand]]) – operated an AMPS/TDMA network in New Zealand from 1987 until 2007 throughout the whole country and the network was renowned for its superb coverage, In 2000 Telecom announced that they would discontinue the AMPS network within 5 years (2005) to give customers an opportunity to transition to the CDMA2000 and later 1XRTT technologies that replaced it. They later extended that deadline until 6&nbsp;pm March 31, 2007. At approximately 7:15 on March 31, 2007, the AMPS/TDMA network ceased to function.
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|
|1987
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|
|1987
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}
|
|1987
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Bahamas}}
|
|1988
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|
|1988
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Zaire}}
|
|1988
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Barbados}}
|
|1988
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|
|1991
|2006
|<ref>{{cite web |title=TDMA switch-off delayed |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2006/08/31/tdma-switch-off-delayed/ |website=TeleGeography |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Curaçao}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|St. Kitts and Nevis}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands Antilles}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|
|1989
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|[[Paktel]]
|1990
|2004
|<ref name=":0" />[[Paktel]] was granted an AMPS licence in early 1990 to operate a cellular telephone network throughout Pakistan. It was the first company granted a free license to carry out cellular phone services in Pakistan. It carried out AMPS services until 2004, after which it switched to GSM.
|-
|{{flag|American Samoa}}
|
|1990
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|
|1990
|2010
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|
|1991
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Jamaica}}
|
|1991
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|Mobikom
|Jan 1994
|
|Named Mobifon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-07 |title=Down Memory Lane: Malaysia's Telco Past |url=https://www.enterpriseitnews.com.my/down-memory-lane-malaysias-telco-past/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Enterprise IT News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|
|1994
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=LLP |first=Profit Online |title=Мобильная связь в Казахстане |url=https://profit.kz/articles/162/Mobilnaya-svyaz-v-Kazahstane/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Profit.kz — ИТ в Казахстане |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|[[Uzdunrobita]]
|1994
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/jfile/report/05001110/05001110_001_BUP_0.pdf |title=Cellular companies of Uzbekistan |date=January 25, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2023 |archive-date=October 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120349/https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/jfile/report/05001110/05001110_001_BUP_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[History of mobile phones]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070616083306/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/oral_history/pdfs/Engel366.pdf Interview of Joel Engel]

{{Mobile telecommunications standards}}

[[Category:First generation mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:History of mobile phones]]
[[Category:Mobile radio telephone systems]]
[[Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1983]]