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{{Short description|Ethnographic group of Georgians}}
{{About|Adjarians only|other ethnic Georgians of the Muslim faith|Muslim Georgians (disambiguation){{!}}Muslim Georgians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Adjarians
| native_name      = {{lang|ka|აჭარლები}}, {{Transliteration|ka|Ačarlebi}}
| native_name_lang = 
| image            = Georgian dialects.svg
| image_caption    = {{legend|#80FFE6|Distribution of the [[Adjaran dialect]]}}
| total            = 
| regions          = [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (mainly [[Adjara]]), Turkey
| languages        = [[Adjaran dialect]] of [[Georgian language]], [[Turkish language]] (minority)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balci |first=Bayram |last2=Motika |first2=Raoul |date=2007 |title=Islam in post-Soviet Georgia1 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634930701702399 |journal=Central Asian Survey |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=335–353 |doi=10.1080/02634930701702399 |issn=0263-4937| quote=Indeed, the Turkish language has not disappeared from remote rural or mountainous areas of Adjaria, where the elders still speak it fluently.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| religions        = [[Adjara]] region (2014 Census)<br> 54.5% [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]]<br>39.8% [[Islam]]<br>2.8% [[Irreligion|None]]<br>0.3% [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]<br>1.3% Other<br>1.3% No answer<ref name="pop">[http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-religion2014b.htm georgia-religion 2014]</ref>
|religion_year= 2014<ref name="pop">[http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-religion2014b.htm georgia-religion 2014]</ref>(2024)
| related_groups   = [[Guria#Gurians|Gurians]], [[Laz people|Lazs]], [[Imerkhevians]] and other Georgians
}}
{{Georgians}}

The '''Adjarians''' ({{lang-ka|აჭარლები|tr}}),{{efn|Also spelled Adjars, Adjarans, Achars, Acharans, Acharians, Ajars, Ajarians, Adzhars, etc.}} sometimes also known by the [[misnomer]] of '''Muslim Georgians''',{{efn|However, many Adjarians have converted to Christianity since the fall of the Soviet Union.{{sfn|George|2009|p=121}}}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=23}} are an [[ethnographic group]] of [[Georgians]] indigenous to [[Adjara]] in southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Adjarian settlements are also found in the Georgian provinces of [[Guria]], [[Kvemo Kartli]], and [[Kakheti]], as well as in several areas of neighbouring [[Turkey]].

Adjarians converted to [[Islam]] during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]] of Adjara. Under the 1921 [[Treaty of Kars]], Adjara was granted autonomy, to protect its Muslim faith. Despite their conversion to Islam, Adjarians have kept the [[Georgian language]] (with [[Adjaran dialect|their own dialect]]) and [[Culture of Georgia (country)|traditions]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Khazanov|first=Anatoly Michailovich |author-link=Anatoly Khazanov|year=1995|chapter=People with Nowhere To Go: The Plight of the Meskhetian Turks|title=After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States
| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhtWbiXOzLcC&q=turkified&pg=PA192 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-14894-2  |page=195}}</ref> Still, their [[Self-concept|self-identification]] is ambiguous as their Islamic background is at odds with the [[Georgian Orthodox Church|Orthodox faith]] of their Georgian peers.{{sfn|George|2009|p=23}} In the 1926 census, Adjarians were categorised as a distinct ethnic group. In the 1939 census, they were included in the same category as Georgians.<ref name="Toft2003">{{Cite book |last=Toft |first=Monica Duffy|author-link= Monica Toft|url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/2171/1/32.pdf.pdf |title=The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory |date=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12383-7 |language=en|page=108}}</ref> Since [[1991 Georgian independence referendum|Georgian independence]], most Adjarians consider themselves Georgians,{{sfn|George|2009|p=183}}<ref name="Nodia2006" /> but some Georgians have seen Muslim Adjarians as [[Second-class citizen|second-class]] "[[Turkification|Turkicized]]" Georgians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajarians {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/commonwealth-independent-states-and-baltic-nations/cis-and-baltic-political-geography/ajarians |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Waal |first=Thomas | author-link= Thomas de Waal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dp1DwAAQBAJ |title=The Caucasus: An Introduction |year=2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|edition=2 |isbn=978-0-19-068311-5 |language=en |page=149}}</ref><ref name="Toft2003" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Toward Inclusion: Understanding the Path to Unity in Georgia |url=https://civil.ge/archives/562740 |date=11 October 2023 |website=Civil Georgia |access-date=26 January 2024 |quote=Among ethnic Georgians, nationalist narratives dating back to the Soviet period highlight fears that minority groups could lay claims over Georgian territory. These fears were substantiated and entrenched by the traumatic experiences of the 1990s. A more fundamentalist narrative portrays minorities as guests or second-class citizens on Georgian territory, which should be subordinated to “true” Georgian national identity (Kartveloba). Against this backdrop, some minorities have perceived integration efforts as assimilation threats to their legitimate ethnic identities.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Zviadadze |first=Sophie |title=The Unbearable Lightness of Being Muslim and Georgian: Religious Transformation and Questions of Identity among Adjara's Muslim Georgians |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A566112065/AONE?sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=17363fc7 |journal=Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia |volume=7|issue=1 |page=36 |date=January 2018}}</ref>

==History ==
{{main|History of Adjara}}
[[File:Adjarian men's clothing.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright|Historical Adjarian men's clothing.]]

Adjarians, like other sub-ethnical groups of Georgians, have historically followed Christianity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.advantour.com/georgia/adjara/culture.htm|title=Culture of Adjara|access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref> Although the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman millet system]] allowed its subjects extensive [[self-governance]] and [[religious freedom]]<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17449057.2015.1101845</ref>, many Adjarians chose to convert to [[Islam]] during the 200 years of Ottoman presence in the 16th and 17th centuries.{{sfn|George|2009|pp=99–100}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bennigsen |first1=Alexandre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nO0NAQAAMAAJ |title=Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide |last2=Wimbush |first2=S. Enders |date=1986 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-33958-4 |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Nobility of Georgia (country)|nobility]] converted first.{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=249}} Adjarians were fully Islamized by the end of the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=249}}

During the 1853–1856 [[Crimean War]] and the 1877–1878 [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]], many Adjarians fought on the side of the Turks.{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=249}} The Ottomans were forced to cede Adjara to the expanding [[Russian Empire]] in 1878 under the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]].{{sfn|Hoch|Kopeček|2011|p=7}} Russian authorities initially promoted emigration and many [[Muhacir|Adjarians moved to the Ottoman Empire]].{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=250}} However, Russian authorities then tried to win the loyalty of Adjarians by building mosques and madrassas.{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=250}} As a result, many [[muhacir]] came back to Adjara.{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=250}}

Adjara became part of the independent [[Georgian Democratic Republic]] in 1918. However, in April 1918, the [[Ottoman Empire]] invaded Georgia and captured Batumi. On 4 June 1918, the [[Treaty of Batum]] was signed, under which Georgia was forced to cede Adjara to the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Varshalomidze|first=Archil|date=2019|title=South-Western Georgia (Ajara) within the Geostrategic Interests of the Ottoman Empire in the First Quarter of XX Century|journal=Herald of Oriental Studies|url=https://hos.openjournals.ge/index.php/hos/article/download/2805/2955}}</ref> However, due to the Ottoman defeat in the First World War and the [[Treaty of Mudros]], the Ottomans soon withdrew from the territory,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Saparov|first=Arsène|date=March 2012|title=Why Autonomy? The Making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918–1925|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=64|issue=2|page=284|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41478346|doi=10.1080/09668136.2011.642583|jstor=41478346 |s2cid=154783461 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and Adjara fell under the temporary occupation of Great Britain.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rose|first=John D.|date=April 1980|title=Batum as Domino, 1919–1920: The Defence of India in Transcaucasia|journal=The International History Review|volume=2|issue=2|page=266|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105753|doi=10.1080/07075332.1980.9640214|jstor=40105753 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> During this time, under the leadership of prominent Adjarian activist [[Memed Abashidze]], the Congress of the Representatives of Muslim Georgians was held on 31 August 1919. It passed a resolution supporting reunification with Georgia and elected Majlis of Georgian Muslims, which represented Muslim Georgians in relation to the British administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=მემედ აბაშიძე (ბეგი)|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ka/00000954/|access-date=2024-07-27 |publisher=[[National Parliamentary Library of Georgia]]}}</ref>

The British administration ceded Adjara to the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] on July 20, 1920.<ref name=experiment>{{cite book|access-date=2022-09-05|date=2017|edition=1st|first1=Eric|isbn=978-1-78699-092-1|last1=Lee|location=[[London]]|pages=135|publisher=ZED Books|title=The Experiment: Georgia's Forgotten Revolution 1918-1921|url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/the-experiment-georgia-s-forgotten-revolution-19181921/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Rose|first=John D.|date=April 1980|title=Batum as Domino, 1919–1920: The Defence of India in Transcaucasia|journal=The International History Review|volume=2|issue=2|page=286|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105753|doi=10.1080/07075332.1980.9640214|jstor=40105753 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> It was granted autonomy under the Georgian constitution adopted in February 1921 when the [[Red Army invasion of Georgia|Red Army invaded Georgia]].<ref name=constitution1921>{{Cite web| url=https://matiane.wordpress.com/2012/09/04/constitution-of-georgia-1921/ | title=Constitution Of Georgia (1921), Article 107| date=4 September 2012|publisher=Matiane |access-date=2022-09-05}}</ref> Achara joined the territory of [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Georgia]] under the 1921 [[Treaty of Kars]], between the Ottoman Empire and the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. The treaty required that Achara would have "administrative autonomy and the right to develop its own culture, its own religion, and its own agrarian regime".{{sfn|George|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=100}} However, the [[Soviet anti-religious legislation|Soviet atheist ideology]] dampened religious practice in the region, thus diminishing the Adjarian legitimation for autonomy within the Soviet system. In the 1920s, the Achars rebelled against the Soviet anti-Islamic activities and [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization reforms]].{{sfn|George|2009|p=105}} The armed uprising began in the mountainous regions of Adjara in April 1929. Soviet troops were deployed in response and swiftly quelled the revolt.<ref>Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (1977), The Cambridge history of Islam, p. 639. [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-29136-4}}</ref>

The Georgian population of Adjara had been generally known as [[Islam in Georgia (country)|Muslim Georgians]] until the 1926 Soviet [[census]] listed them as ''Adjarians'', separate from the rest of Georgians, counting 71,426 of them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/1946/population.pdf|title=The Population of the Soviet Union: History and Prospects|last=Lorimer|first=Frank|date=1946}}</ref> In subsequent censuses (1939–1989), they were listed with other Georgians, as no official Soviet census asked about religion.

There was a resurgence of the Adjarian religious identity during the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the USSR]].{{sfn|George|2009|p=121}} Islamic religious practice became the cultural norm, [[madrassas]] reopened and the [[call to prayer]] sounded from mosques.{{sfn|George|2009|p=121}} Local leader [[Aslan Abashidze]] leveraged the ongoing [[Islamic revival]] to advance his political goals.{{sfn|George|2009|p=121}} After the Georgian independence, the first Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia appointed Abashidze as the chairman of Ajaria's parliament in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adjara Celebrates Abashidze's Departure |date=6 May 2004 |url=https://civil.ge/archives/105875}}</ref> Taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the [[Georgian Civil War]], [[War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)|War in Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia war (1991–1992)|South Ossetia]], he unilaterally took power without formal agreement and started to withhold tax revenue and capture [[Economy of Adjara|Adjara's considerable wealth]].{{sfn|George|2009|p=121}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=123}} The Head [[Mufti]] of Achara, Haji Mahmud Kamashidze, supported Abashidze in his power struggle.{{sfn|George|2009|p=175}} However, after Abashidze reached his goals, he stopped using the Muslim movement for his political goals.{{sfn|George|2009|p=121}}{{sfn|George|2009|pp=122–123}} 

The [[2004 Adjara crisis]] led to Aslan Abashidze stepping down from his post after thousands of Adjarians protested against his rule in Batumi in May 2004, with Georgian President [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] symbolically proclaiming "Abashidze has fled, Adjara is free".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://civil.ge/archives/105865|title= Abashidze Flees Georgia|date=6 May 2004}}</ref>

Ajarians, like [[Ossetians]] and [[Abkhazians]] benefit from a special regime to claim [[Russian citizenship law|Russian citizenship]], with an expedited application process perceived as Russian interference by Georgia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=German |first1=Tracey C. |last2=Bloch |first2=Benjamin |date=2006 |title=The South Ossetia Conflict: Collision of Georgian and Russian Interests
 |url=https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-politique-etrangere-2006-1-page-51.htm#re3no3 |journal=Politique étrangère |language=en |volume=Printemps |issue=1 |pages=51–64 |doi=10.3917/pe.061.0051 |issn=0032-342X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Religion ==
In the sixteenth century, the majority of Adjara's population was Christian. By the end of the eighteenth century, all Adjarians were Muslim.{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=249}} After Adjara was ceded to the Russian Empire in 1878 under the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]], Adjarians, who were Muslims, were allowed to leave for Turkey.{{sfn|Hoch|Kopeček|2011|p=7}} This was followed by an influx of Christians from [[Kakheti]], resulting in a change of the religious landscape.{{sfn|Hoch|Kopeček|2011|p=7}}

The conquest of Adjara by Russia in 1878 prompted thousands of Muslim Adjarians to migrate to the Ottoman Empire. Many settled in northeast Anatolia, especially in Rize and Artvin provinces, where their descendants still live today.<ref>Mikaberidze, Alexander. Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.</ref> Muslim Georgians from Batumi and Adjara migrated to Anatolia after the Russo-Turkish war due to fear of Christianisation and land confiscation. They integrated into local Turkish society, maintaining some linguistic and cultural practices.<ref>Kaya, A. (2015). Islam, Migration and Integration: The Age of Securitization. Palgrave Macmillan</ref> After Russia's annexation of Batumi and Adjara, a significant proportion of the Muslim population emigrated to Ottoman lands rather than live under Christian Russian rule. Their migration fundamentally changed Adjara's demographic structure."<ref>Suny, R.G. (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press.</ref>

While the Russian authorities supported the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]'s missionary efforts, they also tried to win the loyalty of Adjarians by building mosques and madrassas and supporting the local Muslim clergy.{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=250}} As a result, some Adjarians emigrants, called [[Muhacir]], came back to Adjara.{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=250}}

The [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]] and [[1991 Georgian independence referendum|Georgian independence]] first led to an [[Islamic revival]].{{sfn|George|2009|p=121}} Christianization of some Adjarians also took place, especially among the young, under the government of Zviad Gamsakhurdia.{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=255}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Köksal |first1=Pınar |last2=Aydıngün |first2=Ayşegül |last3=Gürsoy |first3=Hazar Ege |title=Religious Revival and Deprivatization in Post-Soviet Georgia: Reculturation of Orthodox Christianity and Deculturation of Islam |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/abs/religious-revival-and-deprivatization-in-postsoviet-georgia-reculturation-of-orthodox-christianity-and-deculturation-of-islam/3733FD242B3627BF8509F501F522E0B3 |journal=Politics and Religion |year=2019 |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=317–345 |doi=10.1017/S1755048318000585 |s2cid=150339133 |issn=1755-0483|url-access=subscription |hdl=11511/41757 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kahraman |first=Alter |date=2021 |title=Azeris and Muslim Ajarians in Georgia: The Swing between Tolerance and Alienation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0090599220000070/type/journal_article |journal=Nationalities Papers |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=308–325 |doi=10.1017/nps.2020.7 |s2cid=225548999 |issn=0090-5992|url-access=subscription |hdl=11492/4926 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Georgia : Ajarians |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d1ec.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Ajarians |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/ajarians/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>George Sanikidze and Edward W. Walker (2004), ''Islam and Islamic Practices in Georgia.'' Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies. [[University of California]], Berkeley Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies.</ref> However, most Adjarians, particularly around [[Khulo]], remain [[Sunni Muslim]].{{sfn|Sanikidze|2018|p=255}} According to [[Ghia Nodia]], as of 2006, many Adjarians are Muslims but consider themselves ethnic Georgians.<ref name=Nodia2006>{{Cite book |last1=Nodia |first1=Ghia |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11871213.pdf |title=The Political Landscape of Georgia: Political Parties: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects |last2=Scholtbach |first2=Álvaro Pinto |date=2006 |publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. |isbn=978-90-5972-113-5 |page=10 |language=en |author-link=Ghia Nodia}}</ref>

According to the 2014 census, 54.5% follow [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]], 39.8% [[Islam]], 2.8% [[Irreligion|None]], 0.3% [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], 1.3% Other and 1.3% No answer<ref>http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-religion2014b.htm georgia-religion 2014]</ref><ref>http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-religion2014b.htm georgia-religion 2014</ref> Muslims make up 94.6% of the population in [[Khulo Municipality]], 74.4% in [[Shuakhevi Municipality]], 62.1% in [[Keda Municipality]] and 56.3% in [[Khelvachauri Municipality]]. In [[Batumi]] and [[Kobuleti Municipality]] Muslims make up a minority with 25.4% and 28.8%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious composition of Georgia 2014 |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-religion2014b.htm |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=pop-stat.mashke.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Religion by Adjara Municipalities (%)'''
! rowspan="2" |Municipalities
! colspan="2" |[[Orthodox Christians]]
! colspan="2" |[[Muslims]]
! colspan="2" |[[Irreligious]]
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|[[Batumi|City of Batumi]]
|105,004
|68.7
|38,762
|25.3
|3,961
|2.5
|-
|[[Keda Municipality]]
|5,235
|31.2
|10,411
|62.1
|624
|3.7
|-
|[[Kobuleti Municipality]]
|48,696
|65.1
|21,573
|28.8
|2,728
|3.6
|-
|[[Khelvachauri Municipality]]
|18,618
|36.3
|28,841
|56.3
|1,816
|3.5
|-
|[[Shuakhevi Municipality]]
|3,532
|23.4
|11,193
|74.4
|76
|0.5
|-
|[[Khulo Municipality]]
|956
|4.1
|22,072
|94.6
|28
|0.1
|}

== Language ==
Adjarians speak [[Adjaran dialect|Adjarian]], a [[Georgian dialects|Georgian dialect]] related to the one spoken in the neighboring northern province of [[Guria]], but with a number of [[Turkish language|Turkish]] [[loanword]]s. Adjarian also possesses many features in common with the [[Zan languages]] ([[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] and [[Laz language|Laz]]), which are [[sister language|sisters]] to Georgian and are included in the [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian language]] group.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/commonwealth-independent-states-and-baltic-nations/cis-and-baltic-political-geography/ajarians</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Georgians in Turkey|Chveneburi]], ethnic Georgians in Turkey many of whom are of Adjarian heritage
*[[Laz people]], Kartvelian-speaking ethnic subgroup of Georgians

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book|last=George| first=Julie A.|year=2009| title= The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia | isbn=978-0-230-61359-1 |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan| doi= 10.1057/9780230102323}}
* {{Cite journal |date=2011 |title=Transforming Identity of Ajarian Population |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=35267 |journal=ALPPI Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity |language=English |volume=V |issue=5 |pages=57–72 |issn=1803-1757 |first1=Tomáš |last1= Hoch |first2= Vincent |last2=Kopeček}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sanikidze |first=George |date=2018-04-01 |title=Muslim Communities of Georgia: Old Problems and New Challenges |url=https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0247 |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=247–265 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0247 |issn=2325-8381|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}

{{Ethnic groups in Georgia}}
{{European Muslims}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adjara]]
[[Category:Islam in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgia (country)]]