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{{Short description|Romanian newspaper}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}
| logo = Adevărul logo.svg
| logo_size =
| caption = 
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Compact (newspaper)|Compact]]
| foundation = 1871 (reestablished 1888, 1919, 1946, 1989)
| owners = Adevarul Holding
| chiefeditor = Andreea Traicu
| editor = [[Adevărul Holding]]
| staff = 18<ref name="adevredac">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.adevarul.ro/redactia.html#adevarul-holding ''Redacția''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412004742/http://www.adevarul.ro/redactia.html#adevarul-holding |date=April 12, 2009 }}, at the [https://adevarul.ro/  {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} official site]; retrieved April 18, 2009</ref>
| circulation = 
| headquarters = 21 Fabrica de Glucoză Street, [[Sector 2 (Bucharest)|Sector 2]]
| publishing_city = [[Bucharest]]
| publishing_country = Romania
| ISSN = 1016-7587
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}''' ({{IPA|ro|adeˈvərul}}; meaning "The Truth", formerly spelled '''''Adevĕrul''''') is a Romanian [[daily newspaper]], based in [[Bucharest]]. Founded in [[Iași]], in 1871, and reestablished in 1888, in Bucharest, it was the main [[left-wing]] press venue to be published during the [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian Kingdom]]'s existence, adopting an independent pro-[[Democracy|democratic]] position, advocating [[Land reform in Romania|land reform]], and demanding [[universal suffrage]]. Under its successive editors [[Alexandru Beldiman]] and [[Constantin Mille]], it became noted for its virulent criticism of [[King of Romania|King]] [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]]. This stance developed into a [[Republicanism|republican]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] agenda, which made {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} clash with the Kingdom's authorities on several occasions. As innovative publications which set up several local and international records during the early 20th century, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and its sister daily ''[[Dimineața]]'' competed for the top position with the [[right-wing]] ''[[Universul]]'' before and throughout the [[interwar period]]. In 1920, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also began publishing its prestigious cultural supplement, ''[[Adevărul Literar și Artistic]]''. By the 1930s, their [[anti-fascism]] and the [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jewish]] ethnicity of their new owners made {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'' the targets of negative campaigns in the [[far right]] press, and the [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] [[Octavian Goga]] cabinet banned both upon obtaining power in 1937. {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was revived by [[Barbu Brănișteanu]] after [[World War II]], but was targeted by [[Communist Romania]]'s [[Censorship in Communist Romania|censorship apparatus]] and again closed down in 1951.

A newspaper of the same name was set up in 1989, just days after the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|Romanian Revolution]], replacing ''[[Scînteia]]'', organ of the defunct [[Romanian Communist Party]]. Initially a supporter of the dominant [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]], it adopted a controversial position, being much criticized for producing [[Populism|populist]] and radical [[nationalism|nationalist]] messages and for supporting the violent [[Mineriad]] of 1990. Under editors [[Dumitru Tinu]] and [[Cristian Tudor Popescu]], when it reasserted its independence as a [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] venue and was fully [[Privatization|privatized]], {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} became one of the most popular and trusted press venues. Nevertheless, it remained involved in scandals over alleged or confirmed political and commercial dealings, culminating in a 2005 conflict which saw the departure of Popescu, [[Bogdan Chireac]] and other panelists and the creation of rival newspaper ''[[Gândul]]''. As of 2006, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} had been the property of [[Dinu Patriciu]], a prominent Romanian businessman and politician.

==Ownership, editorial team and structure==
{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} is the main [[trademark]] of [[Adevărul Holding]], a company owned by Cristian Burci. The main newspaper itself is edited by editor-in-chief [[Dan Marinescu]] and several deputy editors ([[Liviu Avram]], [[Adina Stan]], [[Andrei Velea]] and others).<ref name="adevredac"/> Also part of the holding are the cultural magazines ''[[Dilema Veche]]'' and ''{{ill|Historia (Romanian magazine)|lt=Historia|ro|Historia}}'', the [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] ''[[Click! (Romanian tabloid)|Click!]]'', the magazines [[Click! pentru femei]], [[Click! Sănătate]], [[Click! Poftă bună!]] and ''[[OK!|OK! Magazine]]''.

In December 2010, Adevărul Holding also launched a sister version of its title asset, published in neighboring [[Moldova]] as ''[[Adevărul Moldova]]''.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.adevarul.ro/financiar/media/Adevarul_Moldova-_a_pornit_cu_toate_panzele_sus_0_385762047.html "''Adevărul Moldova'' a pornit cu toate pânzele sus"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210164311/http://www.adevarul.ro/financiar/media/Adevarul_Moldova-_a_pornit_cu_toate_panzele_sus_0_385762047.html |date=December 10, 2010 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 7, 2010; [http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-media_publicitate-8095366-scurt-adevarul-holding-lanseaza-adevarul-moldova-contracteaza-credit-42-milioane-lei-ioana-lupea-mircea-marian-locul-lui-radu-moraru.htm "Pe scurt: Adevărul Holding lansează ''Adevărul Moldova'' şi contractează un credit de 42 de milioane lei. Ioana Lupea şi Mircea Marian în locul lui Radu Moraru"], at [[Hotnews.ro]], December 3, 2010; retrieved December 27, 2010</ref>

The Romanian newspaper had special pages of regional content, one each for [[Bucharest]], [[Transylvania]], [[Moldavia]], the western areas of [[Banat]] and [[Crișana]], and the southern areas of [[Wallachia]] and [[Northern Dobruja]]. It also hosts columns about the larger sections of [[Romanian diaspora]] in Europe, those in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]]. {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} publishes several supplements. In addition to ''[[Adevărul Literar și Artistic]]'' (formerly a separate magazine, now issued as a culture supplement which is issued on Wednesdays), it publishes five others: on Mondays, the sports magazine ''Antifotbal'' ("Anti-[[association football|football]]"), which focuses on the traditionally less-covered areas of the [[Sport in Romania|Romanian sports scene]]; on Tuesdays, ''Adevărul Expert Imobiliar'' ("[[Real estate|Real Estate]] Expert"); on Thursdays, ''Adevărul Sănătate'' ("Health"), a health and lifestyle magazine; on Fridays, a [[Broadcast programming|TV guide]], ''Adevărul Ghid TV'', followed on Sundays by the entertainment section ''Magazin de Duminică'' ("Sunday Magazine"). In October 2008, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also launched ''Adevărul de Seară'' ("Evening Adevărul"), a [[free daily newspaper]] and evening edition, which was closed down in May 2011.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/patriciu-spune-noapte-buna-adevarului-de-seara-929662.html "Noapte bună, ''Adevărul de seară''! Trustul are datorii"], in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', May 11, 2011</ref>

As of 2008, the newspaper publishes ''Colecția Adevărul'', a collection of classic and popular works in world and [[Literature of Romania|Romanian literature]]. These are issued as additional supplements, and sold as such with the newspaper's Thursday editions.

==History==

===1871 and 1888 editions===

====Origins====
[[File:Adevarul 15-December-1871.jpg|thumb|260px|The ''Adeverulu'' published in Iași (front page of the first issue in the 1871 series).]]
[[File:Adevarulnr1.jpg|thumb|260px|First version of the ''Adevĕrul'' logo (front page of the first issue in the 1888 series). A similar version was used in the early 1990s ({{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, in light blue, with identical typeface).]]
A newspaper by the name ''Adevĕrulŭ'' (pronounced the same as {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, but following versions of the [[Romanian alphabet]] which emphasized [[etymology]], in this case from the [[Latin]] word ''[[veritas]]'') was founded on December 15, 1871.<ref name="ftpovestea">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/povestea-fondatorului-ziarului-adev-rul.html "Povestea fondatorului ziarului ''Adevĕrul''"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406034457/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/povestea-fondatorului-ziarului-adev-rul.html |date=April 6, 2009 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 16, 2008</ref> The weekly was owned by [[Alexandru Beldiman]], a former [[Romanian Police|Police]] commander, and published in [[Iași]], the former capital of [[Moldavia]]. Beldiman directed the newspaper in opposition to Romania's new ''[[Domnitor]]'', the [[German Empire|German]] prince [[Carol I of Romania|Carol of Hohenzollern]], calling for the restoration of his deposed and exiled predecessor, the Moldavian-born [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]].<ref name="ftpovestea"/> Its articles against the new monarch soon after resulted in Beldiman's indictment for [[defamation]] and attack on the [[1866 Constitution of Romania|1866 Constitution]].<ref name="ftpovestea"/> He was eventually [[Acquittal|acquitted]], but the journal ceased publication with its 13th issue (April 1872).<ref name="ftpovestea"/>

{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} reemerged as a daily on August 15, 1888, seven years after the proclamation of a [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian Kingdom]]. It was then known as ''Adevĕrul'', which also reflected the ''veritas'' origin, and the ''ĕ'', although obsolete by the early 20th century, was kept as a distinctive sign by all the paper's owners until 1951.<ref name="ftpovestea"/><ref name="ftparinte">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/parintele-ziaristicii-romane-moderne.html "Părintele ziaristicii române moderne"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406070444/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/parintele-ziaristicii-romane-moderne.html |date=April 6, 2009 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 21, 2008</ref> Initially financed by a printer, who agreed to advance it a short-term credit,<ref name="ftpremiere">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [https://archive.today/20120730034200/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/adev-rul-ziarul-premierelor.html "''Adevĕrul'', ziarul premierelor"], in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 23, 2008</ref> the new gazette was co-founded by Alexandru Beldiman and [[Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza|Alexandru Al. Ioan]], the son of former ''Domnitor'' Cuza, and was again noted for its radical and often irreverent critique of newly crowned [[King of Romania|King]] Carol and the "foreign dynasty".<ref name="ftpovestea"/><ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftbucuresti">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/adev-rul-la-bucuresti.html "''Adevĕrul'' la București"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221031631/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/adev-rul-la-bucuresti.html |date=February 21, 2009 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 17, 2008</ref><ref name="ftcampanii">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/campaniile-adev-rul.html "Campaniile ''Adevĕrului''"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218110201/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/campaniile-adev-rul.html |date=December 18, 2008 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 18, 2008</ref> The small editorial team included writer [[Grigore Ventura]] and his son Constantin, as well as, after a while, political columnist I. Hussar.<ref name="ftbucuresti"/> In December 1888, it changed its format, from a No. 6 to a No. 10 in [[paper size]], while abandoning the initial, calligraphed logo, in favor of a standard [[serif]] which it used until 1951.<ref name="ftbucuresti"/>

Beldiman's hostility to the monarchy was reflected in one of the 15 objectives set by the second series' first issue, whereby {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} called for an [[elective monarchy]] with magistratures reserved for locals,<ref name="ftbucuresti"/> and evident in having chosen for the paper's [[motto]] a quote from poet [[Vasile Alecsandri]], which read: ''Să te feresci, Române!, de cuiŭ strein în casă'' ("Romanians, beware of foreign nails in your house", an allusion to Carol's German origin).<ref name="ftpovestea"/><ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftbucuresti"/><ref>Pârvulescu, p.115</ref> The journalists called Carol's accession to the throne by the [[Romanian plebiscite, 1866|1866 plebiscite]] "an undignified comedy",<ref name="ftcampanii"/> refused to [[Letter case|capitalize]] references to ''M. S. Regele'' ("H[is] M[ajesty] the King"),<ref name="ftpovestea"/> and referred to May 10, the national celebration of the Kingdom, as a "[[national day of mourning]]".<ref name="ftpovestea"/><ref name="ftderanj">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/adev-rul-deranjeaza.html "''Adevĕrul'' deranjează"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219081510/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/adev-rul-deranjeaza.html |date=February 19, 2009 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 19, 2008</ref> In December 1888, they also published a list of Carol's alleged attacks on Romanian dignity.<ref>Pârvulescu, p.115-116</ref> According to one account, after the newspaper's first May 10 issue came out in 1889, Police forces bought copies which they later set on fire.<ref name="ftderanj"/> Reportedly, its circulation peaked on May 10 of each year, from some 5,000 to some 25,000 or 30,000 copies.<ref name="ftpovestea"/><ref name="ftrecord">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [https://archive.today/20120717003634/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/recordurile-adev-rului.html "Recordurile ''Adevĕrului''"], in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 24, 2008</ref> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also debated with the German newspapers ''[[Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung]]'' and ''[[Kölnische Zeitung]]'', who worried that Romania's anti-dynasticists plotted Carol's murder, assuring them that the actual battle was political, "in broad daylight, on the wide path of public opinion."<ref name="ftcampanii"/> In 1891, the paper called for boycotting Carol's 25th anniversary on the throne.<ref name="ftcampanii"/>

====Early campaigns====
Located in [[Bucharest]], the new {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} had its original headquarters in [[Calea Victoriei]] (Doamnei Street, Nouă Street, Brătianu Boulevard, and Enei Street).<ref name="ftbucuresti"/><ref name="ftpalatul">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/povestea-fondatorului-ziarului-adev-rul.html "Palatul de pe Sărindar, mărire și decădere"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406034457/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/povestea-fondatorului-ziarului-adev-rul.html |date=April 6, 2009 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 27, 2008</ref> It later moved to a building near the [[National Bank of Romania|National Bank]] and the [[Pasajul Macca-Vilacrosse|Vilacrosse Passage]], where it occupied just several rooms (leading its staff to repeatedly complain about the lack of space).<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftpalatul"/><ref name="ftviata">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/povesti-din-viata-adev-rului.html "Povești din viața ''Adevĕrului''"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418013032/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/povesti-din-viata-adev-rului.html |date=April 18, 2009 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 31, 2008</ref> A serious crisis occurred during 1892, when, having omitted to register his [[trademark]], Beldiman was confronted with the appearance of a competing {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, published by his former associate Toma Basilescu, who had been the original gazette's administrator for the previous year.<ref name="ftderanj"/> In June 1892, an [[arbitral tribunal]] decided in favor of Beldiman, ordering Basilescu to close down his paper.<ref name="ftderanj"/>

With time, the newspaper had moved from advocating King Carol's replacement with a local ruler to supporting [[republicanism]].<ref name="ftcampanii"/> In 1893, as part of its extended campaign, during which it gathered letters of protest from its readers, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} obtained the cancellation of plans for a public subscription to celebrate the engagement of [[Ferdinand I of Romania|Crown Prince Ferdinand]] to [[Marie of Romania|Marie of Edinburgh]].<ref name="ftcampanii"/> In addition, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} began militating for a number of major social and political causes, which it perceived as essential to [[democracy]]. In its 15 points of 1888, it notably demanded [[universal suffrage]] to replace the [[Census suffrage|census method]] enshrined in the [[1866 Constitution of Romania|1866 Constitution]], [[unicameralism]] through a disestablishment of the [[Senate of Romania|Senate]], a [[land reform in Romania|land reform]] to replace [[leasehold estate]]s, [[self-governance]] at a local level, [[progressive tax]]ation, Sunday rest for employees, universal [[conscription]] instead of a permanent [[under arms]] force, [[women's rights]], [[Jewish Emancipation|emancipation]] for [[History of the Jews in Romania|Romanian Jews]].<ref name="ftbucuresti"/> It embraced the cause of [[Romanians]] living outside the [[Romanian Old Kingdom|Old Kingdom]], particularly those in [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]]-ruled [[Transylvania]],<ref name="ftbucuresti"/><ref name="ftcampanii"/> while calling for Romania to separate itself from its commitment to the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]], and advocating a [[Balkan Federation]] to include Romania.<ref name="ftbucuresti"/>

{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also took an active interest in the problems facing Romania's rural population: while calling for a land reform, it expressed condemnation of the failing sanitary system, which it blamed for the frequency of countryside epidemics, and for the administrative system, which it accused of [[Political corruption|corruption]].<ref name="ftcampanii"/> It depicted revolt as legitimate, and campaigned in favor of [[amnesty]] for prisoners taken after the 1888 peasant riots.<ref name="ftcampanii"/> The paper supported [[Education in Romania|educational reforms]] in the countryside, calling attention to the specific issues faced by rural teachers, but also campaigned against their use of [[corporal punishment]] as a method of maintaining [[school discipline]].<ref name="ftcampanii"/> In similar vein, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} focused on cases of abuse within the [[Romanian Land Forces|Romanian Army]], documenting cases where soldiers were being illegally used as [[indentured servant]]s, noting the unsanitary conditions which accounted for an unusually high rate of severe [[conjunctivitis]], and condemning officers for regularly beating their subordinates.<ref name="ftcampanii"/> As part of the latter campaign, it focused on Crown Prince Ferdinand, who was tasked with instructing a [[battalion]] and is said to have slapped a soldier for not performing the proper moves.<ref name="ftcampanii"/> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} investigated numerous other excesses of authority, and on several occasions formed special investigative commissions of reporters who followed suspicions of judicial error.<ref name="ftcampanii"/> It also spoke out in favor of Jewish emancipation, while theorizing a difference between the minority "exploiting Jews" and an [[Assimilated Jews|assimilable]] Jewish majority.<ref name="ftcampanii"/>

Under Beldiman, the newspaper took pride in stating its independence, by taking distance from the [[Two-party system|two dominant parties]], the [[Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)|Conservatives]] and the [[National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)|National Liberal Party]], who either supported or tolerated King Carol.<ref name="ftpovestea"/> This stance reputedly earned the publication an unusual status: anecdotes have it that Conservative leader [[Lascăr Catargiu]] would only read {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} while in the opposition, and that its columnist Albert Honigman was the first and for long time only journalist allowed into the [[upper class]] society at [[Casa Capșa]] restaurant.<ref name="ftviata"/> In February 1889, the Conservative [[Prime Minister of Romania|Premier]] [[Theodor Rosetti]] reputedly tried to silence {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} by having its distributors arrested.<ref name="ftderanj"/> In 1892, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} became the first local newspaper to feature a cartoonist section, which hosted caricatures of the period's potentates, and its rebelliousness allegedly frightened the Romanian [[Zincography|zincographers]] to the point where the plates had to be created abroad.<ref name="ftpremiere"/> In April 1893, the Catargiu cabinet organized a clampdown on the newspaper: it arrested its editor [[Eduard Dioghenide]] (who was sentenced to a year in prison on charges of [[sedition]]) and, profiting from the non-emancipated status of Romanian Jews, it expelled its Jewish contributors I. Hussar and Carol Schulder.<ref name="ftderanj"/> Another incident occurred during May of the following year, when the paper's headquarters were attacked by rioting [[University of Bucharest]] students, who were reportedly outraged by an article critical of their behavior, but also believed to have been instigated by the Conservative executive's [[Jandarmeria Română|Gendarmerie]].<ref name="ftderanj"/>

In parallel, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} took steps to establishing its reputation as a [[newspaper of record]]. A local first was established in June 1894, when {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} hosted the first foreign correspondence article received by a Romanian periodical: a telegram sent by the [[France|French]] [[Socialism|socialist]] newspaperman [[Victor Jaclard]], discussing the assassination of [[Sadi Carnot (statesman)|Sadi Carnot]] and the accession of [[Jean Casimir-Perier]] to the office of [[President of France|President]].<ref name="ftpremiere"/> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also broke ground by publishing a plate portrait of Casimir-Perier only a day after his rise to prominence.<ref name="ftpremiere"/> Early on, the newspaper also had a cultural agenda, striving to promote [[Literature of Romania|Romanian literature]] for the general public and following a method outlined by a 1913 article: "In his free time [...], the reader, having satisfied his curiosity about the daily events, finds entertainment for the soul in the newspaper's literary column. People who would not spend a dime on literary works, will nevertheless read literature once this is made available to them, in a newspaper they bought for the information it provides."<ref name="ftscriit">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/scriitorii-de-la-adev-rul.html "Scriitorii de la ''Adevĕrul''"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427072852/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/scriitorii-de-la-adev-rul.html |date=April 27, 2009 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 30, 2008</ref> Initially, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} dedicated its Sunday issue to literary contributions, receiving such pieces from [[George Coșbuc]], [[Haralamb Lecca]], Ioan N. Roman, and the adolescent poet [[Ștefan Octavian Iosif]].<ref name="ftscriit"/>

====Mille's arrival and rise in popularity====
[[File:MilleBacalbasaAdevarul.jpg|thumb|260px|{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} editors in 1897. [[Constantin Mille]] is first seated from left. Standing behind him are [[Ioan Bacalbașa]] (middle) and [[Constantin Bacalbașa]] (right)]]
By 1893, the gazette's panel came to include several leading activists of the newly created [[Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party]] (PSDMR), among them [[Constantin Mille]] and brothers [[Anton Bacalbașa|Anton]] and [[Ioan Bacalbașa]].<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftviata"/> Mille was an innovator, seen by his contemporaries as a "father of modern Romanian journalism" (a title carved on his tombstone in [[Bellu cemetery]]).<ref name="ftparinte"/> Although brief, Anton Bacalbașa's stay also left a distinct mark on {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}: in 1893, he authored what is supposedly the first interview in Romanian media history.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [[Ion Simuț]], [http://www.romlit.ro/caragiale_n_tradiia_interviului "Caragiale în tradiţia interviului"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806232946/http://www.romlit.ro/caragiale_n_tradiia_interviului |date=2011-08-06 }}, in ''[[România Literară]]'', Nr. 9/2005</ref> Working together, Mille, Beldiman, and Bacalbașa sought to coalesce the left-wing forces into a single league for universal suffrage, but {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} soon pulled out of the effort, accusing fellow militant [[Constantin Dobrescu-Argeș]] of having embezzled the funds put at his disposal.<ref>Vasile Niculae, "Liga votului universal", in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]'', August 1973, p.72-73</ref>

In 1895, Mille purchased the newspaper, but, even though the Alecsandri motto was removed a short while after,<ref name="ftparinte"/> Beldiman maintained editorial control until his death three years later, explaining that he was doing so in order to maintain an independent line.<ref name="ftpovestea"/><ref name="ftparinte"/> The purchase was received with consternation by many PSDMR members, particularly since {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} competed with its official platforms (''[[Munca]]'' and, after 1894, ''[[Lumea Nouă]]'').<ref name="100sd12">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.fisd.ro/PDF/110ani.pdf ''110 ani de social-democraţie în România''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601084430/http://www.fisd.ro/PDF/110ani.pdf |date=2010-06-01 }}, [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] & Ovidiu Şincai Social Democratic Institute release, Bucharest, July 9, 2003, p.12; retrieved April 18, 2009</ref> In late 1893, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was also publishing articles by an unsigned author, who may have been [[Constantin Stere]] (later known as the man behind post-socialist "[[Poporanism]]") ridiculing ''Munca''{{'}}s [[Elitism|elitist]] content.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Victor Durnea, [http://www.romlit.ro/nceputurile_publicistice_ale_lui_constantin_stere "Începuturile publicistice ale lui Constantin Stere"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422214557/http://romlit.ro/nceputurile_publicistice_ale_lui_constantin_stere |date=2009-04-22 }}, in ''[[România Literară]]'', Nr. 45/2007</ref>

Eventually, the PSDMR expelled Mille on grounds of having betrayed socialism.<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="100sd12"/> Allegedly upset that Beldiman had chosen Mille's offer over his own, Anton Bacalbașa quit {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, becoming one of Mille's most vocal critics.<ref name="ftparinte"/> A third Bacalbașa, [[Constantin Bacalbaşa|Constantin]], stayed on, and, from 1895, was Mille's first editor.<ref name="zocapitala">{{in lang|ro}} [[Z. Ornea]], [http://www.romlit.ro/capitala_de_odinioar "Capitala de odinioară"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095905/http://www.romlit.ro/capitala_de_odinioar |date=2014-04-07 }}, in ''[[România Literară]]'', Nr. 13/2001</ref> He became known for his [[Anti-imperialism|anti-colonial]] stance, giving positive coverage to the 1896 [[Philippine Revolution]].<ref>Gheorghe Unc, "1896 — Insurecția filipineză și ecourile ei în România", in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]'', February 1975, p.49</ref>

In 1904, the board created Adevĕrul S. A., the first in a series of [[Joint stock company|joint stock companies]] meant to insure its control of commercial rights.<ref name="ftzbucium">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/istorie-zbuciumata-in-anii-interbelici.html "Istorie zbuciumată în anii interbelici"] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20090129225642/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/istorie-zbuciumata-in-anii-interbelici.html |date=January 29, 2009 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 28, 2008</ref> In 1898, after Mille invested its profits into [[real estate]], {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} left its crowded surroundings and moved to a specially designed new building on Sărindar Street (the present-day C. Mille Street, between Calea Victoriei and the [[Cişmigiu Gardens|Cișmigiu Gardens]]). Inspired by ''[[Le Figaro]]''{{'}}s palatial quarters, it was first building of such proportions in the history of Romania's print media, housing a printing press, paper storage, distribution office and mail room, as well as a library, several archives, a phone station and a [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]] [[chapel]].<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftpremiere"/><ref name="ftpalatul"/> Its halls were luxuriously decorated according to Mille's specifications, and adorned with [[poster]]s by international artists such as [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] and [[Alfons Mucha]], and by its own occasional illustrator, [[Nicolae Vermont]].<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftpalatul"/> Around 1900, Mille purchased a neighboring plot, the former Saint-Frères manufacturing plant, and unified both buildings under a single facade.<ref name="ftpalatul"/> It was there that, after placing an order with the [[Mergenthaler Linotype Company|Mergenthaler Company]], he installed the first [[Linotype machine]]s to be used locally.<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftpremiere"/><ref name="ftrecord"/><ref name="ftpalatul"/>

{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} established itself as the most circulated paper, setting up successive records in terms of copies per issue due to Mille's favorable approach to modern printing techniques: from 10,000 in 1894, these brought the circulation to 12,000 in 1895 and 30,000 in 1907.<ref name="ftrecord"/> Writing in 1898, Mille took pride in calling his newspaper "a daily encyclopedia" or "cinema" for the regular public, universally available at only 5 [[Romanian leu|bani]] per copy.<ref name="cm1907">{{in lang|ro}} [[Cătălin Mihuleac]], [http://convorbiri-literare.dntis.ro/MIHULEACapr7.html " '1907' și '1989' – două mari manipulări prin presă"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123144043/http://convorbiri-literare.dntis.ro/MIHULEACapr7.html |date=2008-01-23 }}, in ''[[Convorbiri Literare]]'', April 2007</ref> In 1904, making efforts to keep up with his rival [[Luigi Cazzavillan]], founder of the [[right-wing]] competitor ''[[Universul]]'',<ref name="ftparinte"/> Mille established a morning edition, which was emancipated under separate management in December of the same year, under the new name ''[[Dimineața]]''. As of 1912, ''Dimineața'' was the first Romanian daily to use [[Color printing|full color print]], with a claim to have been the world's first color newspaper.<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftpremiere"/> Beginning 1905, both gazettes ensured stable revenues by leasing their [[classified advertising]] sections to Carol Schulder's Schulder Agency.<ref name="ftpremiere"/>

====Early cultural ventures====
{{multiple image
| align    = right
| image1   = Stancescu, Gaina, var orig.PNG
| width1   = 200
| caption1 = [[Nicolae Petrescu Găină]]'s caricature of [[C. I. Stăncescu]], original watercolor
| image2   = Petrescu-Gaina - Stancescu.PNG
| width2   = 180
| caption2 = The same image, as republished by {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}
}}
[[File:Adevărul Newspaper Headquarter on Strada Constantin Mille, Bucharest, Romania, with a Beaux Arts facade.jpg|thumb|''Adevărul'' headquarters (1898) on Constantin Mille (then Sărindar) Street in [[Bucharest]], designed by architect [[Ștefan Ciocârlan]], with a [[Beaux Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] facade showing slight [[Art Nouveau]] influences]]
In order to consecrate the newspaper's cultural ambitions, Mille became head of a literary club,<ref name="ftparinte"/> while he considered creating a separate literary edition. A literary supplement (''Adevĕrul Literar'', "The Literary Truth") was in print between 1894 and 1896, before being replaced by ''Adevĕrul Ilustrat'' ("The Illustrated Truth") and soon after by ''Adevĕrul de Joi'' ("The Truth on Thursday"), edited by poet [[Artur Stavri]], and eventually closed down due to lack of funding in 1897.<ref name="ftscriit"/> Although short-lived, these publications had a significant part on the cultural scene, and hosted contributions by influential, mostly left-wing, cultural figures: Stavri, Stere, [[Constantin D. Anghel]], [[Traian Demetrescu]], [[Arthur Gorovei]], [[Ion Gorun]], [[Henric Sanielevici|Henric]] and [[Simion Sanielevici]].<ref name="ftscriit"/> In this context, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also began receiving contributions from prominent humorist [[Ion Luca Caragiale]]—previously a conservative adversary, known for his mockery of republican [[sensationalism]].<ref>Pârvulescu, p.116</ref> In return for the 1897 setback, the gazette began allocating space to serialized works of literature, including [[Sketch story|sketches]] by Caragiale (most of the writings later published as ''[[Momente și schițe]]''), as well as ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' by [[Alexandre Dumas, père]].<ref name="ftscriit"/>

In later years, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} experimented by publishing a different supplement each day, including one titled ''Litere și Arte'' ("Arts and Letters").<ref name="ftscriit"/> By the mid-1890s, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was encouraging developments in [[Art of Romania|visual arts in Romania]], publishing several original posters,<ref name="ftpremiere"/> and hosting art chronicles signed with various pseudonyms. In 1895, it covered the artistic environment's split into several competing wings: its columnist, using the pseudonym ''Index'', gave a negative review to [[Nicolae Grigorescu]] and the other [[Impressionism|Impressionists]] or [[Realism (visual arts)|Realists]] who together had rebelled against the official [[Academic art|academic salon]] of [[C. I. Stăncescu]].<ref>Ionescu, p.215-216</ref> The following year however, a chronicler who used the pen name ''Gal'' praised the anti-academic independents' salon, supporting its members [[Ştefan Luchian|ștefan Luchian]], [[Alexandru Bogdan-Piteşti|Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești]] and Vermont (whose portraits it featured as illustrations for the texts, alongside a notorious caricature of C. I. Stăncescu by [[Nicolae Petrescu-Găină]]).<ref>Ionescu, p.229-234</ref>

By 1905, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was publishing a supplement titled ''Viața Literară'' ("The Literary Life", edited by Coșbuc, Gorun and [[Ilarie Chendi]]) and two other satirical periodicals, ''Belgia Orientului'' ("The Orient's [[Belgium]]", named after a common sarcastic reference to the Romanian Kingdom) and ''Nea Ghiță'' ("Uncle Ghiță").<ref name="ftscriit"/> It also began running its own publishing house, ''Editura Adevĕrul'', noted early on for its editions of Constantin Mille's novels, Caragiale's sketches, and [[George Panu]]'s memoirs of his time with the literary club ''[[Junimea]]''.<ref name="ftscriit"/> In parallel, Mille reached out into other areas of [[Culture of Romania|local culture]]. Early on, he instituted a tradition of monthly festivities, paid for from his own pocket, and noted for the participation of leading figures in [[Theater of Romania|Romanian theater]] ([[Maria Giurgea]], [[Constantin Nottara]] and [[Aristizza Romanescu]] among them).<ref name="ftviata"/> Beginning 1905, the paper had for its illustrator [[Iosif Iser]], one of the major graphic artists of his generation, whose satirical drawings most often targeted Carol I and [[Russian Empire|Russian]] [[List of Russian rulers|Emperor]] [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] (attacked for violently suppressing the [[Russian Revolution of 1905|1905 Revolution]]).<ref>Sandqvist, p.70, 72</ref> As a promotional tactic, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} participated in the National Fair of 1906, where it exemplified its printing techniques while putting out a collector's version of the newspaper, titled ''Adevĕrul la Expoziție'' ("Adevĕrul at the Exhibit").<ref name="ftpremiere"/>

====New advocacies and 1907 Revolt coverage====
Several mass social, cultural and political campaigns were initiated or endorsed by {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} before 1910. According to one of Constantin Mille's columns of 1906, the newspaper continued to see itself as an advocate of people's causes: "Any of our readers know that, should any injustice be committed against them, should all authorities discard them, they will still find shelter under this newspaper's roof."<ref name="ftparinte"/> In line with Beldiman and Mille's political vision, it militated for a statue of ''Domnitor'' Cuza to be erected in Iași (such a monument being eventually inaugurated in 1912).<ref name="ftrecord"/> Similar initiatives included the 1904 event marking 400 years since the death of [[Rulers of Moldavia|Moldavian Prince]] [[Stephen III of Moldavia|Stephen the Great]], and the erection in [[Craiova]] of a bust honoring its deceased contributor, poet Traian Demetrescu.<ref name="ftrecord"/> At around the same time, Mille's gazette became a noted supporter of [[feminism]], and created a special column, ''Cronica femeii'' ("The Woman's Chronicle"), assigned to female journalist [[Ecaterina Raicoviceanu-Fulmen]].<ref name="mpjurnaliste">{{in lang|ro}} Marian Petcu, [http://www.jurnalismsicomunicare.eu/rrjc/gratis/23_2006_petcu_jurnaliste_uitate.pdf "Jurnaliste şi publiciste uitate"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720163817/http://www.jurnalismsicomunicare.eu/rrjc/gratis/23_2006_petcu_jurnaliste_uitate.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}, in the [[University of Bucharest]] Faculty of Journalism's [http://www.jurnalismsicomunicare.eu/rrjc/ ''Revista Română de Jurnalism şi Comunicare'']  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720163851/http://www.jurnalismsicomunicare.eu/rrjc/ |date=July 20, 2011 }}, Nr. 2-3/2006</ref> Over the following decade, it hosted regular contributions by other militant women, among them [[Lucrezzia Karnabatt]], [[E. Marghita]], [[Maura Prigor]], [[Laura Vampa]] and [[Aida Vrioni]].<ref name="mpjurnaliste"/> Having endorsed the creation of a journalists' [[trade union]] and a [[Romanian Writers' Society]], the newspaper also claimed to have inspired the idea of a Bucharest [[Emergency medical services|ambulance service]], a project taken up by physician [[Nicolae Minovici]] and fulfilled in 1906.<ref name="ftrecord"/> Despite his leftist sympathies, Mille found himself in conflict with [[Labor movement in Romania|Romania's labor movement]]: believing that the Linotype machines would render their jobs obsolete, they went on [[Strike action|strike]], before the editor himself resolved to educate them all in the new techniques.<ref name="ftpremiere"/>

{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}{{'}}s ongoing support for Jewish emancipation was accompanied by a sympathetic take on the growing [[Zionism|Zionist]] movement. In 1902, the paper offered an enthusiastic reception to visiting French Zionist [[Bernard Lazare]], prompting negative comments from the [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] French observers.<ref>[[David Pryce-Jones]], ''Betrayal: France, the Arabs, and the Jews'', [[Encounter Books]], New York City, 2008, p.28.  {{ISBN|978-1-59403-220-2}}</ref> By 1906, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}{{'}}s attitude prompted historian [[Nicolae Iorga]], leader of the antisemitic [[Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)|Democratic Nationalist Party]], to accuse the newspaper of cultivating a "Jewish national sentiment" which, he claimed, had for its actual goal the destruction of Romania.<ref>''Final Report'', p.27</ref> In his ''Naționalism sau democrație'' ("Nationalism or Democracy") series of articles for ''[[Sămănătorul]]'' magazine (an [[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalist]] organ published by Iorga), the Transylvanian-based thinker [[Aurel Popovici]], who criticized the elites of Austria-Hungary on grounds that they were serving Jewish interests, alleged that the impact of {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'' carried the same risk for Romania.<ref>Voicu, p.146</ref> In later years, Iorga casually referred to {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} as "the Jewish press organ", while, together with his political associate [[A. C. Cuza]] and other contributors to his ''[[Neamul Românesc]]'' journal, he repeatedly claimed that the entire press was controlled by the Jews.<ref>Voicu, p.146-147</ref> The antisemitic discourse targeting the Sărindar-based publications was taken up in the same period by the traditionalist Transylvanian poet [[Octavian Goga]] and by businessman-journalist [[Stelian Popescu]] (who, in 1915, became owner of ''Universul'').<ref>Voicu, p.147-148</ref>

Pursuing its interest in the peasant question, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was one of the main factors of dissent during the [[1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt|1907 Peasant Revolt]], which was violently quelled by the National Liberal cabinet of [[Dimitrie Sturdza]]. The paper reported on or made allegations about the shooting and maltreatment of peasants, reputedly to the point where government officials promised to end repression if Mille agreed to tone down his publication.<ref name="ftcampanii"/> Various researchers accuse Mille of having seriously exaggerated the scale of repression for political purposes.<ref name="cm1907"/><ref>{{in lang|ro}} [[Ion Bulei]], [http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/421-nu-11-000-3047758/ "421, nu 11.000"], in ''[[Ziarul Financiar]]'', February 2, 2007</ref><ref name="acrasc">{{in lang|ro}} Anton Caragea, "Răscoală sau complot?", in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]'', January 2003</ref><ref name="stamoral1">[[Stelian Tănase]], [http://www.sferapoliticii.ro/sfera/136/art11-arhiva.html "N.D. Cocea, un boier amoral/N.D. Cocea, an Immoral Boyar" (I)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912110918/http://www.sferapoliticii.ro/sfera/136/art11-arhiva.html |date=2018-09-12 }}, in ''[[Sfera Politicii]]'', Nr. 136</ref> Historian Anton Caragea, who theorizes the intrusion of Austria-Hungary, argues that, having received payments from Austro-Hungarian spies, both {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Universul'' were conditioned to incite public sentiment against the Sturdza executive.<ref name="acrasc"/> Soon after the revolt, ''Editura Adevĕrul'' published Caragiale's ''1907, din primăvară până în toamnă'' ("1907, From Spring to Autumn"), an attack on the Kingdom's institutions and analysis of its failures in connection to the rebellion, which was an instant best-seller.<ref name="ftscriit"/><ref>[[Şerban Cioculescu]], ''Caragialiana'', [[Editura Eminescu]], Bucharest, 1974, p.28-29. {{OCLC|6890267}}</ref>

====Early 1910s====
Following the 1907 events, the gazette participated in an extended anti-monarchy campaign, which also involved ''[[Facla]]'', a newspaper edited by Mille's son-in-law,<ref name="stamoral1"/> the [[Republicanism|republican]] and socialist journalist [[N. D. Cocea]], as well as Romanian [[Anarchism|anarchist]] milieus.<ref name="gpproces">{{in lang|ro}} G. Pienescu, [http://www.romlit.ro/un_proces_care_nu_a_avut_loc_dect_pe_hrtie "Un proces care nu a avut loc decât pe hârtie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728051005/http://www.romlit.ro/un_proces_care_nu_a_avut_loc_dect_pe_hrtie |date=2011-07-28 }}, in ''[[România Literară]]'', Nr. 24/2006</ref> In 1912, it participated in one of Cocea's publicity stunts, during which the ''Facla'' editor, together with his colleague, poet [[Tudor Arghezi]], simulated their own trial for ''[[lèse majesté]]'', by reporting the mock procedures and hosting advertisements for ''Facla''.<ref name="gpproces"/> Like ''Facla'' itself, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} circulated stereotypical satires of Carol I, constantly referring to him as ''neamțul'' ("the German" in [[List of terms used for Germans|colloquial terms]]) or ''căpușa'' ("the tick").<ref name="gpproces"/>

In 1912, the combined circulation of {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'' exceeded 100,000 copies, bringing it a revenue of 1 million [[Romanian leu|lei]];<ref name="ftrecord"/> the two periodicals assessed that, between January and August 1914, they had printed some 1,284 [[ton]]s of paper.<ref>Boia, p.95</ref> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} had become the highest-grossing, but also the highest-paying press venue, and consequently the most sought-after employer: in 1913, it had a writing and technical staff of 250 people (whose salaries amounted to some 540,000 lei), in addition to whom it employed 60 correspondents and 1,800 official distributors.<ref name="ftrecord"/> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} reportedly had a notoriously stiff editorial policy, outlined by Mille and applied by his administrative editor Sache Petreanu, whereby it taxed the [[Proofreading|proofreaders]] for each typo.<ref name="ftrecord"/><ref name="ftviata"/> Mille himself repeatedly urged his employees to keep up with the events, decking the walls with portraits of 19th-century newspaperman [[Zaharia Carcalechi]], infamous for his professional lassitude.<ref name="ftparinte"/> In addition to establishing permanent telephone links within Austria-Hungary (in both [[Vienna]] and [[Budapest]]), {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} maintained a regular correspondence with various [[Balkans|Balkan]] capitals, and pioneered [[shorthand]] in transcribing interviews.<ref name="ftpremiere"/> Among its indigenous journalists to be sent on special assignment abroad were [[Emil Fagure]] and [[Barbu Brănișteanu]], who reported on the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]] from inside the [[Ottoman Empire]], as well as from the [[Principality of Bulgaria]] and the [[Kingdom of Serbia]].<ref name="ftpremiere"/> The newspaper was nevertheless subject to a [[practical joke]] played by its correspondent, future writer [[Victor Eftimiu]]: instead of continuing his {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}-sponsored trip to France, Eftimiu stopped in Vienna, and compiled his "Letters from [[Paris]]" column from the press articles he read at Café Arkaden.<ref>Hartmut Gagelmann, ''Nicolae Bretan, His Life, His Music'', Pendragon Press, Hillsdale, 2000, p.20, 73.  {{ISBN|1-57647-021-0}}</ref>

{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}{{'}}s coverage of the international scene gave Romanians a window to political and cultural turmoil. By 1908, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was covering the burgeoning European [[avant-garde]], offering mixed reviews to [[Futurism]] and deploring the supposed end of [[literary realism]].<ref>Sandqvist, p.242</ref> In late 1910, claiming to speak for "the democratic world", it celebrated the [[5 October 1910 revolution|Portuguese republican revolt]].<ref>Ion Babici, "Octombrie 1910. Portugalia se proclamă republică", in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]'', October 1975, p.39-40</ref> The efforts made for establishing and preserving international connections, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} claimed, made it one of the first papers in the world to report some other events of continental importance: the 1911 food riots in Vienna, the outbreak of the [[First Balkan War]], and the diplomatic conflict between the [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Greek]] and Bulgarian Kingdoms in the run-up to the [[Second Balkan War]].<ref name="ftpremiere"/> During the latter showdowns, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also employed several literary and political personalities as its correspondents: the paper's future manager [[Iacob Rosenthal]] in [[Sofia]], Serbian journalist [[Pera Taletov]] in [[Belgrade]], Romanian writer [[Argentina Monteoru]] in [[Istanbul]], and Prince [[Albert Gjika]] in [[Cetinje]].<ref name="ftpremiere"/> In July 1913, the newspaper reported extensively on massacres committed by the [[Hellenic Army]] in [[Dojran]], [[Kilkis]] and other settlements of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], while discussing the "terror regime" instituted in Bulgaria by [[List of Bulgarian monarchs|Tsar]] [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|Ferdinand I]].<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Adrian Majuru, [http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/despre-un-razboi-mai-putin-cunoscut-i-3093719/ "Despre un război mai puţin cunoscut (I)"], in ''[[Ziarul Financiar]]'', May 9, 2008</ref> Later the same month, as Romania joined the anti-Bulgarian coalition and her troops entered [[Southern Dobruja]], {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} gave coverage to the spread of [[cholera]] among soldiers, accusing the Conservative executive headed by [[Titu Maiorescu]] of hiding its actual toll.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Adrian Majuru, [http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/despre-un-razboi-mai-putin-cunoscut-ii-3092880/ "Despre un război mai puţin cunoscut (II)"], in ''[[Ziarul Financiar]]'', May 16, 2008</ref>

Also at that stage, the newspaper had become known for organizing [[raffle]]s, which provided winners with expensive prizes, such as real estate and furniture.<ref name="ftrecord"/> It was also the first periodical to have established itself in the countryside, a record secured through a special contract with the [[Romanian Post]], whereby postmen acted as press distributors, allowing some 300 press storage rooms to be established nationally.<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftrecord"/> Political differences of the period, pitting {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} editors against National Liberal politicos, threatened this monopoly: under National Liberal cabinets, the Post was prevented from distributing the newspaper, leading it to rely on subscriptions and private distributors.<ref name="ftrecord"/> Famous among the latter were Bucharest [[Newspaper hawker|paperboys]], who advertised {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} with political songs such as the republican anthem ''[[La Marseillaise]]''.<ref name="ftrecord"/>

====World War I====
[[File:BucharestDemonstrationInFavourOfWar.jpeg|thumb|360px|[[Bucharest]] demonstration in favor of Romania's entry into [[World War I]] (1915 or 1916).]]
After the outbreak of [[World War I]], the newspaper further divided the surviving socialist camp by swinging into the [[Interventionism (politics)|interventionist]] group, calling for a declaration of war against the [[Central Powers]].<ref>Boia, p.90-91, 93, 95, 107, 114, 198, 210, 272; Torrey, p.5, 18-19, 24-27</ref> This position was more compatible with that of newspapers like ''[[Universul]]'', ''[[Flacăra]]'', ''[[Furnica (magazine)|Furnica]]'' or ''[[Epoca (Romania)|Epoca]]'', clashing with the socialist press, the [[Poporanism|Poporanists]], and [[Germanophile]] gazettes such as ''[[Seara (newspaper)|Seara]]'', ''[[Steagul]]'', ''Minerva'' or ''Opinia''.<ref>Boia, p.93-100, 333-337</ref> According to historian [[Lucian Boia]], this stance was partly explained by the Jewish origin of its panelists, who, as advocates of assimilation, wanted to identify with the Romanian [[cultural nationalism]] and [[irredenta]]; an exception was the Germanophile Brănișteanu, for a while marginalized within the group.<ref>Boia, p.90-91, 96, 200-201</ref>

{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} agitated with energy against Austria-Hungary on the Transylvanian issue, while giving less exposure to the problems of Romanians in Russian-held [[Bessarabia]]. This was a programmatic choice, outlined by Transylvanian academic [[Ioan Ursu]] in a September 1914 article for {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, where [[Russophobia]] was condemned as a canard.<ref>Boia, p.198</ref> Over the course of 1914, the aging historian [[A. D. Xenopol]] also made {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} the host of his interventionist essays, later collected as a volume.<ref>Boia, p.107</ref> In early winter 1915, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} publicized the visit of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] scholar [[Robert William Seton-Watson]], who campaigned in favor of the [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]] and supported the interventionist [[Cultural League for the Unity of All Romanians]]. In his interview with {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, Seton-Watson identified the goals of Romanians with those of [[Serbs]] and [[Croats]], stressing that their common interest called for the partition of Austria-Hungary, ending what he called "the brutal and artificial domination of the [[Hungarians|Magyar race]]".<ref>[[Hugh Seton-Watson]], Christopher Seton-Watson, ''The Making of a New Europe. R. W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary'', [[Methuen Publishing]], London, 1981, p.114-115.  {{ISBN|0-416-74730-2}}</ref> One of the newspaper's own articles, published in April 1916, focused on the [[Ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] [[Transylvanian Saxons]] and their relationship with Romanians in Austria-Hungary, claiming: "Except for the Hungarians, we had throughout our history, just as we have today, an enemy just as irreducible and who would desire our disappearance just as much: the Saxon people."<ref name="dhgerman">Dumitru Hîncu, [http://www.plural-magazine.com/article_the-german-in-romanian-mentality.html "The German in Romanian Mentality"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320230830/http://www.plural-magazine.com/article_the-german-in-romanian-mentality.html |date=March 20, 2012 }}, in the [[Romanian Cultural Institute]]'s ''[http://www.plural-magazine.com/ Plural Magazine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321152817/http://www.plural-magazine.com/ |date=March 21, 2012 }}'', Nr. 27/2006</ref> According to literary historian Dumitru Hîncu, such discourse was replicated by other pro-Entente venues, marking a temporary break with a local tradition of more positive [[ethnic stereotype]]s regarding the Germans.<ref name="dhgerman"/>

The interventionist campaign peaked in summer 1916, when it became apparent that [[Ion I. C. Brătianu]]'s National Liberal cabinet was pondering Romania's entry into the conflict on the Entente side (''see [[Romania during World War I]]''). Mille himself explained the war as a "corrective" answer to Romania's social problems and a "diversion" for the rebellion-minded peasants.<ref>Torrey, p.5</ref> The newspaper, described by [[United States|American]] scholar Glenn E. Torrey as "sensationalist", provided enthusiastic accounts of the Russians' [[Brusilov Offensive]], which had stabilized the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] in Romania's proximity, announcing that the "supreme moment" for Romania's intervention had arrived.<ref>Torrey, p.18-19</ref> This attitude resulted in a clash between {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} on one side and Romania's new dominant socialist faction, the [[Social Democratic Party of Romania (1910–1918)|Social Democratic Party of Romania]] (PSDR) and the socialist-controlled labor movement on the other. The newspaper reported the official government position on the bloody confrontations between workers and [[Romanian Army]] troops in the city of [[Galaţi|Galați]].<ref>Torrey, p.24</ref> Using a style Torrey describes as "inflammatory", {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also attacked PSDR leader [[Christian Rakovsky]], co-founder of the anti-interventionist and [[Proletarian internationalism|internationalist]] [[Zimmerwald Conference|Zimmerwald Movement]], accusing him of being an "adventurer" and hireling of the [[German Empire]].<ref>Torrey, p.25</ref> In a 1915 letter to Zimmerwald promoter [[Leon Trotsky]], Rakovsky himself claimed that Mille had been corrupted by [[Take Ionescu]], leader of the pro-Entente [[Conservative-Democratic Party]], and that his newspapers issued [[propaganda]] "under the mask of independence".<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [[Christian Rakovsky]], [http://www.marxists.org/francais/rakovsky/works/soc_guerre/reponse.htm ''Les socialistes et la guerre''], at the [[Marxists Internet Archive]]; retrieved April 18, 2009</ref>

Romania eventually signed the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1916)|1916 Treaty of Bucharest]], committing herself to the Entente cause. Its intervention in the war was nevertheless ill-fated, and resulted in the occupation of Bucharest and much of the surrounding regions by the Central Powers, with the Romanian authorities taking refuge in [[Iași]]. While Mille himself fled to Iași and later Paris, his newspapers were banned by the German authorities and the Sărindar headquarters became home to the [[German language|German-language]] official mouthpiece, ''[[Bukarester Tageblatt]]''.<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftpalatul"/><ref name="ftzbucium"/> Brănișteanu, who did not join in the exodus, worked with [[Constantin Stere]] on the Germanophile paper ''Lumina''.<ref>Boia, p.200-201, 316</ref> In early 1919, as the Germans lost the war, Mille returned and both {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'' were again in print.<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftpalatul"/><ref name="ftzbucium"/> In later years, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}{{'}}s [[Constantin Costa-Foru]] covered in detail and with noted clemency the trials of various "[[Collaborationism|collaborationist]]" journalists, including some of its former and future contributors (Stere, [[Tudor Arghezi]], [[Saniel Grossman]]).<ref>Boia, p.339, 342-344</ref> The newspaper was by then also reporting about Seton-Watson's disappointment with post-war [[Greater Romania]] and the [[Centralized government|centralist]] agenda of its founders.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Radu Racoviţan, [http://istorie.ulbsibiu.ro/cercetare/Texte/Partide%20politice%203.pdf "R.W. Seton-Watson şi problema minorităţilor în România interbelică"], in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.), ''Partide politice şi minorităţi naţionale din România în secolul XX'', Vol. III, [[Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu]] & Techno Media, Sibiu, 2008, p.147, 148, 162.  {{ISBN|978-973-7865-99-1}}</ref>

===1919 edition===

====Early interwar years====
[[File:Adeverul-logo.png|thumb|280px|''Adevĕrul'' logo, used in the [[interwar period]]. The subtitle reads: "Evening political newspaper. Appears each day at 3 PM"]]
Once reestablished, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} became a dominant newspaper of the [[interwar period]] and preserved its formative role for [[popular culture]], being joined in its leftist niche some other widely circulated periodicals (''[[Cuvântul Liber (1924)|Cuvântul Liber]]'', ''[[Rampa (Romanian magazine)|Rampa]]'' etc.).<ref name="pc135">Cernat, p.135</ref> More serious competition came from its old rival ''Universul'', which now surpassed it in popularity at a national level.<ref>Bucur, p.263</ref> By 1934, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'' still boasted a combined daily circulation of 150,000 copies.<ref name="agbrunea">Alexandru Gruian, "Brunea-Fox: Saltul la realitate", in ''[[Dilema Veche]]'', Nr. 418: ''Dosar: Starea reportajului'', February 2012</ref>

In 1920, Mille retired from the position of editor-in-chief and moved on to create ''[[Lupta]]'' journal, amidst allegations that he had been pressured out by rival business interests.<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftzbucium"/> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'' were both purchased by [[Aristide Blank]], a [[History of the Jews in Romania|Romanian Jewish]] entrepreneur, [[National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)|National Liberal]] politician and owner of [[Editura Cultura Naţională|Editura Cultura Națională]] company. He sold the controlling stock to other prominent Jewish businessmen, Emil and Simion Pauker, reactivating the Adevĕrul S. A. holding in the process.<ref name="ftparinte"/><ref name="ftpalatul"/><ref name="ftzbucium"/> Mille himself was replaced by [[Constantin Graur]], who held managerial positions until 1936.<ref name="ftpalatul"/><ref name="ftzbucium"/><ref name="ftinterzis">{{in lang|ro}} Florentina Tone, [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/adev-rul-interzis-de-comunisti.html "''Adevĕrul'', interzis de comunişti"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503045606/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/adev-rul-interzis-de-comunisti.html |date=May 3, 2009 }}, in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, December 29, 2008</ref> Simion and Emil Pauker were, respectively, the father and uncle of [[Marcel Pauker]], later a maverick figure in the outlawed [[Romanian Communist Party]] (PCR).<ref name="ftzbucium"/><ref>Tismăneanu, p.300</ref> The Paukers' ethnicity made their two newspapers preferred targets of attacks by the local antisemitic groups.<ref name="ftzbucium"/><ref>Ornea (1995), p.245, 392, 402, 459-465; Veiga, p.94</ref> In that decade, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was generally sympathetic to the [[National Peasants' Party]], the main political force opposing the National Liberal establishment.<ref>Clark, p.305-306</ref>

The paper employed a new generation of panelists, most of whom were known for their advocacy of left-wing causes. In addition to professional journalists Brănișteanu, [[Constantin Bacalbașa]], [[Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște]], they included respected novelist [[Mihail Sadoveanu]] and debuting essayist [[Petre Pandrea]],<ref name="ftscriit"/> as well as the best-selling fiction author [[Cezar Petrescu]], who was briefly a member of the editorial staff.<ref>[[Mihai Gafiţa]], "Tabel cronologic", in [[Cezar Petrescu]], ''Întunecare'', [[Editura pentru literatură]], 1966, p.XXXII.  {{OCLC|15263256}}</ref> Other writers with socialist or [[Pacifism|pacifist]] sympathies also became collaborators of {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'', most notably: [[Elena Farago]], [[Eugen Relgis]], [[Ion Marin Sadoveanu]] and [[George Mihail Zamfirescu]].<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Mircea Popa, [http://www.uab.ro/reviste_recunoscute/index.php?cale=2006 "George Mihail Zamfirescu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304170806/http://www.uab.ro/reviste_recunoscute/index.php?cale=2006 |date=2016-03-04 }}, in the [[1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia|December 1 University of Alba Iulia]]'s [http://www.uab.ro/reviste_recunoscute/index.php?cale=philologica ''Philologica Yearbook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230900/http://www.uab.ro/reviste_recunoscute/index.php?cale=philologica |date=2016-03-03 }}, 2006, I, p.30</ref> Especially noted among the young generation of leftists was [[F. Brunea-Fox]]. After a stint as political editorialist with {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, he became the Romanian "prince of reporters", with [[investigative journalism]] pieces which were mainly hosted by ''Dimineața''.<ref name="agbrunea"/>

[[File:Extension from the 1930s of the Adevărul Newspaper Headquarter on Strada Constantin Mille, Bucharest, Romania, with an Art Deco facade.jpg|thumb|''Adevărul'' headquarters, [[reinforced concrete]] addition (1930s), with [[Art Deco]] facade]]
Despite the effects of the [[Great Depression]], the new management purchased another building in Sărindar area, tearing it down and replacing it with another palace wing, in [[reinforced concrete]], and unifying the three facades by late 1933.<ref name="ftpalatul"/> The extended location, covering some 1,700 m<sup>2</sup>, came to house a [[rotary printing press]] which was also in use by the magazine ''[[Realitatea Ilustrată]]'', a conference hall, a [[cafeteria]] and sleeping quarters for the [[janitor]]s.<ref name="ftpalatul"/> The post-1920 issues introduced a number of changes in format. It began hosting [[Photojournalism|photojournalistic]] pieces by [[Iosif Berman]], one of Romania's celebrated photographers (who had made his debut with ''Dimineața'' in 1913).<ref>Domnica Macri, "Un fotograf român în ''National Geographic''", in ''[[National Geographic Magazine]]'' Romanian edition, June 2008, p.39</ref><ref name="ebfoto">{{in lang|ro}} Emanuel Bădescu, [http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/fotografi-din-romania-interbelica-3104263/ "Fotografi din România interbelică"], in ''[[Ziarul Financiar]]'', February 15, 2008</ref> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} began headlining its front page with a short listing of the top news of the day, often accompanied by sarcastic editorial commentary.<ref name="ftinterzis"/>

Among the other innovations were regular columns discussing developments in literature and philosophy, written by two young [[Modernist literature|modernist]] authors, [[Benjamin Fondane]] and [[Ion Vinea]], as well as a theater chronicle by Fagure and [[Iosif Nădejde]].<ref name="ftscriit"/> Vinea's texts discussed literary authenticity, [[eclecticism]], and consistent praises of modern [[Lyricism|lyrical prose]].<ref>Cernat, p.73-77</ref> Other such articles followed Vinea's rivalry with his former colleague [[Tristan Tzara]], and stated his rejection of [[Dada]]ism, a radical [[avant-garde]] current that Tzara had formed in [[Switzerland]] during the war.<ref>Cernat, p.73, 127-128</ref> In 1922, Vinea went on to establish ''[[Contimporanul]]'', an influential modernist and socialist tribune, which maintained warm contact with {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}.<ref name="pc135"/> Around that time, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} had a printing-press contract with Alexandru Tzaran, the socialist activist and entrepreneur, whose company also published avant-garde books,<ref>Sandqvist, p.178, 180</ref> and revisited projects for creating a literary supplement. In 1920, it set up ''[[Adevărul Literar şi Artistic|Adevĕrul Literar și Artistic]]'', soon to be rated one of the prominent Romanian cultural journals.<ref name="ftscriit"/> Seven years later, it also began printing a magazine for [[Romanian Radio]] enthusiasts, under the title ''Radio Adevĕrul''.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Adriana Dumitran, "Prezenţa Casei Regale în programele Radiodifuziunii Române în perioada interbelică", in the [[National Library of Romania]]'s ''[http://www.bibnat.ro/dyn-doc/REVBNR-2-2006.pdf Revista Bibliotecii Naţionale]'', Nr. 2/2006, p.32-36</ref>

The newspaper was involved in cultural debates over the following two decades. It attracted contributions from various cultural ideologists, among them critics [[Şerban Cioculescu|șerban Cioculescu]], [[Petru Comarnescu]], [[Eugen Lovinescu]] and [[Paul Zarifopol]], writers [[Demostene Botez]], [[Eugeniu Botez]], [[Victor Eftimiu]], [[Eugen Jebeleanu]] and [[Camil Petrescu]], and [[Aromanians|Aromanian]] cultural activist [[Nicolae Constantin Batzaria]].<ref name="ftscriit"/> Beginning 1928, Cioculescu took over the {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} literary column.<ref name="ftscriit"/> That same year, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} hosted part of the dispute between Cioculescu and another prominent critic of the period, [[Perpessicius]], the former of whom accused the latter of being too eclectic and generous.<ref>Cernat, p.316</ref> In 1931, it circulated young critic [[Lucian Boz]]'s defense of Tzara and praise for sculptor [[Constantin Brâncuși]], both of whom, he stressed, had brought "fresh Romanian air into the realm of [[Western culture]]".<ref name="Cernat, p.331">Cernat, p.331</ref> By 1932, it was hosting contributions from [[George Călinescu]], including one which criticized his former disciple Boz,<ref name="Cernat, p.331"/> and excerpts from Lovinescu's memoirs.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Iordan Datcu, [http://www.romlit.ro/lazr_ineanu "Lazăr Şăineanu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728052348/http://www.romlit.ro/lazr_ineanu |date=2011-07-28 }}, in ''[[România Literară]]'', Nr. 15/2009</ref> In 1937, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} hosted a polemic between Lovinescu and his disciple [[Felix Aderca]], where the topic was avant-garde hero [[Urmuz]],<ref>Cernat, p.348</ref> and a special column for women in culture. Probably conceived by feminist writer [[Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan]] (already known to {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} readers as a popularizer of [[English literature]]), it was signed by several prominent women of the day.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Bianca Burţa-Cernat, [http://www.observatorcultural.ro/Femeile-intre-ele-in-1937*articleID_14072-articles_details.html " 'Femeile între ele' în 1937"], in ''[[Observator Cultural]]'', Nr. 290, October 2005</ref>

''Editura Adevĕrul'' signed on some of the best-selling authors in modern Romanian literature, among them Sadoveanu, Călinescu, Eugeniu Botez, [[Liviu Rebreanu]] and [[Gala Galaction]].<ref name="ftscriit"/> It also put out several other popular works, such as memoirs and essays by [[Marie of Edinburgh|Queen Marie of Romania]], the comedic hit ''[[Titanic Vals]]'' by [[Tudor Muşatescu|Tudor Mușatescu]], and, after 1934, a number of primary school textbooks.<ref name="ftscriit"/> By the mid-1930s, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} had launched sister magazines dedicated to photo-reportage (''[[Realitatea Ilustrată]]''), [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood films]] (''Film'') and health (''Medicul Nostru'').<ref name="cuygrec">{{in lang|ro}} [[Cornel Ungureanu]], [http://www.revistaorizont.ro/arhiva/august2007.pdf "Între Dr. Ygrec şi Dr. Eliade, Dr. Broch"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003075459/http://www.revistaorizont.ro/arhiva/august2007.pdf |date=2011-10-03 }}, in ''[[Orizont]]'', Nr. 8/2007, p.2</ref>

====Clashes with the far right====
Both {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'' were noted for their rejection of interwar antisemitism, and for condemning the [[far right]] and [[Fascism|fascist]] segment of the political spectrum. Romanian fascism was at the time grouped around the [[National-Christian Defense League]] (LANC), presided upon by {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}{{'}}s old adversary [[A. C. Cuza]]. During 1921, the liberal Fagure ridiculed the supposed threat of Jewish [[communization]] in newly acquired [[Bessarabia]], countering the supposed threat of [[Jewish Bolshevism]] (officially endorsed and publicized by ''Universul'').<ref>Livezeanu, p.253-255</ref> At the time, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was even voicing criticism of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] from the left: young Brunea-Fox discussed an [[Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks|anti-Soviet workers' rebellion]] as a movement for individual freedoms.<ref name="agbrunea"/> In 1923, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} publishing house printed a booklet by the leftist whistleblower [[Emanoil Socor]], wherein proof was given that A. C. Cuza's academic career rested on [[plagiarism]].<ref>Veiga, p.69. See also Butaru, p.92-93</ref>

The same year, the LANC's entire [[paramilitary]] wing, including young activist [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]], was rounded up by the authorities. These uncovered the fascists' plan to murder various National Liberal politicians, the editors of ''Lupta'', and {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} manager [[Iacob Rosenthal]].<ref>Veiga, p.76, 94</ref> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} later published the results of an investigation by [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] reporter Dinu Dumbravă, who discussed LANC involvement in the 1925 [[pogrom]] of [[Focșani]], and mentioned that the [[Education in Romania|educational system]] was being penetrated by antisemites.<ref>Livezeanu, p.283</ref> In 1927, it joined the condemnation of LANC-sponsored violence in Transylvania: a contributor, the lawyer-activist [[Dem. I. Dobrescu]], referred to Codreanu and his men as Romania's "shame".<ref>Giuseppe Motta, ''Le minoranze nel XX secolo: dallo stato nazionale all'integrazione europea'', FrancoAngeli, Milan, 2006, p.109.  {{ISBN|978-88-464-8129-0}}</ref> In December 1930, leftist sociologist [[Mihai Ralea]], one of the main figures in the ''[[Viaţa Românească|Viața Românească]]'' circle, chose {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} as the venue for his essay ''Răzbunarea noțiunii de democrație'' ("Avenging the Notion of Democracy"), which condemned the then-popular theory that democratic regimes were inferior to [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] ones.<ref>Ornea (1995), p.63</ref> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} reported with concern on some other [[Conspiracy (political)|conspiracies]] against the legitimate government, including officer [[Victor Precup]]'s attempt to assassinate King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] on [[Good Friday]] 1934.<ref name="vsacoltenii">{{in lang|ro}} Vlad Stoicescu, Andrei Crăciun, [http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/800695/Oltenii-quotpericol-socialquot/ "Oltenii, 'pericol social' "] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201190914/http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/800695/Oltenii-quotpericol-socialquot/ |date=February 1, 2009 }}, in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', April 26, 2008</ref>

In parallel, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} took an interest in promoting alternatives to nationalist theories. It thus attempted to mediate the ongoing disputes between Romania and [[Hungary]], an editorial policy notably taken up in 1923, when the exiled Hungarian intellectual [[Oszkár Jászi]] visited Bucharest. In that context, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} published Jászi's interview with [[Constantin Costa-Foru]], wherein Jászi mapped out a [[Danubian Confederation]] scheme, criticizing "thoughts of war and sentiments of hatred" among both Romanians and Magyars.<ref>Litván, p.248-249</ref> In another {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} piece, Jászi's vision was commended as a democratic alternative to the [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungarian Regency]] regime, leading [[Hungarian Ambassador in Romania|Hungarian Ambassador]] [[Iván Rubido-Zichy]] to express his displeasure.<ref>Litván, p.252-253</ref> Later, even as Jászi arose the suspicions of many Romanians and was shunned by the [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarian community in Romania]], {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} still expressed sympathy for his cause, notably with a 1935 essay by Transylvanian journalist [[Ion Clopoţel|Ion Clopoțel]].<ref>Litván, p.407</ref> The newspaper also denounced [[Weimar Republic|interwar Germany]]'s attempts to absorb [[Austria]] (a proto-''[[Anschluss]]''), primarily because they stood to channel Hungary's [[revanchism]].<ref>Alfred D. Low, ''The Anschluss Movement, 1918–1919, and the Paris Peace Conference'', [[American Philosophical Society]], Philadelphia, 1974, p.356.  {{ISBN|0-87169-103-5}}</ref> It also reported with much sarcasm on the friendly contacts between the Romanian nationalists at LANC and the Hungarian revanchist [[Hungarian National Defence Association|Szeged Fascists]].<ref>Giuseppe Motta, ''Un rapporto difficile: Romania e Stati Uniti nel periodo interbellico'', FrancoAngeli, Milan, 2006, p.113.  {{ISBN|88-464-8012-0}}</ref> Meanwhile, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was vividly critical of centralizing policies in post-1920 "[[Greater Romania]]", primarily in Transylvania and Bessarabia. Articles on this topic were mainly contributed by [[Onisifor Ghibu]], a former activist for the Transylvanian Romanian cause.<ref>Livezeanu, p.96, 163</ref>

One of the new causes in which {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} involved itself after 1918 was [[birth control]], which it supported from a [[Eugenics|eugenic]] perspective. This advocacy was foremost illustrated by the regular medical column of 1923, signed ''Doctor Ygrec'' (the pseudonym of a Jewish practitioner), which proposed both prenuptial certificates and the legalization of [[Abortion in Romania|abortion]].<ref>Bucur, p.201-202, 204-205, 263-264</ref> The issues attracted much interest after Ygrec and his counterpart at ''Universul'', who expressed moral and social objections, debated the matter for an entire month.<ref>Bucur, p.201-202</ref> While voicing such concerns, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} itself published [[prejudice]]d claims, such as a 1928 article by physician George D. Ionășescu, who portrayed the steady migration of [[Oltenia]]n natives into Bucharest as a "social danger" which brought with it "promiscuity, squalor and infection", and called for restrictions on internal migration.<ref name="vsacoltenii"/> Generally [[Anti-Racism|anti-racist]], the paper helped publicize the alternative, anti-fascist [[Racialism (racial categorization)|racialism]] proposed by [[Henric Sanielevici]] in the 1930s.<ref>Butaru, p.27, 209, 312, 325</ref> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also published a 1929 piece by Nicolae Constantin Batzaria, in which the latter showed his adversity to radical forms of [[feminism]], recommending women to find their comfort in marriage.<ref>[[Maria Bucur]], "Romania", in Kevin Passmore (ed.), ''Women, Gender, and Fascism in Europe, 1919-45'', [[Manchester University Press]], Manchester, 2003, p.72.  {{ISBN|0-7190-6617-4}}</ref>

By the mid-1930s, the tension between {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and the increasingly pro-fascist ''Universul'' degenerated into open confrontation. Emil Pauker's newspapers were by then also being targeted by the new fascist movement known as the [[Iron Guard]], led by former LANC member Codreanu: in 1930, one of its editors was shot by a follower of Codreanu, but escaped with his life.<ref>Clark, p.353</ref> According to the recollections of PCR activist [[Silviu Brucan]], the Iron Guardists, who supported ''Universul'', attacked distributors of {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'', prompting young communist and socialists to organize themselves into [[vigilante]] groups and fight back, which in turn led to a series of street battles.<ref name="ftzbucium"/> Beginning 1935, the scandals also involved ''[[Sfarmă-Piatră]]'', a virulent far right newspaper headed by [[Nichifor Crainic]] and funded by [[Stelian Popescu]], the new publisher of ''Universul''.<ref>Ornea (1995), p.245</ref> While engaged in this conflict, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} stood out among local newspapers for supporting the PCR during a 1936 trial of its activists which took place in [[Craiova]], and involved as a co-defendant Simion Pauker's daughter-in-law, [[Ana Pauker]].<ref name="ftzbucium"/> Mainstream politician [[Constantin Argetoianu]], citing an unnamed {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} journalist, had it that Emil Pauker, otherwise an outspoken [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], was trying to protect even the more estranged members of his family.<ref name="ftzbucium"/> With the change in management, some of the established {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} authors moved to ''Universul''. This was the case with C. Bacalbașa (1935)<ref name="zocapitala"/> and Batzaria (1936).<ref>[[Kemal H. Karpat]], "The Memoirs of N. Batzaria: The Young Turks and Nationalism", in ''Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History'', [[Brill Publishers]], Leiden, Boston & Cologne, 2002, p.564.  {{ISBN|90-04-12101-3}}</ref> In his ''Universul'' columns, the latter displayed a degree of sympathy for the extreme right movement.<ref>Hans-Christian Maner, ''Parlamentarismus in Rumänien (1930–1940): Demokratie im autoritären Umfeld'', R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich, 1997, p.323-324.  {{ISBN|3-486-56329-7}}; Valentin Săndulescu, "La puesta en escena del martirio: La vida política de dos cadáveres. El entierro de los líderes rumanos legionarios Ion Moţa y Vasile Marin en febrero de 1937", in Jesús Casquete, Rafael Cruz (eds.), ''Políticas de la muerte. Usos y abusos del ritual fúnebre en la Europa del siglo XX'', Catarata, Madrid, 2009, p.260, 264.  {{ISBN|978-84-8319-418-8}}</ref>

In summer 1936, the Paukers sold their stock to a consortium of businessmen with National Liberal connections, which was headed by Emanoil Tătărescu, the brother of acting [[Prime Minister of Romania|Premier]] [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]].<ref name="ftzbucium"/> Mihail Sadoveanu succeeded Graur as editor-in-chief, while also taking over leadership of ''Dimineața'',<ref name="ftzbucium"/><ref name="zo459465">Ornea (1995), p.459-465</ref> and Eugen Lovinescu became a member of the company's executive panel.<ref name="ebfoto"/> With this change in management came a new stage in the conflict opposing {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} to the far right press. Through the voices of Crainic, [[Alexandru Gregorian]] and [[N. Crevedia]], the two extremist journals ''[[Porunca Vremii]]'' and ''Sfarmă-Piatră'' repeatedly targeted Sadoveanu with antisemitic and [[Anti-masonry|antimasonic]] epithets, accusing him of having become a tool for Jewish interests and, as leader of the [[Freemasonry in Romania|Romanian Freemasonry]], of promoting [[occult]] practices.<ref name="zo459465"/> The controversy also involved modernist poet [[Tudor Arghezi]], whose writings Sadoveanu defended against charges of "[[pornography]]" coming from the nationalist press.<ref name="ftscriit"/> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} did in fact back similar charges against novelist [[Mircea Eliade]], who was in conflict with Teodorescu-Braniște, and whom Doctor Ygrec dismissed as an "[[erotomania]]c".<ref name="cuygrec"/>

===1946 edition===

====1937 ban and recovery====
{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'', together with ''[[Lupta]]'', were suppressed in 1937, when the fascist [[National Christian Party]] of [[Octavian Goga]], successor to the LANC and rival of the Iron Guard, took over government. This was primarily an antisemitic measure among several [[racial discrimination]] laws adopted with the consent of Carol II, the increasingly [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] monarch, and officially credited the notion according to which both venues were "Jewish".<ref>''Final Report'', p.40-41, 91-92; Ornea (1995), p.392, 402. See also Butaru, p.272</ref> The decision to close down the publications was accompanied by a [[Nationalization in Romania|nationalization]] of their assets, which reportedly included a large part of [[Iosif Berman]]'s [[Negative (photography)|negatives]].<ref name="ftzbucium"/> In one of the paper's last issues, Teodorescu-Braniște warned against the identification of democracy "within the limits of [[constitutional monarchy]]" with [[Bolshevik|Bolshevism]], noting that {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}{{'}}s enemies had willingly introduced such a confusion.<ref>''Final Report'', p.94-95</ref> In his diary of [[World War II]] events, Brănișteanu described the ban as having inaugurated the era of "barbarity".<ref name="ftzbucium"/> This referred to the bloody clash between Carol and the Iron Guard, to Goga's downfall, and to the establishment of a three successive [[Romania during World War II|wartime dictatorships]]: Carol's [[National Renaissance Front]], the Guard's [[National Legionary State]], and the authoritarian regime of ''[[Conducător]]'' [[Ion Antonescu]].<ref name="ftzbucium"/>

The three regimes organized successive purges of Jewish and left-wing journalists, preventing several of the {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} employees from working in the field.<ref name="gbuzp1919">{{in lang|ro}} [[G. Brătescu]], [http://js.mesagerul.ro/2009/12/11/uniunea-ziaristilor-profesionisti-1919-2009 "Uniunea Ziariştilor Profesionişti, 1919–2009. Compendiu aniversar"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927200143/http://js.mesagerul.ro/2009/12/11/uniunea-ziaristilor-profesionisti-1919-2009 |date=September 27, 2013 }}, in ''Mesagerul de Bistriţa-Năsăud'', December 11, 2009</ref> During its episodic rise to power, the Iron Guard mapped out its revenge against people associated with {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, dividing its former staff into three categories: "kikes", "traitors", and "minions".<ref name="ebfoto"/> Nichifor Crainic, who served as Minister of [[Propaganda]] under both the National Legionary State and Antonescu, took pride in his own campaign against "[[Judaism]]" in the press, and, speaking at the 1941 anniversary of his tribune ''[[Gândirea]]'', referred to Goga's 1937 action against {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and the others as a "splendid act of justice".<ref>''Final Report'', p.92; Ornea (1995), p.402</ref> According to one story, the palatial office formerly belonging to {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was still at the center of a conflict between underground communists and the Guard: during the [[Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom|Legionary Rebellion]] of January 1941, the PCR attempted to set it on fire and then blame the arson on the fascists, but this plan was thwarted by press photographer Nicolae Ionescu.<ref name="ebfoto"/>

Both {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and ''Dimineața'' were restored on April 13, 1946, two years since the [[King Michael's Coup|August 1944 Coup]] ended Romania's alliance with [[Nazi Germany]] by bringing down Antonescu. The new editorial staff was led by the aging newspaperman Brănișteanu and the new collective owner was the joint stock company Sărindar S. A.<ref name="ftinterzis"/> The daily did not have its headquarters in Sărindar (which was allocated to the Luceafărul Printing House),<ref name="ftpalatul"/> but remained in the same general area, on Matei Millo Street and later on Brezoianu Street.<ref name="ftinterzis"/> In the first issue of its new series, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} carried Brănișteanu's promise of pursuing the same path as Mille, and was accompanied by a reprint of Mille's political testament.<ref name="ftinterzis"/> Brănișteanu's article stated: "We did not and will not belong to any person, to any government, to any party."<ref name="ftinterzis"/> The series coincided with a spell of [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]] contested by the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Soviet occupation of Romania|occupation of Romania]], the steady [[communization]] of stately affairs, and political moves to create a [[Communist Romania|communist regime]]. Brănișteanu noted these developments in his debut editorial of 1946, with a positive spin: "We ought to be blind not to have admitted that, in these new times, new men must step and do step to the leadership. We do not shy away from saying that, in general lines, our views meet with those of [[Democratic socialism|socialist democracy]], for the preparation of which we have been struggling our entire lives and which is about to be set up here, as well as in most parts of the European continent, after being fulfilled in [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]]."<ref name="ftinterzis"/>

====Communist censorship====
Barbu Brănișteanu died in December 1947, just days before the Kingdom was replaced with a pro-Soviet [[People's Republic|people's republic]] in which the dominant force was the PCR.<ref name="ftinterzis"/><ref name="ildec1947">{{in lang|ro}} [[Ioan Lăcustă]], "În București, acum 50 de ani. Decembrie 1947", in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]'', December 1947</ref> The gazette celebrated the political transition, publishing the official communique proclaiming the republic, and commenting on it: "A new face of [[History of Romania|Romanian history]] has begun [sic] yesterday. What follows is the Romanian state, which today, as well as tomorrow, will require everyone's disciplined and concentrated work."<ref name="ildec1947"/> Honored with a front-page [[obituary]],<ref name="ftinterzis"/><ref name="ildec1947"/> Brănișteanu was succeeded by [[H. Soreanu]], who led {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} for the following two years.<ref name="ftinterzis"/> Soreanu was originally from the city of [[Roman, Romania|Roman]], where he had presided over a local gazette.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Doris Mironescu, [http://www.revista22.ro/bucurestiul-cultural-nr-108--m-blecher-si-orasul-de-provincie-fotograme-dintro-realitate-ideologica-11102.html "M. Blecher şi oraşul de provincie: fotograme dintr-o realitate ideologică"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044619/http://www.revista22.ro/bucurestiul-cultural-nr-108--m-blecher-si-orasul-de-provincie-fotograme-dintro-realitate-ideologica-11102.html |date=2014-08-08 }}, in ''[[Revista 22]]'', Nr. 1118, August 2011</ref>

In stages after that date, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was affected by [[Censorship in Communist Romania|communist censorship]]: according to historian Cristian Vasile, while generally infused with "official propaganda", the paper overall failed in effecting "the transformation requested by the [new] regime."<ref>Vasile, p.78</ref> Its content grew more politicized, offering praise to Soviet and Communist party initiatives such as the [[Five-year plans of Romania|five-year plans]], the encouragement and spread of [[atheism]], and the promotion of [[Russian literature]].<ref name="ftinterzis"/> Nevertheless, it continued to publish more traditional articles, including pieces signed by Brunea-Fox and poet [[Demostene Botez]], as well as the regular columns ''Carnetul nostru'' ("Our Notebook"), ''Cronica evenimentelor externe'' ("The Chronicle of Foreign Events"), ''Cronica muzicală'' ("The Musical Chronicle"), ''Glose politice'' ("Political Glosses"), ''Ultima oră'' ("Latest News"), and the cartoon section ''Chestia zilei'' ("The Daily Issue").<ref name="ftinterzis"/> Another satirical section, titled ''Tablete'' ("Tablets") and contributed by [[Tudor Arghezi]], existed between 1947 and 1948; it came to an abrupt end when Arghezi was banned, having been singled out for his "[[Decadent movement|decadent]]" poetry in [[Sorin Toma]]'s ideological column for ''[[Scînteia]]'', the main communist mouthpiece (''see [[Socialist realism in Romania]]'').<ref name="ftscriit"/> In early 1948, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was also hosting some of the few independently voiced theater chronicles of the day, including a subversive contribution from the self-exiled author [[Monica Lovinescu]], where she indirectly referred to communism as [[Kafkaesque]] experimentation.<ref name="cv127">Vasile, p.127</ref>

The newspaper was eventually placed under an "editorial committee", whose effective leader was Communist Party boss [[Leonte Răutu]], and whose mission was to prepare {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} for liquidation.<ref name="gbuzp1919"/> In early 1951, at a time when the communist regime closed down all autonomous press venues, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was taken out of print. In its final issue (18,039th of March 31, 1951), the paper informed that: "the [[working class]] has set up a new press, emerging from the new development of society: a press for the masses, read and written by millions. [It] expresses the tendencies and higher level of socialist culture; it debates on a daily basis the problems of ideology, of social and political theory, of science and technology, in connection with the preoccupations, the struggles and the victories in the field of labor, intertwined with the vast issues posed by the effort of socialist construction. The mission of ''Adevĕrul'' newspaper is over."<ref name="ftinterzis"/><ref>Partly rendered in Vasile, p.78</ref> Cristian Vasile notes that the "official explanation" for suppressing {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was "ridiculous and unconvincing."<ref name="cv127"/> Indication that the closure occurred unexpectedly also comes from {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}{{'}}s failure to cancel its subscriptions in advance.<ref name="ftinterzis"/>

===1989 edition===

====1989 reestablishment and support for the FSN====
A daily paper with the name {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was again set up in the immediate aftermath of the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|1989 Revolution]], which had toppled the communist regime and its [[One-party state|one-party system]]. The publication, which is housed by the [[House of the Free Press]], is often described as a direct successor to the PCR organ ''Scînteia'' (rival of the 1940s {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}).<ref name="cm1907"/><ref>Berry, p.39, 54; Tismăneanu, p.357-358</ref><ref name="acavatars">{{in lang|fr}} [[Adrian Cioroianu]], [http://www.nec.ro/fundatia/nec/publications/nation.pdf "Les avatars d'une 'nation ex-communiste': un regard sur l'historiographie roumaine recente"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914113908/http://www.nec.ro/fundatia/nec/publications/nation.pdf |date=September 14, 2012 }}, in ''Nation and National Ideology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at New Europe College, Bucharest. April 6–7, 2001'', [[Babeş-Bolyai University]] Center for the Study of the Imaginary & New Europe College, 2002, Bucharest, p.363.  {{ISBN|973-98624-9-7}}</ref><ref name="evzadev">{{in lang|ro}} Iulia Comanescu, Vlad Iorga, [https://archive.today/20130416104451/http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/677407/Adevarul-despre-Adevarul/ "Adevărul despre {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}"], in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', March 21, 2005</ref><ref name="mpquality">Marian Petcu, [http://soemz.euv-frankfurt-o.de/media-see/qpress/articles/mpetcu.html "Romanian Quality Press under the Sign of Maturity"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007203005/http://soemz.euv-frankfurt-o.de/media-see/qpress/articles/mpetcu.html |date=October 7, 2007 }}, at [[Viadrina European University]]'s Südosteuropäisches Medienzentrum; retrieved April 12, 2009</ref><ref>Craig R. Whitney, [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/upheaval-east-like-party-east-europe-s-official-communist-press-deep-trouble.html "Upheaval in the East; Like the Party, East Europe's Official Communist Press Is in Deep Trouble"], in ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 12, 1990</ref> Three intermediary issues were published during the actual revolutionary events; a free one-page issue on December 22 and two further issues on December 23 and 24 respectively, under the title ''Scînteia Poporului'' ("The People's Spark"), which published appeals issued by the provisional [[Post-communism|post-communist]] leadership forum, the [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN), adopting the name {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} starting December 25.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adevarul.ro/news/adevarul-125-ani/video-1989-1990-lungul-drum-scinteii-adevarul-revolutia-tovarasilor-ziaristi-1_5236d0a0c7b855ff568bafda/index.html|title=1989–1990. Lungul drum al "Scînteii" către "Adevărul" şi revoluţia tovarăşilor ziarişti|date=16 September 2013|author=Cristian Delcea|publisher=Adevărul|access-date=9 May 2018|language=ro}}</ref>  As one of its first measures, the new editorial board dismissed members of the staff who were discredited for having openly supported the last communist ruler, [[Nicolae Ceauşescu|Nicolae Ceaușescu]], replacing them with journalists sympathetic to the FSN.<ref>Berry, p.39</ref> Soon after Ceaușescu's execution, the gazette began serializing ''[[Red Horizons]]'', a volume of recollections exposing the defunct regime, authored by [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], a [[Eastern Bloc emigration and defection|defector]] and former spy chief.<ref name="acavatars"/> At the time, it circulated the claim, supported by the FSN, that Ceaușescu's repression of the popular revolt had killed as many as 60,000 people, which was a 60-fold increase of the actual death toll.<ref name="cm1907"/>

Edited after its resurgence by the pro-FSN poet and translator [[Darie Novăceanu]],<ref name="cm1907"/><ref name="evzadev"/><ref name="abevzctp">{{in lang|ro}} [[Andrei Badin]], [https://archive.today/20130416122303/http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/684387/In-1990-CTP-lauda-faptele-de-vitejie-ale-minerilor/ "În 1990, CTP lăuda faptele de vitejie ale minerilor"], in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', June 18, 2005</ref> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} became the dominant left-wing newspaper of [[History of Romania since 1989|post-communist Romania]]. In parallel, ''Dimineața'' was itself revived, and, although independent from {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, was also a FSN mouthpiece.<ref>Berindei ''et al.'', p.37sqq; Ioanid, p.248</ref> Their main right-wing rival was another former Communist Party venue, ''[[România Liberă]]'', which openly reproached on the FSN that it was monopolizing power, and which identified itself with [[liberalism]] and [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]].<ref>Berry, p.37sqq</ref> Reflecting back on the early 1990s, [[Southampton Institute]] researcher David Berry argued: "the ideological forces associated with the previous [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] regime were pitted against a much smaller and disparate oppositional group. This latter group was associated with ''România Liberă'' that loosely represented the voice of liberalism and [...] clearly lost the war. This was a battle of ideas and the old forces of Romanian communism used the new press framework, through {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, to discredit opposition forces."<ref>Berry, p.37</ref> In 1990, both papers reputedly sold around 1 million copies each day,<ref name="evzadev"/><ref>Berry, p.55</ref> a pattern attributed to "news deprivation" under communism, and believed by Berry to be "a phenomenal figure in comparison to any leading [[Western world|Western nation]]".<ref>Berry, p.55-56</ref>

====Târgu Mureș conflict and 1990 Mineriad====
[[File:RO B University square rally.jpg|thumb|350px|Protest in downtown Bucharest, 1990]]
In this context, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} advertised that its main purpose was the dissemination of "nothing but the truth", of "exact information".<ref name="cm1907"/> The paper however stood out for promoting [[Nationalism|nationalist]], [[Populism|populist]] and [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] concepts, which Berry has associated with the survival of previous [[National communism|national communist]] themes in FSN discourse.<ref>Berry, p.37-38, 53, 54-55</ref> Such theses acquired particularly controversial representations during the violent [[Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureş|Târgu Mureș riots]] of March 1990. Backing the official view according to which the [[Hungarians in Romania|ethnic Hungarian community]] was organizing itself in [[Separatism|separatist]] struggle, it dedicated space to articles targeting the opposition [[Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania|Democratic Union of Hungarians]] (UDMR). Initially, Berry notes, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} reported claims of extremist Hungarians in [[Transylvania]] committing [[vandalism]] against national monuments while acknowledging that the UDMR was not endorsing such acts, but slowly became a tribune for encouraging [[Romanians|ethnic Romanians]] to take action, exclusively presenting its public with politicized and unmitigated information provided by the official agency [[Rompres]] and by the Romanian ultra-nationalist group ''[[Vatra Românească]]''.<ref>Berry, p.39-41, 43-44, 46</ref> Its editorials, often based on rumors, included negative portrayals of Hungarians, methods described by Berry as "extremely [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]]", "[[Journalism ethics and standards|unethical]]" and forms of "political manipulation".<ref>Berry, p.42</ref>

{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} displayed constant hostility toward the [[Golaniad]] protests in Bucharest, which ranged for much of early 1990, and expressed praise for the [[Mineriad]] of June 13–15, 1990. During the latter, miners from the [[Jiu Valley]], instigated by some of the officials, entered Bucharest and quashed the opposition's sit-in. Early on, the gazette called on the [[Romanian Police]] to forcefully evict the Golaniad demonstrators, whom it accused of encouraging "filth" and "promiscuity".<ref>Berindei ''et al.'', p.41</ref> It also depicted the Golaniad as a major [[Conspiracy (political)|conspiracy]], mounted against a legitimate government by [[Neofascism|neofascist]] and [[Iron Guard]] groups.<ref name="cm1907"/><ref name="abevzctp"/><ref>Berindei ''et al.'', p.41-42, 71, 86-87, 139-140, 205-207</ref> Together with the FSN's ''[[Azi (Romanian newspaper)|Azi]]'', it commended the pro-government workers at IMGB, the heavy machinery works, who attempted to force out the crowds, depicting it as an answer to alleged student violence against Police operatives.<ref>Berindei ''et al.'', p.58-59, 71-72, 86-87</ref>

When the miners organized a definitive clampdown, depicted in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} as a peaceful takeover, the newspaper was one of the several House of the Free Press operations left untouched by the Mineriad.<ref>Berindei ''et al.'', p.188</ref> During the following days, it published material praising the miners for reestablishing order,<ref>Berindei ''et al.'', p.41, 201-204; Berry, p.51-52</ref> while alleging that "their presence was absolutely necessary to annihilate the violence of extremist forces".<ref name="cm1907"/><ref>Berry, p.51-52</ref> It also popularized false rumors according to which, during their attacks on the opposition [[National Peasants' Party|National Peasant]] and [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal party]] headquarters, the miners had confiscated weapons, [[counterfeit money]] and [[Illegal drug trade|illegal drugs]].<ref>Berindei ''et al.'', p.205-207</ref> In addition to main editor Novăceanu, whose articles were congratulatory of "our miners",<ref name="cm1907"/> journalists who praised the Mineriad include [[Sergiu Andon]] (future [[Conservative Party (Romania)|Conservative Party]] politician), [[Cristian Tudor Popescu]] and [[Corina Drăgotescu]].<ref name="abevzctp"/>

Radical nationalism was observed in several {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} articles throughout the FSN period. In one piece of March 22, days after the main Hungarian-Romanian clashes, writer [[Romulus Vulpescu]] described the danger of "[[irredentism]]" and "[[Miklós Horthy|Horthyism]]", alleging that local Hungarians had assassinated several Romanian peasants.<ref>Berry, p.43</ref> Vulpescu and other contributors repeatedly made unverifiable claims according to which [[Hungary]] was directly involved in stirring resentments, allegations also made by the [[Romanian Television|state-controlled television network]].<ref>Berry, p.46</ref> According to Romanian-born historian [[Radu Ioanid]], in 1990–1991 {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and its opponent ''[[Dreptatea]]'' of the anti-FSN National Peasants' Party both "joined the [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] barrage" of the period, a trend he believes was instigated by the publications of [[Corneliu Vadim Tudor]], [[Iosif Constantin Drăgan]] and [[Eugen Barbu]] (all of them affiliated with ''[[România Mare (magazine)|România Mare]]'' magazine).<ref>Ioanid, p.246-247</ref> Ioanid singled out {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and its collaborator Cristian Tudor Popescu, who, during the July 1991 commemoration of the [[Iaşi pogrom|Iași pogrom]], attacked writer [[Elie Wiesel]] and other [[Holocaust]] researchers for having evidenced [[Ion Antonescu]]'s [[Holocaust in Romania|complicity in extermination]].<ref>Ioanid, p.248</ref> In the early 1990s, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also stood out for its intense [[republicanism]] which opposed the return of communist-deposed [[King of Romania|King]] [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]], and published polemical pieces such as the ''Fir-ai al naibii, majestate'' ("Curse You, Your Majesty", written by Andon).<ref name="evzadev"/><ref name="abevzctp"/><ref>Ruxandra Irina Ciocîrlan, "Sergiu Andon: Casa Regală îmi aduce o rază de speranţă", in ''[[Dilema Veche]]'', Nr. 382: ''Dosar: De la regalitate la realitate'', June 2011; {{in lang|ro}} Patrick André de Hillerin, [http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8902/trecutul_recent.html "Trecutul recent"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112134822/http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8902/trecutul_recent.html |date=November 12, 2007 }}, in '[[Săptămâna Financiară]]'', May 11, 2007</ref>

====The privatization years====
[[File:DT Adevarul.JPG|thumb|340px|{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} staff in the early to mid-1990s. [[Dumitru Tinu]], [[Cristian Tudor Popescu]], [[Adrian Ursu]] etc. in the foreground]]
A scandal surfaced in spring 1991, when {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was caught up in the first wave of [[privatization]], following a decision of the FSN's [[Petre Roman]] cabinet. A conflict reportedly opposed Novăceanu to Popescu: the latter suspected a secret understanding between Roman and the {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} leadership, providing for a facade privatization and transferring financial control to FSN politicians.<ref name="evzadev"/> This controversy ended only when Premier Roman appointed Novăceanu as [[Romanian Ambassador to Spain]].<ref name="cm1907"/> The ''Scînteia'' patrimony was afterward divided between {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and the state.<ref name="evzadev"/> In parallel, seeking to consolidate their publications' independence, the writing staff set up a [[joint stock company]], [[Adevărul Holding]].<ref name="evzadev"/><ref name="mpquality"/><ref>Berry, p.75</ref> Known initially as SC Adevărul SA, it had its [[initial public offering]] distributed through the "MEBO method" of employee [[buyout]]s.<ref name="evzadev"/><ref name="chlmctp">{{in lang|ro}} Cristian Hostiuc, [[Lucian Mîndruţă]], [http://www.zf.ro/marketing-media/cristian-tudor-popescu-presedinte-interimar-la-adevarul-2989645/ "Cristian Tudor Popescu, preşedinte interimar la {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}"]{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in ''[[Ziarul Financiar]]'', January 10, 2003</ref> As a result, the journalists owned 60% and other employees the other 40%,<ref name="evzadev"/> with a clause forbidding them from selling to outside investors (in effect until 2002).<ref name="chlmctp"/> Subsequent trading within the holding and [[seasoned equity offering]]s provided the editorial staff with a controlling stock of approx. 30%.<ref name="evzadev"/> As part of its business profile, the post-privatization {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also earned criticism for not differentiating between articles and commercial content, publishing covert advertisements as opinion pieces.<ref name="evzadev"/><ref name="mppowerful">Manuela Preoteasa, [http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/?ID=340 "The Powerful Defeated Media"], in [http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/info.asp ''Media Online''], December 28, 2004; retrieved April 18, 2009</ref> Also at that stage, allegations surfaced that, through a firm known as SC Colosal Import-Export, members of the editorial staff, including Andon, [[Viorel Sălăgean]] and [[Dumitru Tinu]], were handling all the larger advertising revenues.<ref name="evzadev"/>

Occasionally, nationalist claims produced by {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} parted with the policies of FSN's [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic]] (PSD) successors, particularly in matters relating to social issues and [[Economy of Romania|Romania's economy]]. In June 1993, the gazette attacked the PSD's [[Nicolae Văcăroiu]] cabinet for its privatization measures, claiming that the sale of the [[Petromin]] shipping firm to [[Greece|Greek]] investors was done "at a pittance", and calling on the government to resign.<ref name="jb240">Judy Batt, "Political Dimensions of Privatization in Eastern Europe", in Paul G. Hare, Junior R. Davis (eds.), ''Transition to the Market Economy. Critical Perspectives on the World Economy'', Vol. II, [[Routledge]], London, 1997, p.240.  {{ISBN|0-415-14923-1}}</ref> This campaign, [[United Kingdom|British]] political scientist Judy Batt notes, had a "xenophobic tinge", and its appeal "has shaken confidence in the government and eroded its capacity for action."<ref name="jb240"/> After the post-Revolution authorities announced their intention to join the [[European Union]] and accepted a [[Accession of Romania to the European Union|monitoring process]], the newspaper hosted the first in a long series of [[Euroscepticism|Euroskeptic]] pieces, which generally objected to outside intervention, particularly in the area of [[human rights]], and were often signed by columnists Popescu and [[Bogdan Chireac]].<ref>Gallagher, p.115-116, 123</ref> British academic and observer [[Thomas Gerard Gallagher|Tom Gallagher]] attributes this attitude to claims of "injured [[patriotism]]".<ref>Gallagher, p.115</ref> In parallel, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} displayed a strong [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] agenda. During those years, the paper published numerous pieces covering Romanian society, which were primarily noted for their sensationalist and [[Culture of fear|alarmist]] headlines, such as a claim, published in 1997, that "a quarter of Romania's children live in institutions".<ref>Ana Muntean, Maria Roth, "Romania", in Beth M. Schwartz-Kenney, Michelle McCauley, Michelle A. Epstein (eds.), ''Child Abuse: a Global Perspective'', [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], Westport, 2001, p.188-189.  {{ISBN|0-313-30745-8}}</ref> In early 1996, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was noted for criticizing local [[non-governmental organization]]s promoting [[women's rights]], alleging that, although financed by the European Union's [[Phare]] fund, they only functioned on paper (an attitude which itself earned criticism for [[sexism]]).<ref>Laura Grunberg, "Women's NGOs in Romania", in Susan Gal, Gail Kligman (eds.), ''Reproducing Gender: Politics, Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism'', [[Princeton University Press]], 2000, p.329-330.  {{ISBN|978-0-691-04868-0}}</ref> More debates ensued in March 1998, when Cristian Tudor Popescu published an {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} article under the title ''Femeia nu e om'' ("The Woman Is Not a Human Being", or "The Woman Is Not a Man"), where he alleged that women cannot think.<ref>Florence Maurice, "Deconstructing Gender — The Case of Romanian", in Marlis Hellinger, Hadumod Bussmann (eds.), ''Gender across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men'', Vol. I, [[John Benjamins Publishing Company]], Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2001, p.247.  {{ISBN|90-272-1841-2}}</ref> Another controversy of the mid-1990s also involved Popescu, criticized for his {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} articles which, claiming [[freedom of thought]] as their motivation, supported the cause of convicted French [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust denier]] [[Roger Garaudy]].<ref>''Final Report'', p.363</ref>

A political scandal touched {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} some time after the [[1996 Romanian legislative election|1996 legislative election]], when the Social Democrats' rivals from the [[Romanian Democratic Convention|Democratic Convention]], [[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|Democratic Party]] and other opposition groups formed government. This came after the new [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Foreign Minister]], [[Adrian Severin]], publicly stated being in possession of a list comprising the names of several leading Romanian journalists who were agents of the [[Russia]]n [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|Federal Security Service]].<ref name="miaangamape">{{in lang|ro}} Monica Iordache Apostol, Aniela Nine, Gabriela Antoniu, [http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-politic/mape-de-candidati-pentru-bruxelles-504586.html "Mape de candidaţi pentru Bruxelles"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109023510/http://jurnalul.ro/stire-politic/mape-de-candidati-pentru-bruxelles-504586.html |date=2015-01-09 }}, in ''[[Jurnalul Naţional]]'', April 15, 2009</ref><ref name="atsecrete">{{in lang|ro}} Andi Topală, [http://www.gardianul.ro/2006/10/26/dezvaluiri-c11/doua_secrete_legate_de_fostul_director_de_la_adevarul_revin_simultan_in_actualitate_cine_mai_crede_in_coincidente_-s86038.html "Două 'secrete' legate de fostul director de la {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} revin simultan în actualitate. Cine mai crede în coincidenţe?"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328021541/http://www.gardianul.ro/2006/10/26/dezvaluiri-c11/doua_secrete_legate_de_fostul_director_de_la_adevarul_revin_simultan_in_actualitate_cine_mai_crede_in_coincidente_-s86038.html |date=March 28, 2008 }}, in ''[[Gardianul]]'', October 26, 2006</ref> Even though Severin's failure to evidence the claim resulted in his resignation, the list fueled much speculation, including rumors that Dumitru Tinu, by then one of the main {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} editors, was one of the people in question.<ref name="miaangamape"/><ref name="atsecrete"/> The dispute prolonged itself over the following decade, particularly after Tinu's name was again used by [[President of Romania|President]] [[Emil Constantinescu]] and former [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)|Foreign Intelligence Service]] director [[Ioan Talpeş|Ioan Talpeș]] in their recollections of the Severin incident.<ref name="atsecrete"/>

====Late 1990s emancipation====
Various commentators have noted a rise in the newspaper's informative quality later in the 1990s. Among them is British politician and [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] [[Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne|Emma Nicholson]], who followed Romania's political scene throughout the decade. She singled out {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and Romania's other major central daily, ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', as "high quality publications".<ref>Nicholson, p.65</ref> Writing in 2002, Romanian media researcher Alex Ulmanu rated {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} "the most successful, and arguably the best Romanian daily".<ref name="aulandscape">Alex Ulmanu, [http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/?ID=206 "The Romanian Media Landscape: Impressive Media Offer, Particularly in Broadcast and Written Media Field"], in [http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/info.asp ''Media Online''], April 16, 2002; retrieved April 18, 2009</ref> Romanian sociologist and political commentator Marian Petcu sees its enduring popularity as the consequence of a "head start", with {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} having inherited from ''Scînteia'' "the facilities, the subscribers, the raw materials, the headquarters, the superstructure, the network of local correspondents etc."<ref name="mpquality"/> He also notes that the newer publication had produced a "less warlike and less [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]]" discourse than those of other dailies, and therefore appealing to a wider audience.<ref name="mpquality"/> By 2004, Petcu argues, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} maintained a "balance between a reconciliatory but well documented discourse, on the one hand, and, on the other, the observance of journalistic norms and resistance to the temptation to make compromises."<ref name="mpquality"/>

According to surveys carried out around 2004, the paper was being perceived as the most credible title.<ref name="mpquality"/> Its circulation reached a reported 150,000 copies a day, making it one of at most four local dailies to print more than 100,000, and maintaining its lead over all local newspapers, directly above ''Evenimentul Zilei'' and ''[[Libertatea]]''.<ref name="aulandscape"/> Other data for 2003 places that number at approx. 200,000, roughly equal to that of ''Evenimentul Zilei'', and ranking above ''Libertatea'' and ''[[Cotidianul]]'' (with 140,000 and 120,000 copies respectively).<ref>Imogen Bell (ed.), ''Central and South-eastern Europe 2003'', [[Routledge]], London, p.501.  {{ISBN|1-85743-136-7}}</ref> According to ''Evenimentul Zilei'', the circulation of {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} actually dropped from 200,000 in 1998–2000 to 100,000 in the post-2001 era,<ref name="evzadev"/> whereas [[external auditor]]s revealed that, in 2003, it was the fifth most-read newspaper (after ''[[Libertatea]]'', ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', ''[[ProSport|Pro Sport]]'' and ''[[Gazeta Sporturilor]]'').<ref name="chlmctp"/> Alongside ''Evenimentul Zilei'' and ''[[Pro Sport (Romanian newspaper)|Pro Sport]]'', {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was also one of the first Romanian periodicals to take an interest in putting out an [[Online newspaper|online edition]] and adopting innovations in [[web design]], making its site the third most popular of its kind in 2002 (the year of its relaunch).<ref name="aulandscape"/>

Both Tinu and Popescu helped consolidate their publication's reputation through their numerous television appearances, coming to be seen as leaders of opinion.<ref name="evzadev"/> According to Petcu, the public's confidence was what made {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} "autonomous from the political power",<ref name="mpquality"/> while Nicholson attributes such progress to Popescu, whom she sees as "a journalistic icon".<ref name="en66">Nicholson, p.66</ref> At the end of the transition, Petcu assessed the new {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} agenda as one in favor of [[social justice]], [[social security]] and "fast privatization that would avoid massive [[unemployment]]".<ref name="mpquality"/> At the time, the paper's panelists also threw their support behind European integration, a change in political orientation illustrated by Chireac's [[talk show]] on [[Pro TV]] station, titled ''Pro Vest'' ("Pro West").<ref>Cristian Ştefănescu, [http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/?ID=235 "Themes and Variations of European Integration: The Romanians 'Just Do It' "], in [http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/info.asp ''Media Online''], September 2, 2002; retrieved April 18, 2009</ref> In 2003, Popescu was a co-founder and, after ''România Liberă'' editor [[Petre Mihai Băcanu]] withdrew from the race, first president of the [[Romanian Press Club]], a [[professional association]] whose mission was setting ethical standards in journalism.<ref>Berry, p.76</ref>

Despite such gestures, the paper continued to withstand accusations that it was itself unprofessional. Ulmanu argued that both {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and its smaller competitor ''[[Curentul]]'' were examples of press striving to be considered "high quality", but noted: "However, one can still find biased, unprofessional or sensationalist reporting in these papers."<ref name="aulandscape"/> Disputes also surround its political agenda of the 2000–2004 period. Like the other mainstream publications, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} supported the PSD-backed [[Ion Iliescu]] in the [[2000 Romanian presidential election|presidential election runoff of late 2000]], against the ultra-nationalist rival of the [[Greater Romania Party]], [[Corneliu Vadim Tudor]].<ref name="nytfears">Donald G. McNeil, Jr., [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/03/world/fears-voiced-over-prospect-romanian-racist-may-win.html "Fears Voiced over Prospect Romanian Racist May Win"], in ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 3, 2000</ref> In this context, it notably published a piece questioning Tudor's self-identification as a firm adherent of [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodoxy]], suggesting that he presented himself to foreigners as a [[Baptist Union of Romania|Baptist Union]] adherent.<ref name="nytfears"/>

Opinions vary about the gazette's relationship with the PSD after the [[2000 Romanian legislative election|2000 legislative election]], which consecrated the socialists' return in government. Some commentators see {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} as a staunch critic of the resulting cabinet and of PSD policy-maker [[Adrian Năstase]].<ref name="ctsubiect">{{in lang|ro}} [[Cristian Teodorescu]], [http://www.romlit.ro/un_subiect_gras "Un subiect gras"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109025457/http://www.romlit.ro/un_subiect_gras |date=2015-01-09 }}, in ''[[România Literară]]'', Nr. 48/2006</ref><ref>Tismăneanu, p.289</ref> However, journalist and academic Manuela Preoteasa highlights the PSD's "pressure on the media", and includes {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} among venues which, "apparently critical toward PSD [...] avoided criticizing some of the party leaders".<ref name="mppowerful"/> In Marian Petcu's view, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} adopted "a discourse stressing the need for prudence and balance, alternated with criticism of the political power whenever the latter failed to take firm decisions."<ref name="mpquality"/>

====Changes in management====
{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also consolidated financial transparency, when the new editorial board, extended to include newcomers Chireac, [[Lelia Munteanu]] and [[Adrian Ursu]], took over the role of supervisor in matters of advertising.<ref name="evzadev"/> In 2001–2003, Tinu purchased most stock owned by his colleagues, and came to own over 70% of the total shares, of which some 10% were purchased from Popescu in exchange for 140,000 [[United States dollar]]s.<ref name="evzadev"/> Suspicions arose that Tinu was being secretly financed in this effort by the [[Jordan]]ian businessman [[Fathi Taher]], already known for purchasing much advertisement space in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} during the mid-1990s, and receiving additional support from PSD politician and entrepreneur [[Viorel Hrebenciuc]].<ref name="evzadev"/> According to a 2003 analysis in ''[[Ziarul Financiar]]'', {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was considered for purchase by the French group [[Hachette (publishing)|Hachette]], and later by a [[Poland|Polish]] conglomerate.<ref name="chlmctp"/>

In 2003, Tinu died in a car crash. The circumstances of his death, especially the technical details and the alleged financial benefits for third-parties, raised much speculation that he had been in fact murdered.<ref name="evzadev"/><ref name="atsecrete"/> His estate, including his majority stock, was inherited by his daughter, Ana-Maria, but her ownership was contested by the Iucinu family (his secret mistress and her son by Tinu).<ref name="evzadev"/> Their interests were defended in court by former panelist Andon, owner of some 2% of the stock.<ref name="evzadev"/> The editorial board's opposition to the administrative reshuffling proposed by Ana-Maria Tinu also created a lengthy conflict, and prevented her from assuming administrative control of the paper.<ref name="evzadev"/> It was alleged that, at the time of his death, Tinu was considering [[rebranding]] and restructuring,<ref name="chlmctp"/> and that, in 2004, the newspaper's profits were only 9% of its total income.<ref name="evzadev"/>

A major crisis took place in 2005, when Popescu resigned from the board and was followed by 50 of his colleagues, all of whom set up a new daily, ''[[Gândul]]''.<ref name="en66"/> In one of his last {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} pieces, titled ''Atacul guzganului rozaliu'' ("The Attack of the Pink Rat"), Popescu accused Hrebenciuc of having imposed his control on the newspaper during the [[2004 Romanian local election|local elections of 2004]], when he allegedly pressured journalists not to criticize the PSD Mayor of [[Bacău]], [[Dumitru Sechelariu]].<ref name="ctpguzg">{{in lang|ro}} [[Cristian Tudor Popescu]], [http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-arhiva-1236105-atacul-guzganului-rozaliu.htm "Atacul guzganului rozaliu"], in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, March 21, 2005 (republished by [[Hotnews.ro]]; retrieved April 18, 2009)</ref> Also according to Popescu, Hrebenciuc had urged him and his colleagues to feature more negative and less positive coverage of the PSD rival and [[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|Democratic Party]] candidate [[Traian Băsescu]] during the [[2004 Romanian presidential election|presidential suffrage of November 2004]].<ref name="ctpguzg"/> ''Atacul guzganului rozaliu'' also alleged that Ana-Maria Tinu had an understanding with the PSD politician, and her rebranding of {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was Hrebenciuc's attempt to undermine its political independence.<ref name="ctpguzg"/> According to writer and analyst [[Cristian Teodorescu]], the "pink rat" label stuck, and Hrebenciuc's influence on the newspaper suffered as a result.<ref name="ctsubiect"/>

Although ''Gândul'' attracted a large following during a number of months, turning a profit in the first month, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} survived the shock. A similar crisis with similar outcomes had affected its rival ''Evenimentul Zilei'' in 2004, when the policies of new owners [[Ringier]] forced the resignation of editor [[Cornel Nistorescu]] and the migration of many staff members toward ''Cotidianul''. Nicholson attributes the survival in both cases to the value of a well-established brand.<ref name="en66"/> In 2006, Ana-Maria Tinu sold her share of Adevărul Holding to one of Romania's richest entrepreneurs, the [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal]] politician [[Dinu Patriciu]], her move hotly contested by Tinu's son Andrei Iucinu, who looked set to gain a third of the stock and [[trademark]] ownership upon the end of a trial.<ref name="mvmegainv">{{in lang|ro}} Mihai Vasilescu, [http://www.financiarul.com/articol_21446/megainvestitia-lui-dinu-patriciu-la-adevarul-este-in-pericol.html "Megainvestiţia lui Dinu Patriciu la {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} este în pericol"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417090713/http://www.financiarul.com/articol_21446/megainvestitia-lui-dinu-patriciu-la-adevarul-este-in-pericol.html |date=April 17, 2009 }}, in ''[[Financiarul]]'', February 10, 2009</ref> Patriciu's decisions, including his appointment of a new managerial team, were resisted by [[Corina Drăgotescu]], who resigned and left the newspaper in November 2006.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.cotidianul.ro/corina_dragotescu_paraseste_adevarul-18141.html "Corina Drăgotescu părăseşte {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225031316/http://www.cotidianul.ro/corina_dragotescu_paraseste_adevarul-18141.html |date=December 25, 2008 }}, in ''[[Cotidianul]]'', November 16, 2006</ref>

According to data made available by the [[Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulations]], the newspaper's circulation for 2008 ranged between a minimum monthly average of 37,248 copies in January and a maximum one of 109,442 in December.<ref name="bratadev">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.brat.ro/audit-tiraje/publicatie/adevarul/ {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}], at the Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulations; retrieved December 15, 2012</ref> In 2009, the minimum was at 81,388 and the maximum at 150,061.<ref name="bratadev"/> A 2009 article in the rival newspaper ''[[Financiarul]]'' suggested that {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was being neglected by Patriciu, who invested more in the holding (allegedly in hopes of undermining a trademark which he risked losing, while elevating the publications not affected by Iucinu's claim).<ref name="mvmegainv"/> However, by mid-2011, even as Romania's print media experienced major setbacks, the paper expanded in content and the holding enlarged its portfolio.<ref name="accumsta">{{in lang|ro}} [[Adrian Cioroianu]], [http://www.dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/ieri-vedere-azi/articol/cum-sta-treaba-patriciu "Cum stă treaba cu Patriciu"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907024645/http://www.dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/ieri-vedere-azi/articol/cum-sta-treaba-patriciu |date=2011-09-07 }}, in ''[[Dilema Veche]]'', Nr. 389, August 2011</ref>

====Post-2000 editorial policy and controversies====
Despite the changes in attitude and management, some of the post-2000 editions of {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} remained controversial for their nationalist claims. This was primarily the case of statements it made in regard to the [[Roma minority in Romania|Romani minority]], over which it has been repeatedly accused of [[antiziganism]]. In early 2002, the gazette reacted strongly against an advertisement for a soccer match between the [[Romania national football team|Romania team]] and the [[France national football team|France national team]], where the former was being portrayed as a violinist.<ref name="db98">Berry, p.98</ref> {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} saw this as an attempt to insult Romanians by associating them with [[Romani music]], concluding: "Our French 'brothers' never stop offending us, and they seem to enjoy treating us like gypsies".<ref name="db98"/> A November 2008 article, which claimed to be based on a reportage piece first published in ''[[El País]]'', depicted Romani Romanians as a leading demographic group within [[Madrid]]'s [[organized crime]] networks.<ref name="vnenemy">Valeriu Nicolae, [http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2009-03-20-nicolae-en.html "The Enemy Within. Roma, the Media and Hate Speech"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327071048/http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2009-03-20-nicolae-en.html |date=2009-03-27 }}, in ''[[Eurozine]]'', March 20, 2009</ref><ref name="mthaluc">{{in lang|ro}} [[Mircea Toma]], [http://www.catavencu.ro/halucinatii_etnice_la_i_adevarul_i-5157.html "Halucinaţii etnice la {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}"]{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in ''[[Academia Caţavencu]]'', December 24, 2008</ref> The article was condemned by [[civil society]] observers, who uncovered that {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} had modified and editorialized the original piece, which actually spoke of the [[Romanians in Spain|Romanian immigrant population]], without any mention of ethnicity.<ref name="vnenemy"/><ref name="mthaluc"/> An analysis made by researchers Isabela Merilă and Michaela Praisler found that, in contrast to ''Evenimentul Zilei'', {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} had a [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] bias in reporting on the rise of [[Romanian hip hop]], which it related to negative social phenomena (violence, drug use), and against which it favored a degree of censorship.<ref>Isabela Merilă, Michaela Praisler, "Textually Constructing Identity and Otherness: Mediating the Romanian Hip-Hop Message", in George McKay, Christopher Williams (eds.), ''Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe'', [[Peter Lang (publishing company)|Peter Lang AG]], Bern, 2009, p.115, 120-123.  {{ISBN|978-3-03911-921-9}}</ref>

''Colecția Adevărul'', the post-2008 book collection issued with the newspaper, has itself been at the center of a controversy. Two trials were opened on charges of [[plagiarism]], after the collection issued works by [[Leo Tolstoy]] and [[Vintilă Corbul]], allegedly without respecting the [[Intellectual property in Romania|authorship rights]] of original translators.<ref name="dtotilia">{{in lang|ro}} Doinel Tronaru, [http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/848480/Adevarul-si-Jurnalul-se-bat-pe-Otilia/ "{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} şi ''Jurnalul'' se bat pe Otilia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426082521/http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/848480/Adevarul-si-Jurnalul-se-bat-pe-Otilia/ |date=April 26, 2009 }}, in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', April 24, 2009</ref> Another such conflict was sparked in April 2009, opposing ''Colecția Adevărul'' to ''Biblioteca pentru toți'' ("Everyman's Library"), a similar book series issued by the rivals at ''[[Jurnalul Naţional|Jurnalul Național]]'' and [[Editura Litera]]. This came after {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} went ahead of ''Biblioteca pentru toți'' in reissuing [[George Călinescu]]'s ''[[Enigma Otiliei]]'' novel.<ref name="dtotilia"/><ref name="mfholding">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.mediafax.ro/cultura-media/adevarul-holding-acuza-antena-1-de-practici-incorecte.html?1706;4235416 ''Adevărul Holding acuză Antena 1 de "practici incorecte"''], [[Mediafax]] release, April 23, 2009; retrieved April 25, 2009</ref><ref name="mfinst">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.mediafax.ro/cultura-media/institutul-calinescu-si-litera-international-vor-sa-dea-in-judecata-adevarul.html?1706;4238648 ''Institutul Călinescu şi Litera Internaţional vor să dea în judecată Adevărul''], [[Mediafax]] release, April 24, 2009; retrieved April 25, 2009</ref> The [[Romanian Academy]]'s [[George Călinescu Institute]], which claims the copyright to Călinescu's books, joined Editura Litera in a lawsuit against {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}.<ref name="mfinst"/> In reply, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} accused ''Jurnalul Național'' itself of having usurped the ''Biblioteca pentru toți'' brand, previously owned by [[Editura Minerva]].<ref name="dtotilia"/><ref name="mfholding"/> It also spoke out against [[Antena 1 (Romania)|Antena 1]], a television station which, like ''Jurnalul Național'', is owned by [[Intact (group of companies)|Intact Group]], accusing it of mudslinging.<ref name="mfholding"/>

In the months leading up to the [[2009 Romanian presidential election|2009 presidential election]], {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} launched a special nation-wide [[advertising campaign]], announcing that it was reducing to a minimum its coverage of the political scene and would not host [[Campaign advertising|campaign ads]], directly appealing to people who were declaring themselves disgusted with the election process. The initiative was covered by journalist Gabriel Giurgiu in the cultural magazine ''[[Dilema Veche]]'', which is also part of the Adevărul Holding. Giurgiu's article was a mixed review: it argued that the reaction was understandable, but "regrettable", because it carried the risk of glamorizing [[voter fatigue]] and depriving society of "a necessary burden."<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Gabriel Giurgiu, [http://www.dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/pe-ce-lume-traim/articol/regretabilul-dezgust "Regretabilul dezgust"], in ''[[Dilema Veche]]'', Nr. 297, October 2009</ref> [[Hotnews.ro]] owner and columnist [[Dan Tăpalagă]] placed this stance in connection to Dinu Patriciu's publicized adversity toward incumbent President Băsescu. In his view, Patriciu stood alongside Intact Group owner [[Dan Voiculescu]] and [[Realitatea-Caţavencu|Realitatea-Cațavencu]]'s [[Sorin Ovidiu Vântu]] as one of the "media moguls" working to prevent Băsescu' reelection. Alluding to the newspaper's promotional offers of cartoon classics on [[DVD]] and popular novels, Tăpalagă concluded: "[{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}] readers must be forcefully kept away from politics, perhaps kept busy with [[Tom and Jerry]]. Forcefully saturated of politics, the citizen in Patriciu's dreams gobbles up the personal governments concocted together with Voiculescu and Vântu, reads approximate literature and watches animated cartoons."<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [[Dan Tăpalagă]], [http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-media_in_campanie-6567980-cum-iau-ziaristii-urma-banilor-asmutiti-patriciu-vantu.htm "Cum iau ziariştii urma banilor, asmuţiţi de Patriciu si Vântu"], at [[Hotnews.ro]], November 26, 2009; retrieved December 24, 2009</ref>

However, similar criticism of {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} was also voiced from within Realitatea-Cațavencu. [[Cornel Nistorescu]], the new editor of ''Cotidianul'', called the promotion "[[Lobotomy|lobotomizing]]", and, contrary to Tapalagă, suggested that it had been induced by President Băsescu, to whom he attributed the power of ordering Patriciu's arrest on allegations of [[white-collar crime]]: "It is as if Traian Băsescu had sent him the message: write one more line about me, and you'll be spending another week in the big house!"<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [[Cornel Nistorescu]], [http://www.cotidianul.ro/adevarul_si_patriciu_fug_de_politica-101347.html "{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} şi Patriciu fug de politică"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103185922/http://www.cotidianul.ro/adevarul_si_patriciu_fug_de_politica-101347.html |date=January 3, 2010 }}, in ''[[Cotidianul]]'', October 20, 2009</ref> Another ''Cotidianul'' contributor, [[Costi Rogozanu]], referred to the {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} message as "a strange manipulation" and "a dangerous invitation to carelessness", noting that Romanian society was becoming divided between openly partisan media outlets and venues that avoided all mention of politics.<ref name="crromamerik">{{in lang|ro}} [[Costi Rogozanu]], [http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-media_in_campanie-6455443-politicele-adevarul-tvr-cum-transformat-romamerik-costi-rogozanu.htm "A-politicele {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, TVR. Şi cum ne-am transformat în Romamerik?"], at [[Hotnews.ro]], November 13, 2009; retrieved December 24, 2009</ref>

Additionally, the newspaper became focused on exploring the history of Romanian communism, and ran exposes on the [[Ceauşescu family|Ceaușescu family]]. This interest (seen by Rogozanu as obsessive)<ref name="crromamerik"/> was criticized as sensationalist, particularly after {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} circulated claims that the former dictator had been a youthful homosexual.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [[Adrian Cioroianu]], [http://www.dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/ieri-vedere-azi/articol/sexualitatea-lui-ceausescu-manelizarea-istoriei "Sexualitatea lui Ceauşescu sau manelizarea istoriei"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907023747/http://www.dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/ieri-vedere-azi/articol/sexualitatea-lui-ceausescu-manelizarea-istoriei |date=2011-09-07 }}, in ''[[Dilema Veche]]'', Nr. 394, September 2011</ref>

====2011 crisis====
Several months after the elections, in mid-2010, the issue of editorial policies came up again, as a group of panelists walked out from the daily, citing worries that Dinu Patriciu was imposing his own agenda. Although initially supportive of this move, some, most notably [[Grigore Cartianu]], [[Ovidiu Nahoi]] and [[Adrian Halpert]], revised their decision and stayed on with {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Alina Vătăman, [http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/cartianu-s-a-razgandit-ramane-la-adevarul-891630.html "Cartianu s-a răzgândit: rămâne la {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}"], in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', June 24, 2010</ref>

Under new management, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} also acquired a new core group of columnists, including Patriciu himself. The owner's opinion pieces illustrate his commitment to [[libertarianism]] and the [[free market]], which have little echo inside his own National Liberal Party.<ref name="accumsta"/><ref>{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.revista22.ro/dinu-patriciu--vrea-un-nou-partid-puterea-si-opozitia-sint-la-fel-de-i-10611.html "Dinu Patriciu vrea un nou partid: Puterea şi Opoziţia sînt la fel de impotente. Soluţia, o mişcare politică nouă şi pragmatică"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829031828/http://www.revista22.ro/dinu-patriciu--vrea-un-nou-partid-puterea-si-opozitia-sint-la-fel-de-i-10611.html |date=2012-08-29 }}, in ''[[Revista 22]]'' online edition, May 20, 2011; Vlad Macovei, [http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/editorialul-evz-are-si-dinu-patriciu-dreptatea-lui-938342.html "Are şi Dinu Patriciu dreptatea lui!"], in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', July 18, 2011</ref> The other authors stood for a wide range of opinions, including anti-Patriciu stances.<ref name="accumsta"/> In February 2011, {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} even hosted an extended political debate between Patriciu and another columnist, the former cabinet minister and Băsescu advisor [[Andrei Pleşu|Andrei Pleșu]].<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Vlad Stoicescu, [http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/polemica-plesu-patriciu-dinule-am-vazut-in-jurul-tau-oameni-fata-de-care-liiceanu-e-un.html "Polemică Pleşu-Patriciu: 'Dinule, am văzut în jurul tău oameni faţă de care Liiceanu e un înger' "], in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', February 23, 2011</ref> In December, Pleșu gave up his column in {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}, citing the accumulated frustration of working under an (unnamed) editor.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Ionuț Băiaș, [http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-media_publicitate-10935043-andrei-plesu-anunta-nu-mai-scrie-pentru-adevarul-nu-mai-suport-face-anumit-personaj-tafnos-fost-sef-sala.htm "Andrei Pleşu anunţă că nu va mai scrie pentru {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}. 'Nu mai suport sa am de-a face cu un anumit personaj ţâfnos ca un fost şef de sală' "], at [[Hotnews.ro]], December 14, 2011; retrieved February 9, 2012</ref> Romanian media pioneer [[Ion Cristoiu]] made news in 2012, when he was in the unique position of writing for both {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} and rival ''Evenimentul Zilei''.<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.dailybusiness.ro/stiri-media-marketing/adevarul-despre-intoarcerea-lui-cristoiu-la-evz-nu-oprim-colaborarea-73325/ "{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} despre întoarcerea lui Cristoiu la EvZ: 'Nu oprim colaborarea' "], [http://www.dailybusiness.ro/ DailyBusiness.ro], January 30, 2012; Retrieved February 8, 2012</ref>

In May 2011, Patriciu transferred 99.92% of Adevărul Holding stocks to another firm in his portfolio, Fast Europe Media N.V. (registered in the [[Netherlands]]).<ref name="gdvinde">{{in lang|ro}} Gabriela Diţă, [http://www.zf.ro/media-advertising/patriciu-vinde-actiunile-de-la-adevarul-holding-unei-companii-olandeze-care-ii-apartine-8258930 "Patriciu vinde acţiunile de la Adevărul Holding unei companii olandeze care îi aparţine"], in ''[[Ziarul Financiar]]'', May 10, 2011</ref><ref name="tvrvandut">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.tvr.ro/articol.php?id=103006 ''Patriciu a vândut Adevărul unei firme olandeze deţinute tot de el'']{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[TVR 1]] ''Ora de Business'', May 10, 2011; retrieved May 11, 2011</ref><ref>{{in lang|ro}} [https://archive.today/20130416152213/http://www1.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/media/patriciu-si-a-vandut-adevarul-siesi-224846.html "Patriciu şi-a vândut {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} sieşi"], in ''[[România Liberă]]'', May 10, 2011</ref> Patriciu himself justified the move as an opener of the [[Central and Eastern Europe]]an markets,<ref name="gdvinde"/> but analysts have also seen in this an attempt to capitalize on the [[Corporate tax in the Netherlands|Dutch corporate tax]].<ref name="tvrvandut"/> The effects of the [[Great Recession]] were felt throughout Romanian mass-media, putting a check on {{Lang|ro|Adevărul}} growth, and stabilizing its circulation at some 30,000 copies per issue.<ref name="icsubiect">Iulian Comanescu, "Cînd presa a fost subiect de ştiri", in ''[[Dilema Veche]]'', Nr. 412: ''Dosar: Anul Vechi'', January 2012</ref> An advertising campaign for the newspaper, managed through Patriciu's firm Odyssey Communication, failed to reverse that trend, and Odyssey itself registered for bankruptcy.<ref name="icsubiect"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629095556/http://www.inshr-ew.ro/pdf/Final_Report.pdf ''Final Report''] of the [[Wiesel Commission|International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania]], [[Polirom]], Iași, 2004.  {{ISBN|973-681-989-2}}
*[[Mihnea Berindei]], Ariadna Combes, Anne Planche, ''13-15 iunie 1990. Realitatea unei puteri neocomuniste'', [[Humanitas publishing house|Humanitas]], Bucharest, 2006.  {{ISBN|973-50-1160-3}}
*David Berry, ''The Romanian Mass Media and Cultural Development'', [[Ashgate Publishing]], Aldershot, 2004.  {{ISBN|0-7546-1069-1}}
*[[Lucian Boia]], ''"Germanofilii". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial'', Humanitas, Bucharest, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-973-50-2635-6}}
*[[Maria Bucur]], ''Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania'', [[University of Pittsburgh Press]], Pittsburgh, 2002.  {{ISBN|0-8229-4172-4}}
*{{in lang|ro}} Lucian T. Butaru, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150324080526/http://www.euro.ubbcluj.ro/structura/pers/pdf/lucian_butaru_rasism....pdf Rasism românesc. Componenta rasială a discursului antisemit din România, până la Al Doilea Război Mondial]'', Editura Fundației pentru Studii Europene, Cluj-Napoca, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-606-526-051-1}}
*[[Paul Cernat]], ''Avangarda românească și complexul periferiei: primul val'', [[Cartea Românească]], Bucharest, 2007.  {{ISBN|978-973-23-1911-6}}
*[[Charles Upson Clark]], ''United Roumania'', Ayer Publishing, Manchester, New Hampshire, 1971.  {{ISBN|0-405-02741-9}}
*[[Thomas Gerard Gallagher|Tom Gallagher]], "Nationalism and Romanian Political Culture in the 1990s", in Duncan Light, David Phinnemore (eds.), ''Post-Communist Romania: Coming to Terms with Transition'', [[Palgrave Macmillan]], Basingstoke & New York, 2001, p.&nbsp;104-124.  {{ISBN|0-333-79187-8}}
*[[Radu Ioanid]], "Romania", in [[David S. Wyman]], Charles H. Rosenzveig (eds.), ''The World Reacts to the Holocaust'', [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], Baltimore & London, 1996, p.&nbsp;225-252.  {{ISBN|0-8018-4969-1}}
*[[Adrian-Silvan Ionescu]], ''Mișcarea artistică oficială în România secolului al XIX-lea'', Noi Media Print, Bucharest, 2008.  {{ISBN|978-973-180-518-4}}
*[[György Litván]], ''A Twentieth-century Prophet: Oscar Jászi, 1875–1957'', [[Central European University Press]], Budapest, 2006.  {{ISBN|963-7326-42-1}}
*[[Irina Livezeanu]], ''Cultural Politics in Greater Romania'', [[Cornell University Press]], Ithaca, 2000.  {{ISBN|0-8014-8688-2}}
*[[Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne|Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]], "Civil Society and the Media in Romania", in David Phinnemore (ed.), ''The EU and Romania: Accession and Beyond'', Federal Trust for Education and Research & [[I.B. Tauris]], London, 2006, p.&nbsp;64-77.  {{ISBN|1-903403-78-2}}
*[[Z. Ornea]], ''Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească'', [[Editura Fundaţiei Culturale Române|Editura Fundației Culturale Române]], Bucharest, 1995. {{ISBN|973-9155-43-X}}
*[[Ioana Pârvulescu]], ''Lumea ca ziar. A patra putere: Caragiale'', Humanitas, Bucharest, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-973-50-2954-8}}
*[[Tom Sandqvist]], ''Dada East. The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire'', [[MIT Press]], Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 2006. {{ISBN|0-262-19507-0}}
*[[Vladimir Tismăneanu]], ''Stalinism pentru eternitate'', Polirom, Iași, 2005.  {{ISBN|973-681-899-3}}
*Glenn E. Torrey, "Rumania's Decision to Intervene: Brătianu and the Entente, June–July 1916", in [[Keith Hitchins]] (ed.), ''Romanian Studies. Vol. 2, 1971–1972'', [[Brill Publishers]], Leiden, 1973, p.&nbsp;3-29.  {{ISBN|90-04-03639-3}}
*Cristian Vasile, ''Literatura și artele în România comunistă. 1948–1953'', Humanitas, Bucharest, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-973-50-2773-5}}
*Francisco Veiga, ''Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului'', Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993.  {{ISBN|973-28-0392-4}}
*[[George Voicu]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120224003608/http://www.euro.ubbcluj.ro/studiaj/sj2007/12.THE%20-JUDAISATION-%20OF%20THE%20ENEMY%20IN%20THE%20ROMANIAN%20POLITICAL%20CULTURE%20AT%20THE%20BEGINNING%20OF%20THE%2020TH%20CENTURY%20-%20GEORGE%20VOICU.pdf "The 'Judaisation' of the Enemy in the Romanian Political Culture at the Beginning of the 20th Century"], in the [[Babeş-Bolyai University|Babeș-Bolyai University]]'s ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329033014/http://www.euro.ubbcluj.ro/studiaj/ Studia Judaica]'', 2007, p.&nbsp;138-150

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website}} {{in lang|ro}}
* [http://www.unifi.it/letrum/CMpro-v-p-1103.html "{{Lang|ro|Adevărul}}"], entry in [http://www.unifi.it/letrum/ ''Cronologia della letteratura rumena moderna (1780–1914)'' database], at the [[University of Florence]]'s Department of Neo-Latin Languages and Literatures {{in lang|it}}

{{Newspapers in Romanian}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adevarul}}
[[Category:Adevărul| ]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1871]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Bucharest]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Iași]]
[[Category:Romanian-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Socialist newspapers published in Romania]]
[[Category:Republicanism in the Kingdom of Romania]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Romania]]
[[Category:History of Bucharest]]
[[Category:1871 establishments in Romania]]
[[Category:Romanian news websites]]