View source for Abjad numerals

{{Short description|Numeral system of the Arabic alphabet}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{original research|date=March 2019}}
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{{Numeral systems}}
{{Arabic alphabet}}
The '''Abjad numerals''', also called '''Hisab al-Jummal''' ({{langx|ar|حِسَاب ٱلْجُمَّل}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ḥisāb al-jummal}}), are a decimal [[alphabetic numeral system]]/[[alphanumeric code]], in which the 28 letters of the [[Arabic alphabet]] are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the [[Arab world|Arabic-speaking world]] since before the eighth century when [[Positional notation|positional]] [[Arabic numerals]] were adopted.<ref>{{cite book|url= {{google books URL|ux--OWgWvBQC|pg=PA247}} |title= Numerical Notation: A Comparative History|author= Stephen Chrisomalis|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521878180|pages=162|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> In modern Arabic, the word ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾabjadīyah}}'' ({{lang|ar|أَبْجَدِيَّة}}) means '[[alphabet]]' in general.

In the Abjad system, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, [[aleph#Arabic|ʾalif]], is used to represent 1; the second letter, [[Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ|bāʾ]], 2, up to 9. Letters then represent the first nine intervals of 10s and those of the 100s: [[Yodh#Arabic yāʼ|yāʾ]] for 10, [[Kaph#Arabic kāf|kāf]] for 20, [[Qoph#Arabic Qāf|qāf]] for 100, ending with 1000.

The word ''[[abjad|ʾabjad]]'' ({{lang|ar|أبجد}}) itself derives from the first four letters (A-B-G-D) of the Semitic alphabet, including the [[Aramaic alphabet]], [[Hebrew alphabet]], [[Phoenician alphabet]], and other scripts for [[Semitic languages]]. These alphabets contained only 22 letters, stopping at [[taw]], numerically equivalent to 400. The Arabic Abjad system continues at this point with letters not found in other alphabets: [[ṯāʾ|thāʾ]] = 500, [[ḫāʾ|khāʾ]] = 600, [[ḏāl|dhāl]] = 700, etc. Abjad numerals in Arabic are similar to the alphanumeric codes of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] [[gematria]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] [[isopsephy]].

==Abjad order==
The Abjad order of the [[Arabic alphabet]] has two slightly different variants. The Arabic abjad order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter ''[[samekh]] / semkat'' {{lang|he|ס}}, yet no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter. 

In the most common [[Mashriq]]i abjad sequence, loss of ''{{transliteration|he|ALA|samekh}}'' was compensated for by the split of [[shin (letter)|''{{transliteration|he|ALA|shin}}'']] {{lang|he|ש}} into two independent Arabic letters, {{lang|ar|ش}} (''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|shīn}}'') and {{lang|ar|ﺱ}} (''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|sīn}}''), which moved up to take the place of ''{{transliteration|he|ALA|samekh}}''.

The Mashriqi (common) abjad sequence, read from right to left, is:
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:180%;font-size:larger"
|-

| {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ي}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|أ}}
|-
| {{transliteration|ar|gh}} || {{transliteration|ar|ẓ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|sh}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || ʿ || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|y}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}}/{{transliteration|ar|u}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || ʾ
|}

This is commonly vocalized as follows:
:*{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾabjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman saʿfaṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh}}.
Another vocalization is:
:*{{transliteration|ar|ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman saʿfaṣ qurishat thakhudh ḍaẓugh}}

In the Maghrebian abjad sequence (quoted in apparently earliest authorities and considered older{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p=117, 130, 149}}), loss of ''{{transliteration|he|ALA|samekh}}'' was compensated for by the split of [[Tsade (letter)|''{{transliteration|he|ALA|tsade}}'']] {{lang|he|צ}} into two independent Arabic letters, {{lang|ar|ض}} (''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍad}}'') and {{lang|ar|ص}} (''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṣad}}''), which moved up to take the place of ''{{transliteration|he|ALA|samekh}}''.

The Maghrebian abjad sequence, read from right to left, is:{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p=117, 130, 149}}<ref name=magb>{{cite web |lang=ar |website=Alyaseer.net |title=ترتيب المداخل والبطاقات في القوائم والفهارس الموضوعية |trans-title=Ordering entries and cards in subject indexes |url=http://alyaseer.net/vb/showthread.php?t=8807 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223135008/http://alyaseer.net/vb/showthread.php?t=8807 |archive-date=2007-12-23 |access-date=Oct 6, 2009}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2020}}

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:180%;font-size:larger"
|-
| {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ي}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|أ}}
|-
| {{transliteration|ar|sh}} || {{transliteration|ar|gh}} || {{transliteration|ar|ẓ}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || <big>ʿ</big> || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|y}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}}/{{transliteration|ar|u}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || ʾ
|}

which can be vocalized as:
:*{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman ṣaʿfaḍ qurisat thakhudh ẓaghush}}

Another vocalization is:
:*{{transliteration|ar|ʾabajd hawazin ḥuṭīyin kalamnin ṣaʿfaḍin qurisat thakhudh ẓughshin}}

;Competing order
Modern dictionaries and other reference books use the newer ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hijāʾī}}'' ({{lang|ar|هجائي}}) / ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|alifbāʾī}}'' ({{lang|ar|أَلِفْبَائِي}}) and more common order, which partially groups letters together by similarity of shape, and is never used as numerals.

The common ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hijāʾī}}'' sequence, read from right to left, is:

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:180%;font-size:larger"
|-
| {{lang|ar|ي}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|أ}}
|-
| {{transliteration|ar|y}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}}/{{transliteration|ar|u}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || {{transliteration|ar|gh}} || <big>ʿ</big> || {{transliteration|ar| ẓ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|sh}} || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || ʾ
|}

[[Persian alphabet|Persian]] uses a slightly different [[Persian alphabet|order]], in which و comes before ه instead of after it.

In the Maghrebian ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hijāʾī}}'' /  ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|alifbāʾī}}'' order (replaced by the [[Mashriq]]i order<ref name="magb" />{{unreliable source?|date=April 2020}}), the sequence is:{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p= 117, 130, 149}}

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:180%;font-size:larger"
| {{lang|ar|ي}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|أ}}
|-
| {{transliteration|ar|y}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}}/{{transliteration|ar|u}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|sh}} || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || {{transliteration|ar|gh}} || <big>ʿ</big> || {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|ẓ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || ʾ
|}

In [[Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani]]'s encyclopædia ''Kitāb al-Iklīl min akhbār al-Yaman wa-ansāb Ḥimyar'' ({{lang|ar|کتاب الإكليل من أخبار اليمن وأنساب حمير}}), the letter sequence (from right to left) is:{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p=130}}

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:180%;font-size:larger"
|-
| {{lang|ar|ي}} || {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|أ}}
|-
| {{transliteration|ar|y}} || {{transliteration|ar|sh}} || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || {{transliteration|ar|ẓ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|gh}} || <big>ʿ</big>|| {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}}/{{transliteration|ar|u}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || ʾ
|}

==Uses of the Abjad system==
Before the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]], the abjad as numbers were used for all mathematical purposes. In modern Arabic, they are primarily used for numbering [[Outline (list)|outlines]], items in lists, and points of information. Equivalent to English, "A.", "B.", and "C." (or, rarer, Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV), in Arabic, thus "{{lang|ar|أ}}", then "{{lang|ar|ب}}", then "{{lang|ar|ج}}", not the first three letters of the modern ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hijāʼī}}'' order.

The abjad numbers are also used to assign numerical values to Arabic words for purposes of [[isopsephy|numerology]].  The common Islamic phrase {{lang|ar|بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم}} ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|bismillāh al-Raḥmān al-Raḥīm}}'' ('In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the most compassionate'&nbsp;– see [[Basmala]]) has a numeric value of 786 (from a letter-by-letter cumulative value of 2+60+40+1+30+30+5+1+30+200+8+40+50+1+30+200+8+10+40). The name [[Allah|Allāh]] {{lang|ar|الله}} by itself has the value 66 (1+30+30+5).

==Letter values==<!--This section is linked from [[Mawza exile]] ([[MOS:HEAD]])-->
In common abjad order:{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p=117, 130, 149}}

Notice that some letters appear in their initial form and others in a ''[[ruqaa|riqaa]]''-like form, with the ''alif'' having a different shape.
{|
|-  style="vertical-align: top;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 0 0 0 0"
|-
! Value || Letter || Name || Trans-<br />literation
|-
| 1 || [[Image:Arabic mathematical alif.PNG|12px]] || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}} || ʾ / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ā]]}}
|-
|  2 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ب]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|bāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[b]]}}
|-
| 3 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ج|جـ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|jīm}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[j]]}}
|-
| 4 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[د]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|dāl}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[d]]}}
|-
| 5 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ه|هـ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[h]]}}
|-
| 6 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[و]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[w]] / [[ū]]}}
|-
| 7 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ز]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|zāy}}/{{transliteration|ar|ALA|zayn}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[z]]}}
|-
| 8 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ح|حـ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Heth|ḥ]]}}
|-
| 9 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ط]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṭāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ṭ]]}}
|-
| &nbsp; || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|&nbsp;}}</span> || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 0 0 0 0"
|-
! Value || Letter || Name || Trans- <br>literation
|-
| 10 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ي|ى]]}}</span> <!--in such context the letter is always undotted-->|| {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[y]] / [[ī]]}}
|-
| 20 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ك]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|kāf}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[k]]}}
|-
| 30 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ل]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[l]]}}
|-
| 40 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[م|مـ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|mīm}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[m]]}}
|-
| 50 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ن]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|nūn}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[n]]}}
|-
| 60 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[س]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|sīn}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[s]]}}
|-
| 70 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ع]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʿayn}} || <span style="font-size:140%">ʿ</span>
|-
| 80 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|fāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[f]]}}
|-
| 90 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ص]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṣād}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ṣ]]}}
|-
| &nbsp; || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|&nbsp;}}</span> || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 0 0 0 0"
|-
! Value || Letter || Name || Trans-<br />literation
|-
| 100 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ق]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|qāf}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[q]]}}
|-
| 200 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ر]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|rāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[r]]}}
|-
| 300 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ش]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|shīn}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Shin (letter)|sh]]}}
|-
| 400 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|tāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[t]]}}
|-
| 500 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ث]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|thāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Ṯāʾ|th]]}}
|-
| 600 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[خ|خـ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|khāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Ḫāʾ|kh]]}}
|-
| 700 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ذ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|dhāl}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Ḏāl|dh]]}}
|-
| 800 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ض]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍād}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ḍ]]}}
|-
| 900 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ظ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ẓāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ẓ]]}}
|-
| 1000 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ghayn}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ġ|gh]]}}
|}
|}

In Maghrebian Abjad order:{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p=117, 130, 149}}
{|
|-  style="vertical-align: top;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 0 0 0 0"
|-
! Value || Letter || Name || Trans-<br />literation
|-
| 1 || [[Image:Arabic mathematical alif.PNG|12px]] || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}} || ʾ / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ā]]}}
|-
|  2 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ب]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|bāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[b]]}}
|-
| 3 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ج|جـ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|jīm}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[j]]}}
|-
| 4 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[د]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|dāl}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[d]]}}
|-
| 5 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ه|هـ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[h]]}}
|-
| 6 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[و]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[w]] / [[ū]]}}
|-
| 7 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ز]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|zāy}}/{{transliteration|ar|ALA|zayn}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[z]]}}
|-
| 8 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ح|حـ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Heth|ḥ]]}}
|-
| 9 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ط]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṭāʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ṭ]]}}
|-
| &nbsp; || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|&nbsp;}}</span> || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 0 0 0 0"
|-
! Value || Letter || Name || Trans- <br>literation
|-
| 10 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ي|ى]]}}</span><!--in such context the letter is always undotted-->||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[y]] / [[ī]]}}
|-
| 20 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ک]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|kāf}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[k]]}}
|-
| 30 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ل]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[l]]}}
|-
| 40 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[م|مـ]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|mīm}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[m]]}}
|-
| 50 ||<span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ن]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|nūn}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[n]]}}
|- style="background:#ffcccc"
| 60 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ص]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṣād}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ṣ]]}}
|-
| 70 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ع]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʿayn}}||<span style="font-size:140%">ʿ</span>
|-
| 80 ||<span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|fāʾ}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[f]]}}
|- style="background:#ffcccc"
| 90 ||<span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ض]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍād}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ḍ]]}}
|-
|&nbsp;||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|&nbsp;}}</span>||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 0 0 0 0"
|-
! Value || Letter || Name || Trans-<br />literation
|-
| 100 ||<span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ق]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|qāf}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[q]]}}
|-
| 200 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ر]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|rāʾ}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[r]]}}
|- style="background:#ffcccc"
| 300 ||<span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[س]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|sīn}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[s]]}}
|-
| 400 ||<span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|tāʾ}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[t]]}}
|-
| 500 ||<span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ث]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|thāʾ}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Ṯāʾ|th]]}}
|-
| 600 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[خ|خـ]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|khāʾ}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Ḫāʾ|kh]]}}
|-
| 700 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ذ]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|dhāl}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Ḏāl|dh]]}}
|- style="background:#ffcccc"
| 800 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[ظ]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ẓāʾ}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ẓ]]}}
|- style="background:#ffcccc"
| 900 ||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ghayn}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ġ|gh]]}}
|- style="background:#ffcccc"
| 1000 ||<span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|ar|[[ش]]}}</span>||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|shīn}}||{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Shin (letter)|sh]]}}
|}
|}

For four [[Persian alphabet|Persian letters]] these values are used:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Value || Letter || Name || Trans-<br />literation || Has numerical<br>value of
|-
| 2 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|fa|[[پ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|fa|pe}} || {{transliteration|fa|p}}||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|ب}}</span>
|-
| 3 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|fa|[[چ]]ـ}}</span> || {{transliteration|fa|che}} || {{transliteration|fa|ch}} or {{transliteration|fa|č}}||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|جـ}}</span>
|-
| 7 || <span style="font-family: 'Aref Ruqaa', 'B Arabic Style', Rakkas, 'Layla Ruqaa', Waseem; font-size:160%; letter-spacing:normal;">{{lang|fa|[[ژ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|fa|zhe}}|| {{transliteration|fa|zh}} or {{transliteration|fa|ž}}||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|ز}}</span>
|-
| 20 || <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|fa|[[گ]]}}</span> || {{transliteration|fa|gâf}} || {{transliteration|fa|g}}||<span style="font-size:140%;line-height:130%">{{lang|ar|ک}}</span>
|}

==Similar systems==

The Abjad numerals are equivalent to the earlier [[Hebrew numerals]] up to 400. The Hebrew numeral system is known as [[Gematria]] and is used in [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic]] texts and numerology. Like the Abjad order, it is used in modern times for numbering outlines and points of information, including the first six days of the week. The [[Greek numerals]] differ in a number of ways from the Abjad ones (for instance in the [[Greek alphabet]] there is no equivalent for {{lang|ar|ص}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṣād}}''). The [[Greek language]] system of letters-as-numbers is called [[isopsephy]]. In modern times the old 27-letter alphabet of this system also continues to be used for numbering lists.

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Eastern Arabic numerals]]
*[[Western Arabic numerals]]
*[[Kufic]]
*[[Hurufism]]
*[['Ilm al-Huruf]] (science of letters)
*[[Gematria]]
*[[Isopsephy]]
*[[Katapayadi system]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal|first1= Michael C. A.|last1=Macdonald|author-link1= Michael C. A. Macdonald|year= 1986|title= ABCs and letter order in Ancient North Arabian|journal= Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|issue= 16|pages= 101–168}}

==External links==
*[http://bahai-library.com/lewis_Abjad_numerological_system Overview of the ''abjad ''numerological system]
*[http://www.nurmuhammad.com/IlmHuroof/IlmHuroofArticles/welcometothescienceofhuroof.htm Sufi numerology site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421182323/http://www.nurmuhammad.com/IlmHuroof/IlmHuroofArticles/welcometothescienceofhuroof.htm |date=2012-04-21 }}
*[http://alavibohra.org/abjad%20arabic%20calculator/arabic%20numeric%20value.php Numerical Value of an Arabic Text as per "Abjad" Calculation - www.alavibohra.org]

*[https://www.abjadcalc.com/ Abjad Calculator]

{{Arabic language|state=collapsed}}
{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Numerals]]
[[Category:Collation]]