View source for Aaron Samuel Kaidanover

{{Short description|Lithuanian rabbi}}

'''Aaron Samuel ben Israel Kaidanover''' ({{langx|he|אהרן שמואל קאידנוור}}; 1614 – December 1676) was a [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian]] rabbi. Among his teachers were Jacob Hoeschel and his son [[Avraham Yehoshua Heschel|Joshua Hoeschel]] (or Hescehel).

==Biography==
Kaidanover was born in 1614, in [[Vilna]], according to Deutsch and Mannheimer (1904),{{sfn|Deutsch|Mannheimer|1904}} but according to Tamar (2007)<ref name=tamar/> in [[Koidanovo]], near Minsk, from whence his surname was taken.{{efn|In 1614, both Minsk and Vilna were [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian]]. While giving [[Koidanovo]] as Aaron Samuel's birthplace, the 2007 ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' also states that Kaidanover's son, [[Zebi Hirsch Kaidanover|Zevi Hirsch Kaidanover]], was born in Vilna.<ref>{{cite encyclopaedia |last1= Eidelberg |first1= Shlomo |title=KOIDONOVER (Kaidanover), ZEVI HIRSCH (d. 1712) |date=2007|editor1=Fred Skolnik |editor2=Michael Berenbaum |publisher=MacMillan Reference – Thomson Gale; Keter Publishing House |isbn=978-0-02-865940-4 |page=268 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-judaica-v.-12-kat-lie_202107/page/268/mode/2up? |encyclopaedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |volume=12 KAT–LIE}}</ref>}} During the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648–1649), Kaidanover fled to Vilna<ref name=tamar/> (or, possibly, returned there), where he became a member of the [[bet din]]. In 1656, as a result of the [[Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)|Russian-Swedish War]] and Sweden's invasion of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], he was forced to flee once again, taking refuge in [[Kurów]]. While living at Kurów, violence visited the household: Kaidanover's home was pillaged by Cossacks, his possessions stolen, his valuable library and manuscripts among them, and his two young daughters were killed.<ref name=tamar>{{cite encyclopaedia |last1=Tamar |first1=David |title=KOIDONOVER (Kaidanover), AARON SAMUEL BEN ISRAEL (c. 1614-1676) |date=2007 |editor1=Fred Skolnik |editor2=Michael Berenbaum |publisher=MacMillan Reference – Thomson Gale; Keter Publishing House |isbn=978-0-02-865940-4 |page=268 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-judaica-v.-12-kat-lie_202107/page/268/mode/2up? |encyclopaedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |volume=12 KAT–LIE}}</ref>

He arrived in [[Moravia]] an impoverished fugitive. He was elected rabbi successively of [[Langenlois]] in [[Lower Austria]], [[Mikulov|Nikolsburg]], [[Głogów|Glogau]], [[Fürth]], and [[Frankfurt am Main]], and then returned to [[Poland]] in 1671 to become the rabbi of [[Kraków]],<ref name="KlilatYofi"/> a position he held until his death on 1 December 1676, while attending the [[Vaad]] (council) Ha[[Galil (administrative unit)|Galil]] of Kraków that took place in [[Chmielnik, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Chmielnik]].<ref name="KlilatYofi">{{cite book | author =Haim Nathan Dembitzer | author-link =Haim Nathan Dembitzer | title =Klilat Yofi | year =1888–1893  | publisher =Y. Fisher | location=[[Kraków]]| oclc=122773481 | no-pp =true | page = Vol. II, 71a}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=History of Jews in Chmielnik |last= Gelbar |first=N. M. |title=Memorial Book of Chmielnik (Poland: 50°38'; 20°45'); Yizkor Book of the Annihilated Jewish Community | date=1960 | publisher= Yizkor Book Project |location=Tel Aviv |editor=Ephraim Shedletski|others=Former residents of Chmielnik in Israel |pages=73–90 |translator= Mark Froimowitz |id=Translated from the Yiddish: {{Transliteration|yi|Pinkas Chmielnik. Yisker bukh noch der Khorev-Gevorener Yidisher Kehile}} |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/chmielnik/Chmielnik.html#TOC |chapter-url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/chmielnik/chm0073.html}}</ref>{{efn|1676, [[#Michael Or-h|per Michael writing in 1891]]; however, [[#AzulaiShem|Azulai (1876)]] and [[#Horovitz FR|Horovitz (1882–1885)]] give 1679. Tamar (2007) also states 1676.}}

{{citation needed span|Kaidenvoer was opposed to the use of ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'' and its commentaries in deciding Jewish law and instead supported the use of ''[[Arba'ah Turim]]'' with commentary of the [[Beit Yosef (book)|''Beis Yosef'']], going so far as to tell (letter found in the [[responsa]] [[Nachlas Shiva]]) a rabbi to sell all of his books and buy himself a set of Arba'ah Turim.|date=December 2023}}

Kaidanover's son [[Tzvi Hirsch Kaidanover]], was a rabbi at [[Frankfurt]] and author of [[Kav ha-Yashar]]. He printed many of his father's works.<ref>{{cite Jewish Encyclopedia |last1=Schechter |first1=Solomon |last2=Bamberger |first2=Moses Löb |title=KAIDANOVER, ẒEBI HIRSCH |page=414 |volume=7 |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9132-kaidanover-zebi-hirsch}}</ref>

==Works==
He wrote:
* ''Birkat ha-Zebaḥ,'' annotations to the [[Talmudical]] tractates of [[Kodashim]] (except [[Hullin]] and [[Bekorot]]), with a preface in which he narrated the remarkable events of his life (edited by his son-in-law Nahum Kohen, brother of [[Shabbethai Kohen]] ({{lang|he|ש"ך}}), Amsterdam, 1669; another edition, with the commentary ''Omer Man,'' appeared in 1773 [location of publication uncertain, but possibly Berlin]).
* ''Birkat Shemuel,'' derashot on the [[Pentateuch]], partly [[kabbalistic]], with additions by his son [[Zebi Hirsch Kaidanover]] (often "Zevi" Hirsch Kaidanover), its editor (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1682)
* ''Emunat Shemuel,'' sixty responsa on matrimonial cases, edited by his son (Frankfort, 1683)
* ''Tiferet Shemuel,'' [[wikt:novellae|novellæ]]{{efn|Another term for {{Transliteration|he|[[chiddush]]}}, any new approach to, or interpretation of, established ideas or texts, especially venerated texts.<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite Jewish Encyclopedia|title=ḤIDDUSHIM (or NOVELLÆ) |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7682-hiddushim |last1= Schechter |first1=Solomon |last2= Schloessinger |first2=Max |volume=6 |pages=385–386}}|2={{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=De Lange |editor1-first=Nicholas |title=chiddush |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780141917108 |encyclopedia=The Penguin Dictionary of Judaism}} }}</ref>}} to various Talmudic tractates, also edited by his son (Frankfort, 1692). The annotations to [[Hoshen Mishpat]] contained in the last-named work were printed in ''Ture Zahav'' (Hamburg, 1692).

==''Jewish Encyclopedia'' bibliography==
* {{anchor|AzulaiShem}}[[Chaim Joseph David Azulai|Azulai]] (1876). ''Shem ha-Gedolim''. Warsaw. Vol. i: 124b
* [[Benjacob]], {{notatypo|Isaac ben Jacob}} (1880). ''Otzar ha-Sefarim'', {{lang|la|Thesaurus Librorum Hebræorum}}. ['Otzar ha-Sefarim, a treasury of Hebrew books']. Vilnius. pp.&nbsp;41, 87, 88, 659
* [[Jacob Emden|Emden, Jacob]] (1896). ''Megillat Sefer''. Warsaw. p.&nbsp;5
* [[Julius Fürst|Fürst, Julius]] (1863). ''Bibliotheca Judaica'', Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. Vol. I, p.{{nbsp}}201; Vol. II, p.{{nbsp}}200
*[[Heinrich Grätz|Grätz, Heinrich]] (1853–1875). ''Gesch''. Vol. X, p.&nbsp;81; (''Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart''. ['History of the Jews from the most ancient times to the present']: 11 volumes. Leipzig: Leiner.)
* {{anchor|Horovitz FR}}[[Márkus Horovitz|Horovitz, Márkus]] (1882–1885). ''Frankfurter Rabbinen''. ['Frankfurt rabbis']. Frankfurt am Main. Vol. ii: pp.&nbsp;49–53, 99
* [[David Kaufmann|Kaufmann, David]] (1889) ''Vertreibung der Juden aus Wien''. ['Expulsion of the Jews from Vienna']. Vienna. p.&nbsp;62, note 6
* {{anchor|Michael Or-h}}[[Heimann Joseph Michael|Michael, Heimann Joseph]] (1891). ''Or ha-Ḥayyim''. Frankfort-on-the-Main. No. 317
* [[Steinschneider]], Moritz, (1852–1860). {{lang|la|Catalogus librorum hebraeorum in Bibliotheca Bodleiana}}. Berlin. cols. 772, 886.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Attribution===
{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFDeutschMannheimer1904}}
* {{JewishEncyclopedia|title=Kaidanover, Aaron Samuel Ben Israel|url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9131-kaidanover-aaron-samuel-ben-israel|first1=Gotthard |last1=Deutsch |first2=S. |last2=Mannheimer |author1-link=Gotthard Deutsch|volume=7|page=414}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaidanover, Aaron Samuel}}
[[Category:1614 births]]
[[Category:1676 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Polish–Lithuanian rabbis]]
[[Category:Rabbis from Vilnius]]