View source for A Portuguesa

{{short description|National anthem of Portugal}}
{{Redirect|Heróis do Mar|the Portuguese rock group|Heróis do Mar (band)}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title         = {{lang|pt|italic=no|A Portuguesa}}
| english_title = 'The Portuguese'
| image         = A Portuguesa music sheet (1957 official).gif
| caption       = Music sheet {{circa|1957}}
| image_size    = 
| prefix        = National
| country       = Portugal
| composer      = [[Alfredo Keil]]
| music_date    = 1890
| author        = [[Henrique Lopes de Mendonça]]
| lyrics_date   = 1890
| adopted       = 5 October 1910
| sound         = Hino Nacional da Republica Portuguesa.ogg
| sound_title   = Official instrumental recording by the Orquestra da Presidência da República in [[E-flat major]]}}
{{Listen
| filename     = A Portuguesa.ogg
| title        = U.S. Navy Band instrumental version
| description  = }}

"'''{{lang|pt|italic=no|A Portuguesa}}'''" ({{IPA|pt|ɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|pron}}; {{lit|The Portuguese}}) is the national anthem of [[Portugal]]. It was composed by [[Alfredo Keil]] and written by [[Henrique Lopes de Mendonça]] during the resurgent [[Nationalism|nationalist]] movement ignited by the [[1890 British Ultimatum]] to Portugal concerning its African colonies. Used as the [[marching song]] of the failed [[31 January 1891 revolt|republican revolt of 31 January 1891]], in [[Porto]], it was adopted as the national anthem of the newborn [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese Republic]] in 1911, replacing "[[Hino da Carta]]", the anthem of the deposed [[Kingdom of Portugal|constitutional monarchy]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==History==
[[File:A Portuguesa sheet music.jpg|thumb|1890 sheet music]]

On 11 January 1890, the United Kingdom issued [[1890 British Ultimatum|an ultimatum]] demanding that Portugal refrain from colonizing land lying between the Portuguese colonies of [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]], on the west coast of Africa, and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]], on the east coast, thereby forming one contiguous polity (as proposed on the [[Pink Map]]). Despite a popular uproar, the Portuguese government accepted their demands. This contributed to the unpopularity of King [[Carlos I of Portugal|Carlos I]] and the monarchy, and it garnered support for the increasingly popular [[Republicanism|republican]] movement in Portugal.<ref name="portalgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/GC17/Portugal/SimbolosNacionais/AntecedenteshistoricosdoHinoNacional/Pages/HinoNacional2.aspx |title=Antecedentes históricos do Hino Nacional |publisher=Governo da República Portuguesa |language=pt |access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref>

The night after the ultimatum was accepted, composer [[Alfredo Keil]], at the suggestion of a group of friends that included [[Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro]] and [[Teófilo Braga]], wrote the melody for "A Portuguesa" as a patriotic protest march. Inspired by the outrage felt by the Portuguese people, the [[lyricist]], [[Henrique Lopes de Mendonça]], accepted Keil's request to create words to suit his melody. Mendonça said "A Portuguesa" was a song "in which the fatherland's wounded soul would merge with its ambitions of freedom and revival"; he hoped it would be an anthem, embraced by the people, that could express their yearning for national vindication. Such expressions are epitomized by "[[La Marseillaise]]", the Portuguese [[fado]], and "[[Hino da Maria da Fonte]]".<ref name="museu">{{cite web |url=http://www.museu.presidencia.pt/expo_detail_full.php?id=1&ID=44 |title=Hino Nacional |work=Simbolos Nacionais |publisher=Museu da Presidência da República |language=pt |access-date=2008-10-02 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224223937/http://www.museu.presidencia.pt/expo_detail_full.php?id=1&ID=44 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The march was quickly disseminated; several thousands of copies of the sheet music were freely distributed, together with fliers and posters. The song's popularity also spread across national borders, and verses were translated into other languages.<ref name="museu" />

On several stages in [[Lisbon]], "A Portuguesa" drew special attention. On 29 March 1890, the march was performed at the Great Patriotic Concert, held at the [[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]] (Saint Charles National Theatre), as well as at every other theatre in the capital. Beyond its use in cultural displays, "A Portuguesa" was also exploited for commercial gain. Several food products, including canned sardines and cookies, were named for this song.<ref name="museu" />

However, the song was perceived as a political weapon, and it was soon converted into a republican hymn. This political co-option of the theme's original meaning forced both authors to disavow this vision and stress its purely non-partisan sentiments.<ref name="museu" /> On 31 January 1891, a [[31 January 1891 revolt|republican rebellion]] broke out in the northern city of [[Porto]] and "A Portuguesa" was adopted by the rebels as their marching song. The rebellion was crushed, and the song was banned. However, it was never forgotten, and, on 5 October 1910, a new and stronger [[5 October 1910 revolution|rebellion]] developed as "A Portuguesa" played in the background. A year later, the first session of the [[National Constituent Assembly (Portugal)|Constituent Assembly]] officially proclaimed it as the national anthem.<ref name="portalgov" />

In 1956, the emergence of melodic variants of the anthem forced the government to create a committee whose aim was to define an official version. On 16 July 1957, the current version was proposed, and it was approved by the [[Council of Ministers (Portugal)|Council of Ministers]].<ref name="portalgov" />
{{clear|left}}

==Lyrics==
The anthem's official version consists of the first verse and the chorus from Mendonça's poem.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hino Nacional|url=http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=43|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111082037/http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=43|archive-date=2020-11-11|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Presidência da República Portuguesa|language=pt}}</ref>

<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| cellpadding="6"
!Portuguese original
!IPA transcription{{efn|See [[Help:IPA/Portuguese]] and [[Portuguese phonology]].}}
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|pt|italic=no|
{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Verso 1'''}}}}
Heróis do mar, nobre povo,
Nação valente, imortal,
Levantai hoje de novo
O esplendor de Portugal
Entre as brumas da memória,
Ó Pátria, sente-se a voz
Dos teus egrégios avós,
Que há-de guiar-te à vitória!

{{small|'''Coro:'''}}
Às armas, às armas!
Sobre a terra, sobre o mar,
Às armas, às armas!
Pela Pátria lutar!
Contra os canhões, marchar, marchar!

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Verso 2'''}}}}
Desfralda a invicta Bandeira,
À luz viva do teu céu!
Brade a Europa à terra inteira:
Portugal não pereceu
Beija o solo teu jucundo
O Oceano, a rugir d'amor,
E teu braço vencedor
Deu mundos novos ao Mundo!

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Verso 3'''}}}}
Saudai o Sol que desponta
Sobre um ridente porvir;
Seja o eco de uma afronta
O sinal do ressurgir.
Raios dessa aurora forte
São como beijos de mãe,
Que nos guardam, nos sustêm,
Contra as injúrias da sorte.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}}}

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Verso 1'''}}}}

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|
{{yesitalic|{{small|'''vˈɛɾ.sʊ 1'''}}}}
[e.ˈɾɔjʒ‿du maɾ ˈnɔ.βɾɨ ˈpo.vu {{!}}]
[nɐ.ˈsɐ̃w̃ vɐ.ˈɫẽt(ɨ) i.muɾ.ˈtaɫ ‖]
[ɫɨ.vɐ̃.ˈtaj ˈo.ʒɨ dɨ ˈno.vu {{!}}]
[u‿(ɨ)ʃ.pɫẽ.ˈdoɾ dɨ puɾ.tu.ˈɣaɫ ‖]
[ˈẽ.tɾ(i)‿ɐʒ‿ˈbɾu.mɐʒ‿dɐ mɨ.ˈmɔ.ɾjɐ {{!}}]
[ɔ ˈpa.tɾjɐ ˈsẽ.tɨ si‿ɐ vɔʃ ‖]
[duʃ tewz‿i.ˈɡrɛ.ʒjuz‿ɐ.ˈvɔʃ {{!}}]
[ki‿ˈa.ðɨ ɡi.ˈaɾ.t(i)‿a vi.ˈtɔ.ɾjɐ ‖]

{{small|'''[ˈko.ɾu]'''}}
[az‿ˈaɾ.mɐʃ {{!}} az‿ˈaɾ.mɐʃ ‖]
[ˈso.bɾ(i)‿ɐ ˈtɛ.ʁɐ ˈso.bɾ(i)‿u maɾ {{!}}]
[az‿ˈaɾ.mɐʃ {{!}} az‿ˈaɾ.mɐʃ ‖]
[ˈpe.ɫɐ ˈpa.tɾjɐ ɫu.ˈtaɾ {{!}}]
[ˈkõ.tɾɐ‿uʃ kɐ.ˈɲõj̃ʒ‿mɐɾ.ˈʃaɾ {{!}} mɐɾ.ˈʃaɾ ‖]

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''vˈɛɾ.sʊ 2'''}}}}
[dɨʃ.ˈfɾaɫ.d‿a‿ĩ.ˈvik.tɐ bɐ̃.ˈdɐj.ɾɐ {{!}}]
[a luʒ‿ˈvi.vɐ du tew sɛw ‖]
[ˈbɾa.d‿ɐ‿ew.ˈɾɔ.pɐ‿a ˈtɛ.ʁɐ‿ĩ.ˈtɐj.ɾɐ {{!}}]
[puɾ.tu.ˈɣaɫ nɐ̃w̃ pɨ.ɾɨ.ˈsew ‖]
[ˈbɐj.ʒɐ‿u ˈsɔ.ɫu tew ʒu.ˈkũ.du {{!}}]
[u‿ɔ.ˈsjɐ.nu‿ɐ ʁu.ˈʒiɾ d(i)‿ɐ.ˈmoɾ ‖]
[i tew ˈbɾa.su vẽ.sɨ.ˈðoɾ {{!}}]
[dew ˈmũ.duʒ‿ˈnɔ.vuz‿aw ˈmũ.du ‖]

{{small|'''[ˈko.ɾu]'''}}

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''vˈɛɾ.sʊ 3'''}}}}
[saw.ˈðaj u sɔɫ kɨ dɨʃ.ˈpõ.tɐ {{!}}]
[ˈso.bɾi‿ũ ʁi.ˈðẽ.tɨ puɾ.ˈviɾ ‖]
[ˈsɐ(j).ʒɐ‿u ˈɛ.ku di‿ˈu.mɐ‿ɐ.ˈfɾõ.tɐ {{!}}]
[u si.ˈnaɫ du ʁɨ.suɾ.ˈʒiɾ ‖]
[ˈʁaj.uʒ‿ˈdɛ.sɐ‿aw.ˈɾɔ.ɾɐ ˈfɔɾ.tɨ {{!}}]
[sɐ̃w̃ ˈko.mu ˈbɐj.ʒuʒ‿dɨ mɐ̃j̃ ‖]
[kɨ nuʒ‿ˈɡwaɾ.ðɐ̃w̃ nu(ʃ)‿suʃ.ˈtɐ̃j {{!}}]
[ˈkõ.tɾ‿ɐz‿ĩ.ˈʒu.ɾjɐʒ‿dɐ ˈsɔɾ.tɨ ‖]

{{small|'''[ˈko.ɾu]'''}}}}

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''vˈɛɾ.sʊ 1'''}}}}

{{small|'''[ˈko.ɾu]'''}}</poem>
|<poem>{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Verse 1'''}}}}
Heroes of the sea, noble people,
Brave, immortal nation,
Raise once again today
The splendor of Portugal
Among the mist of memory,
O Homeland, one feels the voice
Of your distinguished forefathers,
That shall lead you onto victory!

{{small|'''Chorus:'''}}
To arms, to arms!
O'er the land, o'er the sea,
To arms, to arms!
For the Homeland, fight on!
Against the cannons, march on, march on!

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Verse 2'''}}}}
Unfurl the undefeated flag,
In the lively light of your sky!
May Europe cry out to the whole Earth:
Portugal has not perished
Kiss your merry ground
The ocean, roaring with love,
And your conquering arm
Gave new worlds to the world!

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Chorus'''}}}}

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Verse 3'''}}}}
Salute the Sun that rises
Over a gleeful future;
Let the echo of an offense
Be the sign for a comeback.
Rays of this strong dawn
Are like a mother's kisses,
That keep us, that sustain us,
Against the injuries of fate.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Chorus'''}}}}

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Verse 1'''}}}}

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Chorus'''}}}}</poem>
|}</div>

==Protocol==
Within Portugal, the anthem is played at both civilian and military ceremonies where the country, flag, or head of state (the [[President of Portugal|President of the Republic]]) is honoured. It is also played at receptions for foreign heads of state, following that of the visitor, and in ceremonies during official presidential visits to other countries.<ref name="portalgov" />

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|A Portuguesa}}
* [http://users.atw.hu/szbszig/portugal.mp3 Sung audio]
* [https://www.presidencia.pt/en/president-of-the-republic/the-presidency/national-symbols/national-anthem/ National Anthem] from the President of Portugal
* [https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/hino-nacional/ Hino Nacional] by Museum of the Presidency of the Republic {{in lang|pt}}
* {{YouTube|1=DHvpP1SLs5M|2=Daily end of transmission}}, by [[RTP1]], 1980

{{Anthems of Europe}}
{{Music of Portugal}}
{{Portal bar|Portugal}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Portuguesa, A}}
[[Category:European anthems]]
[[Category:National symbols of Portugal]]
[[Category:Portuguese anthems]]
[[Category:Portuguese patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Songs about Portugal]]
[[Category:1890 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Portuguese]]
[[Category:Compositions by Alfredo Keil]]
[[Category:National anthems]]
[[Category:Compositions in E-flat major]]