View source for ARP 2600

{{Short description|Analog synthesizer}}
{{Infobox synthesizer
| synth_name         = ARP 2600
| synth_manufacturer = [[ARP Instruments]]
| image              = ARP 2600 pic.jpg
| image_caption      = [[Steve Fisk]]'s ARP 2600 (without keyboard)
| dates              = 1971-81, 2020
| price              =
| polyphony          = [[Monophonic (synthesizers)|Monophonic]]|duophonic
| timbrality         = [[Monotimbral]]
| oscillator         = 3
| lfo                = 1
| synthesis_type     = [[Analog synthesizer|Analog]] [[Subtractive synthesis|subtractive]]
| filter             = 24&nbsp;dB/octave [[low-pass filter|low-pass]] (1)
| attenuator         = [[Synthesizer#ADSR envelope|ADSR]] and AR
| aftertouch         = None
| velocity           = None
| memory             = None
| fx                 = [[Reverberation|Spring reverberator]]
| synth_hardware     =
| keyboard           = 49
| left_control       =
| ext_control        = [[CV/Gate]]
}}
The '''ARP 2600''' is a [[Subtractive synthesis|subtractive synthesizer]] first produced by [[ARP Instruments]] in 1971.

==History==
Developed by a design team headed by ARP namesake [[Alan R. Pearlman]] and engineer Dennis Colin, the ARP 2600 was introduced in 1971 as the successor to ARP's first instrument, the [[ARP 2500]], at a retail price of US$2600.<ref name="Colbeck">{{Cite book|title=Keyfax Omnibus Edition|last=Colbeck|first=Julian|publisher=MixBooks|year=1996|isbn=0-918371-08-2}}</ref>

Unlike fully [[Modular synthesizer|modular synthesizers]], which often required modules to be purchased individually and wired by the user, the 2600 is semi-modular with a fixed selection of basic synthesizer components internally pre-wired.  It sports clear text labels and front panel screen printed graphics indicating the function of different sections of controls, and the signal flow between them.<ref name="Bjørn">{{cite book |last1=Bjørn |first1=Kim |last2=Meyer |first2=Chris |title=Patch & Tweak: Exploring Modular Synthesis |date=2018 |publisher=Bjooks |location=Denmark |isbn=978-87-999995-0-7}}</ref> The 2600 is thus ideal for musicians new to synthesis, due to its ability to be operated without patch cords, while still offering greater flexibility to sound designers who are comfortable using them. On its initial release it was heavily marketed to high schools and universities.

==Features and architecture==
The ARP 2600 features three [[Voltage-controlled oscillator|VCO]]s, a 4-pole (24 [[Decibel|dB]]/[[octave]]) [[low-pass filter]], a [[Variable-gain amplifier|VCA]], a [[Ring modulation|ring modulator]], [[sample and hold]], a [[White noise|white]]/[[Pink noise|pink]] [[noise generator]], microphone preamp, [[spring reverb]], two [[ADSR envelope|envelope generators]], and a four-octave [[Musical keyboard|keyboard]].<ref name=Vail1/>

In 1973, [[Tom Oberheim]], who was an ARP dealer, produced a kit that converted the keyboard into a duo-phonic keyboard capable of triggering two different oscillators simultaneously. The 3604 keyboard used the same circuit board as the earlier 2500 keyboard, but ARP did not fit the duophonic components.  The following year, ARP adopted this improvement and introduced the Model 3620 duo-phonic keyboard, which also included delayed vibrato as well as single and multiple triggering functionality.<ref name=Vail1/><ref name=Colbeck/>

All versions of the ARP 2600 produced through 1976 utilized ARP's 4012 filter sub-module, which was an imitation of [[Robert Moog]]'s 4-pole "ladder" [[Voltage-controlled filter|VCF]], which became the subject of a patent dispute eventually settled out of court,<ref name="PinchTrocco">{{cite book |last1=Pinch |first1=Trevor |last2=Trocco |first2=Frank |title=Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer |date=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Boston, Massachusetts, USA |isbn=0-674-00889-8}}</ref> and was replaced by an ARP filter design, the Model 4072.

==Models==
[[File:ARP 2600 Blue Marvin.jpg|thumb|ARP 2600 Blue Meanie]]
'''Model 2600 "Blue Meanie" (early 1971):''' The earliest 2600s were assembled in a small facility on Kenneth Street in [[Newton Highlands, Massachusetts]], during ARP's infancy as a company. Housed in a bright blue and light gray aluminum case with a keyboard mated to the synthesizer, this version was nicknamed the "Blue Marvin" (after Marvin Cohen, ARP's CFO at the time) but is now commonly referred to as the "Blue Meanie."

'''Model 2600C "Gray Meanie" (mid-1971):''' The 2600C was produced in the ARP factory, and featured a gray control panel and updated keyboard model 3604C. Only 35 "Gray Meanies" were produced.

'''Model 2600P (late-1971):''' The 2600P was housed in a suitcase-style vinyl-covered wood enclosure, making it a more portable instrument. V2.0 of the 2600P replaced ARP 4011/4017 VCO sub-modules with more reliable ARP 4027 sub-modules, and replaced unreliable Teledyne opamps with chips by National Semiconductor for a brief run in 1972, before being replaced by 2600P v3.0, which was produced until 1974 and utilized ARP 2037-1 VCO sub-modules and featured a new G-clef ARP logo. In 1974, 2600P v4.0 introduced the new Model 3620 duo-phonic keyboard with LFO.

'''Model 2601 (1975):''' 2601 v1.0 improved the jacks and slider controls of the previous model, but still included the disputed Model 4012 filter. In 1977, 2601 v2.0 introduced ARP's new Model 4072 filter, as well as the orange-over-black design theme of ARP's other synthesizers.<ref name="Vail1">{{cite book |last1=Vail |first1=Mark |title=Vintage Synthesizers |date=1993 |publisher=Miller Freeman Books |location=San Francisco, California, USA |isbn=0-87930-275-5}}</ref> One final version of the 2601, v3.0, was produced in ARP's final days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagesynth.com/arp/arp.php|title=ARP 2600|website=vintagesynth.com}}</ref>

==Impact==
The first significant user of the 2600 was [[Edgar Winter]], who connected the keyboard controller of the 2600 to the main unit via a long extension cord, allowing him to wear the synth around his neck like a [[keytar]]. [[Stevie Wonder]] was an early adopter of the 2600 who had the control panel instructions labelled in [[Braille]]. Other early notable users included [[Pete Townshend]], [[Joe Zawinul]], and [[Herbie Hancock]].<ref name=Colbeck/>

The sound designer [[Ben Burtt]] used an ARP 2600, combined with his own voice, to create the voice of [[R2-D2]] in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' films.<ref>Réveillac, Jean-Michel. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VcAMEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 Synthesizers and Subtractive Synthesis, Volume 2: Application and Practice]''. United States, Wiley, 2024. 114.</ref> Burtt also used the 2600 to create the sound effects of the [[Ark of the Covenant]] in ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''.

An ARP 2600 was used to record the bassline for [[Madonna's]] 1984 hit "[[Borderline (Madonna song)|Borderline]]" and the 1983 [[Michael Jackson]] single "[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carr |first=Dan |date=2022-11-30 |title=The synth sounds of Michael Jackson's Thriller (and how to recreate them in your DAW) |url=https://www.musicradar.com/news/thriller-synth-sounds |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[MusicRadar]] |language=en}}</ref>

An ARP 2600 was used by [[Flood (music producer)]] on the track 'The Becoming' from the 1994 album [[The Downward Spiral]] by American rock band [[Nine Inch Nails]].

==Reissues and recreations==
===TTSH===
Beginning in 2013, Swedish DIY synthesizer designer The Human Comparator has created multiple iterations of 3/4 scale PCB kits featuring circuitry and front-panel designs identical to the ARP 2600 (minus the keyboard). Dubbed the TTSH ("Two Thousand Six Hundred"), this project allows a hobbyist to build their own synthesizer for a fraction of the price ($499USD for a panel and PCB set) of the original.

===Korg ARP 2600 FS===
On January 10, 2020, [[Korg]] Inc. of Japan reissued the ARP 2600 as the ARP 2600 FS, a faithful reproduction of the original 1972 gray version.  The re-issue adds features, including: the ability to select between the 4012 and 4072 filter types found in the 1970s versions, balanced XLR outputs, MIDI, a basic sequencer / arpeggiator, and a flight case for travel.  The keyboard included is based on the original 3620 keyboard which now provides aftertouch.<ref>{{cite web |title=ARP 2600 FS |url=https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/arp-2600-fs |website=www.soundonsound.com |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Korg's ARP 2600 FS Should Not Be Overlooked |url=https://futuremusic.com/2020/01/27/korgs-arp-2600-fs-should-not-be-overlooked/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=futuremusic.com|date=27 January 2020 }}</ref> 

===Behringer 2600===
[[File:B2600.jpg|thumb|right|A Behringer 2600 clone]]
In 2020, [[Behringer]] released its own updated variant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ask.video/article/new-articles/behringer-reveals-sub-600-price-for-2600-synthesizer|title=Behringer Reveals Sub $600 Price For 2600 Synthesizer |last=Sethi|first=Rounik}}</ref> In contrast to the original ARP or the versions produced by Korg, the following features are different or new:<ref>{{cite web |title=Behringer 2600 and Arp 2600 and Karp 2600 comparison with talking and sound from all. |url=https://www.matrixsynth.com/2020/10/behringer-2600-and-arp-2600-and-karp.html |website=matrixsynth.com |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>

* [[Rack unit|8U]] [[19-inch rack]] chassis
* No speakers
* Digital spring reverb simulation instead of a physical spring tank (Behringer also makes "Blue Marvin" and "Gray Meanie" versions with a physical spring tank)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gearnews.com/namm-2021-behringer-reveals-blue-marvin-and-gray-meanie-2600-limited-editions/|title=Behringer opens pre-orders on Blue Marvin and Gray Meanie 2600 limited editions|last=Vincent|first=Robin|date=11 February 2021}}</ref>
* LED faders
* VCO3 can output a sine or triangle wave, and has a PWM patch point
* VCO2 and 3 can sync to VCO1
* Both VCF versions available, selected with switch

===Korg ARP 2600M===
In 2022, Korg introduced a smaller version of the 2600 called the 2600M, which was identical to the FS but 40% smaller.



===Software emulations===
Software companies, such as [[Arturia]] and Way Out Ware, have released software emulations for use with modern music equipment, such as [[MIDI]] devices and computer sequencers:

* Arturia ARP 2600 V<ref name="BjørnMeyer">{{cite book |last1=Bjørn |first1=Kim |title=Patch & Tweak: Exploring Modular Synthesis |last2=Meyer |first2=Chris |date=2018 |publisher=Bjooks |isbn=978-87-999995-1-4 |location=Denmark}}</ref>
* TimewARP 2600<ref>{{cite web |title=SONiVOX - TimewARP 2600 |url=https://sonivoxmi.com/products/details/timewarp-2600 |website=sonivoxmi.com}}</ref>
* Cherry Audio CA2600<ref>{{cite web |title=Cherry Audio CA2600 |url=https://cherryaudio.com/instruments/ca2600 |website=cherryaudio.com}}</ref>

On July 19th, 2024, Korg released their VST version of the 2600.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="145" heights="109">
File:ARP 2600, PNW SynthFest 2013.jpg|ARP 2600P v1.0 (1971) or v2.0 (1971-72) <!-- in suitcase --> with 3604P keyboard, <span style="font-size:95%;">after the 2600 ''Blue-Marvin'' (1971) and the 2600C ''Gray Meanie'' (1971)</span>.
File:Arp2600bluemarvin.jpg|ARP 2600P v3.0 (1972–74) or v4.0 (1974) with <br/>3620 duophonic keyboard (1974-?), new G-clef logo.
File:ARP 2600 panel, Energo 2011.jpg|ARP 2600P v3.0 (1972–74) or v4.0 (1974) panel details
File:ARP 2601 v2.0 or v3.0 black-on-orange, owned by Steve Fisk.jpg|ARP 2601 v2.0 (1977&ndash;80) or  v3.0 (1980, last 100 or so) ''black-on-orange'' model
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/xAVxhDm7Hp9CaA The ARP 2600: Evolution and Revolution The Metamorphosis of an Iconic Instrument] - Google Arts & Culture / Music Makers Machines exhibit
* [https://alanrpearlmanfoundation.org The Alan R. Pearlman Foundation]
* [http://www.vintagesynth.com/arp/arp.php Vintage Synth Explorer]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008050239/http://www.gersic.com/arp2600.pdf ARP 2600 Patch Diagram] - Patch Diagram, useful for "saving" your patches
* [http://www.greatsynthesizers.com/en/test/arp-2600-holy-grail-of-analog ARP 2600 Test Report - GreatSynthesizers]

===YouTube links===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppnNs4KE8Z0 "Arp2600 Demo"] - A YouTube demo of the 2600. Later episodes go into detail about building patches.

{{ARP Instruments}}

[[Category:ARP synthesizers]]
[[Category:Analog synthesizers]]
[[Category:Monophonic synthesizers]]