View source for AMPRNet

{{Short description|Amateur radio digital communications system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[Image:HamNet DB0MOT.jpg|right|thumb|Antennas for High-speed Amateur-radio Multimedia Network (HamNET) in Europe, part of the {{abbr|AMPRNet|AMateur Packet Radio Network}} [[wireless mesh network]]]]

The '''AMPRNet''' (AMateur Packet Radio Network) or '''Network 44''' is used in [[amateur radio]] for [[packet radio]] and digital communications between [[computer network]]s managed by [[amateur radio operator]]s. Like other [[amateur radio frequency allocations]], an [[IP range]] of '''{{IPaddr|44.0.0.0|8}}''' was provided in 1981 for '''Amateur Radio Digital Communications''' (a generic term) and self-administered by radio amateurs. In 2001, [[undocumented feature|undocumented]] and [[dual-use technology|dual-use]] of {{IPaddr|44.0.0.0|8}} as a [[network telescope]] began,<ref name="real-time-proposal-20100409"/> recording the spread of the [[Code Red II]] worm in July 2001. In mid-2019, part of IPv4 range was sold off for conventional use, due to [[IPv4 address exhaustion]].

==Protocol==
Beginning on 1 May 1978, the Canadian authorities allowed radio amateurs on the [[1.25-meter band]] (220&nbsp;MHz) to use [[packet radio]], and later in 1978 announced the "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate".<ref name="rouleau-197812">{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1978-12|pages=[https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1978-12/page/n174 183], 184|first=Robert T.|last=Rouleau|title=The Packet Radio Revolution|date=December 1978|magazine=[[73 (magazine)|73 Amateur Radio Today]]|editor1-first=Wayne|editor1-last=Green|editor-link=Wayne Green|quote=the Canadian authorities announced the creation of a new "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate" ... On [1978-05-01], the Montreal Amateur Radio Club sent the first amateur packets. ... Canada is the only country which is permitting amateurs to experiment with packet.}}</ref><ref name="carf-197812">{{cite magazine|date=December 1978|magazine=[[73 (magazine)|73 Amateur Radio Today]]|editor1-first=Wayne|editor1-last=Green|editor-link=Wayne Green|url=https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1978-12|author1=Canadian Amateur Radio Federation|author-link1=Canadian Amateur Radio Federation|page=[https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1978-12/page/n265 278]|title=Doc publishes details of new "no-code" "digital" certificate.|quote=known up to now as the "experimenter's" certificate and "packet radio," were made public on [1978-09-14]. These changes came into effect [1978-09-30]. Holders of the new ticket, now called the "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate," will be permitted operation on two meters and above using various modes of operation. ... Packet radio will be permitted to all three classes in certain parts of the 220-MHz band.}}</ref>
Discussion on [[digital communication]] [[list of amateur radio modes|amateur radio mode]]s, using the [[Internet protocol suite]]<ref name="rinaldo-19811016">{{cite conference|url=https://www.tapr.org/pdf/CNC1981-AmateurPacketNetwor-W4RI.pdf|conference=First international amateur radio computer networking conference|work=Amateur Packet Network Agenda|first=Paul L.|last=Rinaldo|page=1.2|title=Internet Standards|date=1981-10-16|quote=If the [[internet]] is to work it must have agreed standards. ... For example, do we want to look for government [[seed money]] and configure the network so that it can handle government traffic in emergencies; e.g. use [[Advanced Research Projects Agency|ARPA]]'s [[Internet Protocol]]?}}</ref> and {{IPaddr|44|8}} [[IPv4]] addresses followed subsequently.

By 1988, one thousand assignments of address space had been made.<ref name="garbee-19881001">{{cite conference|first=Bdale|last=Garbee|author-link=Bdale Garbee|url=http://www.tapr.net/pdf/CNC1988-MoreAndFasterBits-N3EUA.pdf|title=More and Faster Bits: A Look At Packet Radio's Future|conference=7th Computer Networking Conference|date=1988-10-01|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]|quote=One rough estimate is the number of Internet addresses that have been assigned from the "network 44" block for amateur packet radio: about 1,000 amateurs in several dozen countries.|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722223948/http://www.tapr.net/pdf/CNC1988-MoreAndFasterBits-N3EUA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{As of|2009|12}} approximately 1% of inbound traffic volume to the {{IPaddr|44/8}} network was legitimate [[radio amateur]] traffic that could be routed onwards, with the remaining 2‒100 [[gigabyte]] per day of [[Internet background noise]] being diverted and logged by the [[University of California San Diego]] (UCSD) [[internet telescope]] for research purposes.<ref name="real-time-proposal-20100409">{{cite report|format=Project Summary|title=A Real-time Lens into Dark Address Space of the Internet|url=https://www.caida.org/funding/cri-telescope/cri-telescope_proposal.pdf|date=2010-04-09|author=[[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis]]|pages=1, 2, 6|quote=operating the [[University of California San Diego|UCSD]] telescope since 2001 ... ensure active life of the UCSD Network telescope until at least the end of 2013. ... expand our telescope instrumentation to enable researchers to exploit this unique global data source ... uses a /8 mostly "dark" (unassigned) network prefix]] ... and has only a few assigned addresses. We separate the legitimate traffic destined to those few reachable [[IP address]]es, and monitor only the traffic destined to the empty address space. ... the network's border router separates the legitimate traffic arriving at the telescope network (typically less than 1% of the total traffic volume) and forwards only non-legitimate traffic for monitoring and storage ... As of December 2009, the network telescope captures in the range of 2[[gigabyte|GB]] up to and exceeding 100[[gigabyte|GB]] of compressed trace data per day. ... The legitimate traffic is also a potential research resource, ... participates in [[United States Department of Homeland Security|DHS]]'s Protected REpository for the Defense of Infrastructure against Cyber Threats ({{abbr|PREDICT|Protected REpository for the Defense of Infrastructure against Cyber Threats}}) project, ... for annotating and indexing telescope data|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229020739/http://www.caida.org/funding/cri-telescope/cri-telescope_proposal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
By 2016, the European-based High-speed Amateur-radio Multimedia NETwork (HAMNET) offered a multi-megabit Internet Protocol network with 4,000 nodes, covering central Europe.<ref name="goodwins-20016-06-19">{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/06/when-everything-else-fails-amateur-radio-will-still-be-there-and-thriving/|date=2016-06-19|work=[[Ars Technica]]|first=Rupert|last=Goodwins|title=When everything else fails, amateur radio will still be there—and thriving|quote=Ham is now a full-fat fabric that can provide Internet access. Why aren't you using it? ... Take the European HAMNET, ... four-thousand-node high speed data network covering a large part of continental Europe and providing full IP connectivity at megabit speeds. It connects to the Internet—ham radio owns 16 million IPV4 addresses ...}}</ref>

===History and design===
The use of the Internet protocols [[TCP/IP]] on [[amateur radio|amateur (ham) radio]] occurred early in [[history of the Internet|Internet history]], preceding the public Internet by over a decade. In 1981, [[Hank Magnuski]] obtained the [[class A network|class A]] {{IPaddr|44|8}} netblock of 16.7 million IP addresses for amateur radio users worldwide.<ref name="rfc-790-postel-1981"/><ref name="fields-20171013"/> This was prior to [[Flag day (computing)|Internet flag day]] (1 January 1983) when the [[ARPANET]] [[Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)|Network Control Protocol]] (NCP) was replaced by the [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP).<ref name="fields-20171013">{{cite web|url=https://www.tapr.org/pdf/DCC2016-IPv6_In_Amateur_Radio_Bryan_Fields_W9CR.pdf|title=IPv4 History|work=IPv6 In Amateur Radio HamWAN Tampa Bay|first=Bryan|last=Fields|date=2017-10-13|pages=6|quote=On [1983-01-01] [[Flag day (computing)|Flag Day]] took place, [[Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)|NCP]] was shut off, IP turned on. ... Hams get {{IPaddr|44|8}} thanks to [[Hank Magnuski]], KA6M – Circa 1981 ... Legacy assigned IP space commands a premium. {{IPaddr|44|8}} is one of these blocks ... {{IPaddr|44|8}} is worth >100M USD now! ... 2016}}</ref> The initial name used by [[Jon Postel]] in {{IETF RFC|790}} was the "Amateur Radio Experiment Net".<ref name="rfc-790-postel-1981">{{cite report|url=https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc790.txt|pages=1, 14|date=September 1981|first=Jon|last=Postel|author-link1=Jon Postel|author2=Network Working Group|title=Assigned Numbers|series=[[Request for Comments]] 790|quote={{IPaddr|044.rrr.rrr.rrr}} ... AMPRNET ... {{sic|Amat|ure|hide=y}} Radio Experiment Net [HM] ... [HM] [[Hank Magnuski]]}}</ref>

Originally the amateur link layer protocol [[AX.25]] carried several competing higher level protocols, with TCP/IP a minority due to the complexity of the configuration and the high [[protocol overhead]]. Very few systems operated over [[High frequency|HF]] for this reason. One approach for 1,200/9,600-baud VHF/UHF operation emerged as TCP/IP over ROSE (Radio Amateur Telecommunications Society "RATS" Open Systems Environment, based on [[X.25]] CCITT standard). Within just a few years the [[public Internet]] made these solutions obsolete. The ROSE system today is maintained by the Open Source FPAC Linux project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rose.fpac.free.fr/ |title=Linux FPAC mini-HOWTO |author=Bernard Pidoux |access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref>

The AMPRNet is connected by wireless links and [[Internet]] tunnels. Due to the [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] limitations of the [[radio spectrum]], 300 bit/s is normally used on HF, while VHF and UHF links are usually 1,200 [[bit rate|bit/s]] to 9,600 bit/s. Mass-produced [[Wi-Fi|Wi-Fi access points]] equipment on {{nowrap|[[2.4 GHz]]}} and {{nowrap|5 [[Gigahertz|GHz]]}} is now being used on nearby amateur frequencies to provide much faster links as [[high-speed multimedia radio|HSMM]] or ''hinternet''. Since it is based on IP, the AMPRNet supports the same transport and application protocols as the rest of the Internet, though there are regulatory restrictions on encryption and third-party traffic.

The AMPRNet is composed of a series of [[Subnetwork|subnets]] throughout the world. Portions of the network have [[point-to-point (telecommunications)|point-to-point]] radio links to adjacent nodes, while others are completely isolated.

Geographically dispersed radio subnets can be connected using an IP tunnel between sites with Internet connectivity. Many of these sites also have a tunnel to a central router, which routes between the {{nowrap|{{IPaddr|44}} network}} and the rest of the Internet using [[static routing]] tables updated by volunteers.

{{As of|2011|10}}<!--Added in Special:Diff/455537922--> experimentation had moved beyond these centrally controlled static solutions, to dynamic configurations provided by Peer to Peer VPN systems such as [[n2n]], and [[ZeroTier]].

===Address administration===
The allocation plan agreed in late-1986 reserved half of the address space ({{IPaddr|44.0|9}} or ~8 million addresses) for use within United States territory and ({{IPaddr|44.128|9}}, the remaining ~8 million addresses) for the rest of the world.<ref name="linstruth-19861112-addressing">{{cite web|url=x|url-status = unfit|archive-url=https://github.com/maestron/hacking-tutorials/blob/master/IP%20Addressing.txt#L126|archive-date=2018-09-02|title=IP addressing|first=Wally|last=Linstruth|date=1986-11-12<!--Wed, 12 Nov 86 21:59:15 pst-->|quote=current IP address assignments which I have offered to coordinate. The proposed scheme has been reviewed by [[Phil Karn]], [[Bdale Garbee]] and (verbally with) Mike Chepponis, all of whom have encouraged that it be used. ... Bit 8 to be 0 for USA stations and 1 for non-USA stations. ... meant to provide a very quick means for segregating [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] controlled participants from non-FCC stations. ... 8 million plus addresses ought to last the US amateur population for some time to come.}}<!--http://kaut-kas.blogspot.com/2009/03/ip-addressing-and-gaining-ips.html--></ref>

After the sale of {{IPaddr|44.192.0.0|10}} in 2019, the remaining [[Internet protocol]] (IP) addresses are the {{IPaddr|44.0.0.0|9}} for USA subnets and {{IPaddr|44.128.0.0|10}} subnet for the rest of the world, available to any licensed amateur radio operator.<ref name="ampr-faq">{{cite web|url=http://www.ampr.org/faq/|title=AMPRNet FAQ|access-date=2019-07-22|quote=Those hams who wish to join an existing radio subnet may receive one or more addresses from within the block allocated to the subnet they wish to join. ... {{abbr|AmprGW|AMPRNet gateway}} is a server run by Brian Kantor at [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] as part of a long-running Internet research project. ... selective gateway between non-AMPRNet internet devices and the IPIP (mesh) AMPRNet. ... filters at the per-host({{IPaddr||32}}) level. ... If there is no [[Domain Name System|DNS]] [[A record]] for a tunneled amprnet destination host, the traffic is not forwarded ... In mid-2019, we sold one quarter ({{sic|abo|unt|expected=about}} 4 million) of those addresses (a {{IPaddr||10}}) to obtain funds to support our philanthropic arm.}}</ref> The [[IP address management]] and assigning of addresses is done by [[volunteer]] coordinators with the proviso "we do not provide the same level of response as a commercial organisation." These addresses can possibly be made routable over the Internet if fully coordinated with the volunteer administrators. Radio amateurs wanting to request IP addresses within the AMPRNet should visit the AMPRNet Portal.<ref>[https://portal.ampr.org AMPRNet Portal]</ref>

====mirrorshades router====
[[File:San Diego Supercomputer Center East1.JPG|thumb|right|[[San Diego Supercomputer Center]], host of AMPRNet internet [[gateway (telecommunications)|gateway]], and CAIDA/UCSD network telescope]]
Since the 1990s most packets within the {{IPaddr|44|8}} range were arranged to transit via an [[IP tunnel]] using [[IP in IP]] encapsulation to/from a [[router (computing)|router]] hosted at the [[University of California, San Diego]].<ref name="sloman-1994"/> This forwarding router was originally named <code>mirrorshades.ucsd.edu</code><ref name="sloman-1994">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.arimi.it/wp-content/73/02_February_1994.pdf|page=72|first=Jeffrey|last=Sloman|title=Packet & Computers|magazine=[[73 (magazine)|73 Amateur Radio Today]]|date=February 1994|issue=401|editor1-first=Wayne|editor1-last=Green|editor-link=Wayne Green|quote=Amateur addresses always start with {{IPaddr|44}}. This is the address for the ''domain'' AMPR.org; the ''name'' 'ampr.org' amps to the addresses that lie in the {{IPaddr|44.x.x.x}} address space ... All amateur addresses assigned by IP coordinators are sent to a host at the University of California at San Diego called 'mirrorshades.ucsd.edu' ... acts as a ''router''. This means that any time there is traffic anywhere on the Internet that starts with {{IPaddr|44}}, it is sent to 'mirrorshades', which looks at the address and sends it on its way to the correct gateway.}}</ref> and later <code>gw.ampr.org</code><ref name="kantor-20171216"/> or "{{abbr|AmprGW|AMPRNet gateway}}".<ref name="ampr-faq"/><ref name="kantor-20171216"/><ref name="amprwiki-amprgw">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.ampr.org/wiki/Amprgw|title=Amprgw|date=2017-05-27|first=Brian|last=Kantor|work=AMPRNet Wiki|access-date=2019-07-26|quote={{abbr|AMPRGW|AMPRNet gateway}} is <code>amprgw.ucsd.edu</code>, at IP address {{IPaddr|169.228.34.84}}. It is the Internet-to-AMPRNet router.}}</ref><ref name="kantor-20170524-new-ip">{{cite web|url=x|url-status = unfit|archive-date=2017-05-25|archive-url=http://nuge.com/pipermail/drg-users/2017-May/000080.html|title=Good News! and some changes coming|date=2017-05-24|first=Brian|last=Kantor|editor1-first=Jay|editor1-last=Nugent|via={{abbr|DRG-users|ARRL Michigan Section Digital Radio Group users mailing list}}|quote=Good News!  Our friends in the [[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis|CAIDA]] research group at [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] have come up with a new machine for <code>amprgw</code>, {{interp|...|quite a bit newer than the existing one, and}} with faster [[Central processing unit|CPU]], more [[CPU core|cores]], and more memory. It also has [[Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks|RAID]]ed disk and [[Power supply unit (computer)|dual power supplies]], although unlike the current <code>amprgw</code>, it won't be on a [[uninterruptible power supply|UPS]]. ... new building ... the [[gateway address|gateway will have a ''new address'']] ... Instead of ... '<code>amprgw.sysnet.ucsd.edu</code>' as the current one on address {{IPaddr|169.228.66.251}} ... will be '<code>amprgw.ucsd.edu</code>' (no '<code>sysnet</code>' in the name), {{interp|...|and will be on}} address {{IPaddr|169.228.34.84}}.}}</ref>

By 1996 higher-speed [[56k modem]]s briefly had greater [[throughput]] than was possible to forward via the "mirrorshades" central [[reflector router]] and back again.<ref name="stroh-1996">{{cite magazine|title=One person's view of {{abbr|DCC '96|Digital Communications Conference 1996}}|first=Steve|last=Stroh|page=24,26,27|year=1996|publisher=[[Tucson Amateur Packet Radio]] Corporation|magazine=Packet Status Register|issue=64|quote=the Vancouver group has found it necessary to obtain IP address assignments outside of the {{IPaddr|44.x.x.x}} address space because the {{IPaddr|44.x.x.x}} router (mirrorshades) simply doesn't have the [[throughput]] necessary to keep up with a [[56k modem|56K system]]. ... being around [[Phil Karn]], KA9Q, who invented Amateur Radio TCP/IP (with a lot of help)}}</ref>
Only IP addresses with an active [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) entry under <code>ampr.org</code> are passed by the [[packet filter]] for forwarding.<ref name="ampr-faq"/><ref name="quickstart">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.ampr.org/wiki/Quickstart|title=Quickstart|work=AMPRNet Wiki|quote=Note that the main tunnel router at [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] will NOT pass traffic to an IP address unless that address is associated with a hostname in the ampr.org [[Domain Name System|DNS]] domain.}}</ref>

By 19 August 1999 daily encapsulated [[IP in IP]] traffic was ~100 [[kilobits per second]], peaking to 0.14 [[megabits per second]].<ref name="klaffy-1999">{{cite conference|url=https://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/1999/Soa9911/mgp00020.html|conference=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] Internet Measurement Conference|work=State of DeUnion|first=Kimberly|last=Claffy|author2=CAIDA|author3-link=San Diego Supercomputer Center|author-link2=Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis|author3=San Diego Supercomputer Center|author4=University of California San Diego|author-link4=University of California, San Diego|date=October 1999|title=Workload {{abbr|char.|characterisation}}: protocol|quote=[1999-08-19], [[University of California, San Diego|ucsd]]-[[CERFnet|cerfnet]]. ... Protocol Breakdown ‒ 1 day [[IP in IP|IPENCAP]] {{abbr|Min|Minimum}}: 0.00 {{abbr|M|Mega bits per second}}; Avg: 0.01 {{abbr|M|Mega bits per second}}; 0.014 {{abbr|M|Mega bits per second}}. generated <time datetime="1999-08-19 13:52:15 -0700" title="1999-08-19">Thu Aug 19 13:52:15 1999 PDT</time>}}</ref>
During mid-2000, the majority of unique IP addresses seen on the [[University of California, San Diego]] connection from [[CERFnet]] began with the {{IPaddr|44}} prefix, except for 17% of IP addresses which did not.<ref name="claffy-20001031">{{cite report|url=https://www.caida.org/funding/ngi1998/content/reports/quarterly_1000.xml|format=Recipient's progress status and management report|work=Predictability and Security of High Performance Networks|title=For the period 01 July 2000 to 30 September 2000|date=2000-10-31|issue=9|first1=Kimberly|last1=Claffy|first2=Lynnelle|last2=Gehrke|author3=[[University of California, San Diego]]|quote=For the period 01 July 2000 to 30 September 2000 ... Report #9 ... Contract N66001-98-2-8922 ... October 31, 2000 ... [[CERFnet]] link data is also of limited use in gathering raw IP addresses, mostly due to [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]]'s hosting a packet radio service for which an entire class A address segment ({{IPaddr|44.0.0.0|8}}) is allocated, a total of {{abbr|16M|16 million}} addresses. Many of those are assigned on a temporary (per session) basis. For example, the data from CERF link for the three weekend days between 23–25 June 2000 contained 1.47 million IPs. Of those, 1.17 million were not found in sources processed before [2000-06-23]. Nonetheless, only 162,669 (17%) of them begin with a number other than {{IPaddr|44}}. ... Contract #: N66001-98-2-8922 ... Contract Period of Performance: [1998-07-16] to [2001-07-15]; Ceiling Value: $6,655,449|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723113113/http://www.caida.org/funding/ngi1998/content/reports/quarterly_1000.xml|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In mid-2009 the <code>mirrorshades</code> server was upgraded and replaced after about ~1,100 days [[uptime]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetnet.net/pipermail/seatcp/2009-July/007924.html|date=2009-07-13|title=More openvpn discussion - was Re: FYI - 44 Net ...|work=Seattle Amateur Packet Radio mailing list (SeaTCP)|first=Ken|last=Koster|publisher=Washington Experimenter's Tcp/ip NETwork (WetNET)|quote=Brian has the new gateway box up and running and the old one has been retired (after being [[uptime|up]] for something like 1100 days). ... new <code>mirrorshades</code> now supports additional protocols (<code>ipudp</code>) and [[Brian Kantor|Brian]] has  shown an interest in perhaps using something like [[OpenVPN|openvpn]] if there is enough interest.|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216111706/http://wetnet.net/pipermail/seatcp/2009-July/007924.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A funding proposal in 2010 raised the possibility that "The legitimate traffic is also a potential research resource".<ref name="real-time-proposal-20100409"/>

===={{anchor|CAIDA network telescope|UCSD-NT}}UCSD Network Telescope====

Beginning in February 2001,<ref name="real-time-proposal-20100409"/><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.sdsc.edu/News%20Items/PR052101.html|first=David|last=Moore|publisher=[[San Diego Supercomputer Center]]|title=UCSD Researchers Analyze Prevalence and Patterns of Worldwide Denial-of-Service Attacks on the Internet|date=2001-05-21|quote=new technique called "backscatter analysis" ... Brian Kantor and Jim Madden of [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] provided access to key network resources and clarified the local network topology.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activity|first1=Geoffrey M.|last1=Voelker|first2=David|last2=Moore|first3=Stefan|last3=Savage|journal=ACM Transactions on Computer Systems |s2cid=3985397|author-link3=Stefan Savage|date=2001-10-17|volume=24|issue=2|location=[[University of Virginia]]|page=11,12,27,28|doi=10.1145/1132026.1132027|quote=How can you monitor enough of the Internet to obtain a representative sample? ... Experimental Setup: Internet; Monitor ({{abbr|w/|with }}big disk) ... Quiescent {{IPaddr||8}} Network (2<sup>24</sup> addresses) ... three weeks of traces (February 2001) ... >12,000 attacks against >5,000 targets in a week ... Most <1,000 [[packets per second|pps]], but some over 600,000 [[packets per second|pps]] ... In July [2001], David Moore used the same technique to track the [[Code Red (computer worm)|Code Red Worm]] ... our {{IPaddr||8}} (our [[Looking Glass server|looking glass]])}}</ref><ref name="stardust-proposal-20170610"/> as part of backscatter research and the CAIDA/UCSD [[network telescope]] project, the whole of the {{IPaddr|44|8}} address block<ref name="claffy-2018-06-22">{{cite report|title=Final technical report|work=Supporting Research and Development of Security Technologies Through Network and Security Data Collection|date=2018-06-22|first1=K.|last1=Claffy|first2=Marina|last2=Fomenkov|author3=University of California San Diego|author-link3=University of California, San Diego|author4=[[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis]] (CAIDA)|publisher=[[Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate]]|editor1-first=Fraces A.|editor1-last=Rose|editor2-first=John D.|editor2-last=Matyjas|pages=iii,2, 3, 7}}<br />
:''{{abbr|Sep|September}} 2012 – {{abbr|Dec|December}} 2017 ... Grant number: FA8750-12-2-0326 ... engaged in [[packet capture|collecting packet-level data]] from the UCSD Network Telescope (which monitors a {{IPaddr||8}} [[IPv4]] darknet) ... To help further advance [[cybersecurity]] research, we provided access to this sensitive data – real-time traffic destined for blackhole address space ... The UCSD Network Telescope consists of a large piece of globally announced IPv4 address space ({{IPaddr||8}} segment). This address space contains almost no legitimate hosts, so inbound traffic to non-existent machines is unsolicited, and anomalous in some way. ... We collected [[pcap]] files (header and content) from the UCSD Network Telescope, instrumentation that monitors, strips the payload, and retains a sliding most recent two-month window of data on our machines, while archiving older data to an outside facility ([[National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center|NERSC]]). ... For UCSD Telescope data processing and visualization, we had access to 15 dedicated compute nodes and one [[input/output|I/O]] node on the [[San Diego Supercomputer Center|SDSC]] Gordon [[supercomputer]] platform that stored and processed the indexed [[time-series data]]. ... after stripping the [[payload (computing)|payload]], stored them in one-hour long files in [[PCAP]] format. We made these files available in near-real-time (with 1-hour delay). ... dedicated system administrator with experience in managing data processing pipelines administered these facilities ... number of files and the total volume of data collected ... (from [2012-10-01] until [2017-12-31]) as well as cumulative size ... Telescope: number of files: 129552; Size: 2.85 [[petabyte|PB]]; On-disk size (compressed), [at 2017-12-31]: 1.30 [[petabyte|PB]]; Uncompressed size, [at 2017-12-31]: 3.25 [[petabyte|PB]]''</ref>
was being advertised via the [[border gateway protocol]] (BGP) as a passive [[honeypot (computing)|honeypot]] for [[Internet background noise]] and backscatter collection,<ref name="stardust-proposal-20170610"/><ref name="moore-2001-dos">{{cite web|url=http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2001/BackScatter/usenixsecurity01.pdf|title=Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activity|first1=David|last1=Moore|author2=CAIDA|publisher=[[San Diego Supercomputer Center]]|first3=Geoffrey M.|last3=Voelker|first4=Stefan|last4=Savage|author-link4=Stefan Savage|date=2001-05-17|page=5,13|quote=experimental backscatter collection platform. We monitor all traffic to our {{IPaddr||8}} network by [[network monitor|passively monitoring]] data as it is forwarded through a shared hub. ... monitored the sole ingress link into a lightly utilized {{IPaddr||8}} network (comprising 2<sup>24</sup> distinct IP addresses, or 1/256 of the [[List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks|total Internet address space]]). ... configured to capture all [[Ethernet]] traffic ... grateful to Brian Kantor and Jim Madden of [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] who provided access to key network resources ... {{abbr|kc claffy|Kimberly Claffy}} and Colleen Shannon at CAIDA provided support ... [[DARPA]] [[Next Generation Internet Program|NGI]] Contract N66001-98-2-8922, [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] grant {{abbr|NCR|Networking and Communications Research}}-9711092|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=5 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205051509/http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2001/BackScatter/usenixsecurity01.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> based in the [[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis]]{{notetag|group="caida"|Both "Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis" (CAIDA) and "Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis" (CAIDA) appear in academic texts.<ref name="cw-20020812">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Researchers-focus-on-Net-attacks-with-network-telescope|date=2002-08-12|access-date=2019-07-22|title=Researchers focus on Net attacks with network telescope|magazine=[[Computer Weekly]]|quote=A "network telescope" operated by the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), in San Diego, has gathered statistics about DoS attacks and the 2001 Code Red and Code Red 2 worm attacks ... a large block of IP (Internet protocol) addresses at the [[University of California, San Diego|University of California at San Diego]], a block so big that it makes up some 0.4% of the world's addresses.}}</ref><ref name="brown-2005">{{cite book|page=277|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mr2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|title=Some Observations of Internet Stream Lifetimes|first=Nevil|last=Brownlee|editor-first=Constantinos|editor-last=Dovrolis|date=2005-03-31|publisher=Springer|work=Passive and Active Network Measurement|location=[[Boston University]]|isbn=9783540319665|quote=Support for this work is provided by [[DARPA]] {{abbr|NMS|Network Modeling and Simulation}} Contract darpa N66001-01-1-8909, [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] Award {{abbr|NCR|Networking and Communications Research}}-9711092 'CAIDA: Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis,' and the [[University of Auckland]].}}</ref>}} at the [[San Diego Supercomputer Center]].<ref name="fields-20190719">{{cite web|title=44/8|url=https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102109.html|date=2019-07-19|first=Bryan|last=Fields|author2=Former {{abbr|ARDC|Amateur Radio Digital Communications}} Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) member|quote=was a {{abbr|TAC committee |Technical Advisory Committee}} member (I resigned in disgust just 15 min ago), and the board has failed to inform anyone ... private little thing ... with {{abbr|Brian|Brian Kantor}} and {{abbr|KC|Kimberly Claffy}} ... huge [[conflict of interest]] in {{abbr|KC|Kimberly Claffy}} being a board member of {{abbr|ARDC|Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.}} and Network Telescope getting a [[data feed|feed]] of {{IPaddr|44|8}} direct at no cost. ... {{IPaddr|44|8}} announcement and [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] routing broke connectivity to directly connected [[Border Gateway Protocol|BGP]] subnets for years. ... {{abbr|Brian|Brian Kantor}} retiring from [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] ... being a board member ... can be a lucrative job. ... broken [[reverse DNS]] for all of {{IPaddr|44|8}}. ... [[theft]] from the community it was meant to serve.}}</ref> On 15 July 2001 the [[network monitor]]ing of {{IPaddr|44.0.0.0|8}} traffic recorded the spread of the [[Code Red II]] worm.<ref name="moore-2001-crv2">{{cite web|url=http://www.caida.org/research/security/code-red/coderedv2_analysis.xml|title=The Spread of the Code-Red Worm (CRv2)|first1=David|last1=Moore|first2=Colleen|last2=Shannon|date=2001-07-25|access-date=2019-07-22|publisher=[[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis]]|quote=10:00 UTC in the morning of [2001-07-19] ... Between midnight and 16:30 UTC, a passive [[network monitor]] recorded headers of all packets destined for the {{IPaddr||8}} research network. ... [[internet filter|filter]] was put into place upstream ... unable to capture [[IP header|IP packet headers]] after 16:30 UTC. ... would like to thank Pat Wilson and Brian Kantor of [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] for data ... Support ... provided by DARPA {{abbr|ITO|Information Technology Office}} [[Next Generation Internet Program|NGI]] and {{abbr|NMS|Network Modeling and Simulation}} programs, NSF {{abbr|ANIR|Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research}}, and [[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis|Caida]] members.}}</ref> Prior to July 2001, the project had been logging unsolicited [[TCP SYN]] packets destined for IP addresses within {{IPaddr|44.0.0.0|8}}; and after 19 July 2001 full incoming [[IP header]] logging took place.<ref name="moor-200211-imw">{{cite conference|url=http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2002/codered/codered.pdf|title=Code-Red: a case study on the spread and victims of an Internet worm|first1=David|last1=Moore|first2=Colleen|last2=Shannon|first3=Jeffery|last3=Brown|conference=Internet Measurement Workshop|date=November 2002|quote=Support for this work is provided by [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] {{abbr|NMS|Network Modeling & Simulation}} Grant N66001-01-1-8909, [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] grant {{abbr|NCR|Networking and Communications Research}}-9711092, [[Cisco Systems]] {{abbr|URB|University Research Board}} Grant ... analysis of the [[Code Red (computer worm)|Code-Red I]] worm covers the spread of the worm between [2001-07-04] and [2001-08-25]. Before {{nowrap|Code-Red I}} began to spread, we were collecting data in the form of a packet header trace of hosts sending unsolicited [[TCP SYN]] packets into our {{IPaddr||8}} network. ... on the morning of [2001-07-19], ... midnight and 16:30 UTC on [2001-07-19], a passive network monitor recorded headers of all packets destined for the {{IPaddr||8}} research network ... we collected data through [2001-10] ... background level of unsolicited TCP SYN packets ... In our {{IPaddr||8}}, this rate fluctuates between 100 and 600 hosts per two hour period, with [[diurnal cycle|diurnal]] and weekly variations. ... We would like to thank Pat Wilson and Brian Kantor of [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] for data ... [[Vern Paxson]] ... [[Stefan Savage]] ([[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]]) ... [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] {{abbr|ITO|Information Technology Office}} [[Next Generation Internet Program|NGI]] and {{abbr|NMS|Network Modeling & Simulation}} programs, [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] {{abbr|ANIR|Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research}}, and CAIDA members. ... generous support of [[Cisco Systems]].}}</ref> The {{IPaddr|44|8}} IP address block was stated to have "high value to research".<ref name="hohlfeld-20190729">{{cite tweet|user=ohohlfeld|number=1152520585282498560|first=Oliver|last=Hohlfeld|date=2019-07-20|title=One additional aspect that is of relevance to the Internet measurement community: {{IPaddr|44|8}} is used by the @caidaorg internet telescope for long. The unused space in {{IPaddr|44|8}} is thus of high value to research.}}</ref>

Capture data for August 2001, using [[data compression]] and retaining only [[IP header]]s was 0.5 [[gigabyte]] per hour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caida.org/funding/nsftrust/nsfTrust.pdf|title=Quantitative Network Security Analysis|first1=David|last1=Moore|first2=Geoffrey M.|last2=Voelker|first3=Stefan|last3=Savage|author-link3=Stefan Savage|date=2002-12-04|page=6,16,17|series=Project Summary|quote=we were able to monitor the sole ingress link into a lightly-utilized {{IPaddr||8}} network ... the local monitoring we employ can be used to accurately infer global large-scale activity. However, our infrastructure is unique and fixed ... Raw, unencoded trace data will be kept on CAIDA machines ... Due to their experience and trust by the community, CAIDA staff will manage the collection, storage and anonymization of data. ...during August 2001, collecting only packet header data for Code-Red probes to our network telescope resulted in 0.5[[gigabyte|GB]] of compressed raw data per hour.}}</ref>
In 2002 the block was 0.4% of all internet IPv4 address space.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Researchers-focus-on-Net-attacks-with-network-telescope|magazine=[[Computer Weekly]]|title=Researchers focus on Net attacks with network telescope|date=2002-08-12|access-date=2019-12-10|quote=[[Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis|CAIDA]] monitors traffic directed toward any one of a large block of IP (Internet protocol) addresses at the [[University of California, San Diego|University of California at San Diego]], a block so big that it makes up some 0.4% of the world's addresses.}}</ref>
By September 2003, traffic was 0.75 [[terabyte]]s per month and costing $2,500 per month for bandwidth.<ref name="shannon-20041122"/> In October 2004 [[Limelight Networks]] began to sponsor the [[internet transit]] costs of the CAIDA network telescope.<ref name="shannon-20041122">{{cite journal|url=https://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2004/ucsd_network_telescope/ucsd_network_telescope_ccied.pdf|title=The UCSD Network Telescope|date=2004-11-22|author2=Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis|author-link2=Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis|journal={{abbr|NSF|National Science Foundation}} {{abbr|CIED|Center for Internet Epidemiology and Defenses}} Site Visit|first=Colleen|last=Shannon|pages=8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 23|quote=Continuously collected/archived data: 15 months of trace data (Since [2004-08-12]); 16 months of [[Traffic flow (computer networking)|flow]] data (Since [2003-07-11]); 0.75 TB/month (8 TB total) ... September 2004: Network Telescope is 1/3 of all inbound traffic to [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]]; Inbound traffic drives [[burstable billing|95th percentile charges]]; Net cost to UCSD for bandwidth: ~$2500/month. October 2004: [[Limelight Networks|Limelight networks]] donates all inbound connectivity to the UCSD Network Telescope: ~$30,000/year ... Current Assets: {{IPaddr||8}} network (Fall 2001); {{IPaddr||16}} network (Winter 2004) ... Separate [[Gigabit Ethernet|GigE]] interfaces ... (restricted access) Raw telescope traces ... Technical support of Network Telescope at UCSD: Brian Kantor, Jim Madden, and Pat Wilson; Support for this work was provided by: [[National Science Foundation|NSF]], [[Cisco Systems]], [[United States Department of Homeland Security|DHS]], [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency|DARPA]], and [[Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis|CAIDA]] members}}</ref>
In April 2009 the upstream [[rate limiting]] was removed, increasing the number of packets reaching the network telescope.<ref name="polterock-20120404"/>
At the end of 2012, <code>seaport.caida.org</code> was the network telescope data capture server with <code>thor.caida.org</code> used for near [[real-time data]] access.<ref name="claffy-2018-06-22"/><ref name="polterock-20121221">{{cite report|url=https://www.caida.org/funding/impact/HostingInfrastructureDescription2012.pdf|title=CAIDA Data Hosting and Provisioning Infrastructure for PREDICT|series=Supporting Research and Development of Security Technologies through Network and Security Data Collection|first=Josh|last=Polterock|date=2012-12-21|work=Hosting Infrastructure Description|page=2,3|quote=<code>thor.caida.org</code> ... acts both as the primary data server and the primary analysis machine for the UCSD Network Telescope data. ... 150 TB allocation of [[High Performance Storage System|HPSS]] tape resources at the [[National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center|NERSC]] facility where we archive our historical UCSD Network Telescope (darknet) data. As of the end of 2012, we have used approximately 105TB of this allocation. ... Data Capture Server: Telescope Data: <code>seaport.caida.org</code>}}</ref><ref name="klaffy-20171208"/>
{{As of|2016}}, the {{IPaddr|44/8}} network was receiving backscatter from [[Denial-of-Service attack]]s (DoS) each measuring ~226 packets per second ([[mean]] peak average)<ref name="jonker-2017-third">{{cite conference|url=https://inet.haw-hamburg.de/teaching/ws-2017-18/technik-und-technologie-vernetzter-systeme/papers/underattackimc2017.pdf|page=1,7|title=A Third of the Internet is Under Attack: a Macroscopic Characterization of the {{abbr|DoS|Denial-of-Service}} Ecosystem|date=2017-11-01|conference=Internet Measurement Conference|first1=Mattijs|last1=Jonker|first2=Alistair|last2=King|first3=Johannes|last3=Krupp|first4=Christian|last4=Rossow|first5=Anna|last5=Sperotto|first6=Alberto|last6=Dainotti|quote=[[Denial-of-Service attack]]s ... backscatter packets reaching the [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] Network Telescope, a largely-unused {{IPaddr||8}} network operated by the [[University of California, San Diego|University of California San Diego]]. ... also called darknets, passively collect unsolicited traffic ... the mean (maximum per attack) rate observed at the telescope is 226 packets per second – corresponding to an estimate of almost 60k [[packets per second]]}}</ref> totalling 37 [[terabyte]]s per month.<ref name="klaffy-20171208">{{cite report|url=http://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2017/impact_pi_dec/impact_pi_dec.pdf|title=Data Collection Infrastructures|date=2017-12-07|work=DHS IMPACT Project: CAIDA update|first=K.|last=Claffy|author-link=Kimberly C. Claffy|location=[[SRI International|SRI]], [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park, CA]]|page=7|quote=UCSD Network Telescope: As of January 2017, captures more than 1-1.5 [[terabyte|TB]] of compressed traffic trace data per day. ... 37 [[terabyte|TB]]: last full month ({{abbr|Nov|November}} 2017) ... 1162 [[terabyte|TB]]: total archived at NERSC ... New compute platform (Thor 2.0) 2x [[Intel Xeon|E5-2630 v4]] CPUs (10 core each @ 2.2 GHz). 512GB of RAM. 12x 4[[terabyte|TB]] [[hard disk drive|HDDs]] (+2 [[operating system|OS]] drives)}}</ref>

Support was supplied by [[Cisco Systems]] under a University Research Board (URB) grant.<ref name="moor-200211-imw"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.caida.org/datasets/security/codered/README.txt|title=The CAIDA Dataset on the Code-Red Worms|date=2013-10-31<!--dataset directories: 2016-01-31-->|quote=The CAIDA Dataset on the Code-Red Worms was sponsored by: [[Cisco Systems]], Inc; The [[United States|US Department of Homeland Security]]; The [[National Science Foundation]]; The [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]]; CAIDA Members. Special thanks to Brian Kantor, Jim Madden, and Pat Wilson at [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] and Barry Greene at [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] for support of the UCSD Network Telescope Project. Rapid coordination of all of these folks in the face of a network crisis, along with an equally rapid and incredibly generous equipment donation from [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]], allowed the collection of this unique dataset.}}</ref> The project was funded by an Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research (ANIR) award,<ref name="kantor-201107-brief"/> and Computer and Network Systems (CNS) award<ref name="nsf-1059439-2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1059439|title=Award#1059439 - II-EN: A Real-Time Lens into Dark Space of the Internet|date=2011-06-30|access-date=2019-07-22|work=Award Search|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]|quote=Award Number: 1059439; Start Date: [2011-07-01]; End Date: [2014-06-30] (Estimated); Awarded Amount to Date: $532,000.00; Investigator(s): Kimberly Claffy ... caida.org (Principal Investigator); Sponsor: [[University of California, San Diego|University of California-San Diego]] ... CAIDA researchers are expanding their telescope instrumentation}}</ref> from the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF); the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS);<ref name="kantor-201107-brief">{{cite news|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/brieflook.pdf|page=3|date=July 2011|access-date=2019-07-21|first=Brian|last=Kantor|author2=Department of Computer Science|author3=University of California San Diego|publisher=Amateur Radio Digital Communications|title=A Brief Look at Internet Networking Over Amateur Radio|quote=... provision to allow packets addressed to AMPRNet gateways to be forwarded one-way from the Internet, ... supports an academic cybersecurity research project (funded by the [[National Science Foundation]] and the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Deparment [sic&#93; of Homeland Security]]) which relies on routing to the AMPRNet address space through the forwarder.}}</ref> and Network Modeling & Simulation (NMS) / [[Next Generation Internet Program]] (NGI) of the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA).<ref name="moore-2001-dos"/><ref name="moor-200211-imw"/>

{{notefoot|group=caida}}

=====Feed=====
In May 2017, the [[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis]] provided a new server for the AMPRNet gateway, in a different building.<ref name="kantor-20170524-new-ip"/>
As of mid-2017 a [[passive monitoring]] configuration was in use, involving a [[network switch]] with [[port mirroring]] set to duplicate the incoming packets being seen by the AMPRNet gateway to the UCSD network telescope capture server.<ref name="stardust-proposal-20170610"/> The project funding proposal for "Sustainable Tools for Analysis and Research on Darknet Unsolicited Traffic" (STARDUST) specified a planned upgrading to [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]] with a passive [[optical tap]], in order to provide finer [[timestamping (computing)|timestamping]] and avoid [[packet loss]].<ref name="stardust-proposal-20170610">{{cite web|url=https://www.caida.org/funding/stardust/stardust_proposal.pdf|title=Project Summary|series=CI-SUSTAIN: Sustainable Tools for Analysis and Research on Darknet Unsolicited Traffic (STARDUST)|date=2017-06-10|format=telescope.dvi|quote=In operation since 2001, the [UCSD-NT ... In 2011 we enhanced the Telescope instrumentation to enable access to raw and live telescope traffic data ... over 100 publications – without [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] co-authors ... At least six [[PhD thesis|PhD theses]] have used UCSD-NT traffic data ... Figure 2 illustrates our current packet capture infrastructure. The UCSD-NT observes traffic reaching the unused portion of a {{IPaddr||8}} IPv4 address block (i.e., ≈16M IPv4 addresses) operated by a non-profit organization for experimental use. The telescope {{IPaddr||8}} address block is announced to the Internet through [[Border Gateway Protocol|BGP]] by a [[University of California, San Diego|UC San Diego router]], which forwards all the traffic for the {{IPaddr||8}} to the {{abbr|non-profit organization's router|AMPRNet Gateway}} ({{abbr|NP-router|non-profit router (gw.ampr.org)}}) through a [[Gigabit Ethernet|1 Gbit/s link]]. The upstream switch [[port mirroring|mirrors]] all traffic on this link to the UCSD-NT capture server, which filters away traffic to utilized addresses and then captures and compresses the remainder (i.e., traffic to all unassigned addresses in the {{IPaddr||8}} subnet) to files on disk. Every hour these files are transferred to a storage server that holds a sliding window of the last two months of raw [[pcap]] data, after which the files are transferred to an off-site [[magnetic tape data storage|tape archive]]. ... we will upgrade all connected device interfaces ({{abbr|NP-router|non-profit router (gw.ampr.org)}}, storage server) to 10&nbsp;Gbit/s and we will install an [[optical tap|optical splitter]] ... historical telescope data archive (currently approaching 1 [[Petabyte]] of compressed [[pcap]], and increasing at ≈36[[terabyte|TB]] per month) ... As of end of 2016|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727225638/https://www.caida.org/funding/stardust/stardust_proposal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By July 2018, the replacement 10 Gigabit Ethernet infrastructure, using an optical splitter and [[Endace]] capture card, was operational.<ref name="stardust-20190416">{{cite conference|url=http://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2019/stardust_aims/stardust_aims.pdf|title=STARDUST: Sustainable Tools for Analysis and Research on Darknet UnSolicited Traffic|first1=Alistair|last1=King|first2=Alberto|last2=Dainotti|date=2019-04-16|publisher=[[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis]]|conference=Workshop on Active Internet Measurements|quote=Globally routed, lightly used {{IPaddr||8}} network (1/256 of the entire IPv4 address space); 24/7 full packet traces; Archive of [[pcap]] data back to 2003; ... ~2 [[petabyte|PB]] currently, growing by ~30 [[terabyte|TB]] per month ... Data from additional [[network telescope|telescopes]] coming soon: [[Merit Network]]s; {{lang|it|[[Polytechnic University of Turin|Politecnico di Torino]]|italic=no}}, Italy; [[Federal University of Minas Gerais|UFMG]], Brazil ... Internet ... 10{{abbr|G|gigabit per second}} ... X.0.0.0/8 Darknet ... Optical Splitter ... {{abbr|NP-Router|non-profit Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. router}} ... DAG Capture Card ... [[IP multicast|Multicast]] [[VLAN]]}}</ref>

=====Archives=====
The archived intermittent captures for 2001‒2008 were {{nowrap|657 [[gigabyte]]s.}}<ref name="ds-0834">{{cite web|url=https://www.impactcybertrust.org/dataset_view?idDataset=834|title=CAIDA UCSD Network Telescope Traffic Samples|publisher=IMPACT Cyber Trust|location=North Carolina|number=DS-0834|author1=UCSD|author-link1=University of California, San Diego|author2=Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis|author-link2=Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis|quote=Collection Starting [2001-02-01]; Collection Ending [2008-11-19]. Samples of [[Internet background noise|Internet Background Radiation]] traffic ... unidirectional, unsolicited traffic ... Size 656.6[[gigabyte|GB]]}}</ref>
The archived [[pcap]] captures from 2008‒2012 were {{nowrap|192 [[terabyte]]s}} of data uncompressed.<ref name="claffy-20120117"/> In January 2012, five weeks of recent data were {{nowrap|5.5 terabytes}} uncompressed.<ref name="claffy-20120117">{{cite report|url=https://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2012/predict_pi_jan/predict_pi_jan.pdf|work=[[United States Department of Homeland Security|DHS]] {{abbr|PREDICT|Protected REpository for the Defense of Infrastructure against Cyber Threats}} project: [[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis|CAIDA]] update|title=Data collection - passive|first=Kimberly C.|last=Claffy|date=2012-01-17|page=5|quote=UCSD telescope: ... 30-days (really five weeks) "live" on disk ... typically 2.9 [[Tebibyte|TiB]] compressed, 5.5 [[Tebibyte|TiB]] uncompressed ... current: [2008-04-12] - [2012-01-12]: 102 [[terabyte|TB]] (compressed), 192 [[terabyte|TB]] (uncompressed)}}</ref>
Beginning on 22 March 2012, the raw hourly compressed [[pcap]] traces from 2003‒2012 were transferred to the [[National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center]] (NERSC) for long-term storage and [[research data archiving]].<ref name="polterock-20120404"/> This [[data migration]] of 104.66 [[tebibyte]]s took one week at a sustained rate of 1.5 [[gigabits per second]] via the [[Energy Sciences Network]] (ESnet).<ref name="polterock-20120404">{{cite web|url=https://blog.caida.org/best_available_data/2012/04/04/targeted-serendipity-the-search-for-storage/|title=Targeted Serendipity: the Search for Storage|date=2012-04-04|first=Josh|last=Polterock|work=According to the Best Available Data|publisher=[[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis]]|quote=104.66 TiB would cost [[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis|us]] approximately $40,000 per year to store. ... thank the [[San Diego Supercomputer Center]] for archiving the UCSD Network Telescope data since 2003. ... The [[IBM]] [[High Performance Storage System|HPSS]] and more recently [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] [[SAM-QFS|SamQFS]] archival storage systems dutifully preserved and delivered the 100+ [[Terabyte]]s of raw [[pcap]] traces we have archived over the last eight years. ... On [2012-03-22], we started the transfer via [[Energy Sciences Network|ESnet]] ... to the [[National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center|NERSC]] [[High Performance Storage System|HPSS]] facilities. ... one week's time and sustained an average of 1.52 [[gigabit per second|Gbps]] ... April 2009 ... removal of an upstream rate limit filter on incoming packets}}</ref>

For the 2012‒2017 period, 2.85 [[petabyte]]s of data was collected (1.3 [[petabyte]] compressed).<ref name="claffy-2018-06-22"/> {{As of|2017|12|31|df=yes}}, the overall total collected by the UCSD Network Telescope stood at 3.25 [[petabyte]]s (uncompressed), stored across 129,552 hourly files.<ref name="claffy-2018-06-22"/>

Users of the collected data up to 2012 are requested to [[acknowledgement (writing)|acknowledge]] that "Support for Backscatter Datasets and the [[UCSD Network Telescope]] is provided by [[Cisco Systems]], [[Limelight Networks]], the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|US Department of Homeland Security]], the [[National Science Foundation]], [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency|DARPA]], [[Digital Envoy]], and CAIDA Members."<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-07-12|url=https://www.caida.org/data/passive/backscatter_request.xml|title=CAIDA Backscatter Data Request Form|author=Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis|quote=Users are encouraged, but not required, to include the following [[attribution (copyright)|attribution]] in their [[acknowledgment (writing)|acknowledgments]] section: ...|author-link=Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis}}</ref>

===Block size===
The original [[Class A network]] allocation for amateur radio was made in the 1970s,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/3229566/weird-ip-networks-internet-via-birds-and-ham-radios.html|magazine=Network World|first=Bryan|last=Lunduke|title=Weird IP networks: Internet via birds and ham radios|date=2017-09-29|access-date=2019-07-20|quote=AMateur Packet Radio Network. ... in the 1970s, the entire "44" [[class A network|class A block]] ... was assigned specifically for use via amateur radio.}}</ref> and recorded in September 1981,<ref name="rfc-790-postel-1981"/> which consisted of ~16 million IP addresses. As of 18 July 2019, the lower 75% of the {{IPaddr|44|8}} block (~12 million addresses) remained for amateur radio usage, with the upper 25% ({{IPaddr|44.192|10}}, ~4 million IP address) having been sold.<ref>{{cite web|title=AMPRNet Address Sale|format=email|url=x|url-status = unfit|archive-url=https://dewaynenet.wordpress.com/2019/07/19/amprnet-address-sale/|archive-date=2019-07-19|date=2019-07-18|access-date=2019-07-20|author={{abbr|ARDC|Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.}} Board of Directors|quote=The sale amounts to some millions of dollars, which will be used in the furtherance of {{abbr|ARDC|Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.}}'s continuing public benefit purpose. ... The uppermost 1/4 of the former AMPRNet address space ({{IPaddr|44.192.0.0|10}}) has been ... sold to another owner ... over 12 million IPv4 addresses remain}}</ref><ref name="amprnet-20190720">{{cite web|url=https://www.ampr.org/amprnet/|title=AMPRNet|first1=Brian|last1=Kantor|first2=Phil|last2=Karn|author-link2=Phil Karn|first3=K. C.|last3=Claffy|first4=John|last4=Gilmore|author-link4=John Gilmore (activist)|first5=Hank|last5=Magnuski|author-link5=Hank Magnuski|first6=Bdale|last6=Garbee|author-link6=Bdale Garbee|first7=Skip|last7=Hansen|first8=Bill|last8=Horne|first9=John|last9=Ricketts|first10=Jann|last10=Traschewski|first11=Paul|last11=Vixie|author-link11=Paul Vixie|date=2019-07-20|website=ampr.org|access-date=2019-07-20|quote=in mid-2019, a block of approximately four million consecutive AMPRNet addresses denoted as {{IPaddr|44.192.0.0|10}} was ... sold to the highest qualified bidder at the then current [[fair market value]] ... leaves some twelve million addresses|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719144558/https://www.ampr.org/amprnet/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Owing to [[IPv4 address exhaustion]], by 2016 the {{IPaddr|44|8}} block was worth over {{nowrap|[[United States dollar|$]]100 million}}.<ref name="fields-20171013"/>
The {{IPaddr|44|8}} [[routing prefix aggregation]] stopped being advertised on 4 June 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stat.ripe.net/data/ris-first-last-seen/data.json?resource=44.0.0.0%2F8|title=RIS First-Last-Seen (44.0.0.0/8)|access-date=2019-07-20|quote="44.0.0.0/8" ... last: ... time: 2019-06-04T16:00:00|publisher=[[Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre]]|work=Routing Information Service}}</ref>
[[John Curran (businessman)|John Curran]], CEO of the [[American Registry for Internet Numbers]] registry stated that a request for the transfer of IP addresses had been received and reviewed in accordance with ARIN policy.<ref name="curran-20190719">{{cite web|url=https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102135.html|title=44/8|date=2019-07-19|first=John|last=Curran|author-link=John Curran (businessman)|publisher=[[North American Network Operators' Group]]|work=NANOG mailing list|quote=ARIN did receive and process a request from the {{IPaddr|44|8}} registrant to transfer a portion of the block to another party. ... we review and confirm: ... source of the transfer is the legal entity which holds the rights ... recipient org has approval per policy to receive an address block of the appropriate size}}</ref>

On 18 July 2019, the designation recorded by [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] was altered from "{{IPaddr|044|8}} Amateur Radio Digital Communications"<ref name="iana-20190702">{{cite web|url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707115756/https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml|archive-date=7 July 2019|date=2019-07-02|publisher=[[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]]|title=IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry|quote=Last Updated 2019-07-02 ... {{IPaddr|044|8}} Amateur Radio Digital Communications|access-date=20 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> to "{{IPaddr|044|8}} Administered by [[American Registry for Internet Numbers|ARIN]]".<ref name="iana-20190718">{{cite web|url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720231500/https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml|archive-date=20 July 2019|date=2019-07-18|publisher=[[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]]|title=IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry|quote=Last Updated 2019-07-18 ... {{IPaddr|044|8}} Administered by [[American Registry for Internet Numbers|ARIN]]|access-date=20 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 18 July 2019, there was a sale of {{IPaddr|44.192.0.0|10}} address space to Amazon Technologies Inc, which was the highest bidder,<ref name="amprnet-20190720"/> for use by [[Amazon Web Services]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.arin.net/rdap/?query=44.192.0.0|title=Network: NET-44-192-0-0-1|work=ARIN Whois/Registration Data Access Protocol|publisher=[[American Registry for Internet Numbers]]|access-date=2019-07-20|quote=Address: Amazon Web Services, Inc.}}</ref>
AMPRNet subsequently consisted of {{IPaddr|44.0|9}}, and {{IPaddr|44.128|10}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102103.html|title=44/8|last=Abbas|first=Majdi S.|date=19 July 2019|access-date=2019-07-19|publisher=[[North American Network Operators' Group]]|work=NANOG mailing list|quote=CIDR: {{IPaddr|44.192.0.0|10}}; NetName: AT-88-Z; Organization: [[Amazon (company)|Amazon Technologies Inc.]] (AT-88-Z); RegDate: 2019-07-18}}</ref> with no plans to sell any more address space.<ref name="qrz-w6rz-20190731"/>

The aspiration expressed by those involved in the sale was that money be held by a non-profit [[501(c)(3) organization]] for the advancement of amateur radio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102138.html|title=44.192.0.0/10 sale|first1=Brian|last1=Kantor|first2=Phil|last2=Karn|author-link2=Phil Karn|date=2019-07-19|publisher=[[North American Network Operators' Group]]|work=NANOG mailing list|quote=worthy grant recipients ... to benefit amateur digital radio and related development. ... worldwide activity. ... grants to students who are hams; ... Development of *freely available* technology: hardware, software, protocols, ... good ideas from anyone who has them. ... didn't like the secrecy either, but it was necessary ... Everyone with any arguable legal property interest in {{IPaddr|44|8}} was fully informed and consented to give up that interest ... I didn't even think twice about it.}}</ref> 
The sale raised over $50 million.<ref name="qrz-w6rz-20190731">{{cite web|first=Brian|last=Kantor|title=A civil discussion about the future of AMSAT-NA|url=https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/a-civil-discussion-about-the-future-of-amsat-na.667517/page-4#post-5146742|editor1-first=Ron|editor1-last=Economos|date=2019-07-31|via=[[QRZ.com]] Forums|quote=The at least $50M number has been confirmed by one of the {{abbr|BOD|board of directors}} of ARDC. ... Here's the e-mail. ... "NO plan to sell any more of the AMPRNet address space now or at any time in the future." ... we and the negotiators we employed were able to obtain the best sale price available. After months of negotiation, this all went surprisingly quickly from proposals to accomplished fact, in a matter of just a few days. With more than 50 million dollars that now must be spent on promoting [[amateur radio]]|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731100621/https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/a-civil-discussion-about-the-future-of-amsat-na.667517/page-4#post-5146742|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to sale, addresses in the {{IPaddr|44.192|10}} block had been allocated to amateur radio areas for the [[outer space]]-[[amateur radio satellite]] service,<ref name="address-coordinators-1994"/><ref name="address-coordinators-2002"/><ref name="address-coordinators-2007"/> to [[roaming]],<ref name="address-coordinators-2007"/> [[Oceania]],<ref name="address-coordinators-1994"/><ref name="address-coordinators-2002"/><ref name="address-coordinators-2007"/> [[Antarctica]],<ref name="address-coordinators-1994"/><ref name="address-coordinators-2002"/><ref name="address-coordinators-2007"/> the [[Arctic]],<ref name="address-coordinators-1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.n4zkf.com/n4zkf/files/AMPR_ORG/AMPRNETS.TXT|title=AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 8 September 1994|date=1994-09-08|access-date=2019-07-21|publisher=David Calder|first=Brian|last=Kantor|quote=44.193 [[Outer Space]]-[[AMSAT]] ... 44.194 [[Oceania|Oceana]] ... 44.195 [[Antarctica]] ... 44.196 [[Arctic]]|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720225455/http://www.n4zkf.com/n4zkf/files/AMPR_ORG/AMPRNETS.TXT|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="address-coordinators-2002">{{cite report|first=Brian|last=Kantor|title=AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 20 May 2002|publisher=Mats Peterson|date=2002-05-20|quote=44.193 [[Outer Space]]-[[AMSAT]] ... 44.194 [[Oceania|Oceana]] ... 44.195 [[Antarctica]] ... 44.196 [[Arctic]]}}</ref><ref name="address-coordinators-2007">{{cite web|url=http://iv3ium.it/product_1.html|first=Brian|last=Kantor|publisher=Antonio Dimasi|title=AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 20 Nov 2007|date=2007-11-20|access-date=2019-07-21|quote=44.192/24 [[Roaming]] ... 44.193 [[Outer Space]]-[[AMSAT]] ... 44.194 [[Oceania|Oceana]] ... 44.195 [[Antarctica]] ... 44.196 [[Arctic]]}}</ref> [[Italy]] for {{lang|it|Centro Italiano Sperimentazione ed Attività Radiantistiche}} (CisarNet)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cisar.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1003|title=ampr.org delega CISAR per la gestione diretta su Internet della rete 44.208/16|trans-title=ampr.org delegates {{abbr|CISAR|Centro Italiano Sperimentazione ed Attività Radiantistiche}} direct management on the Internet of network {{IPaddr|44.208|16}}|lang=it|date=2012-12-12|access-date=2019-07-26|publisher=Centro Italiano Sperimentazione ed Attività Radiantistiche (CISAR)|quote="License for Directly Routed ([[Classless Inter-Domain Routing|CIDR]] delegated) Subnet: ... address block {{IPaddr|44.208.0.0|16}} for a period of five years beginning [2012-12-12]}}</ref><ref name="address-coordinators-2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.ampr.org/amprnets.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414214001/https://www.ampr.org/amprnets.txt|archive-date=14 April 2012|date=2012-04-09|title=AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 9 {{abbr|Apr|April}} 2012|first=Brian|last=Kantor|quote=44.192/24 Roaming ... 44.193 [[Outer Space]]-[[AMSAT]] ... 44.194 [[Oceania|Oceana]] ... 44.195 [[Antarctica]] ... 44.196 [[Arctic]] ... 44.208/16 [[Italy]] CisarNet ... 44.224/15 Germany [[:de:HAMNET|HAMNET]] (Highspeed AMateur-radio NETwork)|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> Germany for [[Stuttgart]]/[[Tübingen]],<ref name="hosts-1987-12-11"/> [[Eppstein]],<ref name="hosts-1987-12-11">{{cite web|url=https://www.mit.edu/afs.new/sipb/user/marc/stuff/hp100lx/ka9q/HOSTS.NET|title=HOSTS.TXT|work=hosts.net for all known AMPRNET addresses.|date=1987-12-11|first=Brian|last=Kantor|quote=Revised as of 11 December 1987 ... {{IPaddr|44.192.0.0}} [[Stuttgart]]-[[Tübingen|Tuebingen]]-subnet ... {{IPaddr|44.198.0.0}} [[Eppstein]]-subnet|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727023053/https://www.mit.edu/afs.new/sipb/user/marc/stuff/hp100lx/ka9q/HOSTS.NET|url-status=dead}}</ref> plus the Germany/pan-European {{Interlanguage link|vertical-align=sup|Highspeed Amateur-radio Multimedia NETwork|de|HAMNET}} (HAMNET).<ref name="address-coordinators-2012"/><ref name="country-networks">{{cite web|url=https://portal.ampr.org/networks.php|title=Country Networks|work=AMPRNet|access-date=2019-07-21}} {{IPaddr|44.224.0.0|15}} [https://portal.ampr.org/networks.php?a=region&id=77 Germany]</ref><ref name="herzig-20190720">{{cite tweet|first=Gerrit|last=Herzig|user=DH8GHH|number=1152594537161928704|language=de|date=2019-07-20|title=Die ARDC hat einen "mostly unused" Block 44er IP-Adressen an Amazon verkauft, die bisher den Funkamateuren gehörten. Ich darf demnächst 262 Geräten im #HamNet eine neue IP geben, 75 Subnetze ändern und an 24 Standorten das Routing neu aufsetzen ohne mich dabei auszusperren...|trans-title=The ARDC has sold a "mostly unused" block of {{IPaddr|44}}-IP addresses to Amazon, which previously belonged to the radio amateurs. In the near future must give a new IP address to 262 devices in #HamNet, change 75 subnets and re-establish the routing in 24 locations without locking myself out...}}</ref>

====Responses====
[[Paul Vixie]] stated after the sale of IP address space that "ampr.org can make better use of money than IP space in fulfilling its nonprofit mission, at this [[:wikt:stage of the game|stage of the game]]."<ref>{{cite tweet|first=Paul|last=Vixie|author-link=Paul Vixie|user=paulvixie|number=1152679549488025600|title=i am ok with this. ampr.org can make better use of money than ip space in fulfilling its nonprofit mission, at this stage of the game.|date=2019-07-20|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref>

Doug Barton, a former manager of [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]], said the "reaction that we're seeing now is 100% predictable ... that doesn't change anything about my opinion that the sale itself was totally reasonable, done by reasonable people, and in keeping with the concept of being good [[stewardship|stewards]] of the [[address space|space]].<ref name="barton-20190727">{{cite web|url=https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102268.html|title={{IPaddr|44|8}}|date=2019-07-27|first=Doug|last=Barton|work=NANOG mailing list|publisher=[[North American Network Operators' Group]]|format=email|quote=I was [[general manager|GM]] of the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]] in the early 2000s, I held a [[Amateur radio licensing in the United States#Technician: the first license without Morse code|tech license]] from 1994 through 2004 ... if any of my friends had asked me how I thought news of this sale should have been handled, I would have told them that this reaction that we're seeing now is 100% predictable, and while it could never be eliminated entirely it could be limited in scope and ferocity by getting ahead of the message. At minimum when the transfer occurred. But that doesn't change anything about my opinion that the sale itself was totally reasonable, done by reasonable people, and in keeping with the concept of being good [[stewardship|stewards]] of the [[address space|space]]."}}</ref>

==Governance==
===Initial committee===

An Amateur Radio Digital Communications committee was formed to offer advice on digital standards to the [[American Radio Relay League]] (ARRL) board of directors, following a meeting in 1981. The original working name was the "ARRL [[ad hoc committee|Ad Hoc Committee]] on Digital Communication", abbreviated to "digital committee".<ref name="packet-19840911">{{cite magazine|via=Archive.org|url=https://archive.org/details/GatewayVol1|title=ARRL Digital Communications Committee|editor-first=Jeffrey W.|editor-last=Ward|magazine=Gateway: The ARRL Packet-Radio Newsletter|volume=1|number=3|date=1984-09-11|pages=[https://archive.org/details/GatewayVol1/page/n53 1]–2|quote=At a meeting in 1981 the [[American Radio Relay League|ARRL]] Board of Directors asked the then-ARRL President Harry Dannals to form "an [[ad hoc committee]] to recommend standards for digital communications in the [[Amateur Radio Service]]." President Dannals and the next ARRL President, Vic Clark, soon completed the formation of the ARRL Ad Hoc Committee on Digital Communication. The "Digital Committee" advises the ARRL Board of Directors on matters concerning digital communications ... Committee members: Paul Rinaldo, W4RI (Chairman); Dennis Connors KD2S; Terry Fox, WB4JFI; Doug Lockhart, VE7APU; Wally Linstruth, WA6JPR; Dr. [[Hank Magnuski|Henry S. Magnuski]], KA6M; Paul Newland, AD7I; Eric Scace, K3NA.}}</ref>
During the mid-1980s, the committee had been meeting twice per year: during the middle of the year, and again at the annual Computer Networking conference.<ref name="price-19861010">{{cite magazine|first=Harold E.|last=Price|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-DX/73-magazine/73-magazine-1986/73-magazine-10-october-1986.pdf|title=ARRL Digital Committee|page=62|department=Packet|magazine=[[73 Amateur Radio Today]]|issn=0745-080X|editor1-first=Wayne|editor1-last=Green|editor1-link=Wayne Green|issue=313|date=October 1986|via=American Radio History|quote=I said the ARRL was doing good things for [[packet radio|packet]]. One is sponsoring and publishing the proceedings of the yearly amateur Networking Conferences, and a second is sponsoring the Digital Committee. This group meets at least twice a year (and has just had its June [1986] meeting) to discuss technical issues and to handle various [[sociopolitical]] problems ... Officially, the committee is an advisory group to the [[American Radio Relay League|ARRL]] board to help the [[American Radio Relay League|ARRL]] make decisions on what it wants to do in packet matters. It also has become the semiofficial [[AX.25]] standards committee. Anyone may attend these meetings: one of them each year is held at the Networking Conference.}}</ref>

In September 1987, the committee recommended the list of frequencies that would be used in North America for packet radio and digital communications.<ref name="qst-198709">{{cite news |url=http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/tis/info/pdf/8709054.pdf |title=Packet Radio Frequency Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communication |page=54 |work=[[QST]]|issn=0033-4812|date=September 1987|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]}}</ref>
In January 1988, the committee held a meeting to standardise [[AX.25]] version 3.<ref name="scope-198712">{{cite news|url=https://www.palomararc.org/Scope/scanned/Scope-1987.pdf|title=Tidbits from the current events file|first=Paul|last=Williamson|page=14|work=Scope|date=December 1987|volume=12|number=12|quote=A subcommittee of the [[American Radio Relay League|ARRL]] Digital Committee will be meeting in January [1988] in Washington, D.C. to consider proposals for Version 3 of the [[AX.25]] Level 2 protocol standard.}}</ref>
In March 1988, the "Packet Radio Frequency Recommendations" were published by the committee.<ref name="qst-198803">{{cite news |url=http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/tis/info/pdf/8803051.pdf |title=Packet Radio Frequency Recommendations of the Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communication|work=[[QST]]|issn=0033-4812|date=March 1988|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]|page=51}}</ref>

During early 1993 the committee and ARRL board of directors were working on guidelines for semi-automatic digital stations, with the proposals passed to the [[Federal Communications Commission]].<ref name="fcc-19930328">{{cite report|url=https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/1157520001.pdf|title=Preliminary Report to the {{abbr|ARRL|American Radio Relay League}} Board of Directors|author={{abbr|ARRL|American Radio Relay League}} Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communications|date=1993-03-28|publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]]|pages=2, 7, 8|quote=supplemental comments by The American Digital Radio Society ... a preliminary report to the [[American Radio Relay League|ARRL]]'s Board of Directors was issued by the ARRL committee on amateur radio digital communications. ... At the January 1993 meeting the ARRL Board of Directors directed this Committee ... ARRL develop, through the Digital Committee and the digital community, guidelines and standards for semi-automatic digital stations|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118135108/https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/1157520001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Non-profit transition===
{{Bar chart
| float       = right
| title       = Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.
| bar_width   = 20
| width_units = em
| label_type  = Year
| label1  = 2012{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2012"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2012.pdf|title=Statement of Financial Position 2012|date=2013-01-02|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|page=1}}}}
| label2  = 2013{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2013"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2013.pdf|title=Statement of Financial Position 2013|date=2014-04-02|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|page=1}}}}
| label3  = 2014{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2014"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2014.pdf|title=Statement of Financial Position 2014|date=2015-06-02|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|page=1}}}}
| label4  = 2015{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2015"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2015.pdf|title=Statement of Financial Position 2015|date=2016-03-31|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|page=1}}}}
| label5  = 2016<!--Figures not in 2016 report; obtained from start-of-year in 2017-->{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2016"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2016.pdf|title=Statement of Financial Income and Expense 2016|date=2017-03-10|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|page=1}}}}{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2017"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2017.pdf|title=Statement of Financial Position 2017|date=2018-04-01|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|page=2}}}}
| label6 = 2017{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2017"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2017.pdf|title=Statement of Financial Position 2017|date=2018-04-01|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|page=2}}}}
| label7 = 2018{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2018"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2018-financials.pdf|title=Statement of Financial Position 2018|date=2019-01-08|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|page=2}}}}
| label8 = 2019{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2019"|{{cite report|title=Financial Statements|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|pages=4, 11|date=2020-09-04<!--|access-date=2020-10-04-->|quote=Total Assets: $109,130,548 ... block of 16,777,216 internet protocol (IPv4) addresses ... acquired in 1981 at no charge ... At the time of receipt, there was no discernible market value for the IPv4 addresses and, accordingly, they are carried at no value on ARDC's statement of financial position. ... In 2019, ARDC elected to sell, on a one-time basis, one quarter of its IPv4 addresses to [[Amazon Web Services|a large internet company]], yielding $109,051,904 of proceeds ... net of a broker commission of $545,260. ... ARDC intends to use the proceeds of the sale for grant making and other activity to support the fields of amateur radio and digital communications ... designated the proceeds of the sale as a board designated endowment.|url=http://rct.doj.ca.gov/Verification/Web/Download.aspx?saveas=Amateur+Radio+Digital+Communications+December+31%2c+2019+Financial+Statements.pdf&document_id=09027b8f803fa726|via=California Register of Charities}}}}
| label9 = 2020{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2020"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/Amateur-Radio-Digital-Communications-December-31-2020-Financial-Statements.pdf|title=Statements of Financial Position|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|pages=4, 5|date=2021-10-06|access-date=2021-10-26|quote=Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions: Beginning of year [2020]: $109,130,548 End of year [2020]: $127,858,353 … Effective, [2021-01-01], ARDC operates as a [[private foundation (United States)|private foundation]] subject to an excise tax on net investment income}}}}
| label10 = 2021{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2021"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ardc.net/wp-content/uploads/Amateur-Radio-Digital-Communications-December-31-2021-Financial-Statements.pdf|title=Statements of Financial Position|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|pages=2|quote="Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions: 135,676,708|date=2023-01-25|access-date=2023-01-25}}}}
| label11 = 2022{{efn|group="f"|name="ardc-inc-2022"|{{cite report|url=https://www.ardc.net/wp-content/uploads/Amateur_Radio_Digital_Communications_December_31__2022_Financial_Statements.pdf|title=Statements of Financial Position|series=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.|pages=2|quote="Total assets: 107,895,897|date=2023-06-02|access-date=2024-04-22}}}}
| data_type = US$, assets at end of year 
| data_max  = 136000000
| comment1 = $-842 equity
| comment2 = $-1,584 equity
| comment3 = $3,700 equity
| comment4 = $3,558 equity
| comment5 = $3,708 equity
| comment6 = $1,731 equity
| comment7 = $-7,855 equity
| data1  = 456
| data2  = 830
| data3  = 6399
| data4  = 6567
| data5  = 6,717
| data6  = 2621 
| data7  = 13829 
| data8  = 109130548
| data9  = 127858353
| data10 = 135676708
| data11 = 107895897
}}
On 6 October 2011 a Californian non-profit company was founded with the name of "Amateur Radio Digital Communications", and recorded by the [[State of California]] on 11 October 2011 with an address of "5663 Balboa Avenue, [[Suite (address)|Suite]] 432, San Diego, California<ref name="articles-of-incorporation-20111006">{{cite report|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-14318357|title=Articles of Incorporation|author=Anonymous|quote=The name of this corporation is: Amateur Radio Digital Communications ... Article 2 ... specific purposes ... to support, maintain, preserve and enhance the mission of the Amateur Packet Radio Network. ... shared vision of expanding the Amateur Radio Digital Communications network. ... initial agent for service of process is: 001 Northwest Registered Agent, Inc. #C3184722|work=Business Entities|access-date=2019-07-21|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724201501/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-14318357|url-status=dead}}</ref>—[[the UPS Store|a UPS store]] address.
On 22 June 2012,<ref name="ardc-tax-2012-06-22"/> 29 September 2015,<ref name="filing-20150925"/> and 18 September 2017,<ref name="filing-20150918"/> filings were made listing the company officers as:

;Brian Kantor: President<ref name="ardc-tax-2012-06-22"/>{{rp|5}} or Chief Executive Officer<ref name="filing-20150925"/><ref name="filing-20150918"/>
;Erin Kenneally: Secretary<ref name="ardc-tax-2012-06-22"/>{{rp|5}}<ref name="filing-20150925"/><ref name="filing-20150918"/>
;Kimberly Claffy: Treasurer<ref name="ardc-tax-2012-06-22">{{cite report|first=Brian|last=Kantor|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/ARDCTaxExempt_CA3500.pdf|series=Exemption Application|title=321515 ... Amateur Radio Digital Communications|date=2012-06-22|pages=3, 5|format=2011 Form 3500|quote=Brian Kantor: President; Kimberly Claffy: Treasurer; Erin Kenneally: Secretary}}</ref>{{rp|5}} or Chief Financial Officer<ref name="filing-20150925">{{cite report|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-19802245|first=Brian|last=Kantor|date=2015-09-25|access-date=2019-07-21|title=Amateur Radio Digital Communications|series=Statement of Information|publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]|quote=California Corporate Number: C3421515 ... Chief Executive Officer: Brian Kantor ... Secretary: Erin Kenneally ... Chief Financial Officer: Kimberly Claffy|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724214727/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-19802245|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="filing-20150918">{{cite report|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-22932553|first=Brian|last=Kantor|date=2017-09-18|access-date=2019-07-21|title=Amateur Radio Digital Communications|series=Statement of Information|editor1-first=Alex|editor1-last=Padilla|editor1-link=Alex Padilla|publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]|quote=Filed [2017-09-22] ... California Corporate Number: C3421515 ... Chief Executive Officer: Brian Kantor ... Secretary: Erin Kenneally ... Chief Financial Officer: Kimberly Claffy|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724213658/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-22932553|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2011, the [[American Registry for Internet Numbers]] approved a request to change the registration of the whole {{IPaddr|44/8}} network block from an individual contact, to the "Amateur Radio Digital Communications" non-profit company.<ref name="curran-20190722-2011">{{cite web|url=https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102195.html|title=44/8|first=John|last=Curran|author-link=John Curran (businessman)|publisher=[[North American Network Operators' Group]]|work=NANOG mailing list|date=2019-07-22|quote=In the case of AMRPNET, in 2011 [[American Registry for Internet Numbers|ARIN]] did approve update of the registration to a [[public-benefit nonprofit corporation|public benefit not-for-profit]] at the request of the registered contact.}}</ref>

Activities were to "conserve scarce AMPRNet Internet protocol resources, and to educate [[amateur radio operators|networks users]] on how to efficiently utilize these resources as a service to the entire Internet community" initiated "in the second half of 2012 by {{abbr|the President|Brian Kantor}} via communications with [[American Registry for Internet Numbers]] (ARIN)".<ref name="ardc-tax-2012-06-22"/>{{rp|3}}
Plans included "the issuance of [[grant (money)|grant]]s and other [[financial support]] to [[educational institution]]s, foundations and other organizations. {{interp|...|orig=This activity is}} expected to commence in 2013 via a joint effort of the three founding Directors {{interp|...|and Officers and the forthcoming Advisory Board.}}".<ref name="ardc-tax-2012-06-22"/>{{rp|3}}

During December 2017 Kantor announced his [[retirement]] from [[University of California San Diego]].<ref name="kantor-20171216">{{cite web|format=email|first=Brian|last=Kantor|url=x|url-status = unfit|archive-url=https://groups.google.com/forum/embed/#!topic/ct-comunicacoes-e-tecnologias/RwGeNi7Jmag|title=retirement|archive-date=2017-12-16|date=2017-12-16|quote=retiring from [[University of California San Diego|UCSD]], after 47 years on campus. ... will continue to use the @ampr.org address for some AMPRNet and ARDC business. {{abbr|Amprgw|AMPRNet gateway}} (gw.ampr.org) will continue to operate ... as part of the [[CAIDA]] research group continuing measurement and analysis of dark networks project.}}</ref><ref name="kantor-20170907">{{cite web|format=email|first=Brian|last=Kantor|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.sysadmin.recovery/hUO1NDCv49E|title=Goodbye|date=2017-09-07|work=alt.sysadmin.recovery|quote=retiring from [[University of California San Diego|UCSD]], after 46 years on campus ... I'm CEO of a small non-profit, Amateur Radio Digital Communications }}</ref>
Re-stated (changed) [[articles of incorporation]] for the "Amateur Radio Digital Communications" non-profit were signed on 13 December 2017,<ref name="articles-20171217"/> and filed on 17 December 2017.<ref name="articles-20171217">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720211830/https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/articles.pdf|archive-date=2019-07-20|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/articles.pdf|title=Restated Articles of Incorporation of Amateur Radio Digital Communications|date=2017-12-18|access-date=2019-07-20|first1=Brian|last1=Kantor|first2=Erin|last2=Kenneally|editor1-first=Alex|editor1-last=Padilla|editor1-link=Alex Padilla|quote=Filed [2017-12-18] ... corporation is a [[public-benefit nonprofit corporation|nonprofit public benefit corporation]] ... Article II ... purposes for which this corporation is formed are exclusively charitable, scientific, and educational ... declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the [[State of California]]}} [https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-23389123 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724192743/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-23389123 |date=24 July 2021 }}</ref>
In May 2019, Kantor signed an agreement extending UCSD/CAIDA's use of Amprnet addresses for data collection until 31 July 2023.<ref name="ardc-ucsd-amprnet-mou-20190517">{{cite report|type=contract|first1=Brian|last1=Kantor|first2=Marianna|last2=Meyer|date=2019-05-17|pages=1‒4|title=Non-binding Memorandum of Understanding between the Regents of the University of California, San Diego and Amateur Radio Digital Communications|number=17380–001|quote=...for mutually beneficial programs, projects, data products and activities. ... It is now the address space 44.0.0.0 through 44.191.255.255 ... ARDC is the owner of the AMPRNet. UCSD has no ownership or right of control over this address space. ... a "Dark Net" to observe specific types of Internet traffic. Since the mid-1980's, UCSD has provided colocation services for the AMPRNet for ARDC, so that in a continuing manner, UCSD's CAIDA Research group may observe, collect, and analyze the AMPRNet traffic. ... cause AMPRNet traffic from the global Internet to be routed to UCSD for study. ... UCSD shall: Operate network hardware and software to provide colocation services for the AMPRNet TCP/IP networks for Amateur Radio on UCSD infrastructure. ... Collaborator shall: Agree to allow UCSD to collect, filter and curate data destined for the AMPRNet network for the purposes of network research and responsible data sharing with the network and security research communities. ... effective through [July 31, 2023] at which time it will expire unless extended.}}</ref>

Brian Kantor died in November 2019. In February/March 2020, the Center for Networked Systems (CNS) of the [[University of California, San Diego]] (UCSD) received $225,000, given by ARDC to allow [[financial endowment]] of  a student [[scholarship]] in the name of [[Alan Turing]] and honouring Brian Kantor.<ref name="cns-20200301">{{cite web|url=https://cns.ucsd.edu/amateur-radio-digital-communications-completes-turing-scholarship-endowment/|title=Amateur Radio Digital Communications Completes Turing Scholarship Endowment|date=2020-03-31|access-date=2020-05-22|work=Center for Networked Systems|department=News|publisher=[[University of California, San Diego]]|quote=following a $225,533 donation from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) association, the Alan Turing Memorial Scholarship is now fully endowed. ... gift honors former UC San Diego Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) employee and ARDC founder Brian Kantor, who died unexpectedly in November 2019.}}</ref>

====Distributions====
[[File:Green Building, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|upright|[[Radome]] on [[Green Building (MIT)|Green Building]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] saved by ARDC support in 2021]]
In May 2021, ARDC provided a one-off grant of {{nowrap|$1.6 million}} to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] amateur radio club (W1MX) to save and rebuild the [[radome]] on top of the [[Green Building (MIT)|MIT Green Building]] {{nowrap|(building 54)}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://w1mx.mit.edu/giving/|title=Update on Radome Project|date=2021-05-07|access-date=2021-11-07|first=Milo|last=Hooper|work=Capital Campaign|publisher=W1MX|quote=extremely generous donation of $1.6M by Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) as well as donations and support from you - our alumni, members of the MIT community, and friends of amateur radio.}}</ref>

In November 2021, ARDC awarded a five-year grant, for a total of {{nowrap|$1.3 million}}, to support US-based activities around [[Amateur Radio on the International Space Station]] (ARISS-USA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arrl.org/news/ariss-receives-generous-ardc-grant-for-ariss-stereo-education-project|title=ARISS Receives Generous ARDC Grant for ARISS STEREO Education Project|date=2021-11-03|access-date=2021-11-07|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]|work=ARRL News}}</ref>

=====Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications =====

In January 2022, the [[Internet Archive]] received a grant of {{nowrap|$0.9 million}} for assembling a Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications (DLARC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-digital-communications-grants-continue|title=Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue|date=2022-01-27|access-date=2022-02-02|work=News|publisher=American Radio Relay League|quote=a nearly $900,000 award that will permit the [[Internet Archive]] to build the Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications (DLARC)}}</ref> Internet Archive began the project in earnest in September 2022, and began seeking contributions of material in October. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Internet Archive Seeks Donations of Materials to Build a Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2022/10/04/internet-archive-seeks-donations-of-materials-to-build-a-digital-library-of-amateur-radio-and-communications/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> By November, 2022 the library had grown to 25,000 items. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Internet Archive Seeks Donations of Materials to Build a Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2022/10/04/internet-archive-seeks-donations-of-materials-to-build-a-digital-library-of-amateur-radio-and-communications/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2023 the library held over 51,000 items including more than 3,300 books and magazines available via controlled digital lending.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kaysavetz |date=2023-01-24 |title=Archive for Amateur Radio Grows to 51,000 Items {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2023/01/24/archive-for-amateur-radio-grows-to-51000-items/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |language=en-US}}
</ref>

=====Other ARDC grants=====
An updated list of ARDC grants is maintained on their website at [https://www.ardc.net/apply/grants/].
Information on applying for a grant is at
[https://www.ardc.net/apply/].

== See also ==
*[[AX.25]]
*[[High-speed multimedia radio]]
*[[Winlink]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Financial===
{{notelist-la}}

==Further reading==
===1980s===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|url=x|url-status = unfit|archive-date=1984-08-26|archive-url=https://www.qsl.net/kb9mwr/wapr/tcpip/Kantor-Packet_Radio_Networking_Proposal.txt|title=Packet Radio Networking Proposal|format=long paper|first=Brian|last=Kantor|date=1984-08-24|location=Los Angeles Amateur Packet Radio Group meeting|journal=Net.ham-radio Newsgroup|via=Steve Lampereur|publisher=QSL.net|quote=[[Hank Magnuski]], KA6M, has obtained a [[class A network|Class-A internet network]] number assignment for amateur packet radio. ... thank [[Phil Karn]], KA9Q for his suggestion that [[TCP/IP]] could run on top of [[AX.25]] ... registered with the [[Defense Communications Agency|Defense Communication Agency]]'s [[Network Information Center]] as network number 044.xxx.xxx.xxx {{abbr|AMPRNET|AMateur Packet Radio Network}}}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Packet-Radio networking|url=https://archive.org/details/GatewayVol1/page/n13|magazine=Gateway: The ARRL Packet-Radio Newsletter|editor-first=Jeffrey W.|editor-last=Ward|volume=1|number=4|date=1984-09-25|quote=The datagram protocol being advanced for amateur packet radio is the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) [[Internet Protocol]] (IP). ... The [[virtual circuit]] protocol proposed for amateur use is called [[AX.25]], ... The Digital Committee has no desire to force a protocol upon any group. ... period of experimentation, during which both datagrams and virtual circuits would be implemented and tested. ... decided to use the [[C (programming language)|"C" programming language]] ... [[Xerox 820]] computer, modified to use an [[High-Level Data Link Control|HDLC]] chip and run at 4 [[Megahertz|MHz]].}}
* {{cite journal|title=Packet Radio in the Amateur Service|first1=Philip R.|last1=Karn|author-link1=Phil Karn|first2=Harold E.|last2=Price|first3=Robert J.|last3=Diersing|s2cid=18115981|journal=[[IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications]]|volume=3|date=May 1985|doi=10.1109/JSAC.1985.1146214|issue=3|pages=431<!--433‒329-->|quote=two [[schools of thought]] ... One group wanted to immediately adopt the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency|ARPA]] [[TCP/IP]] and encapsulate [[IPv4 packet|IP datagrams]] directly in [[High-Level Data Link Control|HDLC]] frames. ... Others felt that [[TCP/IP]] was too large a step ... meeting sponsored by [[Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation|AMSAT]] in October 1982, approved a modified form of [[X.25]] ... protocol, [[AX.25]] (for "Amateur X.25") Level 2 ... expansion of the address field to include the [[amateur radio call signs]] of both the source and destination|bibcode=1985IJSAC...3..431K}}
* {{cite web|url=x|url-status = unfit|archive-date=2005-03-31|archive-url=http://www.a00.de/tcpgroup/|title=TCP-group|work=Ancient TCP-group discussion list archives|first=Ralf D.|last=Kloth|year=1988|series=1988‒1995, partial}}
* {{cite conference|date=1988-10-01|first=Phil|last=Karn|author-link=Phil Karn|title=Amateur TCP/IP: An Update|url=http://www.tapr.net/pdf/CNC1988-MoreAndFasterBits-N3EUA.pdf|conference=7th Computer Networking Conference|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]|pages=115‒121|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722223948/http://www.tapr.net/pdf/CNC1988-MoreAndFasterBits-N3EUA.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite conference|date=1988-10-01|first=Terry|last=Fox|title=Proposed AX.25 Level 2 Version 2.0 Changes|url=https://www.tapr.org/pdf/CNC1988-AX.25Level2Version2.0-WBJFI.pdf|conference=7th Computer Networking Conference|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]|page=58|quote=These changes have been collected by this author from various sources, and were recommended by a working group of the [[American Radio Relay League|ARRL]] Digital Committee which met in July of 1988.}}
* {{cite conference|date=1988-10-01|first=Eric L.|last=Scace|url=https://www.tapr.org/pdf/CNC1988-Proposal4EnhancingAX.25-K3NA.pdf|title=Overview of ARRL Digital Committee Proposals for Enhancing the AX.25 Protocols into Revision 2.1|conference=7th Computer Networking Conference|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]|page=150|quote=A working group within the [[American Radio Relay League|ARRL]] Digital Committee has been evaluating enhancements and other proposals for improving [[AX.25]].}}
{{refend}}

===1990s===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite interview|url=http://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Electronic%20Archive/Future_Shock-_A_Conversation_with_Phil_Karn_KA9Q.pdf|first=Phil|last=Karn|subject-link=Phil Karn|department=''QST'' Profile!|interviewer=Rick Booth|date=April 1990|magazine=[[QST]]|pages=48‒49|title=Future Shock: A Conversation with Phil Karn, KA9Q|quote=Phil Karn and his friends see a day when [[AX.25]] gives way entirely to [[TCP/IP]]. ... If you've never [[56 kbit/s line|seen 56 kbit/s transfer]], you're missing something.|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122170022/https://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Electronic%20Archive/Future_Shock-_A_Conversation_with_Phil_Karn_KA9Q.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1226.txt|title=RFC 1226: Internet Protocol Encapsulation of AX.25 Frames|first=Brian|last=Kantor|date=May 1991|series=[[Request for Comments]]|quote=encapsulation of AX.25 (the Amateur Packet-Radio Link-Layer Protocol) frames within IP packets. ... AX.25 Amateur Packet-Radio Link-Layer Protocol Version 2.0 October 1984.}}
* {{cite web|url=https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1853.txt|title=RFC 1853: IP in IP Tunneling|first=William Allen|last=Simpson|date=October 1995|series=[[Request for Comments]]|quote=implementation techniques used for many years by the Amateur Packet Radio network for joining a large mobile network,}}
{{refend}}

===2000s===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite conference|url=https://archive.nanog.org/meetings/abstract?id=992|title=Estimating Global Denial-of-Service Activity|conference=[[North American Network Operators' Group]] 22|date=2001-05-21|first1=David|last1=Moore|first2=Stefan|last2=Savage|author-link2=Stefan Savage|first3=Geoff|last3=Voelker}}<br />{{cite video|format=video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4xhN2ExOFo&list=PLO8DR5ZGla8jC-HfrTfq7mz3JZ9lUsOkl&index=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016185824/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4xhN2ExOFo&gl=US&hl=en|archive-date=2020-10-16|title=Estimating Global Denial-of-Service Activity|date=2001-05-21|first1=David|last1=Moore|first2=Stefan|last2=Savage|author-link2=Stefan Savage|first3=Geoff|last3=Voelker|via=Youtube|publisher=TeamNANOG}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.iv3ium.it/dati/frontpage.pdf|title=JNOS-2|format=software manual|first1=Skip|last1=VerDuin|first2=Phil|last2=Karn|author-link2=Phil Karn|first3=Gerard|last3=van der Grinten|page=106,107|date=2006-08-24|quote=Gone are the days where it was easy to pass {{IPaddr|44}} traffic over the internet, or where IPIP was a protocol that saw little {{sic|hin|derance}}. ... IPUDP ... in the process of actively getting the mirrorshades system to support this new protocol, so that IPUDP can be considered a formal gateway to which mirrorshades will route direct to as it does with [[IP in IP|IPIP]],}}
* {{cite magazine|url=http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~savage/papers/IEEESP03.pdf|magazine=IEEE Security & Privacy|issn=1540-7993|publisher=[[IEEE]]|title=Inside the Slammer Worm|date=2003-08-06|issue=3|pages=33‒39|first1=David|last1=Moore|first2=Vern|last2=Paxson|author-link2=Vern Paxson|first3=Stefan|last3=Savage|author-link3=Stefan Savage|first4=Colleen|last4=Shannon|first5=Stuart|last5=Staniford|first6=Nicholas|last6=Weaver}}
* {{cite conference|url=http://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Electronic%20Archive/The%20Integration%20of%20Amateur%20Radio%20and%20802.11.pdf|title=The Integration of Amateur Radio and 802.11|first=Roderick D.|last=Mitchell|date=May 2007|pages=27‒29|conference=TAPR and ARRL 26th Digital Communications Conference 2007 Proceedings|access-date=25 July 2019|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122195340/https://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Electronic%20Archive/The%20Integration%20of%20Amateur%20Radio%20and%20802.11.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdXqWt8On88C&pg=SA1-PA2|work=ARRL's VHF Digital Handbook|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]|year=2008|isbn=9780872591226|pages=2‒4|title=Packet Radio Fundamentals|quote=In March 1980 the [[Federal Communications Commission]] approved the use of the ''American Standard Code for Information Interchange'', or ''[[ASCII]]'', for Amateur Radio. ... in December 1980 [[Hank Magnuski]], KA6M, put a digital repeater on [[2-meter band|2 meters]] using a [[Terminal Node Controller|TNC]] of his own design. ... formed the Pacific Packet Radio Society (PPRS). At the same time, AMRAD, the Amateur Radio Research and Development Corporation, in [[Washington, District of Columbia|Washington, DC]] ... hams in [[Tucson, Arizona]], founded the [[Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation]] (TAPR)}}
{{refend}}

===2010s===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web|url=http://wetnet.net/pipermail/seatcp/2010-January/008846.html|first=Brian|last=Kantor|editor-first=William|editor-last=Vodall|date=2010-01-14|work=44 net mailing list|via=Seattle Amateur Packet Radio mailing list (SeaTCP)|title=44 net - some explanations|quote=both [[Phil Karn]] and [[Bdale Garbee|BDale Garbee]] have volunteered to {{sic|admi|nstrate}} {{IPaddr|44|8}} in case ... quite aware of the value of a network block this size ... some folks eyeing the network space for various projects ... way of routing that doesn't involve splitting up the network in a public manner (ie, as seen from outside the network) is essential. ... I can just imagine people auctioning off parts of the network on [[eBay|Ebay]]. ... [[class B network|class-B blocks]] selling for half a million dollars or more, could you trust everyone who got one not to sell it to the highest bidder?|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801215358/http://wetnet.net/pipermail/seatcp/2010-January/008846.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.scaruffi.com/svhistory/sil8.html|title=8. The Entrepreneurs (1976-80)|first=Piero|last=Scaruffi|author-link=Piero Scaruffi|year=2010|work=A History of Silicon Valley|quote=After early experiments by Canadians ham radio amateurs, in December 1980 [[Hank Magnuski]] set up in San Francisco a [[ham radio]] to broadcast data (the birth certificate of the {{abbr|AmPrnet|Amateur Packet Radio Network}}).}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/brieflook.pdf |last=Kantor |first=Brian |title=A Brief Look at Internet Networking Over Amateur Radio |date=July 2011 |page=3 |quote=limited provision to allow packets addressed to AMPRNet gateways to be forwarded one-way from the Internet ... supports an academic cybersecurity research project (funded by the [[National Science Foundation]] and the Department of Homeland Security) which relies on routing to the AMPRNet address space through the forwarder. }}
* {{cite conference|url=https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2012/one_way_traffic_iatmon/one_way_traffic_iatmon.pdf|title=One-way Traffic Monitoring with iatmon|conference=Passive and Active Network Measurement Workshop|date=March 2012|first=Nevil|last=Brownlee|quote=UCSD network telescope: over the first half of 2011. ... uses a /8 network prefix, most of which is dark. An upstream router filters out the legitimate traffic to the reachable IP addresses in this space, so we monitor only traffic destined to empty address space. ... large volume of data captured ... UCSD network telescope remains a purely passive observer of unsolicited traffic. We do not rule out active response by the telescope in the future, but active responding requires resources and careful navigation of legal and ethical issues. ... collects full-packet traces continuously. These traces are stored online for at least sixty days, ... In 2002, when CAIDA began analyzing telescope data ... As of June 2011, we see 6 to 9 {{abbr|GB/h|gigabyte per hour}} of one-way traffic, ... About 30% of the packets that reached the UCSD telescope in the first half of 2011 were [[TCP SYN]]s}}
* {{cite web|url=http://data.caida.org/datasets/security/telescope-educational/exercises/apr2012_proto_dport_dist.txt|series=The CAIDA UCSD Network Telescope Educational Dataset|work=Analysis of Unidirectional IP Traffic to Darkspace|title=April 2012 aggregate based on protocol and destination port|format=10MB FlowTuple|quote=<code>{{nowrap|# CORSARO_INTERVAL_START 0 1333238400}}<br /><nowiki>0.0.0.0|44.0.0.0|0|0|0|0|0x00|0,3443</nowiki></code>}}
* {{cite conference|title=Analysis of Internet-wide Probing using Darknets|conference=Building Analysis Datasets and Gathering Experience Returns for Security (BADGERS {{abbr|'12|2012}})|date=2012-10-21|first1=Alberto|last1=Dainotti|first2=Alistair|last2=King|first3=Kimberly|last3=Claffy|quote=1 hour bins, of [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]] packets arriving on port 5060 observed by the UCSD Network Telescope ... the number of distinct source IPs per hour observed at the UCSD Network Telescope is currently around 25,000 on port TCP 80 or 96,000 on port TCP 445 ... UCSD Network Telescope collects approximately 3[[terabyte|TB]] of data every month. ... developing an extensible tool, Corsaro, to efficiently analyze data collected|citeseerx = 10.1.1.305.3682}}
* {{cite conference|url=https://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2012/analysis_stealth_scan_lisa/analysis_stealth_scan_lisa.pdf|title=Analysis of an Internet-wide Stealth Scan from a Botnet|conference=[[USENIX]] {{nowrap|[[LISA (organization)|LISA]] '12}}|date=2012-12-09|first1=Alberto|last1=Dainotti|first2=Alistair|last2=King|first3=Kimberly|last3=Claffy|first4=Ferdinando|last4=Papale|first5=Antonio|last5=Pescapè|page=3|format=diagram|quote=Darknet: The UCSD Network Telescope ... UCSD Network Telescope Darknet {{IPaddr|xxx.0.0.0|8}} }}<br />{{cite conference|url=https://www.usenix.org/conference/lisa12/analysis-internet-wide-stealth-scan-botnet/#node-paper-full-group-open-access-content|title=Analysis of an Internet-wide Stealth Scan from a Botnet|first=Alberto|last=Dainotti<!--|author2=Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis|author-link2=Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis-->|conference={{nowrap|[[LISA (organization)|LISA]] '12}}|date=2012-12-09|format=presentation video}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ferracci.org/?p=2150|title=Une manne financière inespérée!|trans-title=An unexpected financial windfall!|language=fr|format=[[April Fool's]] report on sale of {{IPaddr|44|8}}|date=2013-04-01|first=Laurent|last=Ferracci}}
* {{cite journal|title=Teaching Network Security With IP Darkspace Data|first1=Tanja|last1=Zseby|first2=Félix|last2=Iglesias Vázquez|first3=Alistair|last3=King|first4=K. C.|last4=Claffy|date=February 2016|journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Education]]|volume=59|pages=1–7|number=1|doi=10.1109/TE.2015.2417512|issn=0018-9359|publisher=[[IEEE]]|quote=[[TU Wien|Vienna University of Technology]], Austria, first implemented this laboratory in a Network Security course (NetSec-I) during the summer [[semester]] of 2014, with a class of 41 students. ... [[network traffic]] from a large IP darkspace monitor at UCSD operated by [[Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis|CAIDA]] ... darkspace monitor uses an IP network address range that is announced to the Internet but has nearly no actual hosts attached. The resulting darkspace traffic data is [[heterogeneity (statistics)|heterogeneous]] ... collected at UCSD using an entire {{IPaddr||8}} network with 2<sup>24</sup> darkspace addresses, which corresponds to 1/256 part of the whole IPv4 Internet. Access to such a large IP darkspace is rare, because [[IPv4 address exhaustion|IPv4 addresses are a scarce resource]]|bibcode=2016ITEdu..59....1Z|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite press release|url=https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/computer-security-experts-honored-for-research-that-stands-the-test-of-time|title=Computer Security Experts Honored for Research that Stands the Test of Time|work={{abbr|UC|University of California}} San Diego News Center|date=2017-08-17|first=Doug|last=Ramsey|quote=Experimental backscatter collection platform from the 2001 paper honored at [[USENIX Security Symposium]]}}
{{refend}}

====2019====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/04/05/amateur_radio_spectrum/|title=Hams try to re-carve the amateur radio spectrum in fight over open or encoded transmissions|first=Thomas|last=Claburn|location=San Francisco|date=2019-04-05|work=[[The Register]]|quote=might make it harder for innovative services like New Packet Radio to emerge.}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.arrl.org/news/millions-of-amprnet-internet-addresses-sold-to-fund-grants-and-scholarships|title=Millions of AMPRNet Internet Addresses Sold to Fund Grants and Scholarships|date=2019-07-25|work=News & Features|author=American Radio Relay League|author-link=American Radio Relay League}}
* {{cite web|url=http://rct.doj.ca.gov/Verification/Web/Download.aspx?saveas=Amateur+Radio+Digital+Communications.pdf&document_id=09027b8f803986fa|title=Courtesy Notice of Sale of Assets - Amateur Radio Digital Communications.|date=2019-07-30|first=Gene|last=Takagi|author2=Neo Law Group|publisher=Registry of Charitable Trusts|location=California|pages=1, 3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717150427/http://rct.doj.ca.gov/Verification/Web/Download.aspx?saveas=Amateur+Radio+Digital+Communications.pdf&document_id=09027b8f803986fa|archive-date=2020-07-17|quote=sale of significant assets ... to Amazon Technologies, Inc. ... one-quarter of ARDC's IP Addresses and is therefore not a sale of substantially all of ARDC's assets ... will be accurately recorded in ARDC's 2019 Form 990, which will be timely submitted to the Registry along with the 2019 Form RRF-1. ... In February 2019, ARDC engaged a ... Internet Address Broker}} [https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/Courtesy-Notice-to-AG-Signed-ARDC.pdf Alt URL]
* {{cite web|url=https://www.amateurfunk-osnabrueck.de/hamnet-allgemein/aenderungen-der-hamnet-ip-adressen-angekuendigt.html|title=Änderungen der HAMNET-IP-Adressen angekündigt|trans-title=Changes to HAMNET IP addresses announced|first=Nils|last=Prause|date=2019-07-30|publisher={{lang|de|Interessengemeinschaft Amateurfunk Osnabrück}}|quote=Leider ist der vom HAMNET in Deutschland genutzte IP-Adressbereich von der Verkleinerung betroffen, ... jedes einzelne Gerät wird eine neue Adresse bekommen müssen.}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.agaf-ev.org/index.php/414-hamnet-umstellung|title=HAMNET-Umstellung|trans-title=HAMNet conversion|date=2019-08-14|access-date=2019-08-16|publisher=Arbeitsgemeinschaft Amateurfunkfernsehen (AGAF)|language=de|quote=Die eingenommenen "some millions of dollars" sollen einer gemeinnützigen ... Im verkauften Bereich ist unter anderem das deutsche HAMNET beheimatet. In unmittelbarer Konsequenz funktioniert die [[Reverse DNS lookup|Reverse-DNS-Auflösung]] über öffentliche [[DNS server|DNS-Server]] nicht mehr. In absehbarer Zeit müssen sämtliche betroffenen Linkstrecken, [[Router (computing)|Router]], Dienste und Endgeräte zu anderen Adressen migriert werden. Die deutsche HAMNET-Koordination arbeitet bereits intensiv an der Planung dieser großen Umzugsmaßnahme. Auf der diesjährigen HAMNET-Tagung in [[Passau]] soll ein Konzept vorgestellt werden.|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816165916/https://www.agaf-ev.org/index.php/414-hamnet-umstellung|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite conference|url=https://tapr.org/wp-content/uploads/2019-3-EA4GPZ.pdf|title=IPV6 for Amateur Radio|first=Daniel|last=Estévez|conference=38th ARRL and TAPR Digital Communications Conference|date=20-22 September 2019|location=Detroit, Michigan|publication-date=2020-01-30|quote=AMPRNet hands off large sub-blocks to countries, which in turn split their sub-blocks into projects or individuals. All this management is a time consuming process and is prone to disputes. ... IPv4 addresses are by now a very scarce resource, and this large block represents a huge commercial interest.}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.db0res.de/27-news/93-hamnet-ip-umstellung-kann-beginnen|title=HAMNET IP-Umstellung kann beginnen|trans-title=HAMNET IP-changeover can begin|first1=Jann|last1=Traschewski|first2=Egbert|last2=Zimmermann|first3=Thomas|last3=Osterried|language=de|date=2019-11-02|department=News|work=DB0RES|access-date=2020-02-21|quote=Umzug von IP-Adressen aus dem Bereich {{IPaddr|44.224.0.0|15}} in das Netz {{IPaddr|44.148.0.0|15}}|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221124257/https://www.db0res.de/27-news/93-hamnet-ip-umstellung-kann-beginnen|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

===2020s===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020-QST-Scholarships.pdf|date=2020-10-13|access-date=2021-04-12|title=ARRL Foundation Presents the 2020 Scholarship Recipients|quote=Additionally, the non-profit Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) has generously awarded The Amateur Radio Digital Communications' Brian H. Kantor, WB6CYT, Memorial Scholarship grant to the ARRL Foundation to match each scholarship on a dollar-for-dollar basis, making the grand total of scholarships awarded $287,300.|author=American Radio Relay League|author-link=American Radio Relay League|via=ARDC, Inc.|pages=1‒3}}
* {{cite report|url=https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020-ardc-annual-report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219225731/https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020-ardc-annual-report.pdf|archive-date=2021-02-19|access-date=2021-04-12|title=2020 Annual Report|first=Rosy|last=Wolfe|date=2021-02-06|pages=1‒18|publisher=Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.ardc.net/}}
* {{official website|https://www.caida.org/projects/network_telescope/|Official UCSD Network Telescope website}} at [[CAIDA]]
* [https://portal.ampr.org  AMPRNet Portal]
* [https://www.ampr-gates.net Amateur Packet Radio Gateways]
* [https://archive.org/details/dlarc Digital Library of Amateur Radio & Communications]
* [https://hamwan.org/ HamWAN]
*

{{Packet radio}}

<!--AMPRNet-->

[[Category:Digital amateur radio]]
[[Category:Mesh networking]]
[[Category:Packet radio]]
[[Category:Network architecture]]

<!--Amateur Radio Digital Communications (committee)-->
[[Category:Amateur radio organizations]]
[[Category:1981 establishments]]

<!--UCSD Network Telescope-->
[[Category:2001 establishments in California]]
[[Category:University of California, San Diego]]
[[Category:E-Science]]
[[Category:Cyberinfrastructure]]
[[Category:La Jolla, San Diego]]

<!--Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.-->
[[Category:2011 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in San Diego]]
[[Category:Internet technology companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Amateur radio companies]]

<!--STARDUST-->
[[Category:2017 establishments in California]]