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{{for|people with the surname|Alliss}}
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{{prose|date=November 2015}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2023}}
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[[File:Sistema HR ALLISS.jpg|thumb|right|350px|ALLISS antenna as viewed underneath]]
'''ALLISS''' is a somewhat rotatable [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] system for high power [[shortwave]] radio [[broadcasting]] in the 6&nbsp;MHz to 26&nbsp;MHz range. An ALLISS module is a self-contained [[shortwave relay station]] that is used for [[international broadcasting]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BBG: Don't Close Shortwaves, Improve Them! |url=https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/bbg-dont-close-shortwaves-improve-them |website=Radio World |access-date=19 January 2023 |date=January 31, 2008}}</ref>

== Background ==
ALLISS is a special design case of [[HRS type antennas]]. True ALLISS systems have solid radiators (horizontal radiating elements) versus tensioned flexible (open) radiators found with all other variations of  [[ITU]] HRS type antennas systems. The name is based on a concatenation of two French towns [[Allouis|ALL]]ouis and [[Issoudun|ISS]]oudun.

== Technological ambiguities ==
There are some factors that separate true ALLISS technology from 'run-of-the-mill' rotatable HRS Type antennas. Thales pseudo-ALLISS rotatable antenna designs were procured from other antenna manufacturers that Thales acquired by corporate transactions. {{citation needed|date=March 2012}}
Technically only solid radiators distinguish true ALLISS systems from all other rotatable HRS type antennas.

Only about 12% (estimate) of all HRS antennas in use globally are rotatable, and of these only 28 of the ALLISS systems have solid radiators.
One must assume that only about 10% of HRS type antennas are rotatable, but compiled statistics are fragmentary. Only about 20% of rotatable HRS antennas are ALLISS, but this may be a slight overestimate.

The Transmitter Documentation Project has most but not all stats on shortwave relay station antennas in use or historical.
The Chinese SARFT is said to contain replicated ALLISS module technology, so to consider ALLISS technology as being exclusively in the domain of Thales is no longer true.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}

=== Corporate name changes ===
Information about ALLISS can also be found associated with [[Ampegon]], [[Thales Group]], [[Thomson-CSF]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ampegon Puts Focus on Shortwave Transmitters |url=https://www.radioworld.com/tech-and-gear/buyers-guide/ampegon-puts-focus-on-shortwave-transmitters |website=Radio World |access-date=19 January 2023 |date=May 11, 2020| quote=...supplied under the names Thales or Thomson (Ampegon’s previous names) }}</ref>

== Technology overview==
===Expense===
ALLISS technology, due to its cost and complexity—is out of reach to most consumers as a consumer product. Cheaper solutions to ALLISS exist in the [[shortwave|shortwave broadcasting]] technology area.
As a rule of thumb ALLISS systems should only be purchased if 360 degrees of coverage is necessary.
ALLISS is only used by well funded broadcasting and telecommunications operations that intend to use the modules over their design lifespan of 50–60 years.

=== Technology operation ===
ALLISS allows a broadcaster to change the following shortwave transmission parameters at any time:
direction ([[azimuth]]s from 0 to 360 degrees, rate: ~1 deg / 6 sec),
broadcast [[frequency]], and
antenna configuration (i.e.: HR 4/4/1 -> HR 6/4/1).
All of these transmission mode changes can take effect in as little as 5 minutes. This flexibility can allow a broadcaster to redirect the entire shortwave transmission network to a strategically important target area in as little as 15 minutes.

=== ALLISS advantages vs traditional shortwave relay stations  ===

Modular construction:
ALLISS relay stations can be built on a module by module basis.
An ALLISS module can start broadcasting as soon as construction is completed.

Higher RFI & [[EMF (disambiguation)|EMF]] (electromagnetic) compatibility vs traditional relay stations
* ALLISS modules should be geographically scattered for security and [[Radio frequency interference|RFI]] exposure reasons. However, few broadcasters have chosen this option mainly due to poor understanding of the technology.
* Ironically, [[Télé Distribution Française|TDF]] did not pursue this option at Allouis or Issoudun &mdash; a technological blow to French security.

Each ALLISS module is fully automated, so there is no need for technical staff. When there are 2-5 ALLISS modules scattered over several hundred square kilometers, a three-person support staff is enough to keep the modules in operation year round (provided these modules are visited monthly for repair and maintenance).

With conventionally designed HRS type antennas shortwave relay stations and their obligatory transmitter hall, switch matrix, coaxial or open [[feeder line (network)|feeder line]] systems and multiple antennas (~90% of shortwave relay stations are built this way) much larger staffs are required.

=== Cost per module ===
Around US$10 million.
* Some modules have been rumored to cost as much as US$15 million.
* With 4 different module versions cost per module can vary by as much as US$5 million.
* At least 30% of the cost of each module is related to the still exotic metallurgy and metalworking requirements needed to construct each module.
* Because of the costly and complex metallurgy construction requirements, ALLISS technology is 'off limits' to many developing nations including even a few advanced nations in the developed world.

=== Versions of ALLISS modules ===
According to the 2005 [[Thales Group|Thales]] brochure on ALLISS{{citation needed|reason=We should at least be able to cite the specific brochure information, even if it's not online|date=January 2023}} there are 6 different versions of the ALLISS system. These versions are sorted by date of initial installation.

* 1995: France at [[Issoudun]] {{coord|46.9448|1.9092}} and [[Allouis]]
** ''Low Band''  Modes (HR) : 4/4, 4/3, 4/2, 2/4, 2/3, 2/2
** ''High Band'' Modes (HR) : 4/6, 4/4, 4/2, 2/6, 2/4
** Band coverage: 5.9&nbsp;MHz to 26.1&nbsp;MHz (10 modules)
** Band coverage: 5.9&nbsp;MHz to 17.9&nbsp;MHz (2 modules)
* 1997: Germany at [[Nauen Transmitter Station]]-A {{coord|52.6479|12.9085}}
** ''Low Band''  Modes (HR) : 4/4, 2/2
** ''High Band'' Modes (HR) : 4/4
** 2 systems installed
* 1997: Germany at [[Nauen Transmitter Station]]-B {{coord|52.6493|12.8783}}
** ''Low Band''  Modes (HR) : 4/4
** ''High Band'' Modes (HR) : 4/4
** 2 systems installed
* 2002: [[Oman]] at A'Seela ([[Al Ashkharah]]) {{coord|21.9183|59.617}}
** ''Low Band''  Modes (HR) : 4/4, 2/4, 4/2, 2/2
** ''High Band'' Modes (HR) : 4/4, 2/4, 4/2, 2/2
** 2 systems installed
** Band coverage: 5.9&nbsp;MHz to 17.9&nbsp;MHz
* 2003: China at Qiqihar ({{coord|47.3283|124.0566}} - dismantled?)
** ''Low Band''  Modes (HR) : 4/4, 2/4, 4/2, 2/2
** ''High Band'' Modes (HR) : 4/4, 2/4, 4/2, 2/2
** Band coverage: 5.9&nbsp;MHz to 26.1&nbsp;MHz
* Before 2006: Turkey at [[Emirler, Gölbaşı|Emirler]], [[Voice of Turkey]] {{coord|39.404802|32.84415}}
* 2009 : [[Kuwait]] at [[Sulaibiya]] {{coord|29.1441|47.7642}}
** Three HR 2/2 antennas similar to Thales model HP-RCA 2/2 and a full ALLISS system. In operation since the first Gulf War. 
** This model appears to be similar to those sold to China. There may be some export requirements that may keep HR 6/4/x models from being exported to politically sensitive regions.
* 2009: [[Cuba]]— According to Glen Hauser's ''World of Radio'' transmission of 25 June 2009, the [[SARFT]] is said to have received a contract via the Chinese Foreign Affairs Department to replicate ALLISS modules in Cuba at an undisclosed or undetermined location.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hauser |first1=Glen |title=World of Radio 1466, June 25, 2009 |url=http://w4uvh.net/wor1466.mp3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211221031/http://w4uvh.net/wor1466.mp3 |archive-date=11 Feb 2011|author-link=Glenn Hauser}}</ref> There is no mapping evidence to indicate that construction has begun.
* 2009: [[Nigeria]] — [[Abuja]]-Lugbe transmitter ({{coord|8.968|7.36531}})

=== Transmitter ===
Typically ALLISS modules possess a 500&nbsp;kW polyphase shortwave transmitter.

* Digital{{clarify|date=October 2024|reason=what does "digital" mean here, DRM30?}} '[[Amplitude modulation|AM]]' type transmitters are preferred for their compactness.
* Many 'Push-pull' (Class-B) transmitters may be too large for some ALLISS installations.
* Essentially all 300&nbsp;kW and 500&nbsp;kW [[Pulse-density modulation|PDM]], [[Phase-shift keying|PSM]], polyphase (4 x PDM) transmitters are preferred for structural reasons.
* It is not customary to install a 300&nbsp;kW transmitter in an ALLISS module, but such installations are possible.
* TDF's Montsinnery Relay Station has 2 ALLISS modules installed, but without an installed [[shortwave]] transmitter. This same design arrangement is used by the [[BBC World Service]] Oman Relay Station A'Seela.

===Antennas (high band)===
Three HRS array antennas types are available for [[broadcasting]] in the traditional [[shortwave]] broadcasting bands.

For tropical and lower frequency shortwave broadcasting
* HR 4/2/1 (using low band antenna)
* HR 2/4/1 (using low band antenna)
* HR 2/2/1

For traditional shortwave broadcasting
* HR 4/2/1
* HR 4/4/1

For highly directional shortwave broadcasting
* HR 6/4/1
* HR 6/2/1

The HRS 6/4/1 is not available for use in the 26&nbsp;MHz band.

===Antennas (low band)===
One Low Band antenna exists for Tropical Band broadcasting. It takes up the entire back side of the ALLISS module. This Low Band antenna counterbalances the primary transmission antennas used in traditional [[shortwave]] broadcasting.

===Relay stations with ALLISS modules===
Documentation format &mdash; Nation : Broadcaster : City (Modules, Date Sold)
* France : TDF : Issoudun (12 modules, 1993 and 1997)
* Germany : DW : Nauen (4 modules, 1997)
* [[French Guiana]] : TDF : Montsinery (2 modules, 1997)
* Oman : BBCWS & VT Merlin : (2 modules, 2002)
* China : SARFT : Qiqihari : (12 modules, 2005)

Total number of modules sold since 1989: 32

== Notable sites ==
<gallery caption="RFI at Issoudun" widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="2">
File:05issoudun_alliss_Volga.JPG| Volga ALLISS Module
File:06issoudun alliss Gange.JPG| Ganges ALLISS Module
File:02issoudun_feeders+rideaux.JPG| Former RFI Issoudun Relay station feeders and curtain arrays
File:01issoudun_rideaux_E.JPG| Former RFI Issoudun Relay curtain arrays
</gallery>
<gallery caption="RFI at Montsinéry-Tonnegrande (French Guyana)" widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="2">
File:Toucan1 antenna tdf montsinery.jpg|Toucan1 (ALLISS) module at Montsinery-Tonnegrande (French Guiana)
File:Toucan1 antenna tdf montsinery(close).jpg|Toucan1 (ALLISS) module at Montsinery-Tonnegrande (French Guiana)

</gallery>

The International broadcasting center of TDF (Télédiffusion de France) is at Issoudun/Ste Aoustrille.  Issoudun is currently utilized by [[Télé Distribution Française|TDF]] for [[shortwave]] transmissions. The site uses 12 rotary ALLISS antennas fed by 12 transmitters of 500&nbsp;kW each to transmit shortwave broadcasts by [[Radio France International]] (RFI), along with other broadcast services.

== See also ==
Applicable related technologies
* [[VOACAP]] can simulate all ITU HRS antenna types
* [[HRS type antennas]]

Broadcasters using ALLISS modules
* [[BBC World Service]]
* [[Deutsche Welle]]
* [[China Radio International]]
* [[Radio France International]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220817/http://hireme.geek.nz/ALLISS.html ALLISS Shortwave Broadcasting & ALLISS Technology Portal (Internet Archive)]

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{{Audio broadcasting}}
{{Antenna Types}}

[[Category:Radio frequency antenna types]]
[[Category:Antennas (radio)]]