View source for AD 1000

{{About|the single year 1000 of the Julian and Gregorian calendars|events or processes with the "approximate date" 1000|1000s (decade)|and|990s|and|10th century|and|11th century}}
{{redirect|1000 (year)|the year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar|1000 BC}}
{{Year nav|1000}}
{{M1 year in topic}}{{Year article header|1000}}
In the [[proleptic Gregorian calendar]], it was a [[common year starting on Wednesday|non-leap century year starting on Wednesday]] (like [[1800]]).

The year falls well into the period of [[Old World]] history known as the [[Middle Ages]]; in Europe, it is sometimes and by convention considered the boundary date between the [[Early Middle Ages]] and the [[High Middle Ages]]. The [[Muslim world]] was in its [[Islamic Golden Age]]. China was in its [[Song dynasty]], Korea was in its [[Goryeo|Goryeo dynasty]], Vietnam was in its [[Anterior Lê dynasty]] and Japan was in its classical [[Heian period]]. India was divided into a number of [[Middle kingdoms of India|lesser empires]], such as the [[Eastern Chalukyas]], [[Pala Empire]] ([[Kamboja Pala dynasty]]; [[Mahipala]]), [[Chola dynasty]] ([[Rajaraja I]]), [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty]], etc. [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] had developing urban centers and empires such as the Ghana Empire of the Wagadu, and the [[Trans-Saharan slave trade#Trans-Saharan slave trade in the Middle Ages|Trans-Saharan slave trade]] was beginning to be an important factor in the formation of the [[Sahelian kingdoms]]. The [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] [[New World]] was in a time of general transition in many regions. [[Wari culture|Wari]] and [[Tiwanaku]] cultures receded in power and influence while [[Chachapoya culture|Chachapoya]] and [[Chimor|Chimú]] cultures rose to prominence in South America. In [[Mesoamerica]], the [[Maya peoples|Maya]] [[Mesoamerican chronology#Postclassic Period|Terminal Classic]] period saw the decline of many grand polities of the [[Petén Basin|Petén]] like [[Palenque]] and [[Tikal]] yet a renewed vigor and greater construction phases of sites in the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] like [[Chichen Itza]] and [[Uxmal]]. [[Mitla]], with Mixtec influence, became the more important site of the Zapotec, overshadowing the waning [[Monte Albán]]. [[Cholula (Mesoamerican site)|Cholula]] flourished in central Mexico, as did [[Tula (Mesoamerican site)|Tula]], the center of [[Toltec]] culture.

[[World population]] is estimated to have been between c. 250 and 310 million.<ref>310 million:  United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 254 million:  Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13.</ref>

== Events ==

===Japan===
*Palace Scandal: Princess Consort Yasuko has an affair. Michinaga (her half-brother) investigates it secretly and finds out the truth about her pregnancy. Yasuko cries and repents. Yasuko leaves the palace under the patronage of Empress Dowager Senshi and Michinaga (moved to his residence).{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
*[[Murasaki Shikibu]] starts to write ''[[The Tale of Genji]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tale of Genji {{!}} Asia for Educators {{!}} Columbia University |url=https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_600ce_genji.htm |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=afe.easia.columbia.edu}}</ref>
*[[Ichimonjiya Wasuke]], the oldest surviving [[wagashi]] store, is established as a teahouse adjacent to [[Imamiya Shrine]].
*[[January 10]]: Death of Empress Dowager Masako (empress consort of the late Emperor Reizei){{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
*[[April 8]]: Fujiwara no Shoshi is promoted to Empress (Chugu), while there is another empress, Fujiwara no Teishi (kogo) - this is the first time that there are two empresses<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fujiwara no Teishi • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史 |url=https://historyofjapan.co.uk/wiki/fujiwara-no-teishi/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Americas===
*  The [[Taíno]] have become the dominant culture of modern day [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-19 |title=Ancient genome study identifies traces of indigenous “Taíno” in present-day Caribbean populations |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/ancient-genome-study-identifies-traces-of-indigenous-taino-in-present-day-caribbean-populations |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=University of Cambridge |language=en}}</ref>

=== Christendom ===
{{Main|Early Middle Ages#Europe in 1000}}
{{Further|Christianity in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Europe 1000.jpg|thumb|270px|upright|[[Western Europe]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Kievan Rus']], and the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the [[Middle Ages]] (year 1000)]]

* In [[continental Europe]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]] established itself as the most powerful state. The Holy Roman Emperor [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] made a pilgrimage from [[Rome]] to [[Aachen]] and [[Gniezno]] ([[Gnesen]]), stopping at [[Regensburg]], [[Meissen]], [[Magdeburg]], and Gniezno. The [[Congress of Gniezno]] (with [[Bolesław I the Brave]]) was part of his [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimage]]. In Rome, he built the basilica of [[San Bartolomeo all'Isola]], to host the relics of [[Bartholomew the Apostle|St. Bartholomew]].
* In the [[Kingdom of France]], [[Robert II of France|Robert II]], the son of [[Hugh Capet]], was the first King of the [[House of Capet|Capetian royal dynasty]]. 
* The [[Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty]] was engaged in a [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria|long and hard war]] with the [[First Bulgarian Empire]]. The Byzantine generals, [[Theodorokanos]] and [[Nikephoros Xiphias]] captured the former Bulgarian capitals of [[Pliska]] and [[Great Preslav]], along with [[Little Preslav]], extending Byzantine control over the northeastern portion of the Bulgarian state ([[Mysia]] and [[Scythia Minor]]). At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']] and of other medieval confederations of Slavic states.
* In [[Great Britain]], a unified [[Kingdom of England]] had developed out of the various [[Anglo-Saxon kingdoms]].
* In [[Scandinavia]], [[Christianization of Scandinavia|Christianization]] was in its early stages, with the [[Althing]] of the [[Icelandic Commonwealth]] embracing Christianity in the year 1000. On [[September 9]], the [[Monarchy of Norway|King of Norway]], [[Olaf Tryggvason]], was defeated by the Scandinavian kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Denmark (Middle Ages)|Denmark]] and [[Kingdom of Sweden (Middle Ages)|Sweden]] in the [[Battle of Svolder]]. [[Sweyn Forkbeard]] established Danish control over part of [[Norway]]. The city of [[Oslo]] was founded in Norway (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year [[2000]]). It is known that in or around this year, [[Norsemen|Norse]] explorer [[Leif Erikson]] became [[Norse colonization of North America|the first European to land in the Americas]], at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in modern-day [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]].
* The [[History of the papacy#Influence of powerful Roman families (904–1048)|papacy]] during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the ''[[saeculum obscurum]]'' ("Dark Age") or "pornocracy" ("rule of harlots"), a state of affairs that would result in the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] between [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] later in the 11th century.
* The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On [[December 25]], [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] was crowned as the first King of Hungary in [[Esztergom]].
* [[Sancho III of Pamplona]] became King of [[List of Aragonese monarchs|Aragon]] and [[List of Navarrese monarchs|Navarre]]. The [[Reconquista]] was gaining some ground, but the southern Iberian peninsula would still be dominated by Islam for centuries to come; [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]  was the world's largest city at this time, with 450,000 inhabitants.
* In the [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia]] the army of the [[Republic of Venice]] led by Doge [[Pietro II Orseolo]] [[Siege of Lastovo|conquered the island of Lastovo]].
* The [[Château de Goulaine]] [[vineyard]] was founded in [[Kingdom of France|France]]. 
* The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|archdiocese]] in [[Gniezno]] was founded; the first [[List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland|archbishop]] was [[Radim Gaudentius]], from [[Slavník dynasty]], and dioceses in [[Kołobrzeg]], [[Kraków]] and [[Wrocław]]. 
* The [[Bell foundry]] was founded in [[Italy]] by [[Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli]].

=== Islamic world ===
The [[Muslim world]] was in its [[Islamic Golden Age|Golden Age]]; still organised in [[caliphate]]s, it continued to be dominated by the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], with the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] to the west, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in North Africa, and experienced ongoing [[Early Muslim conquests|campaigns]] [[Islamization of the Sudan region|in Africa]] and [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|in India]]. At the time, [[History of Iran|Persia]] was in a period of instability, with various polities seceding from  Abbasid rule, among whom the [[Ghaznavids]] would emerge as the most powerful.

The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical [[Science in the medieval Islamic world|scientific achievements]]. Important scholars and scientists who flourished in AD 1000 include [[Al-Zahrawi]] (Abcasis), [[Ibn Yunus]] (publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir'' in [[Cairo]] in c. 1000), [[Abu Sahl al-Quhi]] (Kuhi), [[Abu-Mahmud Khujandi]], [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], [[Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani]], [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]], [[Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi|Ali Ibn Isa]], [[Al-Karaji]] (al-Karkhi), [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (''[[Book of Optics]]''), [[Avicenna]], [[Averroes]], and [[Al-Biruni]].

By this time, the [[Turkic migration]] from the [[Eurasian Steppe]] had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic tribes]] ([[Khazars]], [[Bulgars]], [[Pechenegs]] etc.) had been [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]].

=== Babylon abandoned ===
[[Babylon]] was abandoned around this year.

== Largest cities ==
#[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] – 450,000
#[[Kaifeng]], [[Song dynasty|Song Dynasty]] ([[China]]) – 400,000
#[[Constantinople]], [[Byzantine Empire]] – 300,000
#[[Angkor]], [[Khmer Empire]] ([[Cambodia]]) – 200,000
#[[Kyoto]], [[Heian period|Heian Period]] ([[Japan]]) – 175,000
#[[Cairo]], [[Fatimid Caliphate]] – 135,000
#[[Baghdad]], [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid Dynasty]] ([[Iraq]]) – 125,000
#[[Nishapur]], [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Dynasty]] ([[Iran]]) – 125,000
#[[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hasa]], [[Qarmatians|Qarmatian]] State ([[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]) – 110,000
#[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], Kingdom of Gujarat ([[India]]) – 100,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201c.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605084829/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201c.htm|archive-date=June 5, 2013|url-status=dead|title=Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000|publisher=About.com|website=About.com Geography}}
It references {{cite book |last1=Chandler |first1=Tertius |title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census |date=1987 |publisher=St. David's University Press.}}</ref>

== World population ==
{{Main|List of countries by population in 1000}}

== Births ==
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Robert I, Duke of Normandy|Robert I]], duke of [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] (d. [[1035]])
* [[Adalbert, Duke of Lorraine|Adalbert]], duke of [[Duchy of Lorraine|Upper Lorraine]] (d. [[1048]])
* [[Adalbert of Hamburg|Adalbert]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg|Hamburg]] (d. [[1072]])
* [[Argyrus (catepan of Italy)|Argyrus]], Byzantine general (approximate date)
* [[Berthold II, Duke of Carinthia|Berthold II]], duke of [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] (approximate date)
* [[Constantine IX Monomachos|Constantine IX]], Byzantine emperor (d. [[1055]])
* [[Dominic of Silos]], Spanish [[abbot]] (d. [[1073]])
* [[Egbert of Fulda|Egbert]], German [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] abbot (d. [[1058]])
* [[Saint Duthac|Duthac]], patron saint of [[Tain]] ([[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]) (d. [[1065]])
* [[Gilbert, Count of Brionne|Gilbert]], Norman [[Nobility|nobleman]] (approximate date)
* [[Guigues I of Albon|Guigues I]], French nobleman (approximate date)
* [[Saint Irmgardis|Irmgardis]], German noblewoman and saint (d.  [[1065]] or [[1082]]/[[1089]])
* [[John Mauropous]], Byzantine [[hymn]]ographer (d. c.[[1070]]/[[1092]])
* [[Kyiso]], Burmese king of the [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan Dynasty]] (d. [[1038]])
* [[Liudolf of Lotharingia|Liudolf]], German nobleman (approximate date)
* [[Lý Thái Tông]], Vietnamese emperor (d. [[1054]])
* [[Michael I Cerularius|Michael I]], Byzantine [[patriarch]] (approximate date)
* [[Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi]], Fatimid scholar (d. [[1078]])
* [[Otto Bolesławowic]], Polish prince (d. [[1033]])
* [[Qawam al-Dawla]], Buyid governor (d. [[1028]])
* [[Robert de Turlande (saint)|Robert de Turlande]], French [[priest]] (d. [[1067]])
* [[Rotho]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paderborn|Paderborn]] (approximate date)
* [[Pope Sylvester III|Sylvester III]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (d. [[1063]])
* [[Uta von Ballenstedt]], margravine of [[Margravate of Meissen|Meissen]]
* [[William V of Auvergne|William V]], count of [[History of Auvergne|Auvergne]] (d. [[1064]])
* [[Yi Yuanji]]. Chinese [[Chinese painting|painter]] (approximate date)

== Deaths ==
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Ramwod|Ramwold]], German Benedictine monk and abbot
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Olaf Tryggvason]] (or '''Olaf I'''), king of [[Norway]]
* [[Abu'l Haret Ahmad]], Farighunid ruler (approximate date)
* [[Abu-Mahmud Khojandi]], Persian [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|astronomer]] and [[Mathematics in medieval Islam/mathematician]]
* [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī]], Persian [[Science in the medieval Islamic world|physician]], mathematician and astronomer
* [[Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi]], Persian physician
* [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]], Arab traveller and writer (approximate date)
* [[Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar|Ælfthryth]], English queen and wife of [[Edgar the Peaceful|Edgar I]] (approximate date)
* [[Barjawan]], vizier and [[regent]] of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]
* [[Fantinus]] ('''the Younger'''), Italian [[hermit]] and abbot
* [[García Sánchez II of Pamplona|García Sáchez II]], king of [[Kingdom of Navarra|Pamplona]] (approximate date)
* [[Gosse Ludigman]], governor (''[[Podestà|potestaat]]'') of [[Friesland]]
* [[Huyan Zan]], Chinese general of the [[Song dynasty|Song Dynasty]]
* [[Ivar of Waterford]], Norse [[Vikings|Viking]] king of [[Kingdom of Dublin|Dublin]]
* [[Jacob ibn Jau]], Andalusian-Jewish [[silk]]-manufacturer
* [[Judah ben David Hayyuj]], Moroccan-Jewish [[Linguistics|linguist]]
* [[Malfrida]], Russian Grand Princess consort of [[Kievan Rus'|Kiev]]
* [[Manfred I of Turin|Manfred I]], Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
* [[Princess Masako (Reizei)|Masako]], Japanese empress consort (b. [[950]]) 
* [[Minamoto no Shigeyuki]], Japanese ''[[Waka (poetry)|waka]]'' poet 
* [[Shahriyar III]], Bavand ruler of [[Tabaristan]] 
* [[Tyra of Denmark]], queen consort of Norway
* [[Ukhtanes of Sebastia]], Armenian historian

== See also ==
{{portal|History}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger ''The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium'' (1999) {{ISBN|0-316-55840-0}}
* John Man ''Atlas of the Year 1000'' (1999) {{ISBN|0-14-051419-8}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=The Year 1000: When Explorers Connected the World―and Globalization Began |year=2020 |author=Valerie Hansen |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-1501194108 }}

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[[Category:1000]]