View source for 9M119 Svir/Refleks

{{short description|Gun-launched anti-tank missile}}
{{Infobox weapon
|name= 9K120 Svir / 9K119 Refleks / 9K119M Refleks-M <br /><small>AT-11 Sniper</small>
|image=9M119F1_Invar-M.jpg
|caption= 9M119F1 missile
|origin= [[Soviet Union]]
|type= [[ATGM]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=
|is_artillery=
|is_vehicle=
|is_missile=yes
|is_UK=
<!-- Service history -->
|service= 1985–present <ref name="Deagel">{{cite web |title=Refleks |url=https://www.deagel.com/Defensive%20Weapons/Refleks/a001002 |website=Deagel.com |publisher=Deagel |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517102639/https://www.deagel.com/Defensive%20Weapons/Refleks/a001002 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|used_by= Soviet Union<br />Russia<br />China<br />India<br />Serbia<br />South Korea
|wars= [[First Chechen War]]<br>[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chacko |first1=Joseph P. |title=Not the 'Best Tanks in the World' - Russian T-72B3 Destroys M1A1 Abrams in First Shot -in a Tank on Tank |url=https://frontierindia.com/not-the-best-tanks-in-the-world-russian-t-72b3-destroys-m1a1-abrams-in-first-shot-in-a-tank-on-tank-battle/#google_vignette |website=Frontier India |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=en |date=7 March 2024}}</ref>
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= [[KBP Instrument Design Bureau|Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP)]] 
|design_date= 1980s
|manufacturer= [[Degtyarev plant]]
|unit_cost= $37,500 (2012)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2012/10/19/invar/ |title=Индия купит десять тысяч российских противотанковых ракет |access-date=2012-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021211407/http://lenta.ru/news/2012/10/19/invar/ |archive-date=2012-10-21 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2012/10/19/invar/ |title=Lenta.ru: Оружие: Индия купит десять тысяч российских противотанковых ракет |access-date=2012-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021211407/http://lenta.ru/news/2012/10/19/invar/ |archive-date=2012-10-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|production_date= 1980s–present
|number=
|variants= 9M119M
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=
|weight= 16.5 / 17.2 kg<ref name=fofanovatgms>{{Cite web |url=http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/ARM/atgm/ammo.html |title=125mm Guided Rounds |access-date=2018-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507172101/http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/ARM/atgm/ammo.html |archive-date=2018-05-07 |url-status = live}}</ref>
|length=
|part_length=
|width=
|height=
|diameter= 125 mm
|crew=
|sights=
<!-- Explosive specifications -->
|filling= [[Tandem HEAT|Tandem hollow-charge]]
|filling_weight= 4.5 kg
|detonation=
|yield=
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
|armour=
|primary_armament=
|secondary_armament=
|engine=
|engine_power=
|pw_ratio=
|transmission=
|payload_capacity=
|suspension=
|clearance=
|wingspan=
|propellant=
|fuel_capacity=
|vehicle_range= 4,000 / 5,000 m
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|depth=
|boost=
|speed= Supersonic
|guidance= Laser [[beam riding]]
|steering=
|accuracy=
|launch_platform= 125 mm smoothbore guns
|transport=
}}
The '''9K120 ''Svir''''', '''9K119 ''Refleks''''', '''9K119M ''Refleks-M''''' ([[NATO reporting name]] '''AT-11''' '''''Sniper''''')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a27023/russias-new-tank-will-out-stick-americas-abrams/ |title=Russian T-14 Tanks Get Anti-Tank Missile with 7-Mile Range |access-date=2018-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116074414/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a27023/russias-new-tank-will-out-stick-americas-abrams/ |archive-date=2018-11-16 |url-status = live}}</ref> are laser [[beam riding]], guided [[anti-tank missile]] systems developed in the [[Soviet Union]]. Both are designed to be fired from smoothbore 125&nbsp;mm tank and anti-tank guns ([[2A45]], [[2A46]] and 2A46M). The name ''Svir'' comes from the [[River Svir]], while ''Refleks'' means [[reflex]]. 

==History==
The first guided [[anti-tank missile]] system fired from smoothbore 125&nbsp;mm tank guns, the [[9K112 Kobra]], appeared on Soviet T-64B tanks in 1976. However, they were incompatible with the autoloader of the T-72 tanks (while the T-64 also had an autoloader, it was very different from the one in T-72), so the new missile system was developed for T-72.

==9K120 Svir==
The ''Svir'' is used with the [[T-72]]B tank series since 1985.

==9K119 Refleks==
The ''Refleks'' appeared in 1992 and was installed in [[T-90]] tank series.

It has also been produced by the [[People's Republic of China]] for use with its [[Type 99 tank]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Janes Armor and Artillery Upgrades|url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jaau/jaau0121.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630044809/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jaau/jaau0121.html|url-status = dead|archive-date=2012-06-30}}</ref> 

The Indian defence ministry has signed a contract with [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] (BDL), a public sector company under Department of Defence Production, for supplying Invar Anti Tank Guided Missiles to the Indian Army. BDL has been manufacturing these missiles under technical collaboration with [[Rosoboronexport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2013/08/21/india_signs_471_million_contract_for_russian_invar_missiles_28667 |title=India signs $471 million contract for Russian Invar missiles &#124; Russia & India Report |website=[[Russia Beyond]] |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803125604/https://www.rbth.com/economics/2013/08/21/india_signs_471_million_contract_for_russian_invar_missiles_28667 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>A further order worth about Rs.3,000 crores is to be announced shortlyto equip Indian T-90 tanks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/india-s-defence-boost-rs-3-000-crore-invar-missile-deal-awaits-cabinet-nod/ar-AA1FyuYM?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=1b0089357f5a41b9cb2f1accca5a158b&ei=69 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> It can also be fired from the [[2A45 Sprut-B]] anti-tank gun.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jane's Ammunition Handbook 2003-2004|publisher=Janes Information Group|year=2003}}</ref>

==9K119M Refleks-M==
9M119M "Refleks-M" missiles ([[Main Missile and Artillery Directorate|GRAU]] designation: 3UKB20) can be fired from the T-72B, T-80U, and T-90S through the use of a 1K13-49 sight,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bastion-opk.ru/t-72bm-tank/ |title=Modernized main battle tank T-72B (T-72BM, T-72BA) |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=bastion-opk.ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926210440/http://bastion-opk.ru/t-72bm-tank/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-09-26 }}</ref> are ejected using the 9Kh949 ejecting mechanism, and the rocket motor ignites as soon as the missile exits the barrel. Ram air collected by the air intakes in the nose is used to provide power to move the control fins.<ref name="t728090">{{cite web|url=http://artofwar.ru/w/wechkanow_i_w/vivboewyetanki-semejstwot-72t-80t-90wtoroeizdanie19122011.shtml|title=Танки - Т-72, Т-80, Т-90 (Второе издание 19 December 2011)|date=19 December 2011|language=ru|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129050514/http://artofwar.ru/w/wechkanow_i_w/vivboewyetanki-semejstwot-72t-80t-90wtoroeizdanie19122011.shtml|archive-date=29 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The 17.2&nbsp;kg (37.8 pound) missile is 690&nbsp;mm (27.1 inches) long and has pop-out fins (with a 250&nbsp;mm/69 girth span) that aid in guidance. The missile is guided by the modulated laser beam steered by the tank gunner. The missile has a maximum range of 5,000 meters at a speed of 350 meters per second (17.69 seconds max flight time). The Svir/Reflex enables the tank to hit targets at twice the range of the 125mm shells. The tandem warhead can penetrate up to 900&nbsp;mm of armor (35.4 inches). 9M119M "Refleks-M" was put into service in 1992, and the modernized variant 9M119M1 in the second half of the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zid.ru/products/defence/51/detail/159 |title=Завод им. В.А. Дегтярева / Выстрел 3УБК20 с управляемой ракетой 9М119М |access-date=2014-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205522/http://www.zid.ru/products/defence/51/detail/159 |archive-date=2018-09-26 |url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.btvt.narod.ru/4/tyr125.htm |title=Комплекс управляемого вооружения 9К119М «Рефлекс-М» |access-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026131113/http://www.btvt.narod.ru/4/tyr125.htm |archive-date=2014-10-26 |url-status = live}}</ref> There are also high explosive versions produced named 9M119F and 9M119F1 which are intended to defeat enemy personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zid.ru/eng/products/90/ |title=Open Joint Stock Company "V.A.Degtyarev Plant" / Anti-tank arms |access-date=2014-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222144423/http://www.zid.ru/eng/products/90/ |archive-date=2014-12-22 |url-status = live}}</ref>

==Similar weapons==
* United States: [[MGM-51 Shillelagh]] used with the [[M551 Sheridan]] light tank, and the short lived [[M60A2]] MBT.
* United States: [[XM1111 Mid-Range Munition]] which was attempted to be developed for the [[M1 Abrams|M1A2 SEP Abrams]] MBT.
* Russia: [[9K112 Kobra]] (AT-8 Songster) is also fired through 125-mm smoothbore gun tubes.
* India: [[SAMHO]] fired from 120mm main gun of Arjun MBT.
* Israel: [[LAHAT]], used with their 105 and 120-mm gun tubes.
* France: {{Interlanguage link|Anti-Char Rapide Autopropulsé|fr|lt=ACRA}} 142mm anti-tank missile, tested on a version of the [[AMX-30]] MBT.
* [[Ukraine]]: {{Interlanguage link|Kombat (missile)|lt=Kombat|uk|Комбат (ПТКР)|ru|Комбат (ПТУР)}} [[tandem-charge|tandem-warhead]] ATGM with a 5,000-m effective range, fired from 125-mm smoothbore guns. 950&nbsp;mm penetration.<ref>''Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006'', p 133.</ref>
* [[Iran]]: Reversed engineered version of the Svir with max range of 4,000 meters named Tondar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://modlex.ir/cgi-bin/store.pl/page=product.html/pid=MXF05-000160 |title=Modlex product: MXF05-000160 Tondar Anti Armour Guided Missile |website=modlex.ir |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413004446/http://modlex.ir/cgi-bin/store.pl/page=product.html/pid=MXF05-000160 |archive-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Specifications==
<ref name=fofanovatgms/> {{Better source needed|date=October 2023}}
* Range:
** Svir: 75 to 4,000 m
** Refleks: 75 to 5,000 m
* Weight (complete round):
** Svir: 28&nbsp;kg
** Refleks: 24.3&nbsp;kg
* Missile Weight:
** Svir: 16.5&nbsp;kg
** Refleks: 17.2&nbsp;kg
* Warhead: Tandem HEAT
* Penetration: 700–900&nbsp;mm of RHA
* Time of flight to 4,000 m: 11.7 s
* Time of flight to 5,000 m: 17.6 s

==Operators==
===Current operators===
* {{flag|China}}
* {{flag|Cyprus}}
* {{flag|Georgia}}
* {{flag|Iran}}
* {{flag|Iraq}}: 9K119M Refleks-M, used in Iraqi Army T90 
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|Morocco}}: 9K120 variant, used in Moroccan Army T-72Bs.
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: According to [[SIPRI]] Pakistan received 1,920 9M119 from Belarus by 1999 to be used on its [[T-80UD]], although current status uncertain<ref>"Transfers of major weapons: Deals with deliveries or orders made for 1999 to 2021", SIPRI Arms Transfers Database.</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Olesya Zagorskaya|title=CSTO Countries as Suppliers of Military Equipment|url=https://dfnc.ru/en/journal/2022-1-72/csto-countries-as-suppliers-of-military-equipment/|access-date=2022-09-01|archive-date=2022-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703002829/https://dfnc.ru/en/journal/2022-1-72/csto-countries-as-suppliers-of-military-equipment/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russia}}
* {{flag|Serbia}}
* {{flag|Syria}}: 9K120 Svir and 9K119 Refleks variants used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/modern/syria|title=Syrian Arab Republic (Modern)|publisher=Tank Encyclopedia|access-date=8 June 2024|archive-date=9 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609120122/https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/modern/syria|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ukraine}}: Captured 30 examples from retreating Russian Army positions in Kharkiv oblast September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|author=@UAWeapons|title=Weapons capture during 2022 Ukraine Russia war|url=https://twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1570899707446300674/|access-date=2022-09-17|archive-date=2022-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916230627/https://twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1570899707446300674|url-status=live}}</ref> {{better source needed|date=January 2024}}
* {{flag|Vietnam}}

===Former operators===
* {{flag|Soviet Union}} - Passed on to Russia.
* {{flag|Republic of Korea}} - Retired in early 2019, with the [[T-80U]] Main battle tanks.

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Commons category}}
* ''Jane's Ammunition Handbook 2003–2004''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222081223/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/Red-Star/issues/OCT95/OCT95.HTML RED THRUST STAR : U.S. Forces Command OPFOR Training Program]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720002227/https://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/10877-1/fm/3-19.4/appendl.htm FM 3-19.4 : Weapon Appendix]

{{Russian and Soviet missiles|ATM}}

[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:KBP Instrument Design Bureau products]]
[[Category:Degtyarev Plant products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]]