View source for 5535 Annefrank

{{Short description|Florian asteroid}}
{{Infobox planet
 | minorplanet     = yes
 | name            = 5535 Annefrank
 | background      = #D6D6D6
 | image           = Annefrank-mirror.png
 | image_scale      =
 | caption         = Annefrank viewed by ''[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]'' in 2002
 | discovery_ref   = <ref name="jpldata" />
 | discovered      = 23 March 1942
 | discoverer      = [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth]]
 | discovery_site  = [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory|Heidelberg Obs.]]
 | mpc_name        = (5535) Annefrank
 | alt_names       = 1942 EM{{·}}{{mp|1978 EK|6}}<br />{{mp|1986 TV|14}}{{·}}{{mp|1991 BO|2}}
 | named_after     = [[Anne Frank]]<br />{{small|(Holocaust victim)}}<ref name="springer" />
 | mp_category     = [[main-belt]]{{·}}[[Flora family|Flora]]<ref name="lcdb" />
 | orbit_ref       = <ref name="jpldata" />
 | epoch           = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
 | uncertainty     = 0
 | observation_arc = 75.02 yr (27,400 days)
 | aphelion        = 2.3527 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
 | perihelion      = 2.0721 AU
 | semimajor       = 2.2124 AU
 | eccentricity    = 0.0634
 | period          = 3.29 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,202 days)
 | mean_anomaly    = 23.021[[Degree (angle)|°]]
 | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.2995|sup=ms}} / day
 | inclination     = 4.2473°
 | asc_node        = 120.64°
 | arg_peri        = 9.1351°
 | dimensions      = (6.6 x 5.0 x 3.4 km)<ref name="jpldata" /><br />{{val|4.34|0.23}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />4.8 km<ref name="jpldata" /><br />4.94 km {{small|(calculated)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
 | rotation        = {{val|15.12}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="Schmidt-2007" /><br />{{val|15.156|0.0474}} h<ref name="Waszczak-2015" /><br />{{val|21.33|0.990}} h<ref name="Chang-2015" />
 | albedo          = {{val|0.21|0.03}}<ref name="Duxbury-2004" /><br />0.24 {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.279|0.092}}<ref name="Hillier-2011" /><br />{{val|0.311|0.056}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" />
 | spectral_type   = [[S-type asteroid|S]]<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Duxbury-2004" />
 | abs_magnitude   = {{val|13.650|0.120}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Chang-2015" />{{·}}{{val|13.679|0.001}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Waszczak-2015" />{{·}}13.7<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Masiero-2012" />{{·}}{{val|13.88|0.32}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />
}}
[[File:Animation of Stardust trajectory.gif|300px|thumb|right|Animation of Stardust {{'s}} trajectory from 7 February 1999 to 7 April 2011<br /> {{legend2|magenta| Stardust }}{{·}}{{legend2|lime|[[81P/Wild]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Royalblue|[[Earth]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Cyan|5535 Annefrank }}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|[[Tempel 1]] }}]]
'''5535 Annefrank''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|ˈ|f|r|æ|ŋ|k|audio=Anne Frank Pronounce 10.ogg}} {{respell|an|FRANK}}), provisional designation '''{{mp|1942 EM}}''', is a stony [[Flora family|Florian]] [[asteroid]] and suspected [[Contact binary (asteroid)|contact binary]] from the inner [[asteroid belt]], approximately 4.5 kilometers in diameter. It was used as a target to practice the flyby technique that the ''[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]'' space probe would later use on the comet [[81P/Wild|Wild&nbsp;2]].<ref name="Duxbury-2004" />

The asteroid was discovered 23 March 1942, by German astronomer [[Karl Reinmuth]] at [[Heidelberg Observatory]] in southwest Germany.<ref name="MPC-Annefrank" />  It was named after [[Anne Frank]], a victim of [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="springer" />

== Orbit and classification ==

Annefrank is a member of the [[Flora family]], one of the largest collisional populations of [[S-type asteroid|stony asteroids]] in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|inner]] main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.4&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 3 years and 3 months (1,202 days). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.06 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 4[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" />

The body's [[observation arc]] begins at [[Crimea–Nauchnij]] in 1978, with its identification as {{mp|1978 EK6}}, 36 years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.<ref name="MPC-Annefrank" />

== Physical characteristics ==

Annefrank has been characterized as a common [[S-type asteroid]].<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Duxbury-2004" />

=== Diameter, albedo and shape ===

On 2 November 2002, the [[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust space probe]] flew past Annefrank at a distance of 3079&nbsp;km. Its images show the asteroid to be 6.6 × 5.0 × 3.4&nbsp;km, twice as big as previously thought, and its main body shaped like a triangular prism with several visible [[impact crater]]s.<ref name="Duxbury-2004" /> From the photographs, the [[albedo]] of Annefrank was computed to be between 0.18 and 0.24.<ref name="Duxbury-2004" /> Preliminary analysis of the Stardust imagery suggests that Annefrank may be a [[Contact binary (asteroid)|contact binary]], although other possible explanations exist for its observed shape.<ref name="Duxbury-2004" />

=== Rotation and poles ===

In October 2006, ground-based [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations were used in an attempt to measure Annefrank{{'}}s [[rotational period]]. Analysis of the ambiguous [[lightcurve]] gave a period of {{val|15.12}} hours and a brightness variation of 0.25 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] with two alternative period solutions of 12 and 22.8 hours, respectively ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2]]}}).<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Schmidt-2007" />

In January 2014, photometric observations at the [[Palomar Transient Factory]] gave a rotation period of {{val|15.156}} and {{val|21.33}} hours with an amplitude of 0.17 and 0.20 magnitude, respectively ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2/2]]}}).<ref name="Waszczak-2015" /><ref name="Chang-2015" />

The lightcurve data suggests that Annefrank is not [[Lambertian reflection|Lambertian]], meaning that surface features, such as shadows from boulders and craters, play a role in the object's perceived brightness and not just the asteroid's relative size when seen from that orientation.<ref name="Schmidt-2007" />

The body's shortest axis is approximately aligned perpendicular to its [[Orbital plane (astronomy)|orbital plane]].<ref name="Duxbury-2004" />

== Naming ==

This [[minor planet]] was named after [[Anne Frank]], the German-Dutch-Jewish diarist who died in a [[Nazi concentration camps|Nazi concentration camp]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref name="springer" /> The official naming citation was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 14 May 1995 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 25230}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
  |type       = 2017-03-29 last obs.
  |title      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 5535 Annefrank (1942 EM)
  |url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005535
  |publisher  = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
  |access-date = 22 June 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book
  |title      = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (5535) Annefrank
  |last       = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
  |publisher  = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
  |page       = 472
  |date       = 2007
  |isbn       = 978-3-540-00238-3
  |doi       = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5280 |chapter       = (5535) Annefrank }}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Annefrank">{{cite web
  |title      = 5535 Annefrank (1942 EM)
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=5535
  |access-date = 20 March 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
  |title      = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
  |access-date = 20 March 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Duxbury-2004">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Thomas C. |last1 = Duxbury
  |first2     = Ray L. |last2 = Newburn
  |first3     = Charles H. |last3 = Acton
  |first4     = Eric |last4 = Carranza
  |first5     = Timothy P. |last5 = McElrath
  |first6     = Robert E. |last6 = Ryan
  |first7     = Stephen P. |last7 = Synnott
  |first8     = T. Han |last8 = You
  |first9     = Donald E. |last9 = Brownlee
  |first10    = Allan R. |last10 = Cheuvront
  |first11    = William R. |last11 = Adams
  |first12    = Scott L. |last12 = Toro-Allen
  |first13    = Sandra |last13 = Freund
  |first14    = Kevin V. |last14 = Gilliland
  |first15    = Kelly J. |last15 = Irish
  |first16    = Charles R. |last16 = Love
  |first17    = J. Greg |last17 = McAllister
  |first18    = Susan J. |last18 = Mumaw
  |first19    = Thomas H. |last19 = Oliver
  |first20    = David E. |last20 = Perkins
  |date       = February 2004
  |title      = Asteroid 5535 Annefrank size, shape, and orientation: Stardust first results
  |url        = https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/handle/2014/7110/03-0715.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  |journal    = Journal of Geophysical Research
  |volume     = 109
  |issue      = E2
  |pages     = E02002 |bibcode    = 2004JGRE..109.2002D 
  |doi        = 10.1029/2003JE002108
  |access-date= 22 June 2017|doi-access= free
  }}</ref>

<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
  |title      = LCDB Data for (5535) Annefrank
  |publisher  = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
  |url        = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=5535%7CAnnefrank
  |access-date = 20 March 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
  |first2     = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
  |first3     = T. |last3 = Grav
  |first4     = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
  |first5     = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
  |first6     = C. |last6 = Nugent
  |first7     = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera
  |date       = November 2012
  |title      = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids
  |url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M
  |journal    = The Astrophysical Journal Letters
  |volume     = 759
  |issue      = 1
  |page       = 5
  |bibcode    = 2012ApJ...759L...8M
  |doi        = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
  |arxiv      = 1209.5794
  |access-date= 20 March 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Hillier-2011">{{Cite journal
  |first1     = John K. |last1 = Hillier
  |first2     = James M. |last2 = Bauer
  |first3     = Bonnie J. |last3 = Buratti
  |date       = January 2011
  |title      = Photometric modeling of Asteroid 5535 Annefrank from Stardust observations
  |url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011Icar..211..546H
  |journal    = Icarus
  |volume     = 211
  |issue      = 1
  |pages      = 546–552
  |bibcode    = 2011Icar..211..546H
  |doi        = 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.10.009
  |access-date= 20 March 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Schmidt-2007">{{Cite journal
  |first1     = B. E. |last1 = Schmidt
  |first2     = J. |last2 = Bauer
  |first3     = B. J. |last3 = Buratti
  |first4     = C. T. |last4 = Russell
  |date       = March 2007
  |title      = Rotational Light Curve and Rotation Period of 5535 Annefrank
  |url        = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/1859.pdf
  |journal    = 38th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
  |issue = 1338
  |page       = 1859
  |bibcode    = 2007LPI....38.1859S
  |access-date= 20 March 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Chang-2015">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Chan-Kao |last1 = Chang
  |first2     = Wing-Huen |last2 = Ip |author-link2= Ip Wing-huen
  |first3     = Hsing-Wen |last3 = Lin
  |first4     = Yu-Chi |last4 = Cheng
  |first5     = Chow-Choong |last5 = Ngeow
  |first6     = Ting-Chang |last6 = Yang
  |first7     = Adam |last7 = Waszczak
  |first8     = Shrinivas R. |last8 = Kulkarni
  |first9     = David |last9 = Levitan
  |first10    = Branimir |last10 = Sesar
  |first11    = Russ |last11 = Laher
  |first12    = Jason |last12 = Surace
  |first13    = Thomas. A. |last13 = Prince
  |date       = August 2015
  |title      = Asteroid Spin-rate Study Using the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory
  |url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015ApJS..219...27C
  |journal    = The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
  |volume     = 219
  |issue      = 2
  |page       = 19
  |bibcode    = 2015ApJS..219...27C
  |doi        = 10.1088/0067-0049/219/2/27
  |arxiv      = 1506.08493
  |access-date= 20 March 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Waszczak-2015">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Adam |last1 = Waszczak
  |first2     = Chan-Kao |last2 = Chang
  |first3     = Eran O. |last3 = Ofek
  |first4     = Russ |last4 = Laher
  |first5     = Frank |last5 = Masci
  |first6     = David |last6 = Levitan
  |first7     = Jason |last7 = Surace
  |first8     = Yu-Chi |last8 = Cheng
  |first9     = Wing-Huen |last9 = Ip
  |first10    = Daisuke |last10 = Kinoshita
  |first11    = George |last11 = Helou
  |first12    = Thomas A. |last12 = Prince
  |first13    = Shrinivas |last13 = Kulkarni
  |date       = September 2015
  |title      = Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry
  |url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015AJ....150...75W
  |journal    = The Astronomical Journal
  |volume     = 150
  |issue      = 3
  |page       = 35
  |bibcode    = 2015AJ....150...75W
  |doi        = 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75
  |arxiv      = 1504.04041
  |access-date= 20 March 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Peter |last1 = Veres
  |first2     = Robert |last2 = Jedicke
  |first3     = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons
  |first4     = Larry |last4 = Denneau
  |first5     = Mikael |last5 = Granvik
  |first6     = Bryce |last6 = Bolin
  |first7     = Serge |last7 = Chastel
  |first8     = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat
  |first9     = William S. |last9 = Burgett
  |first10    = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers
  |first11    = Heather |last11 = Flewelling
  |first12    = Nick |last12 = Kaiser
  |first13    = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier
  |first14    = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan
  |first15    = Paul A. |last15 = Price
  |first16    = John L. |last16 = Tonry
  |first17    = Christopher |last17 = Waters
  |date       = November 2015
  |title      = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results
  |url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V
  |journal    = Icarus
  |volume     = 261
  |pages      = 34–47
  |bibcode    = 2015Icar..261...34V
  |doi        = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
  |arxiv      = 1506.00762
  |access-date= 20 March 2017}}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/top/stardust/5535.htm A page with images from the Stardust flyby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091005/http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/top/stardust/5535.htm |date=2011-09-27 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111014/http://www.strykfoto.org/stardust.htm Ted Stryk's Stardust page, including enhanced images of 5535 Annefrank]
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=2017-12-16 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{JPL Small Body}}

{{Minor planets navigator|(5534) 1941 UN|number=5535|5536 Honeycutt}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Anne Frank}}
{{Cultural depictions of Anne Frank}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annefrank}}
[[Category:Flora asteroids|005535]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Minor planets visited by spacecraft|20021102]]
[[Category:Anne Frank]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids|005535]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1942|19420323]]