View source for 4-4-0

{{Short description|Locomotive wheel arrangement}}
{{Infobox steam wheel arrangement
| name             = 4-4-0 ("American" or "Eight-Wheeler")
| image            = WheelArrangement 4-4-0.svg
| alt              = Diagram of two small leading wheels and two large coupled wheels
| caption          = Front of locomotive at left
| image2           = 1836 Campbell 4-4-0 Steam Locomotive patent.png
| alt2             = 
| caption2         = 1836 Patent drawing of the first 4-4-0 locomotive
<!--Equivalent classifications-->
| hatnote          = 
| UIC/Germany/Italy= 2′B 
| French/Spanish   = 220
| Turkish          = 24
| Swiss            = 2/4
| Russian          = 2-2-0
<!--First tank engine version-->
| date             = 1849
| country          = United Kingdom
| locomotive       = [[GWR Bogie Class]]
| railway          = [[South Devon Railway Company|South Devon Railway]]
| designer         = 
| builder          = [[Great Western Railway]]
| evolvedfrom      = 
| evolvedto        = 
| mainbenefit      = 
| maindrawback     = 
<!--First tender engine version-->
| date2            = 1836
| country2         = [[United States]] 
| locomotive2      = 
| railway2         = Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railway
| designer2        = [[Henry Roe Campbell]]
| builder2         = Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railway
| evolvedfrom2     = {{whyte|4-2-0}}
| evolvedto2       = {{whyte|4-4-2}}
| mainbenefit2     = Better tractive effort than the 4-2-0
| maindrawback2    = Could only pull a few cars due to its small size
<!--First "True type" version-->
| date3            = 
| country3         = 
| locomotive3      = 
| railway3         = 
| designer3        = 
| builder3         = 
| evolvedfrom3     = 
| evolvedto3       = 
| mainbenefit3     = 
| maindrawback3    = 
}}

'''4-4-0''', in the [[Whyte notation]], denotes a [[steam locomotive]] with a [[wheel arrangement]] of four [[leading wheel]]s on two axles (usually in a leading [[bogie]]), four powered and coupled [[driving wheel]]s on two axles, and no [[trailing wheel]]s.

First built in the 1830s, locomotives with this wheel arrangement were known as "'''standard'''" or "'''Eight-Wheeler'''" type. In the first half of the 19th century, almost every major railroad in [[North America]] owned and operated locomotives of this type, and many rebuilt their {{whyte|4-2-0}} and {{whyte|2-4-0}} locomotives as 4-4-0s.<ref name="White" /><ref name="Kinert">Kinert, Reed. (1962). ''Early American steam locomotives; 1st seven decades: 1830-1900''. Seattle, WA: Superior Publishing Company.</ref>

In April 1872, ''[[Railroad Gazette]]'' used "'''American'''" as the name of the type. The type subsequently also became popular in the United Kingdom, where large numbers were produced.<ref name="White">White, John H., Jr. (1968). ''A history of the American locomotive; its development: 1830-1880''. New York: [[Dover Publications]], pp. 46-. {{ISBN|0-486-23818-0}}</ref>

The vast majority of 4-4-0 locomotives had [[Tender (rail)|tenders]], though some [[tank locomotive]]s (designated 4-4-0T) were built.

== Development ==

===American development===
Five years after new locomotive construction had begun at the [[West Point Foundry]] in the United States with the {{whyte|0-4-0}} ''[[Best Friend of Charleston]]'' in 1831, the first 4-4-0 locomotive was designed by [[Henry Roe Campbell|Henry R. Campbell]], at the time the chief [[engineer]] for the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railway. Campbell received a [[patent]] for the design in February 1836 and soon set to work building the first 4-4-0.<ref name="White"/>

At the time, Campbell's 4-4-0 was a giant among locomotives. Its [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]]s had a {{convert|14|in|adj=on}} bore with a {{convert|16|in|adj=on}} [[piston]] stroke, it boasted {{convert|54|in||adj=mid|-diameter}} driving wheels, could maintain {{cvt|90|psi}} of steam [[pressure]] and weighed {{convert|12|ST|t}}. Campbell's locomotive was estimated to be able to pull a train of {{convert|450|ST|t}} at {{cvt|15|mph|km/h}} on level track, outperforming the strongest of [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin's]] {{whyte|4-2-0}}s in tractive effort by about 63%. However, the frame and driving gear of his locomotive proved to be too rigid for the railroads of the time, which caused Campbell's prototype to be [[derailment]]-prone. The most obvious cause was the lack of a weight equalizing system for the drivers.<ref name="White"/>

[[File:440woodcut.jpg|thumb|An 1880s woodcut of a {{nowrap|4-4-0}} locomotive]]
At about the same time as Campbell was building his 4-4-0, the company of Eastwick and Harrison was building its own version of the 4-4-0. This locomotive, named ''Hercules'', was completed in 1837 for the [[Lehigh Valley Railroad#1850-1860|Beaver Meadow Railroad]]. It was built with a leading bogie that was separate from the locomotive frame, making it much more suitable for the tight curves and quick grade changes of early railroads. The ''Hercules'' initially suffered from poor tracking, which was corrected by giving it an effective springing system when returned to its builder for remodeling.<ref name="White"/>

[[File:HABS - Norris Locomotive Works stone at the Washington Monument (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|1856 relief sculpture of a 4-4-0 commissioned by the Norris Locomotive Works, depicting an early model prior to the adoption of the covered cab]]
[[File:Richmond & Petersburg Railroad 02705r.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of a 4-4-0 locomotive of the [[Richmond & Petersburg Railroad]], Richmond Virginia 1865]]

Even though the ''Hercules'' and its successors from Eastwick and Harrison proved the viability of the new wheel arrangement, the company remained the sole builders of this type of locomotive for another two years. [[Norris Locomotive Works]] built that company's first 4-4-0 in 1839, followed by [[Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works]], the Locks & Canals Machine Shop and the Newcastle Manufacturing Company in 1840. After Henry Campbell sued other manufacturers and railroads for infringing on his patent, [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] settled with him in 1845 by purchasing a license to build {{whyte|4-4-0s}}.<ref name="White"/>

[[File:Atlantic & St. Lawrence Railroad Locomotive.jpg|thumb|Short wheelbased [[St Lawrence & Atlantic Railroad]] ''Coos'', c. 1856, Longueuil, Quebec]]
As the 1840s progressed, the design of the 4-4-0 changed little, but the dimensions of a typical example of this type increased. The [[boiler]] was lengthened, drivers grew in diameter and the firegrate was increased in area. Early {{whyte|4-4-0s}} were short enough that it was most practical to connect the pistons to the rear drivers, but as the boiler was lengthened, the [[connecting rod]]s were more frequently connected to the front drivers.<ref name="White"/>

In the 1850s, locomotive manufacturers began extending the wheelbase of the leading bogie and the drivers as well as the tender bogies. By placing the axles farther apart, manufacturers were able to mount a wider boiler completely above the wheels that extended beyond the sides of the wheels. This gave newer locomotives increased heating and steaming capacity, which translated to higher tractive effort.  Similarly, by placing the leading bogie axles further apart enabled the cylinders to be placed between them in a more horizontal orientation, thereby distributing the engine's weight more evenly when going around curves and uneven track.  These advancements, combined with the increasingly widespread adaptation of cowcatchers, bells, and headlights, gave the 4-4-0 locomotives the appearance for which they are most recognized.<ref name="White"/>

The design and subsequent improvements of the 4-4-0 configuration proved so successful that, by 1872, 60% of Baldwin's locomotive construction was of this type and it is estimated that 85% of all locomotives in operation in the United States were {{nowrap|4-4-0}}s. However, the 4-4-0 was soon supplanted by bigger designs, like the {{whyte|2-6-0}} and {{whyte|2-8-0}}, even though the 4-4-0 wheel arrangement was still favored for express services. The widespread adoption of the {{whyte|4-6-0}} and larger locomotives eventually helped seal its fate as a product of the past.<ref name="White"/>

Although largely superseded in North American service by the early 20th century, [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] produced two examples for the [[narrow gauge]] [[Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán]] in early 1946, probably the last engines of this wheel arrangement intended for general use.<ref>''[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]]'' magazine, June 1946</ref> A number of individual engines have been custom-built for [[theme park]]s in recent years, resembling early designs in appearance.

===British development===
The first British locomotives to use this wheel arrangement were the {{RailGauge|7ft0.25in}} [[broad gauge]] 4-4-0 [[tank engine]] designs which appeared from 1849. The first British [[tender (rail)|tender locomotive]] class, although of limited success, was the broad gauge [[GWR Waverley Class|''Waverley'' class]] of the [[Great Western Railway]], designed by [[Daniel Gooch]] and built by [[Robert Stephenson & Company]] in 1855.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.laluciole.net/gwr/gwr04a-goochlocos.html| title=A history of Britain's broad gauge railways| author=Richard Marshall| access-date=2010-05-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723175326/http://www.laluciole.net/gwr/gwr04a-goochlocos.html| archive-date=2011-07-23| url-status=usurped}}</ref>

The first American-style British 4-4-0 tender locomotive on {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in|al=on|allk=on}}, designed by [[William Bouch]] for the [[Stockton & Darlington Railway]] in 1860, followed American practice with two [[Cylinder (locomotive)#Outside cylinders|outside cylinders]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lner.info/eng/bouch.shtml| title=The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia - William Bouch| last=Marsden  |first=Richard| access-date=2007-06-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070707043646/http://www.lner.info/eng/bouch.shtml| archive-date= 7 July 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Britain's major contribution to the development of the 4-4-0 wheel arrangement was the [[Cylinder (locomotive)#Inside cylinders|inside cylinder]] version, which resulted in a steadier locomotive, less prone to oscillation at speed. This type was introduced in Scotland in 1871 by [[Thomas Wheatley (locomotive engineer)|Thomas Wheatley]] of the [[North British Railway]].<ref name="Poultney">{{cite book
  | last = Poultney | first = Edward Cecil  |authorlink=Edward Cecil Poultney
  | title = British express locomotive development 1896-1948 | publisher = [[Allen & Unwin]] | year = 1952 | location = London | pages = 56–65
}}</ref>

==Use==
===Australia===
[[File:South Australian Railways S Class, Murray Bridge, South Australia, 1951.jpeg|thumb|[[South Australian Railways S class]] 4-4-0 locomotive no. 151, here at [[Murray Bridge railway station|Murray Bridge]] in 1951, had the largest driving wheels on an Australian locomotive]]
Australia's [[South Australian Railways D class|first 4-4-0 locomotives]] were introduced by the [[South Australian Railways]] in 1859. From that initial order for two locomotives, the numbers of this wheel arrangement multiplied and eventually appeared in most of the Australian colonies. Tender, tank and saddle tank versions, varying in size from small locomotives to express passenger racers with {{convert|6|ft|6|in|mm|0|abbr=off|comma=off}} driving wheels, worked in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[New South Wales]], [[Western Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] on {{Track gauge|1067mm|comma=off}}, {{Track gauge|1435mm|comma=off}} and 
{{Track gauge|1600mm|comma=off}} gauge.<ref name="Oberg">Oberg, Leon. (1975). ''Locomotives of Australia''. Sydney, London: Reed.</ref>

The locomotives originally came from British builders such as [[Dübs & Company]] and [[Beyer, Peacock & Company]]; however, from the late 1870s into the 1880s, railways also bought locomotives from American builders, mostly from Baldwin, and a few from the [[Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works]] in [[New Jersey]].  From the 1880s onward, local firms such as [[James Martin & Co]]. in [[Gawler, South Australia]], and the [[Phoenix Foundry]] in [[Ballarat]], Victoria would also build them. In New South Wales and Victoria, the 4-4-0 were predominant for mainline passenger services until the early 1900s. In Western Australia, some were later converted to a {{whyte|4-4-2}} wheel arrangement.<ref>Australian Railway Historical Society,'' A Century Plus of Locomotives'' ''New South Wales Railways 1855-1965'', ARHS, Sydney, 1965</ref><ref>Victorian Railways, ''Power Parade: 1854-1954'', Victorian Railways, 1954</ref>

===Finland===
[[File:BaldwinHH.jpg|thumb|Finnish Class A4 locomotive of 1872]]
In Finland, the 4-4-0 was represented by the Classes A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 and A7.
* The Class A4 was a class of nine locomotives, built in 1872 and 1873 by the [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] for use on the [[Hanko–Hyvinkää railway]].
* The [[Finnish Steam Locomotive Class A5]] was a class of only two locomotives, built in 1874 and 1875 by the [[Finland|Finnish]] State Railroad's workshops in [[Helsinki]]. One of them is preserved at the [[Finnish Railway Museum]].

=== Indonesia ===
[[File:Schmalspurige 2 B-Zweizylinder Verbund Naßdampf-Personenzugzuglokomotive der Holländischen Staatsbahnen auf Java gebaut 1900 von Hanomag, Hannover-Linden, Sp=1067mm, Gl=29t, Gd=32t.jpg|thumb|Java [[Staatsspoorwegen]]'s narrow gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) 2-B two-cylinder compound saturated steam from [[Hanomag]]]]
The 4-4-0 two [[Compound locomotive|cylinder compound]] tender locomotives began to set its step on [[Java]] in 1900s. The ''[[Staatsspoorwegen]]'' (SS) ordered 44 of these from 3 different manufacturers, they were from [[Hanomag]], [[Sächsische Maschinenfabrik|Sächsische Maschinenfabrik (Hartmann)]] and [[Werkspoor]] and they were imported in 1900–1910. 
[[File:Preparing (18859888609).jpg|thumb|B51 12 is preparing for steam]]
After they had already arrived in Java, they were classified as SS Class 600 with 1,503 mm driving wheels which way much bigger than any operational SS locomotives at the time and used as the main workhorse for express trains. The SS 600s could be found hauling local trains in [[Tanah Abang railway station|Tanah Abang–]][[Rangkasbitung railway station|Rangkasbitung–]][[Merak railway station|Merak]]/Labuan, [[Madiun railway station|Madiun]]–[[Kertosono railway station|Kertosono]][[Madiun railway station|–]][[Blitar railway station|Blitar]] and Babat–[[Jombang railway station|Jombang]] lines. Some of them were also found in Maos–[[Kroya railway station|Kroya–]][[Kutoarjo]] and [[Surabaya Kota railway station|Surabaya]]–[[Pasuruan railway station|Pasuruan]] lines. Then, the SS sent their five SS 600s to [[South Sumatra]] due to the increasing needs of railway transport in there. These locomotives were withdrawn from active service momentarily in 1929-1934 during [[Great Depression|great depression]] because of their cylinder compound technology which has a complicated mechanism system so the SS had to save its budget by preserving these locomotives, but they received extensive maintenance so they still could be used normally.

During [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupation]] in 1942, all of private/state railway companies of the Dutch East Indies (now [[Indonesia]]) were renumbered based on [[Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification|Japanese numberings]], without exception to SS Class 600s were renumbered to B51 and it still used after [[Indonesian Independence]] with their ''Djawatan Kereta Api'' (DKA) or Department of Railways of the Republic of Indonesia up to now. One unit of B51 was sent out again to [[West Sumatra]] to serve coal train transport in Muaro–[[Pekanbaru]] line till it closed in September, 1945. From 44 locomotives, only B51 12 (ex-SS 612) of [[Hanomag]] is preserved. Previously, B51 12 was a yard shunter of [[Bojonegoro railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plumb |first=Geoff |title=Java 1973 |url=https://plumbloco.smugmug.com/Trains/Java-1973/i-dZtVwVV/A |website=SmugMug}}</ref> The B51 12 was once a static display for more than 30 years at [[Ambarawa Railway Museum]], before finally fully restored in 2012 to haul the Ambarawa [[excursion train]] for Ambarawa–Tuntang line beside the [[Maschinenfabrik Esslingen|Esslingen]] {{whyte|0-4-2|T}} B25 02 and 03 which were used on [[rack railway|rack line]] between Jambu–Bedono.

===Mozambique===
[[File:Beira Ry BR7 (4-4-0) SAR Class NG6 b.JPG|thumb|left|Restored [[South African Class NG6 4-4-0|Beira Railway Falcon F2]]]]
Between 1895 and 1898, [[Pauling & Company]] placed 42 [[South African Class NG6 4-4-0|Falcon F2 and F4]] 4-4-0 tender locomotives in service on the {{RailGauge|2ft}} [[narrow gauge]] railway which was being constructed for the Beira Railway in [[Mozambique]]. They were supplied in six batches by [[Brush Traction|Falcon Engine & Car Works]] in England and the [[Dugald Drummond|Glasgow Railway Engineering Company]] in Scotland.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne">{{Paxton-Bourne|pages=15-18, 103-104}}</ref><ref name="Enigma">Baxter, Antony. ''The Two Foot Gauge Enigma'' (1st ed.). Plateway Press. pp. 37-45 & Appendix V. {{ISBN|1-871980-34-8}}.</ref><ref name="Pattison 2">Pattison, R.G. (2005). ''Thundering Smoke'', (1st ed.). Sable Publishing House. {{ISBN|0-9549488-1-5}}</ref>

In service, these locomotives were nicknamed ''Lawleys'' after the Beira Railway construction subcontractor. The construction of the last batch of ten F4 locomotives was subcontracted by Falcon to the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company in Scotland and these were consequently often referred to as the ''Drummond F4''.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Enigma"/><ref name="Pattison 2"/><ref name="Mardell">Railway Modelling Scene, South Africa, May/June 1985, article written by Neill Mardell</ref>

The Falcon F4 was larger and heavier than the earlier F2, with a tractive effort that was increased from the {{convert|3000|lbf|kN|1|abbr=off}} of the F2 to {{convert|3987|lbf|kN|1|abbr=off}} at 75% boiler pressure. It could haul {{convert|180|LT|t|1|abbr=off}} up the ruling gradients, compared to the {{convert|160|LT|t|1|abbr=off}} that the F2 could manage.<ref name="Enigma"/>

===New Zealand===
The [[NZR LA class|NZR L<sup>A</sup> class]] tank locomotives of 1887 were built in Britain by [[Nasmyth, Gaskell & Company|Nasmyth, Wilson & Company]] in 1887 for the [[New Zealand Midland Railway Company]]. They were taken over by the [[New Zealand Railways Department]] in 1900, when the government acquired the incomplete [[Midland Line, New Zealand|Midland line]].

{{Clear left}}

===Rhodesia===
When the Beira Railway in Mozambique was regauged to {{RailGauge|3ft6in|allk=on}} by 1900 and the whole [[South African Class NG6 4-4-0|4-4-0 Lawley]] locomotive fleet was staged, six of the Mozambican F4 locomotives were acquired by the Ayrshire Railway, which was then under construction in Southern Rhodesia. They remained in service there until 1914, when this line was also converted to Cape gauge and became the [[Chinhoyi|Sinoia]] branch of the Beira, Mashonaland and Rhodesia Railway.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Enigma"/><ref name="Mardell"/>

===South Africa===

====Narrow gauge====
In 1907 and 1910, the [[Tongaat]] Sugar Estates in [[KwaZulu-Natal|Natal]] acquired two 4-4-0 tank locomotives from [[WG Bagnall]] for their {{RailGauge|2ft}} gauge line. These locomotives had {{convert|9|x|14|inch|mm|0|adj=on}} cylinders. A further eleven similar locomotives, but with {{convert|10|x|15|inch|mm|0|adj=on}} cylinders, were delivered from the same manufacturer between 1926 and 1946. {{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

[[File:SAR Class NG6 106 (4-4-0) b.jpg|thumb|[[South African Class NG6 4-4-0|South African Railways class NG6]] no. 106]]
In 1915, thirteen of the Beira Railway's retired narrow gauge Falcon F2 and F4 locomotives were acquired from Mozambique by the Union Defence Forces for use in [[South Africa]], where they replaced locomotives that had been commandeered for the war effort in [[German South West Africa]] during [[World War I]]. At the end of the war, the South African Railways stored them before returning them to service in 1921. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was eventually introduced between 1928 and 1930, they were classified as [[South African Class NG6 4-4-0|class NG6]].<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Mardell"/>

In 1936, Bagnall built a single 4-4-0 tank locomotive, named ''Burnside'', with {{convert|11+1/2|by|15|inch|mm|0|abbr=off}} cylinders, for the {{convert|2|ft|0+1/2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} gauge line of the Natal Estates sugar plantation at [[Mount Edgecombe]] in Natal.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

====Standard gauge====
[[File:Natal Railway 4-4-0T Perseverance.jpg|thumb|[[Natal Railway 4-4-0T Perseverance|Natal Railway Co. ''Perseverance'']]]]
The third locomotive of the {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in|al=on|allk=on}} Natal Railway Company was delivered in January 1876, sixteen years after the opening of the railway. It was a 4-4-0 side tank engine, built by [[Kitson & Company]] and named [[Natal Railway 4-4-0T Perseverance|''Perseverance'']]. This was the last standard gauge locomotive to be obtained by the Natal Railway Company before the establishment of the [[Natal Government Railways]] in 1877 and the conversion from Standard gauge to {{RailGauge|Cape|allk=on}}.<ref name="Holland 1">{{Holland-Vol 1|pages=20–22, 25–26, 30–31, 35–39, 59-61, 76–77, 80–83, 106–108}}</ref><ref name="Mercury">''The Natal Mercury'' of 12 January 1876.</ref>

====Cape gauge====
[[File:Cape 1st Class (4-4-0T) 1875 no. 6.jpg|thumb|left|[[CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T|CGR 1st Class]] with optional tender]]
Seven side-tank locomotives were built for the [[Cape Government Railways]] (CGR) by [[Robert Stephenson & Company]] in 1875. Since they were found to be fast and reliable engines, four more were delivered in 1880, built by [[Neilson & Company]] and practically identical to the previous seven, but equipped with small optional four-wheeled water tenders. They were all designated [[CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T|1st Class]] when a locomotive classification system was introduced by the CGR.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="Littley 2">''C.G.R. Numbering Revised'', Article by Dave Littley, SA Rail May–June 1993, pp. 94-95.</ref>

In 1879, the Cape Government Railways placed four [[CGR 1st Class 4-4-0|1st Class]] tender locomotives in service, built by the [[Avonside Engine Company]]. They were intended for fast passenger service on the Cape Western and Eastern systems and were followed by eleven more from Neilson & Company in 1880.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="Littley 2"/>

In 1881, the CGR placed six more [[CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT|1st Class]] tank-and-tender locomotives in service on its Cape Midland system. These were built by Neilson & Company as tender locomotives without on-board coal bunkers and with permanently attached coal and water tenders. Two of them became South African Railways class 01 in 1912.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="Littley 2"/>

[[File:CGR 2nd Class (4-4-0T) of 1882 (Wynberg Tank).jpg|thumb|left|''Wynberg Tank'', c. 1882]]
Between 1882 and 1891, eleven {{nowrap|4-4-0T}} tank locomotives for the Wynberg suburban line in [[Cape Town]] were delivered to the CGR from Neilson and [[Dübs & Company]]. Designated [[CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T|2nd Class]] and known as ''Wynberg Tanks'', ten of them became South African Railways class 02 in 1912.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Holland 1"/>

In 1882, two tank locomotives [[Kowie Railway 4-4-0T|named ''Grahamstown'' and ''Bathurst'']] entered passenger service on the private Kowie Railway between Grahamstown and Port Alfred, which was still under construction at the time.<ref name="Holland 1"/>

[[File:CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 no. M83 Sir Hercules.jpg|thumb|[[CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883|CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0]] ''Sir Hercules'']]
Eighteen tender passenger locomotives were delivered to the CGR from Neilson & Company in 1883, designated [[CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883|3rd Class]]. They were ordered for passenger service out of [[Cape Town]], [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]] and [[Port Elizabeth]] respectively and were equipped with six-wheeled tenders.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Holland 1"/>

In 1884, the CGR placed two experimental [[CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884|3rd Class]] tender locomotives in service, designed by the Cape Eastern System to be able to use the low-grade local coal with its high incombustible matter content.<ref name="Holland 1"/>

In 1889, the CGR placed 24 [[CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889|3rd Class]] tender locomotives in service. They were the first stock locomotives to be built in quantity to detailed designs prepared in the [[Cape Colony|Cape of Good Hope]].<ref name="Holland 1"/>

[[File:CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898.jpg|thumb|left|CGR 3rd Class ''Wynberg Tender'']]
In 1898, the CGR placed six [[CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898|3rd Class ''Wynberg Tender'']] locomotives in passenger service on the suburban lines in Cape Town.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Holland 1"/>

In 1901, the CGR placed another six [[CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901|3rd Class ''Wynberg Tender'']] locomotives in suburban service in Cape Town. They were a heavier and more powerful version of the locomotives of 1898 and were built for speed, with the largest coupled wheels of any locomotive on the CGR to date at {{convert|60|in|mm|abbr=off|sigfig=3}} diameter.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Holland 1"/>

In 1903, the CGR placed the last eight [[CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903|3rd Class]] ''Wynberg Tenders'' in suburban service in Cape Town. While they appeared to be virtually identical to the locomotives of 1901 at first glance, they were heavier and more powerful.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Holland 1"/>

{{Clear left}}

===United Kingdom===
====Tank locomotives====
[[File:GWR bogie class Horace.jpg|thumb|[[GWR Bogie Class|''Bogie'' class]] 4-4-0ST ''Horace'' of 1854]]
4-4-0T classes began to appear on {{RailGauge|7ft0.25in}} broad-gauge lines in the United Kingdom from 1849. The Great Western Railway built its [[GWR Bogie Class|''Bogie'' class]] saddle tanks for the [[South Devon Railway Company|South Devon Railway]] in 1849, and others for its own use during 1854 and 1855. Between 1851 and 1876, the South Devon Railway acquired a further six [[South Devon Railway locomotives|saddle tank classes]], and the [[Vale of Neath Railway]] a [[Vale of Neath Railway 4-4-0ST locomotives|further nine.]] The [[Bristol and Exeter Railway]] introduced several [[Bristol and Exeter Railway 4-4-0ST locomotives|4-4-0ST classes]] after 1855.<ref>{{RCTS-LocosGWR-2|pages=B21–B23}}</ref>

[[William Adams (locomotive engineer)|William Adams]] built a series of standard gauge [[Locomotives of the London and North Western Railway#Locomotives of the North London Railway|4-4-0T]] classes for the [[North London Railway]] between 1863 and 1876. He went on to build the [[LSWR 46 Class]] for the [[London and South Western Railway]] in 1879. Other British 4-4-0T types included the [[Metropolitan Railway A Class|A Class]] of the [[Metropolitan Railway]], built by Beyer, Peacock & Company from 1864, and the [[Highland Railway O Class]] of 1878 and [[Highland Railway P class|P class]] of 1893–94. Also in 1864, [[John Lambie (engineer)|John Lambie]] of the [[Caledonian Railway]] built twelve Class 1 4-4-0T locomotives.

====Inside cylinder tender locomotives====
[[File:LBSCR B4 class.jpg|thumb|A [[LB&SCR B4 class]] c.1910 typical of the British inside frame/inside cylinder layout]]
Between 1876 and 1903, [[Samuel Waite Johnson|Samuel Johnson]] of the [[Midland Railway]] built 350 inside cylinder tender locomotives to various designs, notably the [[Midland Railway 483 Class]]. The type was particularly refined by [[John F. McIntosh]] of the [[Caledonian Railway]] with his [[Caledonian Railway 721 Class|''Dunalastair'']] and ''Breadalbane'' classes of 1896 to 1898. In addition, [[Wilson Worsdell]] of the [[North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom)|North Eastern Railway]] designed six classes between 1896 and 1909. Other notable classes included the [[London and South Western Railway]]’s [[LSWR T9 class|T9 class]] of 1899 and the [[London and North Western Railway]]’s [[LNWR Whale Precursor Class|''Precursor'' Class]] of 1904.<ref name="Poultney"/>

From the mid-1890s until after [[World War I]], the inside cylinder 4-4-0 was the standard type for British [[Express train|Express passenger trains]], although several classes were also used in [[mixed-traffic locomotive|mixed-traffic]] service in later years.<ref name="Poultney"/>

[[File:City of Truro 3717 Didcot (6).jpg|thumb|left|[[GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro|''City of Truro'']]]]
The [[Great Western Railway]] (GWR) preferred to retain [[Locomotive frame|outside frames]] on their inside cylinder 4-4-0s. One member of its [[GWR 3700 Class|''City'' class]], the [[GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro|''City of Truro'']], designed by [[George Jackson Churchward]] and built at the GWR's [[Swindon Works]] in 1903, was reputedly the first steam locomotive in Europe to travel in excess of {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=off}}, reaching a speed of {{convert|102.3|mph|km/h|abbr=off}} on 9 May 1904 while hauling the ''Ocean Mails'' special from [[Plymouth railway station|Plymouth]] to [[Paddington railway station|London Paddington]].

Although the inside cylinder 4-4-0 had largely been superseded by larger locomotives for mainline express trains by 1920, the type remained in use in Scotland and East Anglia, where lines that could not support heavier or larger locomotives were common. Thus both the [[Great Eastern Railway]]’s [[GER Classes S46, D56 and H88|''Claud Hamilton'']] classes of 1900 to 1911 and the [[Great Central Railway]]’s [[GCR Class 11F|''Director'']] classes of 1920 were perpetuated by the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] in 1923. Until 1932, the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] also continued to build its [[LMS Class 2P 4-4-0|Class 2P]] of traditional inside cylinder {{nowrap|4-4-0s}} for secondary passenger working.

====Three-cylinder tender locomotives====
[[File:440locomotivestowe.jpg|thumb|Southern Railway ''Schools'' class ''Stowe'', constructed in 1934]]
Experiments were conducted with three-cylinder [[compound locomotive]]s by Wilson Worsdell of the North Eastern Railway in 1898, [[Samuel Waite Johnson|Samuel Johnson]] of the [[Midland Railway]] in 1901 and [[Francis Webb (engineer)|Francis Webb]] of the [[London and North Western Railway]]. Of these, the development of Johnson's design by [[Richard Deeley]] of the Midland Railway into the [[Midland Railway 1000 Class|1000 Class]] was the most successful. This class continued to be built by the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] (LMS) after 1905, until 1932 with the almost identical [[LMS Compound 4-4-0]].

British three-cylinder simple expansion (simplex) locomotives included [[Nigel Gresley]]'s [[LNER Class D49]] ''Hunt'' and ''Shire'' 4-4-0s of 1927–28. However, the most powerful and one of the most successful 4-4-0 designs ever constructed was the [[SR V class|''Schools'' class]] of the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]], designed by [[Richard Maunsell]] and built between 1930 and 1935. These were used on secondary express trains between London and South Coast towns, until their withdrawal in 1962.<ref name="Maunsell">{{Cite web |url=http://www.maunsell.org.uk/virtual%20shed/928/928profile.htm |title=Maunsell Railway Society {{nowrap|4-4-0}} locomotive "Stowe" |access-date=2006-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322133854/http://www.maunsell.org.uk/virtual%20shed/928/928profile.htm |archive-date=2016-03-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Old 4-4-0.jpg|thumb|[[Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad|AM&O]] no. 87, delivered on flatcars due to breaks-of-gauge]]
Since the first locomotives in the United States were imported from the United Kingdom, the British {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in|al=on|allk=on}} was also adopted by the first United States railroads. When new locomotive construction began in the United States in 1831, some new railroads opted for a different gauge, resulting in [[Break-of-gauge|breaks-of-gauge]] as railroads began to be joined. Apart from freight reloading issues, another result was that new locomotives for some of these railroads had to be delivered on flatcars.

The 4-4-0 played a major role in the development of rail transport in the United States. Some of the notable 4-4-0 locomotives that saw service on United States railroads are:
[[File:ATSF 1890s passenger train.jpg|thumb|An [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|AT&SF]] {{nowrap|4-4-0}} on a [[passenger train]] across [[Kansas]], c. 1895]]
[[File:PRR D6 317.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pennsylvania Railroad class D6]] {{nowrap|4-4-0}} No. 317, built in 1881.]]
* [[Reading Company#Preserved locomotives|Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company No.
3]], built in 1842 by Eastwick & Harrison in [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], is one of the oldest surviving locomotives of the 4-4-0-wheel arrangement, and the sole surviving 4-4-0 of the Reading Company. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RDG Co. Surviving Steam Profile |url=http://www.readingrailroad.org/profiles/rdg_profile_steam_pr3.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.readingrailroad.org}}</ref>
* [[The General (locomotive)|The ''General'']], built in 1855 by [[Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works|Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor]] in [[Paterson, New Jersey]], was the fleeing locomotive during the [[Great Locomotive Chase]] of the [[American Civil War]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Moshein, Peter  |author2=Rothfus, Robert R.|year=1992|title=Rogers locomotives: A brief history and construction list|journal=Railroad History|issue=167|pages=13–147}}</ref><ref name="Stealing the General">{{cite book|title=Stealing the General; The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor|author=Bonds, Russell S.|year=2007|publisher=Westholme Publishing|location=Yardley, Pennsylvania|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781594160332/page/94 94–95]|isbn=978-1-59416-033-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781594160332/page/94}}</ref>
* [[The Texas (locomotive)|The ''Texas'']], built in 1856 by [[Cooke Locomotive & Machine Works|Danforth, Cooke & Company]] in Paterson, New Jersey, was the pursuing locomotive during much of the Great Locomotive Chase.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.andrewsraid.com/texas.html |title=The Great Locomotive Chase |access-date=2012-09-28 |archive-date=2012-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617122701/http://www.andrewsraid.com/texas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.steamlocomotive.info/vlocomotive.cfm?Display=356 ''Texas'' Information Page]</ref>
* The [[Jupiter (locomotive)|''Jupiter'']], [[Central Pacific Railroad]]’s No. 60, built by [[Schenectady Locomotive Works]] of New York in September 1868, was one of the two locomotives to meet at [[Promontory Summit]] during the [[Golden Spike]] ceremony upon the completion of the [[First transcontinental railroad|First American Transcontinental Railroad]] on May 10, 1869.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061011111449/http://www.nps.gov/gosp/historyculture/upload/jupiter%202.pdf Everlasting Steam: The Story of ''Jupiter'' and ''No. 119'']</ref> 
* [[Union Pacific No. 119]], built by [[Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works]] of Paterson, New Jersey in 1868, was the other locomotive at Promontory Summit on May 10, 1869.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.tns.net/~path/GS119.html |title=Union Pacific's 119 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930204844/http://users.tns.net/~path/GS119.html |archive-date=2011-09-30 }}</ref>
* The [[Virginia & Truckee Railroad]]’s ''[[Virginia and Truckee 18 Dayton|Dayton]]'', built in 1873 by the [[Central Pacific Railroad]], had the honor of opening the branch line between [[Carson City]] and [[Minden, Nevada|Minden]] in [[Nevada]] in 1906.<ref name="Koenig">{{cite book|author =Koenig, Karl R.|title=Virginia & Truckee Locomotives|publisher=[[Chatham Publishing]]|year=1980|pages=58, 65|isbn=0-89685-102-8}}</ref>
* The [[New York Central and Hudson River Railroad No. 999|New York Central and Hudson River Railroad no. 999]], built in 1893 to haul the railroad's ''[[Empire State Express]]'', is believed to have been the first in the United States to travel at a speed of more than {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=off}}.<ref>[http://www.softsource.com/999.html Fleet-wheeled wonder: New York Central & Hudson River Railroad's no. 999, by Kevin V. Bunker]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Empire State Express'' No. 999 |work=Genesee County, New York |url=http://www.co.genesee.ny.us/dpt/historian/ese999.html |access-date=March 1, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230202557/http://www.co.genesee.ny.us/dpt/historian/ese999.html |archive-date=December 30, 2005 }}</ref>
* [[Walt Disney World Railroad]] No. 4 ''Roy O. Disney'', which was built in February 1916 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works as No. 66 (later No. 251 in the 1960s) for the [[Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán|United Railways of Yucatán]] in Mexico. It now operates on the railroad circling the [[Magic Kingdom]] in [[Orlando, Florida]].<ref name="Broggie">{{Citation |last=Broggie |first=Michael |year=2014 |title=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom |edition=4th |publisher=[[Donning Company|The Donning Company Publishers]]|pages=320–323, 393–394|isbn=978-1-57864-914-3}}</ref> Since January 2024, this locomotive has been shipped to the Strasburg Rail Road for an extensive overhaul.<ref>{{Cite web|last=James|first=Chloe|date=January 20, 2024|title=Disney World Removes Feature From Park, Will Be Gone for Years|url=https://insidethemagic.net/2024/01/walt-disney-world-railroad-closed-disney-world-cj1/|work=Inside the Magic|access-date=March 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121181613/https://insidethemagic.net/2024/01/walt-disney-world-railroad-closed-disney-world-cj1/|archive-date=January 21, 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Roy O Disney on track.jpg|thumb|left|WDWRR {{nowrap|4-4-0}} No. 4 ''Roy O. Disney'', built in 1916]]

By 1910, the 4-4-0 was considered obsolete being replaced by Mikados, Pacifics and other larger engines, although they continued to serve to an extent into the 1950s. The last 4-4-0 to be built was a diminutive Baldwin product for the Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán in 1945. Fewer than forty 4-4-0s survive in preservation in the United States, reproductions excluded.<ref name="White"/>

Between 1959 and 1989, the [[Crown Metal Products]] Company of Wyano, Pennsylvania built [[live steam]] reproductions of classic 4-4-0 designs for use by [[amusement park]]s. The largest of these, of which 18 were produced, ran on {{RailGauge|3ft}} [[narrow gauge railways|narrow gauge]] [[rail tracks|track]]. Most are patterned after 19th-century American designs, but those produced for [[Busch Gardens]] have European styling. Although Crown Metal Products ceased operations in 1989, many of their locomotives continue to see daily operation at parks such as [[Kings Island]], [[Worlds of Fun]], and the [[Omaha Zoo Railroad]] at Omaha's [[Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium]].

{{Clear}}

==Operational historic locomotives==
===North America===
There are a handful of full-size 4-4-0 steam locomotives built prior to 1945 that are still operating in the US and [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.steamlocomotive.com/lists/searchdb.php?whyte=4-4-0&country=USA |title=Surviving Steam Locomotive Search – US |access-date=2014-11-11 |archive-date=2020-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915025919/http://www.steamlocomotive.com/lists/searchdb.php?whyte=4-4-0&country=USA |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.steamlocomotive.com/lists/searchdb.php?whyte=4-4-0&country=CAN |title=Surviving Steam Locomotive Search – Canada |access-date=2017-02-26 |archive-date=2020-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915021543/http://www.steamlocomotive.com/lists/searchdb.php?whyte=4-4-0&country=CAN |url-status=dead }}</ref> The following is a list of locations with at least one working example and tracks on which to run it.

{|class=wikitable
!Location
!Address
!Road number(s)/Name(s)
!Track gauge
!Number of 4-4-0s
!Year(s) built
!Notes
|-
|Dan Markoff private residence
|[[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], US
|[[Eureka Locomotive|4 ''Eureka'']]
|{{RailGauge|3ft|lk=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|1875
|It retains its original boiler.
|-
|[[Nevada State Railroad Museum]]
|[[Carson City]], [[Nevada]], US
|[[Virginia and Truckee 22 Inyo|22 ''Inyo'']]
|{{RailGauge|4ft8.5in}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|1875
|Appeared in over twenty [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] [[Western (genre)|Westerns]]
|-
|[[Prairie Dog Central Railway]]
|[[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Canada
|3
|{{RailGauge|4ft8.5in}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|1882
|
|-
|[[South Simcoe Railway]]
|[[Tottenham, Ontario]], Canada
|136
|{{RailGauge|4ft8.5in}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|1883
|
|-
|[[Walt Disney World Railroad]] ([[Magic Kingdom]])
|[[Bay Lake, Florida]], US
|4 ''Roy O. Disney''
|{{RailGauge|3ft}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|1916
|Significantly altered from its original appearance to resemble steam locomotives from the 1880s.<ref name="CRMHA">{{Cite magazine|last=Seel|first=Rob|date=April 2011|title=Behind the Scenes at Walt Disney World|url=https://www.crmha.org/wp-content/uploads/newsletter/nl11-04.pdf|magazine=Central Crossings|volume=20|issue=4|publisher=Central Railway Model & Historical Association|page=6|access-date=May 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126135040/https://www.crmha.org/wp-content/uploads/newsletter/nl11-04.pdf|archive-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Henry Ford#Weiser Railroad|Weiser Railroad (Greenfield Village)]]
|[[Dearborn, Michigan]], US
|1 ''Edison'', 7
|{{RailGauge|4ft8.5in}}
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|1870; 1897
|The steam locomotive built in 1870 was originally an {{whyte|0-4-0}}; it was rebuilt as a 4-4-0 in 1932 by the [[Ford Motor Company]].<ref>[http://blog.thehenryford.org/2013/05/greenfield-village-perimeter-railroad-from-concept-to-reality/ Greenfield Village Perimeter Railroad: from concept to reality]</ref>
|-
|[[Wilmington & Western Railroad]]
|[[Marshallton, Delaware]], US
|[[Wilmington and Western 98|98]]
|{{RailGauge|4ft8.5in}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|1909
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Trains}}
*[http://www.sparetimelabs.com/animato/animato/3003/index3003.html Building a 1/8 scale Live Steam {{nowrap|4-4-0}} locomotive] This site includes a full 1875 shop drawing of a Baldwin 4-4-0
*{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/famous-locomotive-type.html |chapter=A famous locomotive type |title=Railway Wonders of the World |year=1936 |pages=1173–79 |editor-first=Clarence |editor-last=Winchester }}, illustrated account of the development of the 4-4-0 in Britain
{{Whyte types}}

[[Category:2′B locomotives| ]]
[[Category:4-4-0 locomotives| ]]
[[Category:Whyte notation]]