View source for 36th G8 summit

{{Short description|2010 international leaders meeting}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox summit
| summit_name = 36th G8 summit
| logo        = G8 summit Muskoka 2010.jpg
| image       = 0626canada6.jpg
| caption     = 
| country     = Canada
| dates       = June 25–26, 2010
| follows     = [[35th G8 summit]]
| precedes    = [[37th G8 summit]]
}}

The '''36th G8 summit''' was held in [[District Municipality of Muskoka|Muskoka, Ontario]], [[Canada]], on June 25–26, 2010.  In this year's meeting, the [[G8]] leaders agreed in reaffirming the group's essential and continuing role in international affairs<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7041982.html  |title=Group of Eight concludes Muskoka summit, reaffirms own essential role |website=People's Daily (Beijing) |date=June 27, 2010 |quote=issuing a declaration about its shared views and approaches for major global challenges, and reaffirmed its own essential role in international affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925152756/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/7041982.html |archive-date=Sep 25, 2022}}</ref> and "assertions of new-found relevance".<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |last=Clark |first=Campbell |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/the-g8-risks-becoming-increasingly-irrelevant/article1620866/  |title=The G8 risks becoming increasingly irrelevant|website= Globe and Mail (Toronto) |date=June 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413222458/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/the-g8-risks-becoming-increasingly-irrelevant/article1620866/ |archive-date=Apr 13, 2016}}</ref> The form and function of the G8 was reevaluated as the [[G20]] [[List of G20 summits|summits]] evolved into the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |website=Parliament (UK) |last=Townsend |first=Ian |url=http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snep-05028.pdf  |title=G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107074318/http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snep-05028.pdf |archive-date=November 7, 2010 |date=19 October 2010 |quote=Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation}} citing {{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf |title= Leaders' Statement The Pittsburgh Summit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612200227/http://g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-12 |date=25 September 2009 |at=Paragraph 50 |website=G20}}</ref>

This was the fifth G8 Summit hosted by Canada since 1976,<ref name="announce1">[http://www.canada-g8-summit.com/ "Prime Minister announces Canada to host 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville"], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129092800/http://www.canada-g8-summit.com/ |date=January 29, 2009 }} June 19, 2008.</ref> the previous four being at [[7th G7 summit|Montebello, Quebec]] (1981); [[14th G7 summit|Toronto, Ontario]] (1988); [[21st G7 summit|Halifax, Nova Scotia]] (1995); and [[28th G8 summit|Kananaskis, Alberta]] (2002). The Canadian government picked Huntsville, a small town of 20,000, to host the annual summit and core meetings. Meetings took place at the [[Deerhurst Resort]].<ref name="globe1">{{cite web |url-status=dead |last=Andreatta |first=David |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080711.whuntsville12/BNStory/Front/home  |title=Brace yourself, Huntsville. The G8 is coming |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323052209/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080711.whuntsville12/BNStory/Front/home |archive-date=2009-03-23 |website=Globe and Mail |date=July 12, 2008}}</ref> Facilities were built to ensure security and to handle the expected influx of media, protesters and others. Muskoka was deemed too small and a Toronto venue for the G20 summit was adopted.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |last=MacGregor |first=Roy |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/in-the-tale-of-two-summits-the-happy-ending-was-huntsvilles/article1636247/ |title=In the tale of two summits, the happy ending was Huntsville's |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022141711/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/in-the-tale-of-two-summits-the-happy-ending-was-huntsvilles/article1387032/|archive-date=October 22, 2012 |website=Globe and Mail |date=July 11, 2010}}</ref>

The late scheduling of a [[2010 G20 Toronto summit|G20 summit in Toronto]] affected the G8 weekend in unanticipated ways. The meeting came to be framed in the press as a preliminary meeting.<ref name="austen2010">Austen, Ian.  [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/world/americas/25canada.html?scp=1&sq=huntsville&st=cse  "Dressed Up and Ready, Canada Town Is Stood Up"], ''New York Times.'' June 24, 2010.</ref> The theme for this summit was "Recovery and New Beginning".<ref name="Ikokwu1">Ikokwu, Constance. [http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=174848   "Jonathan Invited to G8 Meeting in Canada"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605024840/http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=174848 |date=2010-06-05 }} ''This Day'' (Lagos). June 6, 2010.</ref> The G8 summit was an opportunity for a wide variety of non-governmental organizations, activists and civic groups to congregate and discuss a multitude of issues;<ref>Zablonski, Lukasz and Philip Seaton. [http://japanfocus.org/-Lukasz-Zablonski/2973 "The Hokkaido Summit as a Springboard for Grassroots Initiatives: The 'Peace, Reconciliation & Civil Society' Symposium"], ''[[The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus]]'' (e-journal). ID No. 2973.</ref> but the dramatic demonstrations at the G20 summit in Toronto eclipsed protests primarily focused on the conferring G8 leaders.<ref>Woo, Andrea. [https://vancouversun.com/news/protesters+Vancouver+march+without+incident+police/3209156/story.html  "G8 protesters in Vancouver march without incident: police"], ''Vancouver Sun.'' June 27, 2010.</ref>

==Background==
[[File:G8 informal moment 2010.jpg|thumb|right|G8 leaders sharing an informal moment outside formal meetings]]
The [[G7|Group of Seven]] (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and, [[Canada]] starting in 1976. The [[Group of Eight]] (G8), meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of [[Russia]].<ref name="saunders1">Saunders, Doug. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists  "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011063004/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists |date=2008-10-11 }} ''Globe and Mail'' (Toronto). July 5, 2008.</ref> In addition, the [[President of the European Commission]] has been formally included in summits since 1981.<ref name="reuters_what">Reuters: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023185037/http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true  "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?"], July 3, 2008.</ref> The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] and West Germany's chancellor [[Helmut Schmidt]] as they conceived the [[1st G6 summit|initial summit]] of the [[Group of Seven#History|Group of Six]] (G6) in 1975.<ref name="reinalda205">Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC&dq=G7+summit&pg=PA205 ''Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations,'' p. 205.]</ref>

The G8 summits during the 21st-century have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.<ref name="bond1">[http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html "Influencing Policy on International Development: G8"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513215909/http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html |date=2012-05-13 }} BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008.</ref>

The current form of the G8 is being evaluated. Some reports attribute resistance to change among the smaller powers such as Italy, Canada, and Japan, who are said to perceive a dilution of their global stature. Alternately, a larger forum for global governance may be more reflective of the present multi-polar world.<ref>Kumar, Rajiv. [http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2009/10/07/g20-tangible-results-of-pittsburgh/ "Tangible Results of Pittsburgh"], ''Financial Chronicle.'' September 30, 2009; Carmichael, Kevin. [http://www.cigionline.org/articles/2009/09/harper-has-key-role-shaping-g8%E2%80%99s-future   "Harper has key role shaping G8’s future"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616183159/http://www.cigionline.org/articles/2009/09/harper-has-key-role-shaping-g8%E2%80%99s-future |date=2011-06-16 }} ''The Globe and Mail.'' September 24, 2009.</ref> The forum is in a process of transformation.<ref>Congressional Record Service, R40977:  Nelson, Rebecca M. [https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/134990.pdf  "Implications of the transition from G-7 to G20," pp. 22–26.] ''The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress,'' December 9, 2009.</ref>

===Canada 2010===
Anticipating the G8 summit, Prime Minister Stephen Harper explained that "Huntsville is a jewel in the Canadian Shield and an ideal location for this gathering of world leaders." When the G8 meets in Ontario in 2010, Harper said, "Our international guests will be charmed by the uniquely Canadian beauty of the region."<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080804223611/http://www.400eleven.com/pr-muskoka-host-2010-G8-Summit.html "Muskoka to Host 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville, Ontario"]}},  ''400 Eleven''. June 19, 2008. Accessed August 21, 2008.</ref> The summit was one of several events hosted by Canada, with several other international events taking place in the country in the same year, including the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] and the [[2010 G20 Toronto summit]].<ref>Sainsbury, Macdonald. [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/18182 2010 Organizing and the Tar sands: Inspiring the SPP and helping the Olympics], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804035433/http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/18182|date=August 4, 2008}} ''ZNet''. Accessed July 17, 2008.</ref> The summit was the second time it has occurred with an Olympic event in the same country. The [[14th G7 summit]] was held Toronto and in the same year as the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] in Calgary.

==Planning==
===Budget===
[[File:G8 Huntsville.jpeg|thumb|right|The summit's logo used during the planning stage. The colours blue and green represent the lakes and rivers of the area, while the colour red is an homage to the Canadian flag. The stars honor the 8 participating nations.<ref name="last">Last, Al and Lesley. [http://www.cottagecountrynow.ca/news/article/399071--parry-sound-north-star-reveals-g8-logo  "Parry Sound North Star reveals G8 logo"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174822/http://www.cottagecountrynow.ca/news/article/399071--parry-sound-north-star-reveals-g8-logo |date=2011-07-06 }} ''Huntsville Forrester.'' February 18, 2009.</ref>]]
In March 2009, summit manager Gérald Cossette projected: "Organizing a G8 event is like moving from a beast to a ballet. Now it's a beast; but by the time the summit unfolds, it's going to be a ballet."<ref>Dash, Carlye Malchuk. [http://www.huntsvilleforester.com/article/130094  "Moving from ‘a beast to a ballet’"], ''Huntsville Forester.'' March 4, 2009.</ref>

The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it expected to invest $50 million in hosting the G8 summit.<ref name="cmd6feb">Dash, Carlye Malchuk. [http://www.huntsvilleforester.com/article/128391  "Huntsville getting G8 centre and second arena pad"], ''Huntsville Forester.'' February 6, 2009.</ref>

With the addition of a G20 summit in Toronto, the budget expanded. The total security cost was estimated at C$1 billion,<ref>Jordan, Pav. [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0213855620100602?type=marketsNews "Canada braces for 'G' summits with C$1 bln plan"], ''Toronto Star.'' June 1, 2010.</ref> but more specific figures will not be known until the meetings have ended.

====Local organizing plans====
At early planning sessions and meetings with his constituents, [[Tony Clement]] ([[List of House members of the 39th Parliament of Canada|MP]] for [[Parry Sound—Muskoka (federal electoral district)|Parry Sound-Muskoka]]) offered tentative ideas about the organizational structure for the area communities as preparations for the 2010 G8 summit in Huntsville begin to take shape. He said one goal was to minimize the footprint and impact of the security details on the local region.<ref>Dash, Carlye Malchuk. [http://www.huntsvilleforester.com/huntsvilleforester/article/113607  "Local organizing committee for summit unveiled"], ''Huntsville Forester.'' August 8, 2008.</ref>

As the organizing process unfolded, some changes marked the evolution of this international event. For example, a wider emphasis on the [[District Municipality of Muskoka|Muskoka region]] is presented in the logo associated with the federal government's official website for the summit. Huntsville's G8 logo was selected in early 2009;<ref name="last"/> and some G8-related activities still feature the town's distinctive summit logo.<ref>[http://www.cottagecountrynow.ca/news/cityhall/article/806405--town-signs-g8-contract-with-feds   "Town signs G8 contract with feds"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174650/http://www.cottagecountrynow.ca/news/cityhall/article/806405--town-signs-g8-contract-with-feds |date=2011-07-06 }} ''Hunstville Forrester.'' April 28, 2010.</ref>

===Security===
[[File:ISU-GIS-summit-logo 2010.gif|thumb|right|Logo of the Integrated Security Unit for the 2010 summits]]
The summit security was designed with the impact of the precautions on residents in mind. In February 2009, local residents and their representatives were working together to anticipate what it would be like to live through a period of heightened security. The RCMP and OPP were simultaneously conducting security reviews of the area and event.<ref>Dash, Carlye Malchuk. [http://www.huntsvilleforester.com/article/127534  "Details on G8 security may come next month"], ''Huntsville Forester.'' January 28, 2009.</ref>

In the aftermath of the 1997 APEC summit in Vancouver, a Canadian judge concluded that protesters have the right to be seen and heard, which means that visiting leaders cannot be shielded from lawful protests. Canadian officials have determined that this means arrangements would have to be made so that protesters would be visible to those participating in the summit.<ref name="campion-smith1">Campion-Smith, Bruce. [https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/08/17/closeddoor_talks_rile_protesters.html  "Closed-door talks rile protesters"], ''The Star'' (Toronto). August 17, 2007.</ref>

==Leaders at the summit==
[[File:G8 group PS-0650.jpg|thumb|right|Family photo of the G8 leaders and delegates<!-- From the left (front row): [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[René Préval]], [[Alvaro Uribe]], [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], [[Stephen Harper]], [[Abdoulaye Wade]], [[Bingu wa Mutharika]], [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], [[Barack Obama]] ; (second row) [[Herman Van Rompuy]], [[David Cameron]], [[Bruce Golding]], [[Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]], [[Jacob Zuma]], [[Meles Zenawi]], [[Angela Merkel]], [[Silvio Berlusconi]], [[Naoto Kan]], [[José Manuel Barroso]]-->]]
[[File:Naoto Kan Barack Obama David Cameron and Jacob Zuma 20100625.jpg|thumb|right|[[Naoto Kan]], [[Barack Obama]], [[David Cameron]], and [[Jacob Zuma]] talking at the African Outreach session]]
The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref name="reuters_what"/>

France anticipates enlarging the G8 to the G14, which would be the G8 plus the G5 (Brazil, India, China, South Africa and Mexico + 1 Muslim country);<ref name="goldilocks">Alexandroff, Alan. [http://www.cigionline.org/articles/2009/09/harper-has-key-role-shaping-g8%E2%80%99s-future   "The 'Goldilocks' Solution to Global Governance"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616183159/http://www.cigionline.org/articles/2009/09/harper-has-key-role-shaping-g8%E2%80%99s-future |date=2011-06-16 }} [https://archive.today/20110616184251/http://www.cigionline.org/about/mandate Centre for International Governance Innovation.] September 24, 2009; Welch, David. [https://www.thestar.com/comment/article/462534  "Canada has an opportunity to remake world summitry"],  ''Toronto Star.'' July 18, 2008.</ref>

The summit included an "Africa outreach" session,<ref name="Ikokwu1"/><ref>[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Bouteflika (U Toronto site)]</ref><ref>[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Mubarak (U Toronto site)]</ref><ref>[https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/2010/pdfs/declaration_1006.pdf "G8 Muskoka Declaration – Recovery and New Beginnings"], ''Government of Japan''. Accessed July 1, 2023</ref><ref name="zenawi">[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Zenawi (U Toronto site)]</ref><ref name="mutharika">[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Mutharika (U Toronto site)]</ref><ref>[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010;  [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Johnson (U Toronto site)]</ref><ref>[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Wade (U Toronto site)]</ref><ref>[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Zuma (U Toronto site)]</ref> and an "Extended outreach" session.<ref>[http://www.elespectador.com/articulo-210177-presidente-uribe-llego-canada-participar-cumbre-del-g8  "''Presidente Uribe llegó a Canadá para participar en Cumbre del G8''"], ''El Espectador'' June 24, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Uribe (U Toronto site)]</ref><ref>[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Préval (U Toronto site)]</ref><ref>[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html Golding (U Toronto site)]</ref> In Huntsville, the G8 leaders met with the leaders of the seven African countries and with the leaders of [[Colombia]], [[Haiti]], and [[Jamaica]].<ref name="chan">Chan, Sewell and Jackie Calmes. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/26/business/global/26summit.html?scp=4&sq=huntsville%20summit&st=cse  "Policy Conflicts Seen as Obama Arrives in Toronto"], ''New York Times.'' June 25, 2010.</ref>

The 36th G8 summit was the first summit for [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]], [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Naoto Kan]], and [[President of the European Council]] [[Herman Van Rompuy]].

===Participants===
<!-- NOTE: format order = C•F•G•I•J•R•UK•USA + EU
The format order of this section mirrors the order of the Muskoka 2010 G8 official website -- see http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/

This format order is also congruent with "Summit Meetings of the Past" at website of Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs --  see http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/2000/past_summit/table_e/index.html

*{{flagicon|Canada}}
*{{flagicon|France|1974}}
*{{flagicon|Germany}}
*{{flagicon|Italy}}
*{{flagicon|Japan}}
*{{flagicon|Russia}}
*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}
*{{flagicon|USA}}
+
*{{flag|European Union}}

-->

These summit participants represent the current core members of the international forum:<ref>Rieffel, Lex. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)"], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603074840/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx |date=June 3, 2010 }} Brookings (US). 27 March 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html#g8 Harper (U Toronto site)]; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/canada/ Harper (G8 official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002753/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/canada/ |date=2010-06-25 }}</ref><ref>Gubert, Romain. [http://www.lepoint.fr/business/quatre-francais-pour-rien-26-06-2010-470729_51.php  "''Quatre Français pour rien,''"] ''Le Point'' (Paris). June 26, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html#g8 Sarkozy (U Toronto site)]; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/france/ Sarkozy (G8 official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002331/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/france/ |date=2010-06-25 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html#g8 Merkel (U Toronto site)]; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/germany/ Merkel (G8 official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002405/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/germany/ |date=2010-06-25 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html#g8 Berlusconi (U Toronto site)]; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/italy/ Berlusconi (G8 official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002449/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/italy/ |date=2010-06-25 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html#g8 Kan (U Toronto site)]; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/japan/ Kan (g8 official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002523/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/japan/ |date=2010-06-25 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html#g8 Medvedev (U Toronto site)]; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/russia/ Medvedev (G8 official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002601/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/russia/ |date=2010-06-25 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html#g8 Cameron (U Toronto site)]; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/united-kingdom/ Cameron (G8 official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002644/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/united-kingdom/ |date=2010-06-25 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit"], ''Maclean's.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html#g8 Obama (U Toronto site)]; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/united-states-of-america/  Obama (G8 official site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002717/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/united-states-of-america/ |date=2010-06-25 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article484949.ece  "Differences on Economy Set to Play out in Toronto"], ''The Hindu.'' June 25, 2010; [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2010muskoka/delegations.html#g8 Barroso (U Toronto site)]; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/european-union/ Barosso (G8 official site)]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002256/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/european-union/ |date=2010-06-25 }} [http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php "EU and the G8"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226165606/http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php |date=February 26, 2007 }}</ref><ref>Ward, Olivia. [https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/829237--ban-ki-moon-at-g20-as-defender-of-the-defenceless  "Ban Ki-moon at G20 as 'defender of the defenceless'"], ''Toronto Star.'' June 26, 2010.</ref><ref>Gubert, Romain. [http://www.lepoint.fr/business/quatre-francais-pour-rien-26-06-2010-470729_51.php  "''Quatre Français pour rien,''"] ''Le Point'' (Paris). June 26, 2010.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" |'''[[G8|Core G8 members]]'''<br><small>Host state and leader are shown in bold text.</small>
|-  style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 | Member

! Represented by
! Title
|-
! {{flagicon|CAN}}
| '''[[Canada]]'''
| '''[[Stephen Harper]]'''
| '''[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]'''
|-
! {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}
| [[France]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[President of France|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Germany}}
| [[Germany]]
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Italy}}
| [[Italy]]
| [[Silvio Berlusconi]]
| [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Japan}}
| [[Japan]]
| [[Naoto Kan]]
| [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]]
|-
! {{flagicon|RUS}}
| [[Russia]]
| [[Dmitry Medvedev]]
| [[President of Russia|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|UK}}
| [[United Kingdom]]
| [[David Cameron]]
| [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
|-
! {{flagicon|US}}
| [[United States]]
| [[Barack Obama]]
| [[President of the United States|President]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|European Union}}
| rowspan="2" | [[European Union]]
| [[José Manuel Barroso]]
| [[President of the European Commission|Commission President]]
|-
| [[Herman Van Rompuy]]
| [[President of the European Council|Council President]]
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" |'''Africa Outreach (Countries)'''<br>
|-  style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 | Member
! Represented by
! Title
|-
! {{flagicon|Algeria}}
| [[Algeria]]
| [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]
| [[President of Algeria|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Egypt}}
| [[Egypt]]
| [[Hosni Mubarak]]{{efn|Was invited but was unable to attend.}}
| [[President of Egypt|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Ethiopia}}
| [[Ethiopia]]
| [[Meles Zenawi]]
| [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Malawi}}
| [[Malawi]]
| [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]
| [[President of Malawi|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Nigeria}}
| [[Nigeria]]
| [[Goodluck Jonathan]]
| [[President of Nigeria|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Senegal}}
| [[Senegal]]
| [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
| [[List of presidents of Senegal|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|South Africa}}
| [[South Africa]]
| [[Jacob Zuma]]
| [[President of South Africa|President]]
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" |'''Extended Outreach (Countries)'''<br>
|-  style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 | Member
! Represented by
! Title
|-
! {{flagicon|Colombia}}
| [[Colombia]]
| [[Álvaro Uribe]]
| [[President of Colombia|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Haiti}}
| [[Haiti]]
| [[René Préval]]
| [[President of Haiti|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Jamaica}}
| [[Jamaica]]
| [[Bruce Golding]]
| [[Prime Minister of Jamaica|Prime Minister]]
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" |'''Guest Invitees (International Institutions)'''<br>
|-  style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 | Member
! Represented by
! Title
|-
!
| [[African Union]]
| [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]
| [[Chairperson of the African Union|Chairperson]]
|-
! {{flagicon|CIS}}
| [[Commonwealth of Independent States]]
| [[Sergey Lebedev (politician)|Sergey Lebedev]]
| [[Commonwealth of Independent States#General Secretary|Executive Secretary]]
|-
! {{flagicon|International Atomic Energy Agency}}
| [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
| [[Yukiya Amano]]
| [[International Atomic Energy Agency#List of Directors General|Director General]]
|-
!
| [[International Energy Agency]]
| [[Nobuo Tanaka]]
| Executive Director
|-
! {{flagicon|United Nations}}
| [[United Nations]]
| [[Ban Ki-moon]]
| [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]
|-
! {{flagicon|UNESCO}}
| [[UNESCO]]
| [[Irina Bokova]]
| Director-General
|-
! {{flagicon image|World Bank logo.svg}}
| [[World Bank]]
| [[Robert Zoellick]]
| [[World Bank#Leadership|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|WHO}}
| [[World Health Organization]]
| [[Margaret Chan]]
| [[Director-General of the World Health Organization|Director-General]]
|-
!
| [[World Trade Organization]]
| [[Pascal Lamy]]
| [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization|Director-General]]
|}

=={{Anchor|Priorities}}{{Anchor|Issues}}Agenda==
{{See also|2010 G20 Toronto summit#Agenda}}
Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national [[civil servants]] in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign. Harper explained at outset,
:"As hosts, our government will have considerable say over the agenda. It will be a tremendous opportunity to promote Canada's values and interests; to advocate for open markets and trade opportunities; to assist on global action against global warming; and to champion values like freedom, democracy and human rights and the rule of law."<ref>Learn, Rob. [http://www.huntsvilleforester.com/huntsvilleforester/article/108788  "Huntsville to serve as world stage in 2010"], ''Huntsville Forester'' (Huntsville, Ontario). June 25, 2008.</ref>

In early June, Harper was more specific. Canada wanted to focus on the economy, with emphasis placed on reforming the financial sector, and finding European support for plans to return to fiscal stability.<ref>Weese, Bryn. [http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/06/03/14239756.html  "Harper, Cameron Disagree on Bank Tax"], ''The Sun'' (Toronto). June 3, 2010.</ref>

The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.<ref name="reinalda205"/>

===Economy===
Economic recovery from [[Great Recession|global recession]] and specifically the [[European debt crisis]] were at the forefront of negotiation.

* "Making growth compatible with fiscal consolidation is important not only for Japan, but for all the countries in the G8 ....  The G8 showed some level of understanding for this." &mdash; Naoto Kan<ref name="cbc"/>
* "I have made it clear that we need sustainable growth, and that growth and intelligent austerity measures don't have to be contradictions. The discussion was not controversial; there was a lot of mutual understanding." &mdash; Angela Merkel<ref name="cbc"/>
* "No leader contested the need to cut deficits and debt, and to do it in a pragmatic way, taking into account the situation of each country." &mdash; Nicolas Sarkozy<ref name="cbc"/>

A [[Bank tax|tax]] on [[Bank|banking]] institutions, either to ultimately [[bailout]] the banks should they fail or as a so-called "Robin Hood tax", a [[Financial transaction tax|transaction tax]] which would fuel [[Aid|international aid]], was discussed and supported by European countries France and Germany but opposed by the US and Canada, although nothing binding was resolved.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2010/06/201062571713780493.html G20:Battles within and outside.]  Al Jazeera. June 28, 2010.</ref><ref name="AlJazeeraAid"/>

===International relations===
The [[nuclear power|nuclear]] programs of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran]] and [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea]] were criticized by leaders, who expressed concern that they might destabilize their regions. [[Israel]] too was criticized for its ongoing [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]] of the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/06/201062743613946222.html G8 criticizes N Korea and Iran.] Al Jazeera. June 28, 2010.</ref> North Korea was also criticized for the [[ROKS Cheonan sinking|sinking]] of a South Korean warship.

* "Iran is not guaranteeing a peaceful production of nuclear power. The members of the G8 are worried, and believe absolutely that Israel will probably react preemptively." &mdash; Silvio Berlusconi<ref name="cbc">[http://www.cbc.ca/photogallery/news/3618/ "G8 Leaders in Their Words"], CBC News. June 25, 2010.</ref>
* "There have to be consequences for such irresponsible behaviour on the international stage." &mdash; Barack Obama, speaking about North Korea's alleged sinking of a South Korean warship<ref name="cbc"/>

Afghanistan was given five years to reduce corruption and increase [[security]] in the country.

* "Making progress this year, putting everything we have into getting it right this year, is vitally important." &mdash; David Cameron, speaking on the War in Afghanistan<ref name="cbc"/>

The leaders at the summit pledged $5 billion toward international aid, less than the predicted $50 billion that was promised for 2010 at the [[31st G8 summit|2005 G8 summit]].<ref>Curry, Bill. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/g20-to-look-at-global-poverty-leaked-communiqu-shows/article1615449/  "G20 to look at global poverty, leaked communiqué shows"], ''Globe and Mail'' (Toronto). June 23, 2010.</ref> This money is mostly destined for poorer countries in Africa and Asia. This reduction was seen as a consequence of increased deficits and tighter financial situations in richer countries. As part of the discussion, leaders from [[Haiti]], [[Jamaica]], [[Senegal]], [[Algeria]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Malawi]], [[Nigeria]], [[South Africa]], and [[Egypt]] were invited to talk.<ref name="AlJazeeraAid">[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/06/20106262431722392.html G8 makes 'cautious' aid pledge.] Al Jazeera. June 28, 2010.</ref>

=={{Anchor|Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses}}Response==
===Protesters and demonstrations===
{{See also|2010 G20 Toronto summit protests}}
Prior to its start, protest groups and other activists were expected to make a showing at the summit.<ref name="globe1"/> At Huntsville, public protests were small.<ref name="ctv">[https://www.ctvnews.ca/developing-countries-join-g8-at-huntsville-summit-1.526319  "Developing countries join G8 at Huntsville summit"], CTV News. June 25, 2010.</ref>

Oxfam staged a protest with people wearing giant papier mache heads of the G8 leaders. Oxfam's goal was to put the issue of extreme poverty on the summit agenda, but a spokesman described the Huntsville protests as something akin to "benign nuisance."<ref name="ctv"/>

Not all demonstrations originated from outside the local community. One 2008 letter to the editor of the ''Huntsville Forester'' suggested that the way in which local communities plan for 2010 could be seen as an "incredible opportunity to demonstrate for change in the world:"
:"The summit will bring a lot of activity and money ....  So, how will we, as a network of communities, move into it? Will the money drive us? Or will we take a larger position by looking to create future-friendly businesses that will continue to thrive long after the summit is over? Will we choose greed or balance as the underlying intent? Intention matters. As the first plans and preparations are being laid, this might be a good time to take steps such as networking with outlying communities and forming focus groups to define some of these goals."<ref>Ramcharan, Cheryl. [http://www.huntsvilleforester.com/HuntsvilleForester/article/111025  "Now is a good time to define our goals for the G8 Summit"], ''Huntsville Forester.'' July 16, 2008.</ref>

A group of locals urged the G8 leaders to declare water a human right. The group organized a march through the town centre Friday morning.<ref name="ctv"/>

===Independent documentary===
In December 2008, two independent filmmakers from northern Germany began introducing themselves and interviewing people in Huntsville. Their plans included making a documentary on the preparations for the upcoming G8 summit. They also anticipated the impact and after-effects of the event. They hoped to screen the finished documentary at an international film festival<ref>Dash, Carlye Malchuk. [http://www.huntsvilleforester.com/article/126565  "Filmmakers here for documentary on G8 Summit"], ''Huntsville Forester.'' January 14, 2009.</ref>

===Counter-conference===
A religious counter-summit was planned to coincide with the G8 summit in 2010. The Canadian Council of Churches was organizing the event, anticipating that South Africa's [[Desmond Tutu]], the [[Dalai Lama]], and Prince Karīm al-Hussainī [[Aga Khan IV]] would be amongst the internationally known figures who plan to attend the multi-faith conference at the [[University of Winnipeg]]. Similar conferences have been held alongside the G8 summits since 2005. Groundwork for this event began when Canada's 2010 venue was announced in 2008 at the [[34th G8 summit|Hokkaido summit]]. Counter-summit organizers projected that it would be difficult for political leaders to ignore the admonitions of the world's religious leaders, even as they might tend to marginalize the protesters who battle police at each G8 meeting.<ref>Laidlaw, Stuart. [https://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/604652  "Religious heads to hold own summit during G8"], ''The Star'' (Toronto).  March 19, 2009.</ref>

==Accomplishments==
The G8 summit historically serves to draw international attention to difficult problems and to reach general agreements, not necessarily as a place to hammer out detailed solutions. Therefore, the accomplishments of the conference are unlikely to be final solutions.<ref name="feldman1">Feldman, Adam. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803031809/http://www.forbes.com/opinions/2008/07/05/problems-unity-progress-oped-cx_af_summit08_0707feldman.html  "What's Wrong With The G-8"], ''Forbes'' (New York). July 7, 2008.</ref>

===Muskoka infrastructure===
Harper anticipated that "the 2010 G8 Summit will provide short and long-term economic benefits for the region and the province, and would be an exceptional opportunity for Canada to advance its values and interests on the world stage."<ref name="announce1"/> The real estate industry expected to benefit—for example, cottage owners in the area looked to capitalize by renting their properties to dignitaries. The local Huntsville-[[Lake of Bays]] Chamber of Commerce, believed the summit will produce economic spin-off and long-term benefits; but some residents were skeptical.<ref name="globe1"/>

===Infrastructure Consortium for Africa===
The [[Infrastructure Consortium for Africa]] (ICA) was established at the [[31st G8 summit]] at [[Gleneagles (Scotland)]] in 2005. Since that time, the ICA's annual meeting is traditionally hosted by the country holding the Presidency of the G8—in 2010 in Canada.<ref name="afrol1">[http://www.afrol.com/articles/32569  "Meeting to Discuss Crisis Impact in Africa's Infrastructure Development"], ''Afrol News.'' March 2, 2009.</ref>

==Gallery of participating leaders==
===Core G8 participants===
<gallery class="center" widths="120">
File:Stephen Harper by Remy Steinegger Infobox.jpg|'''{{flag|Canada}}'''<br>[[Stephen Harper]],<br />[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] (Host)
File:Nicolas Sarkozy in 2010.jpg|'''{{flag|France|1974}}'''<br>[[Nicolas Sarkozy]],<br />[[President of France|President]]
File:Angela Merkel 2019 cropped.jpg|'''{{flag|Germany}}'''<br>[[Angela Merkel]],<br />[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]
File:Berlusconi-2010-1.jpg|'''{{flag|Italy}}'''<br>[[Silvio Berlusconi]],<br />[[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]]
File:Kan Naoto.jpg|'''{{flag|Japan}}'''<br>[[Naoto Kan]],<br />[[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]]
File:Dmitry Medvedev official large photo -1 (cropped).jpg|'''{{flag|Russia}}'''<br>[[Dmitry Medvedev]],<br />[[President of Russia|President]]
File:David Cameron official.jpg|'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''<br>[[David Cameron]],<br />[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
File:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg|'''{{flag|United States}}'''<br>[[Barack Obama]],<br />[[President of the United States|President]]
</gallery>
<gallery class="center" widths="90px">
File:Herman Van Rompuy 675.jpg|{{flagicon|EU}} '''[[European Union]]'''<br />[[Herman Van Rompuy]],<br />[[President of the European Council|Council President]]
File:José Manuel Barroso (cropped).jpg|'''{{flag|European Union}}'''<br>[[José Manuel Barroso]],<br />[[President of the European Commission|Commission President]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==Citations==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC  ''Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations.''] London: [[Routledge]].  {{ISBN|978-0-415-16486-3}}; {{ISBN|978-0-203-45085-7}}; {{OCLC|39013643}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100202101522/http://g8.gc.ca/home/ Canada's G8 website] n.b., no official website is created for any G7 summit prior to 1995 -- ''see'' the [[21st G7 summit#Accomplishments|21st G7 summit]].
* [[G7 Research Group]] - [http://www.g7.utoronto.ca G7 Information Centre]
* [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20 ''Globe and Mail'' - G8/G20 website]
* [https://twitter.com/canadaintl Canadian Government - G8/G20 Twitter site]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/g8 G8 Special Report] [[guardian.co.uk]]

{{G7 summits}}
{{Presidency of Barack Obama}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:36th G8 Summit}}
[[Category:2010 conferences|G8 summit]]
[[Category:2010 in international relations|G8 summit]]
[[Category:2010 in Ontario|G8 summit]]
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences|G8 summit 2010]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in Canada|G8 summit 2010]]
[[Category:G7 summits|2010]]
[[Category:Huntsville, Ontario]]
[[Category:June 2010 in Canada]]
[[Category:Political history of Ontario]]
[[Category:Premiership of Stephen Harper|G8 summit 2010]]
[[Category:Premiership of David Cameron|G8 summit 2010]]
[[Category:Presidency of Barack Obama|G8 summit 2010]]
[[Category:District Municipality of Muskoka]]