View source for 20th Century Limited

{{Short description|American named passenger train (1902–1967)}}
{{Distinguish|20th Century Studios}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
|box_width       = 
|name            = 
|logo            = 
|image           = Test run of streamlined 20th Century Limited 1938.jpg
|caption         = The streamlined ''20th Century Limited'' departing [[Chicago]] on a trial run in June 1938
|type            = 
|status          = Ceased
|locale          = 
|predecessor     = 
|first           = June 15, 1902
|last            = December 2, 1967
|successor       = [[Lake Shore Limited]]
|formeroperator  = [[New York Central Railroad]]
|ridership       = 
|start           = [[Grand Central Terminal|New York]]
|stops           = 
|end             = [[LaSalle Street Station|Chicago]]
|distance        = 
|journeytime     = 
|frequency       = Daily
|trainnumber     = 
|line_used       = 
|stock           = 
|gauge           = 
|map             = {{20th Century Limited}}
}}

The '''''20th Century Limited''''' was an express [[passenger train]] on the [[New York Central Railroad]] (NYC) from 1902 to 1967. The train traveled between [[Grand Central Terminal]] in [[New York City]] and [[LaSalle Street Station]] in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], along the railroad's "Water Level Route".

NYC inaugurated the ''20th Century Limited'' as competition to the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], aimed at upper-class and business travelers. It made few station stops along the way and used [[Water trough|track pan]]s to take water at speed. On June{{nbsp}}15, 1938, streamlined train sets designed by [[Henry Dreyfuss]] were added to the route.<ref name="Citycyclopedia" />

Widely considered to be one of the greatest American passenger trains of all time, the ''20th Century Limited'' was the flagship train of the New York Central and was advertised as "The Most Famous Train in the World". It was described in ''[[The New York Times]]'' as having been "[...] known to railroad buffs for 65 years as the world's greatest train",<ref name=NYTlast/> and its style was described as "spectacularly understated". The phrase "[[red carpet|red-carpet]] treatment" is derived from passengers' walking to the train on a specially designed crimson carpet.<ref name="JWS48-49">{{harvnb|Johnston|Welsh|Schafer|2001|pp=48–49}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:20th Century Limited cropped.jpg|thumb|The ''20th Century Limited'' in the early 1900s]]
[[File:20th Century Limited 1912 Advertisement.jpg|thumb|"The Most Famous Train in the World" (1912 New York Central ad)]]
The ''20th Century Limited'' first ran on June{{nbsp}}15, 1902. It completed its run from [[New York City|New York]] to [[Chicago]] in 20{{nbsp}}hours, four hours less than previous trains, and arrived three minutes ahead of schedule. It offered a barbershop and secretarial services.<ref name="Citycyclopedia">{{cite enc-nyc| page=1207}}</ref> The ''New York Times''{{'}} report <!--June 17 1902 p. 2--><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 1902 |title=Twenty-Hour Trains' Trips to Chicago |page=2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/06/17/101955478.pdf |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=May 16, 1958 |title=Exit the Twentieth Century Limited |magazine=[[Railway Gazette International|Railway Gazette]] |page=558}}</ref> stressed the routine nature of the trip, with no special procedures being followed and no extra efforts being made to break records. It said that there "was no excitement along the way," and quoted a railroad official's claim: "it is a perfectly practical run and will be continued." Engineer William Gates said, "This schedule can be made without any difficulty. I can do it every time, barring accidents".<ref name="Citycyclopedia" />

The schedule cut two more hours off the run in June 1905, and, on the 21st of that month, the train was [[20th Century Limited derailment|intentionally derailed]] on the [[Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway]] line at [[Mentor, Ohio]], killing 21 passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matowitz |first=Thomas |date=November 20, 2016 |title=Wreck of the 20th Century Limited |url=https://cityofmentor.com/wreck-20th-century-limited/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510051452/http://cityofmentor.com/wreck-20th-century-limited/ |archive-date=May 10, 2018 |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=City of Mentor |location=Mentor, Ohio}}</ref> It reverted to 20 hours in 1912 and was unchanged until 1932. In 1935, it dropped to 16{{nbsp}}hours and 30{{nbsp}}minutes.

The engine change point was moved to [[Croton–Harmon station]] in 1913, when the NYC line was [[Third rail|electrified]] south of that point.

[[File:20th Century Limited pulled by Commodore Vanderbilt 1935.JPG|thumb|The ''20th Century Limited'' pulled by [[New York Central Hudson|Hudson]] #5344 ''Commodore Vanderbilt'' departing [[LaSalle Street Station]], 1935]]

In the 1920s, the New York-Chicago fare was $32.70 plus the extra fare of $9.60, plus the Pullman charge (e.g. $9 for a lower berth), for a total of $51.30, equal to ${{Inflation|US|51.3|1925|r=2}} today.<!--what's that compared to a week's wage at the time?--> This fare entitled a passenger to a bed closed off from the aisle by curtains; a compartment to oneself cost more. In 1928, the peak year, the train earned revenue of $10{{nbsp}}million and was believed to be the most profitable train in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |date=3 December 1967 |title=The 20th Century Makes Final Run |page=31 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/12/03/84990019.pdf |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

===New train sets===
[[File:20th Century Ltd Streamlined 1938.jpg|thumb|right|Cover carried in the RPO of the first streamlined New York-Chicago run]]
[[File:20th Century Limited north car GCT jeh.jpg|thumb|The Tonawanda Valley car, displayed in the Grand Central Centennial Parade of Trains]]
In 1938, industrial designer [[Henry Dreyfuss]] was commissioned by the New York Central to design streamlined train sets in [[Art Deco]] style, with the [[locomotive]] and [[Passenger car (rail)|passenger cars]] rendered in blues and grays (the colors of the New York Central). The streamlined sets were inaugurated on June 15. His design was probably the most famous American passenger train.<ref name="Citycyclopedia" /> The first new ''20th Century Limited'' train left New York City at 18:00 Eastern Time and arrived at Chicago's LaSalle Street Station the following morning at 09:00 Central Time, traveling {{convert|960.7|miles|0}} at an average {{convert|60|mph|0}}.<ref name="Guide">{{Cite book |title=Official Guide of the Railways |title-link=Official Guide of the Railways |date=February 1956 |publisher=National Railway Publication Co. |location=New York |pages=214&ndash;216}}</ref> The eastbound train left LaSalle Street Station in Chicago at 15:00 and arrived at Grand Central Terminal the following morning at 08:00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowen |first=Eric H. |title=The 20th Century Limited – September, 1938 |url=http://streamlinerschedules.com/concourse/track5/century193809.html |website=streamlinerschedules.com}}</ref> For a few years after World War II, the eastward schedule was shortened to {{frac|15|1|2}} hours.

In 1945, [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] diesel-electrics replaced steam, and two new diesel-electric-powered trainsets were commissioned. The replacement was inaugurated by General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in September, 1948. This set was featured in postwar films such as ''[[North by Northwest]]'' and ''[[The Band Wagon]]''.

Like many express passenger trains through the mid-1960s, the ''20th Century Limited'' carried an East Division (E.D.) [[Railway Post Office]] (R.P.O.) car operated by the [[Railway Mail Service]] (RMS) of the [[United States Post Office Department]] which was staffed by USPOD clerks as a "fast mail" on each of its daily runs.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 1943 |title=Riding the Fast Mail |journal=Popular Mechanics |pages=56 et seq}}</ref> The mails received by, postmarked, processed, sorted and dispatched from the ''20th Century Limited''{{'s}} RPOs were either canceled or backstamped (as appropriate) during the trip by hand-applied circular date stamps (CDS) reading "N.Y. & CHI. R.P.O. E.D. 20TH CEN.LTD." and the train's number: "25" (NY–CHI) or "26" (CHI–NY).

For much of its history before 1957, the all-Pullman train made station stops only at [[Grand Central Terminal]] and [[Croton-Harmon station|Harmon]] for New York–area passengers and [[LaSalle Street Station]] and [[Englewood Union Station|Englewood]] for Chicago-area passengers. These traveled in as many as seven sections (each was a separate, complete train), of which the first was named the '''Advance 20th Century Limited'''.<ref name="Citycyclopedia" /> In 1957, the ''20th Century Limited'' schedule added more station stops to the original four (two terminals and two suburban stops). In the 1960s, the NYC added [[slumbercoach]]es to the roster of sleeping cars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1961 |title=New York Central |url=http://www.canadasouthern.com/caso/ptt/images/tt-0461.pdf |publisher=New York Central}}</ref>

===Demise===
By the late 1960s, the train was in decline. On December{{nbsp}}2, 1967, at 18:00, the half-full train left Grand Central Terminal's Track{{nbsp}}34 for the last time.<ref name="NYTlast" /> As always, carnations were given to men and perfume and flowers to women boarding the train.<ref name="NYTlast" /> The next day, it arrived at LaSalle Street Station in Chicago 9{{nbsp}}hours 50{{nbsp}}minutes late due to a freight derailment near [[Conneaut, Ohio]], which forced a slow rerouting over the parallel Nickel Plate Railroad freight line.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=December 11, 1967 |title=The Twentieth Century retires at 65 |magazine=[[Railway Age]] |page=12}}</ref>

===Today===
[[Amtrak]] now operates the ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'' between [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|New York Penn Station]] and [[Chicago Union Station]]. It follows a route similar to the ''20th Century's'', except west of [[Whiting, Indiana]] (near Chicago), where it switches to the former [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]'s [[Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway]].

On August{{nbsp}}26, 1999, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued 33-cent ''[[All Aboard! 20th Century American Trains]]'' commemorative [[Postage stamp|stamps]] featuring five celebrated American passenger trains from the 1930s and 1940s. One of the five stamps features an image of a streamlined J-3a steam locomotive leading the ''20th Century Limited'' out of the Chicago railyards on its way to New York, with the [[Chicago Board of Trade|Board of Trade Building]] in the background.

Several ''20th Century Limited'' passenger cars and its red carpet were included in the Grand Central Centennial Parade of Trains, part of the terminal centennial celebration in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2013 |title=Grand Central transformed into time capsule |url=https://www.greenwichtime.com/local/article/Grand-Central-transformed-into-time-capsule-4509935.php |publisher=Greenwich Time |first=Martin B. |last=Cassidy |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005152335/https://www.greenwichtime.com/local/article/Grand-Central-transformed-into-time-capsule-4509935.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2023, two of the restored traincars, Hickory Creek and Tavern-Lounge No. 43, were offered for Spring and Fall day trip excursions between [[New York City]] and [[Albany, New York]] while attached to the rear of an [[Amtrak]] [[Empire Service]] train.<ref name="20230802HRR">{{cite web |title=20th Century Limited |url=https://www.hudsonriverrail.com/ |website=Hudson River Rail Excursions |publisher=[[United Railroad Historical Society of New Jersey]] |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="20230203SM">{{cite news |last1=Feldman |first1=Ella |title=You Can Travel in a Vintage 1940s Train Along the Hudson River |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/you-can-take-a-1940s-train-along-the-hudson-river-starting-next-month-180981575/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |date=3 February 2023}}</ref> In September, a special trip from New York to Chicago and back was offered.<ref name="20230802HRR" />

In December 2024, the observation car "Hickory Creek" was part of [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MTA]] [[Metro-North Railroad|Metro North]]'s Employee Holiday Train.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPbSRgDg0-E&feature=youtu.be |title=Metro-North's 2024 Employee Holiday Train On The Hudson Line |date=2024-12-10 |last=River Rail Photo |access-date=2024-12-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

===Sample consists===
Eastbound train #38—''Advance 20th Century Limited'', on February 7, 1930; Sampled at [[Chicago]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wayner|p=14}}</ref>
*Locomotive: [[NYC Hudson|J-1 Class (4-6-4 ''Hudson'')]] steam locomotive; NYC #5270;
*Class CS Baggage-club car: NYC ''EAGLE HEIGHTS'';
*Class PS Sleeper (14-section): ''STAR VIEW'';
*Class PS Sleeper (8-section 1-drawing room 2-compartment): ''SPRING GAP'';
*Class PS Sleeper (6-compartment 3-drawing room): ''GLEN ALICE'';
*Class DA Dining car: NYC 387;
*Class PS Sleeper (14-section): ''STAR SPUR'';
*Class PS Sleeper (10-section 2-double drawing rooms): ''GANNETT PEAK'';
*Class PS Sleeper (8-section 1-drawing room 2-compartments): ''GLOVER GAP'';
*Class PSO Sleeper-Buffet-Lounge-Observation (1-drawing room 1-single bedroom): ''MOHAWK VALLEY''.
----
Westbound train #25—''20th Century Limited'', on March 17, 1938; Sampled at [[New York City]]<ref>{{harvnb|Wayner|p=18}}</ref>
*Locomotive: [[NYC T-Motor|Class T3A Electric Locomotive]];
*Class MP Postal car: NYC #4857;
*Class CS Baggage-club car: NYC ''VAN TWILLER'';
*Class PS Sleeper (8-section 1-drawing room 2-compartment): ''CENTACORRA'';
*Class PS Sleepers (6-section 6-double bedroom): ''POPLAR PARK'';
*Class PS Sleepers (6-section 6-double bedroom): ''POPLAR HIGHLANDS'';
*Class PS Sleeper (6-compartment 3-drawing room): ''GLEN ANNA'';
*Class DA Dining cars: NYC 654;
*Class DA Dining cars: NYC 655;
*Class PS Sleeper (6-section 6-double bedroom): ''POPLAR GROVE'';
*Class PS Sleepers (13-double bedroom): ''MACOMB HOUSE'';
*Class PS Sleepers (13-double bedroom): ''PRINGLE HOUSE'';
*Class PSO Sleeper-Buffet-Lounge-Observation (1-drawing room 1-single bedroom): ''ELKHART VALLEY''.
----
[[File:NYC Hudson2.jpg|thumb|One of the [[NYC Hudson]]s fitted with the streamlined casing designed by [[Henry Dreyfuss]]]]

Eastbound train #26—''20th Century Limited'', on September 6, 1943; departing [[Chicago]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wayner|p=17}}</ref>
*Class J-3a (4-6-4 ''Hudson'') steam locomotive: NYC 5450;
*Class MB Baggage-mail car: NYC #5017;
*Class DDL Dormitory-buffet-lounge car: ''CENTURY CLUB'';
*Class PS Sleeper (10-roomettes 5-double bedroom): ''CASCADE WONDER'';
*Class PS Sleeper (17-roomette): ''CITY OF CLEVELAND'';
*Class PS Sleeper (17-roomette): ''CITY OF DAYTON'';
*Class PS Sleeper (10-roomette 5-double bedroom): ''CASCADE GLORY'';
*Class PS Sleeper (10-roomette 5-double bedroom): ''CASCADE WHIRL'';
*Class PS Sleeper (4-Double Bedroom 4-compartment 2-drawing room): ''IMPERIAL FOUNTAIN'';
*Class DA Dining car: NYC 680;
*Class DA Dining car: NYC 684;
*Class PS Sleeper (4-double bedroom 4 compartment 2-drawing room); ''IMPERIAL CITY'';
*Class PS Sleeper (4-double bedroom 4 compartment 2-drawing room); ''IMPERIAL DOME'';
*Class PS Sleeper (13-double bedroom): ''ONONDAGA COUNTY'';
*Class PS Sleeper (13-double bedroom): ''HAMPDEN COUNTY'';
*Class PS Sleeper (13-double bedroom): ''MONTGOMERY COUNTY'';
*Class PS Sleeper (13-double bedroom): ''ASHTABULA COUNTY'';
*Class PSO Sleeper-Buffet-Lounge-Observation (2-double bedrooms; 1-compartment; 1-drawing room): ''MAUMEE RIVER''.
----
[[File:20th Century Ltd in 1963.jpg|thumb|''20th Century'' at [[LaSalle Street Station]], Chicago &ndash; 1963]]

Westbound train #25—''20th Century Limited'', on March 30, 1965, sampled at [[Cleveland, Ohio]]<ref>{{harvnb|Wayner|p=86}}</ref>
*[[EMD E7|E7A diesel locomotive]]: NYC 4025;
*[[EMD E8|E8A diesel locomotive]]: NYC 4080;
*E7A diesel locomotive: NYC 4007;
*Class MB Baggage-mail car: NYC 5018;
*Class CSB Baggage-dormitory car: NYC 8979;
*Class PB Coach: NYC 2942;
*Class DG Grill-diner: NYC 450;
*Class PAS Sleepercoach (16-Single Room 10-Double Room): NYC 10811;
*Class PAS Sleepercoach (16-Single Room 10-Double Room): NYC 10817;
*Class PS Sleeper (22-roomette): NYC 10355 ''BOSTON HARBOR'';
*Class DKP Kitchen-Lounge Car: NYC 477;
*Class DE Dining Room Car: NYC 406;
*Class PS Sleeper (10-roomette 6-double bedroom): NYC 10171 ''CURRENT RIVER'';
*Class PS Sleeper (12-double bedroom): NYC 10511 ''PORT OF DETROIT'';
*Class PS Sleeper (12-double bedroom): NYC 10501 ''PORT BYRON'';
*Class PSO Sleeper-Buffet-Lounge-Observation (5-double bedroom): NYC 10633 ''HICKORY CREEK''.

==Legacy==
[[File:20th Century Limited Carpet Section.JPG|thumb|right|A section of one of the famous red carpets, next to the "Hickory Creek" during the Grand Central Centennial Parade of Trains. The ''20th Century Limited'' originally departed New York City from the right-hand side of this platform.]]

The ''20th Century Limited'' was advertised as "The Most Famous Train in the World".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=A. Rowden |date=September 1912 |title=Making A Train World Famous: How the 20th Century Limited has Become a Business Necessity and its Name an English Idiom by Advertising |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjgfAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Most+Famous+Train+in+the+World%22+%22Twentieth+Century+Limited%22&pg=RA3-PA12 |journal=Advertising & Selling |location=New York |publisher=The Advertising & Selling Co. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=12–16}}</ref> In the year of its last run, <!--Dec. 2–3,1967 p. 31--> ''[[The New York Times]]'' said that it "...was known to railroad buffs for 65 years as the world's greatest train".<ref name="NYTlast">{{Cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |date=December 3, 1967 |title=The 20th Century Makes Final Run |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/12/03/84990019.pdf |access-date=February 6, 2009}}</ref> Its style was described as "spectacularly understated ... suggesting exclusivity and sophistication".<ref name="JWS48-49" /> Passengers walked to the train in New York and Chicago on a specially designed crimson carpet, giving rise to the phrase "the [[Red Carpet|red-carpet treatment]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Claiborne, Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/loosecannonsredh0000clai/page/193 |title=Loose Cannons and Red Herrings. A Book of Lost Metaphors. |publisher=Norton. |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-393-02578-1 |location=New York. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/loosecannonsredh0000clai/page/193 193]}}</ref> "Transportation historians", said the writers of ''The Art of the Streamliner'', "consistently rate the 1938{{nbsp}}edition of the ''Century'' to be the world's ultimate passenger conveyance&mdash;at least on the ground".<ref>{{harvnb|Johnston|Welsh|Schafer|2001|p=46}}</ref>

In 1926, [[Lucille Ball]] made her first trip to California from New York on the ''20th Century Limited''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbert T. and Sanders C. S. |title=Desilu: The Story of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz |date=1993 |publisher=Morrow |isbn=9780688112172 |location=New York |page=16}}</ref>

On October 15, 1942, after a meeting in Chicago on the [[Manhattan Project]] General [[Leslie Groves]] invited [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] to join himself, [[James C. Marshall]] and [[Kenneth Nichols]] on their return trip to New York. After dinner on the train, they discussed the project while squeezed into Nichol's one-person roomette of about {{cvt|40|x|80|in|m|0}}. Shortly afterwards Oppenheimer was appointed to head the [[Los Alamos Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Nichols |first= Kenneth  |title= The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made  |accessdate=  |edition=  |orig-date=  |year= 1987 |publisher= William Morrow and Company |location= New York |isbn= 0-688-06910-X  |oclc= |page=73 }}</ref>

Regular passengers included [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[William Jennings Bryan]], [[Lillian Russell]], [["Diamond Jim" Brady]], [[J. P. Morgan]], [[Enrico Caruso]], and [[Nellie Melba]].

===In fiction===
The ''20th Century Limited'' was the setting for a Broadway musical composed by [[Cy Coleman]] and written by [[Betty Comden]] and [[Adolph Green]] entitled ''[[On the Twentieth Century]]'', about the romantic complications of a beautiful actress and an egocentric producer/director. [[Madeline Kahn]] and [[John Cullum]] starred in the award-winning production (five [[Tony Awards]] out of nine nominations), whose spectacular production design featured both the lavish [[Art Deco]] details of the time period as well innovative staging to open up what could be cramped quarters inside a train car. The musical was based on the 1932 Ben Hecht-Charles MacArthur stage play of the same subject, which in 1934 they adapted as a film entitled ''[[Twentieth Century (film)|Twentieth Century]]'', directed by [[Howard Hawks]], with [[Carole Lombard]] and [[John Barrymore]] in the lead roles. The train also figured prominently as a setting for major scenes in both Alfred Hitchcock's ''[[North by Northwest]]'' and George Roy Hill's ''[[The Sting]]'' (which incorrectly had the train arrive in Chicago at night, not in the morning as it did in reality).

While doing research for her novel ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'', [[Ayn Rand]] learned the operation of the train and subsequently devised a fictional company{{nbsp}}– the "Twentieth Century Motor Company"{{nbsp}}– which would be important to the novel's plot.

The ''20th Century Limited'' is frequently referenced as a main means of train transportation of the fictional Van Dorn detective Isaac Bell in several [[Clive Cussler]] period books featuring the early 1900s detective. The Wrecker (Clive Cussler with Justin Scott) is the second in the long-running series and has Bell with other Van Dorn detectives riding the ''20th Century Limited'' often as they pursue a train-wrecking villain.

===Other namesakes===
The ''20th Century Limited'' was also the inspiration for several cultural works. A recipe for the [[20th Century (cocktail)|20th Century cocktail]] was published in the ''Cafe Royal Bar Book'' in 1937.

==References==
;General
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Beebe |first=Lucius |title=The Twentieth Century Limited |publisher=Howell-North Publishing |year=1962 |isbn=978-0831017071 |location=Berkeley, California |author-link=Lucius Beebe}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cook Sr. |first=Richard J. |title=The Twentieth Century Limited |publisher=TLC Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=9781883089269 |location=Lynchburg, Virginia}}
* {{Johnston-Streamliner}}
* {{Cite book |last=McGonigal |first=Robert S. |title=Great Trains East |publisher=Kalmbach Publishing |year=2016 |location=Waukesha, Wisconsin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wayner |first=Robert J. |title=Passenger Train Consists; 1923–1973 |publisher=Wayner Publications}}
* {{Zimmermann-20th Century Limited}}
{{refend}}
;Specific
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Hungerford |first=Edward |title=The Run of the Twentieth Century |date=1970 |publisher=Warner Publications |location=New York, New York |oclc=12647727 |author-link=Edward Hungerford (author)}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27701 Greatest Highway in the World] Gutenberg.org e-book version of ''The Greatest Highway in the World:  Historical, Industrial and Descriptive Information of the Towns, Cities and Country passed through between New York and Chicago via The New York Central Lines (c. 1921)''

{{NYC named trains}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of the United States]]
[[Category:Night trains of the United States]]
[[Category:Passenger trains of the New York Central Railroad]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1902]]
[[Category:Railway services discontinued in 1967]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:North American streamliner trains]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in New York (state)]]