View source for 2008 Omdurman attack

{{distinguish|Battle of Omdurman}}
{{infobox military conflict
|conflict    =Attack on Omdurman and Khartoum
|partof      =the [[War in Darfur|Darfur War]]
|image       =2008 attack on Omdurman and Khartoum.PNG
|image_size  = 300px
|caption     =Sudanese TV shows the aftermath of the rebel attack on Omdurman on May 10, 2008
|date        =May 10–12, 2008
|place       =[[Khartoum]] and [[Omdurman]], Sudan
|coordinates =
|map_type    =
|latitude    =
|longitude   =
|map_size    =
|map_marksize =
|map_caption =
|map_label   =
|territory   =
|result      =Sudanese government victory
|status      =
|combatant1  ={{flagicon image|JEM Logo June 2013.jpg}} [[Justice and Equality Movement]]
|combatant2  ={{Flag icon|Sudan}} [[Sudan|Government of Sudan]]
|combatant3  =
|commander1  =[[Khalil Ibrahim]]
|commander2  =[[Omar al-Bashir]]
|commander3  =
|units1      =
|units2      =
|units3      =
|strength1   =1,200+ (government claim)<ref name=bloody>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080702135136/http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11376220 A bloody tit-for-tat], ''[[The Economist]]'', May 15, 2008</ref>
|strength2   =Unknown
|strength3   =
|casualties1 =45 killed or wounded (JEM claim)<ref name=crackdown/><br />90+ killed and scores captured (government claim)<ref name=died/>
|casualties2 =106 killed (government claim)<ref name=died/><ref name=dead>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221208024351/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3542991,00.html At least 200 dead in rebel assault on Sudanese capital], [[Ynetnews]], May 13, 2008</ref>
|casualties3 =30 civilians killed (government claim)
|notes       =
|campaignbox =
}}
In May 2008, the [[Justice and Equality Movement]] (JEM), a [[Darfur]] ethnic minority rebel group, undertook a [[Raid (military)|raid]] against the [[Sudan]]ese government in the cities of [[Omdurman]] and [[Khartoum]].

From the government's viewpoint, the attack only took place on May 10, 2008, while JEM has countered the government's account with reports of heavy fighting in parts of the Khartoum metropolitan area on May 11.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220707152821/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/darfur-rebels-poised-to-take-khartoum-825914.html Darfur rebels poised to take Khartoum], ''[[The Independent]]'', 2008-05-11</ref> More than 220 people were reported to be killed in the raid, including a Russian pilot, and scores were later sentenced to death.<ref name=sudan>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221126021307/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/world/africa/18sudan.html Sudan Sentences 8 Rebels to Death for Khartoum Raid], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 17, 2008</ref>

It was the first time that the [[War in Darfur]], previously confined to western Sudan, reached the country's capital. Overall, the war had claimed the lives of up to 300,000 people, with 2.5 million more made homeless since 2003 (the United States has labeled the conflict in Darfur as genocide, a charge the Sudanese government has rejected).<ref name=violence/> Despite [[Second Sudanese Civil War|decades of warfare]] in [[South Sudan|Southern Sudan]], Khartoum had not experienced any street fighting since 1976.

== The battle ==
[[File:Map Sudan Ohmdurman.png|left|150px]]
{{War in Darfur}}
On May 10, 2008, Sudanese [[National Islamic Front]] (NIF) government troops and a large group of rebels from Darfur fought in the city of Omdurman, opposite of Khartoum.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200801105102/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27076 Curfew in the capital as Sudanese army clash near Khartoum with Darfur rebels], [[Sudan Tribune]], 10 May 2008</ref> Witnesses reported heavy gunfire and artillery fire in the west of Sudan's capital, and [[Military of Sudan|Sudan People's Armed Forces]] helicopters and vehicles rushing through the streets towards Omdurman.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221221142036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7394033.stm Sudanese rebels 'reach Khartoum'], [[BBC News]], 2008-05-10</ref>

As the [[Justice and Equality Movement]] (JEM) rebels in a convoy of 130 [[all-terrain vehicle]]s approached the capital, a Russian military pilot working as a military instructor for the [[Sudanese Air Force]] climbed into a [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]] fighter jet and attempted to strafe the column. The plane was shot down by a large-calibre machine gun and the pilot was killed as his parachute did not open after ejecting. Despite the efforts of the Sudanese and Russian governments to conceal the incident, news of his death was leaked by the independent [[Echo of Moscow]] radio station in Russia and the Sudanese newspaper ''Alwan'', which was promptly closed down for having "disclosed sensitive military information harmful to the country’s security and its accomplishments".<ref>{{cite news|title=Radio station says Russian pilot killed in Sudan during rebel assault|author=Wasil Ali|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27319|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904054707/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27319|archive-date=September 4, 2020|newspaper=Sudan Tribune|date=28 May 2008|accessdate=January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russian Mercenaries Over Africa|author=James Dunnigan|url=http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200862112816.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306121157/https://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200862112816.asp|archive-date=March 6, 2023|newspaper=StrategyWorld.com|date=June 21, 2008|accessdate=January 11, 2011}}</ref>

JEM forces entered [[Omdurman]], targeting the Arba'een military base and the Al-Aswat police station. Government troops backed up by tanks, artillery, and helicopter gunships were immediately deployed to Omdurman, and heavy fighting continued for several hours. The rebels then started to move towards the Al-Ingaz bridge to cross the [[White Nile]] into Khartoum in an apparent attempt to reach the [[Presidential Palace, Khartoum|Presidential Palace]], while another JEM force headed towards the National Radio and Television building in Omdurman. Both attacks were repelled by government forces.

After recapturing the strategic [[military airbase]] at Wadi-Sayedna, Sudanese government soldiers stopped the rebel advance before the country's parliament,<ref name=children/> and by late afternoon Sudanese TV said that the rebels had been "completely repulsed" while showing live pictures of burnt vehicles and bodies on the street.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200904033215/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27077 PHOTOS: Sudan capital after today's attack from Darfur JEM], [[Sudan Tribune]], 10 May 2008</ref> Sudanese police said the alleged leader of the attackers, Mohamed Saleh Garbo, and his intelligence chief, Mohamed Nur Al-Deen, were both killed in the clash.<ref name=rebel>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080616011258/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2A52D133-B3CC-4786-8A7F-77AB62067DBD.htm Sudan 'Repulses' Rebel Attack], [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]</ref> The government declared an overnight [[curfew]] shortly after its announced cessation of hostilities at 14:00 GMT.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080513154408/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hYiXM7eLA3dpJmt_zoOZeUnrBI6Q Khartoum says Darfur rebel attack on capital 'failed'], [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], May 10, 2008</ref> The JEM, however, denied the government's claim of victory against the rebels, instead stating that fighting was still going on in Omdurman and [[Khartoum North]].

According to a report by [[Human Rights Watch]], sporadic fighting continued for the next 48 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/62163/section/6|title = Crackdown in Khartoum: Mass Arrests, Torture, and Disappearances since the May 10 Attack|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128130950/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/06/16/crackdown-khartoum/mass-arrests-torture-and-disappearances-may-10-attack|archive-date=November 28, 2020| journal=Human Rights Watch |date = 16 June 2008}}</ref> Omdurman residents said there was more fighting on the morning of May 11. There were also reports of fighting on May 12 at markets in central Khartoum (west of the [[Diplomatic missions of the United States|American Embassy]]), and on the other bank of the [[Blue Nile]]. Residents in Banat and Al-Muhandiseen areas reported shootings in the area, and an eyewitness said that the Sudanese security forces set a siege around one of the buildings said to be occupied by JEM fighters.<ref name=concern>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211215112945/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/05/13/sudan-mass-arrests-after-rebel-attack-raise-concern Sudan: Mass Arrests After Rebel Attack Raise Concern], [[Human Rights Watch]], May 12, 2008</ref> On the same day, JEM leader [[Khalil Ibrahim]] spoke by telephone to the [[Associated Press]] claiming to still be within Omdurman with his fighters, and vowed to continue attacks in a long [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080906225917/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/05/12/africa/AF-GEN-Sudan.php Darfur rebel leader vows to wear out government forces in long guerrilla war], [[Associated Press]], May 12, 2008</ref> The group identified their goal to overthrow [[Omar al-Bashir]]'s military government.

On May 14, the Sudanese defense minister, Abdul Rahim Mohammed Hussein, said 93 of his soldiers and 13 policemen died in the battle, along with 30 civilians and more than 90 JEM rebels.<ref name=died/> He also said the rebels lost at least two-thirds of their vehicles, while the interior minister, Ibrahim Mahmoud, said the government forces destroyed more than 40 vehicles and seized about 17 more.<ref name=rebel/> The JEM also admitted defeat in the raid in which they said a third of all their fighters took part, but promised further attacks on the capital. The group's deputy chairman, Mahmoud Suleiman, said in a statement that it "might have lost the Khartoum battle and pulled out in dignity ... but it has not lost the war."<ref name=died>[http://www.sudan.net/news/posted/16005.html Sudan: 200 died in Darfur rebel raid near Khartoum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004151050/http://www.sudan.net/news/posted/16005.html |date=2009-10-04 }}, [[Associated Press]], May 14, 2008</ref>

== Aftermath ==
[[Hassan al-Turabi]] and ten other members of the oppositionist [[Popular Congress Party (Sudan)|Popular National Congress party]] (PNC), a splinter faction of the ruling [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress]], were arrested at dawn in their Khartoum homes because of their alleged links to the rebels.<ref name=concern/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123436/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/05/12/sudan.arrest.ap/ Sudanese opposition leader arrested], CNN, May 12, 2008</ref> Turabi was released later that day, denying any such relationship between the PNC and JEM.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230124031151/https://sudantribune.com/article27123/ Sudanese Islamist opposition leader denies link with Darfur rebels], [[Sudan Tribune]], May 13, 2008</ref>

Ibrahim ruled out any ceasefire with Khartoum unless a political accord is signed, accused the international community of impotence in [[international response to the War in Darfur|its response to the Darfur crisis]], and hailed the position of the [[Sudanese Communist Party]] for not condemning the attack.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417235616/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27189 INTERVIEW: Darfur JEM chief determined on regime change; rejects ceasfire &#91;sic&#93;], [[Sudan Tribune]], 18 May 2008</ref> The government said it learned lessons from the raid and will be better prepared next time. It also offered a US$125,000 [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] on Ibrahim, who has been allegedly wounded during fighting on May 10 in Omdurman.<ref name=crackdown>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221027101237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7395379.stm Sudan crackdown after rebel raid], [[BBC News]], 12 May 2008</ref>

By April 2009, the Sudanese government had sentenced 82 Justice and Equality Movement members, including the top rebel Abdul Aziz Ashur, Ibrahim's half-brother, to death by hanging for terrorism and illegal possession of weapons. As one batch of the sentences was handed down, the condemned men stood up and shouted, "Go, JEM, go!" and "Go, Khalil, go!"<ref name=sudan/><ref name=death>[http://www.france24.com/en/20090426-court-sentences-death-11-more-darfur-rebels-sudan Court sentences 11 more Darfur rebels to death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430213109/http://www.france24.com/en/20090426-court-sentences-death-11-more-darfur-rebels-sudan |date=2009-04-30 }}, [[France24]], 26 April 2009</ref> By November 2009, the number of these sentenced for death surpassed 100, including six JEM [[Military use of children|child soldiers]]; however, scores of other children accused of taking part in the raid were pardoned and freed by al-Bashir.<ref name=children>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605032957/http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/sudan-punished-children-for-rebel-raid-un-1.465403 Sudan punished children for rebel raid - UN], [[Reuters]], November 23, 2009</ref>

== Impact on Sudanese-Chadian relations ==
{{See also|Chad–Sudan relations}}
Sudan accused its neighbor [[Chad]] of providing safe haven and ammunition to the rebels ("basically Chadian forces"<ref name=rebel/>), and the Sudanese government announced that rebels were moving over the border from Chad to the Darfur region, which is the epicenter of the conflict between Darfuri rebels and pro-government [[Janjaweed]] militants; the rebels then moved over about {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} of desert and scrub from Darfur to the Khartoum metropolitan area. Chad denied the allegations, but Sudan immediately cut off relations with Chad for the first time since a non-aggression pact was signed between the two countries' governments in mid-March.<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20080510-sudan-says-rebel-attack-capital-failed-khartoum Sudan cuts diplomatic ties with Chad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517080936/http://www.france24.com/en/20080510-sudan-says-rebel-attack-capital-failed-khartoum |date=2008-05-17 }}, [[France 24]], 2008-05-11</ref>

== International reactions ==
* {{Flag|United Nations|23px}}: [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] condemned "the use of armed force and military means by JEM for the achievement of political ends" and called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and renewed efforts towards peace in Darfur. He expressed concern about the effects that the attack would have on the UN's own efforts in the region.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080515052439/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/11/content_8144695.htm  UN chief condemns rebel attack on Sudanese capital], [[Xinhua]], 2008-05-11</ref>
* {{flag|European Union|23px}}: The European Union's [[High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy]], [[Javier Solana]], condemned the attack on the Sudanese capital by the JEM, saying: "There can be no military solution to the crisis in Darfur, in particular, nor to the problems of Sudan, in general." He also urged the Sudanese government to exert in the coming days maximum restraint, in particular towards the civilian populations of the capital, as civilians are primary victims of violence in Darfur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417225917/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27096 EU condemns rebel attack urges Sudan for self-restraint], [[Sudan Tribune]], 2008-05-11</ref>
* {{flag|United States|23px}}: Deputy Press Secretary [[Gordon Johndroe]] stated from [[Crawford, Texas|Crawford]], [[Texas]], that the U.S. government was very concerned about the raid and urged "that both sides cease hostilities, whether it is the rebel group or any response from the government. We want to see a calm and order restored."<ref name=violence>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201122083516/https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN10538135 U.S. urges restraint after Sudan violence], [[Reuters]], May 10, 2008</ref>
* {{flag|Norway|23px}}: Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] condemned the rebel attack on Khartoum, saying, according to a press release, that "the fighting shows the need for reinforced efforts from the UN, AU, the international community and parties in the Darfur conflict to find a political solution to the conflict in Darfur. The conference emphasized the need for a united international effort to create peace in the entire Sudan. The situation in Sudan is now very serious. Only political dialogue can change this. Both the authorities in Sudan and rebel movements have to recognise that the continued military struggle is a dead-end."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132148/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/sudan/norge-fordoemmer-khartoum-angrep/a/532410/ Norge fordømmer Khartoum-angrep], VG Nett, 2008-05-11</ref> Earlier in the week, Norway was the host of the UN and [[World Bank]] donor conference for Sudan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201122053635/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27038 Oslo donors pledge around $5 billion to Sudan], ''[[Sudan Tribune]]'', 2008-05-08</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Africa}}
*[[Battle of N'Djamena (2006)]] and [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)]]: similar raids on the Chadian capital [[N'Djamena]] by the Chadian [[United Front for Democratic Change]] rebels allegedly supported by Sudan. {{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Sudanese coups}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Omdurman}}
[[Category:Battles involving Sudan]]
[[Category:War in Darfur]]
[[Category:21st century in Khartoum]]
[[Category:Omdurman]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2008]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 2008]]
[[Category:May 2008 in Africa]]
[[Category:Attempted coups d'état in Sudan|2008 Sudanese coup d'état attempt]]
[[Category:Chad–Sudan relations]]
[[Category:2008 murders in Sudan]]
[[Category:2000s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murder in Sudan]]