View source for 1995 Quebec referendum

{{Short description|Historic vote on the independence of Quebec from Canada}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox referendum
| name        = 1995 Quebec independence referendum
| country     = Quebec
| flag_year   = 1995
| previous_year = 1980
| previous_referendum = 1980 Quebec referendum
| map         = Quebec referendum, 1995 - Results By Riding.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency.<br>Shades of blue indicate a "Yes" majority, while shades of red indicate "No". The darker the shade, the larger the majority.
| title       = Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Quebec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?<br><br>{{langx|fr|Acceptez-vous que le Québec devienne souverain, après avoir offert formellement au Canada un nouveau partenariat économique et politique, dans le cadre du projet de loi sur l'avenir du Québec et de l'entente signée le 12 juin 1995?}}
| location    = [[Quebec]]
| date        = {{Start date|1995|10|30}}
| yes         = 2,308,360
| no          = 2,362,648
| total       = 4757509
| invalid     = 86,501
| electorate  = 5087009
| notes       = 
}}

The '''1995 Quebec referendum''' was the second [[referendum]] to ask voters in the predominantly [[French language|French-speaking]] [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Quebec]] whether [[Quebec sovereignty movement|Quebec should proclaim sovereignty]] and become an independent country, with the [[condition precedent]] of offering a political and economic agreement to Canada.

The culmination of multiple years of debate and planning after the failure of the [[Meech Lake Accord|Meech Lake]] and [[Charlottetown Accord|Charlottetown]] constitutional accords, the referendum was launched by the provincial [[Parti Québécois]] government of [[Jacques Parizeau]]. Despite initial predictions of a heavy sovereignist defeat, an eventful and complex campaign followed, with the "Yes" side flourishing after being taken over by [[Bloc Québécois]] leader [[Lucien Bouchard]].

Voting took place on 30 October 1995, and featured the largest voter turnout in Quebec's history (93.52%). The "No" option carried by a margin of 54,288 votes, receiving 50.58% of the votes cast.<ref>{{cite web|title=Québec Referendum (1995) |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-referendum-1995/ |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=December 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221044530/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-referendum-1995/ |archive-date=December 21, 2014 }}</ref> Parizeau, who announced his pending resignation as Quebec premier the following day, later stated that he would have quickly proceeded with a [[unilateral declaration of independence]] had the result been affirmative and negotiations failed or been refused,{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=42-43}} the latter of which was later revealed as the federal position in the event of a "Yes" victory.

Controversies over both the provincial vote counting and direct federal financial involvement in the final days of the campaign reverberated in Canadian politics for over a decade after the referendum took place. In the aftermath of the close result, the federal government, after unilaterally recognizing Quebec as a distinct society and amending the federal constitutional veto procedure, [[Reference Re Secession of Quebec|referred the issue]] to the [[Supreme Court of Canada]], which stated that the unilateral secession contemplated in the referendum was illegal.

== Background ==
{{Main|Quebec sovereignty movement}}

Quebec, a [[Provinces of Canada|province]] in Canada since [[Canadian Confederation|its foundation in 1867]], has always been the sole majority French-speaking province. Long ruled by forces (such as the [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]]) that focused on affirmation of the province's Francophone and Catholic identity within Canada, the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the early 1960s prompted a surge in civic and economic nationalism, as well as voices calling for the independence of the province and the establishment of a [[nation state]]. Among these was [[René Lévesque]], who founded the {{langr|fr|[[Parti Québécois]]}} with like-minded groups seeking independence from Canada. After winning power in 1976, the PQ government held a [[1980 Quebec referendum|referendum in 1980]] seeking a mandate to negotiate "[[sovereignty-association]]" with Canada, which was decisively defeated.

In response to the referendum result, Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] said that he would seek to [[patriate]] the [[Canadian Constitution]] and institute what would eventually become the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. During tense negotiations in November 1981, an agreement was reached between Trudeau and nine of the ten provincial premiers by Trudeau, but not Lévesque. The [[Constitution Act of 1982]] was enacted without the Quebec National Assembly's approval,<ref name=Constitution>[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/patriation-the-constitution-comes-home-feature Patriation: The Constitution Comes Home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227054230/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/patriation-the-constitution-comes-home-feature/ |date=2014-02-27 }}. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Retrieved on June 1, 2007.</ref> after the Supreme Court of Canada [[Patriation Reference|ruled against the Quebec government]] that its consent was not necessary for constitutional change.

New Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]] and [[Liberal Party of Quebec|Quebec Liberal]] premier [[Robert Bourassa]] sought a series of constitutional amendments designed to address Quebec's concerns. In the [[Meech Lake Accord]], the federal government and all provincial premiers agreed to a series of amendments that decentralized some powers and recognized Quebec as a [[distinct society]]. The Accord, after fierce debate in English Canada, fell apart in dramatic fashion in the summer of 1990, as two provinces failed to ratify it within the three-year time limit required by the constitution. This prompted outrage among Quebec nationalists and a surge in support for sovereignty. While the Accord was collapsing, [[Lucien Bouchard]], a cabinet minister in Mulroney's government, led a coalition of six [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] members of parliament and one [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] MP from Quebec to form a new federal party devoted to Quebec sovereignty, the {{langr|fr|[[Bloc Québécois]]}}.

Following these events, Bourassa said that a referendum would be held in 1992, with either sovereignty or a new constitutional agreement as the subject.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=31}} This prompted a national referendum on the [[Charlottetown Accord]] of 1992, a series of constitutional amendments that included the proposals of the Meech Lake Accord as well as other matters. The Accord was rejected by a majority of voters both in Quebec and English Canada.

In the [[1993 Canadian federal election|1993 federal election]], the Liberals returned to power with a majority government under [[Jean Chrétien]], who had been [[Minister of Justice]] during the 1980–81 constitutional discussions and the Bloc Québécois won 54 seats with 49.3% of Quebec's vote. The result made the Bloc the second largest party in the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], giving it the role of [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]] and allowing Bouchard to confront Chrétien in [[Question Period]] on a daily basis.

In Quebec, the [[1994 Quebec general election|1994 provincial election]] brought the {{langr|fr|Parti Québécois}} back to power, led by [[Jacques Parizeau]]. The party's platform promised to hold a referendum on sovereignty during the first year of its term in office.<ref>Benesh, Peter. "As Quebec goes, so goes Canada". ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]''. September 12, 1994.</ref> The PQ won a majority government with 44.75% of the popular vote, just ahead of the Liberals' 44.4%.

== Prelude ==
[[File:Jacques Parizeau UL(recadré).jpg|thumb|175px|Jacques Parizeau, Premier of Quebec and Leader of the "Yes" Committee]]
In preparation for the referendum, every household in Quebec was sent a draft of the ''[[Act Respecting the Future of Quebec]]'' (also referred to as the ''Sovereignty Bill''), with the announcement of the National Commission on the Future of Quebec to commence in February 1995. The commission was boycotted by the [[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberal Party of Quebec]], the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], and the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]].{{sfn|Haljan|p=302}}

The primary issue of debate within the sovereignty movement became on what terms sovereignty would be put before the electorate. Parizeau, long identified with the ''independantiste'' wing of the party, was opposed to the PQ's general historical preference for an economic relationship with the rest of Canada to be offered alongside sovereignty, as he thought this would encourage the Federal government to simply refuse to negotiate and cast the project as doomed, as had happened in 1980. As a practical matter, Parizeau believed that given the emotional circumstances of separation a special partnership was unlikely, and that given free trade agreements and other multilateral institutions it was unnecessary.

Parizeau's stance created opposition in the sovereignty movement, which coalesced around Bloc Québécois leader Lucien Bouchard. A popular and charismatic figure, Bouchard had come close to death from [[necrotizing fasciitis]] and lost his left leg. His recovery, and subsequent public appearances on crutches, provided a rallying point for sovereigntists and the public at large.<ref>Gamble, David. "Bouchard: 'It's My Job'". ''[[The Toronto Sun]]''. February 20, 1995.</ref><ref>Delacourt, Susan. "Flesh-eating disease claims leader's leg". ''[[The Tampa Tribune]]''. December 4, 1994.</ref> Bouchard thought a proposal lacking a partnership would doom the project among soft nationalists (such as himself) who worried about the economic consequences of separation.

As polls showed Parizeau's approach as highly unlikely to even exceed 40% support in a referendum,{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} leaders of the movement engaged in a heated public debate. After Parizeau moved the planned referendum date to the fall, [[Deputy Premier of Quebec|Deputy Premier]] [[Bernard Landry]] aroused ire by stating he would not want to be involved in a "[[charge of the light brigade]]." During the Bloc's April conference, after a speech demanding a change in direction, Bouchard expressed ambivalence to a radio show about participating if a partnership proposal was not included.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=108-114}} [[Mario Dumont]], leader of the new [[Action démocratique du Québec]], also stated that he would only consider participation in the referendum if a partnership was made part of the question.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=130}}

The final findings of the National Commission, issued April 19, included a statement that the public generally desired an economic partnership with Canada.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=121}} Fearing Bouchard and Dumont would further dilute their position as the referendum wore on,{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=130}} Parizeau agreed to negotiate a broader approach, and would agree to a statement that included partnership with Dumont and Bouchard on June 12, 1995.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=135}} The Agreement contained details of the partnership negotiation process, and a general plan of seeking "sovereignty" while requiring an economic and social partnership offer be negotiated and presented to the rest of Canada. Most importantly for Parizeau, the agreement also allowed the government to declare immediate independence if negotiations were not successful or heard after a successful referendum.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=136}}

=== ''Bertrand v. Quebec'' ===
The looming referendum prompted a number of actions in the [[Quebec Superior Court]], which were consolidated under the application of prominent lawyer [[Guy Bertrand (lawyer)|Guy Bertrand]]. Bertrand asked for [[injunction|interim and permanent injunctions]] against the holding of the referendum.{{sfn|Haljan|p=303}} The [[Attorney General of Canada|Federal Attorney General]] declined to intervene,{{sfn|Haljan|p=303}} and after failing in a motion to strike the application, the [[Attorney General of Quebec|Quebec Attorney General]] unilaterally withdrew from the hearing.{{sfn|Haljan|p=302-3}}{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=149}} The Quebec government moved the September sitting of the National Assembly two days forward to be sure that [[parliamentary immunity]] would prevent MNAs from being summoned to testify.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=149}}

Justice Lesage of the Court found that secession could only legally be performed by constitutional amendment pursuant to Section V of the ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'', and that a unilateral declaration of independence would be "manifestly illegal."{{sfn|Haljan|p=303}} Lesage refused to issue an injunction to stop the referendum, as he believed that to do so could paralyze the workings of government and cause more disorder than the referendum being held.{{sfn|Haljan|p=304}} The Court opted for declaratory relief, declaring that the ''Sovereignty Bill'' and the referendum constituted a serious threat to Bertrand's Charter rights.{{sfn|Haljan|p=303}}<ref group = "note">The Court specifically named [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms#Features|Sections 2,3,6,7, 15, and 24(1)]] of the ''Charter''. (Haljan, 303)</ref>

Parizeau denounced the decision as undemocratic,{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=148}} stated that the ''Constitution Act, 1982'' did not apply to Quebec,<ref>Johnson, William. Independence referendum? Scotland has it right.  Globe and Mail, November 5, 2012 {{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/independence-referendum-scotland-has-it-right/article4898591/ |title=Independence referendum? Scotland has it right |access-date=2017-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501182622/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/independence-referendum-scotland-has-it-right/article4898591/ |archive-date=2018-05-01 }}</ref> and refused to move the referendum timetable.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=148}} Quebec Attorney General [[Paul Bégin]] stated that he believed an extra-constitutional referendum was legal pursuant to [[international law]].{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=149}} [[Liberal Party of Quebec|Quebec Liberal]] leader and "No" campaign chairman [[Daniel Johnson Jr.|Daniel Johnson]] announced the following day that the ruling would not change the strategy of the "No" campaign.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=149}} Some Federal officials questioned if their level of government could be involved after the declaration,{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=149}} but ultimately the Federal government decided to participate.

=== Referendum question ===
In a dramatic reading at the [[Grand Théâtre de Québec]] on September 6, the final version of the ''Sovereignty Bill'' was unveiled.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=149-50}} The bill would be tabled in the National Assembly awaiting the result of the referendum.

The question in the 1980 referendum, in an attempt to build a broad coalition, had sought only the authority to negotiate sovereignty with the Canadian government, and promised a second referendum to ratify the results of any negotiation. Parizeau believed a second referendum was unnecessary and would only encourage the remainder of Canada to use delaying tactics. The draft initial act featured a question only asking for the authority to declare Quebec sovereign.<ref group="note">''Are you in favour of the Act passed by the National Assembly declaring the sovereignty of Quebec?'' (Draft Bill Respecting the Sovereignty of Quebec {{cite web |url=http://www.solon.org/misc/referendum-bill.html |title=Draft Bill on the Sovereignty of Quebec |access-date=2009-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702202755/http://www.solon.org/misc/referendum-bill.html |archive-date=2010-07-02 | url-status=dead }})</ref>

Pursuant to the partnership agreement with Bouchard and Dumont, the referendum question was changed to incorporate the partnership agreement. It was presented on September 7, 1995, to be voted on October 30, 1995. In English, the question on the ballot asked: {{blockquote|
Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign, after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership, within the scope of the [[Act Respecting the Future of Quebec|bill respecting the future of Quebec]] and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quebec-referendum-of-1995|title=Quebec referendum of 1995 – Canadian history|website=britannica.com|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214144529/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quebec-referendum-of-1995|archive-date=14 February 2018}}</ref><ref group = "note">In French :"''Acceptez-vous que le Québec devienne souverain, après avoir offert formellement au Canada un nouveau partenariat économique et politique, dans le cadre du projet de loi sur l'avenir du Québec et de l'entente signée le 12 juin 1995?''"</ref>
}}

The question came under immediate fire from federalists, who had no input in the drafting. Daniel Johnson stated it was confusing and at the very least should have contained the word "country."{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=153}} Prominent federalists argued that the referendum question should not have mentioned "partnership" proposals, because no Canadian political leaders outside Quebec had shown any interest in negotiating a possible partnership agreement with an independent Quebec, and arguably no entity capable of undertaking such negotiations actually existed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wynhqiGrjSUC&q=1995+referendum+unclear+question&pg=PA196|author=Ruypers|display-authors=etal|title=Canadian and World Politics|publisher=Emond Montgomery Publication|year=2005|page=196|isbn=978-1-55239-097-9|access-date=2020-10-21|archive-date=2021-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324201421/https://books.google.com/books?id=wynhqiGrjSUC&q=1995+referendum+unclear+question&pg=PA196|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other federalists argued that the question erroneously implied an agreement had been reached between Canada and Quebec regarding a partnership on June 12, 1995. Parizeau would later express regret that the agreement had to be cited in the question, but noted that the June 12, 1995 agreement had been sent to every registered voter in the province.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=155}}

== Campaign ==

=== Participants ===
[[File:Daniel Johnson, Jr. at the PLQ Leadership Convention, March 16, 2013 CROPPED.jpg|thumb|175px|Daniel Johnson, Jr., leader of the "No" Committee]]
Pursuant to Quebec's ''Referendum Act'' (enacted by the National Assembly prior to the referendum of 1980), the campaign would be conducted as a provincially governed election campaign, and all campaign spending had to be authorized and accounted for under "Yes" (Le Comité national du OUI) or "No" (Comité des Québécoises et des Québécois pour le NON) umbrella committees. Each committee had an authorized budget of $5 million. Campaign spending by any person or group other than the official committees would be illegal after the official beginning of the referendum campaign.

After the agreement of June 12, the "Yes" campaign would be headed by Jacques Parizeau. The official "No" campaign would be chaired by Liberal leader Daniel Johnson Jr.

Making matters more complex, especially for the "No" camp, was the [[Canadian federalism|federal nature of Canada]]. The governing [[Liberal Party of Canada]] and its leader, [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Jean Chrétien]] were not strongly represented in the province outside of Montreal. Chrétien's involvement in the 1982 negotiations and his stance against the Meech Lake Accord made him unpopular with moderate francophone federalists and sovereignists, who would be the [[swing voter]]s in the referendum.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=253}} [[Lucienne Robillard]], a nationalist former Bourassa-era cabinet minister, would serve as the federal Liberal representative on the "No" committee.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=157}} [[Jean Charest]], leader of the Federal [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]], would be prominently featured, as he and the PCs had closely and productively cooperated with the Quebec Liberals in the Meech Lake negotiations.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=186}}

Fearing missteps by politicians not used to Quebec that had occurred during the Meech Lake and Charlottetown debates, Johnson and the campaign heavily controlled appearances by Federal politicians, including Chrétien.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=183-4}} Johnson bluntly banned any appearance by the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] or its leader, [[Preston Manning]].{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=189}} This would go unchallenged by Ottawa for the majority of the campaign,{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=236}} but created much frustration within the governing Liberals in Ottawa.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=184-5}} Prominent Chrétien adviser [[Eddie Goldenberg]] believed that the "No" campaign at some points was more focused on the future election position of the Quebec Liberals rather than the referendum itself.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=188}}

=== Early days ===
The campaign officially began on October 2, 1995, with a televised address by both leaders. Parizeau emphasized that he believed this might be the last opportunity for sovereignty for the foreseeable future, while Johnson chose to forecast the uncertainty that a "Yes" vote could provoke.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=208-9}}

Johnson's campaign focused on the practical problems created by the sovereignty process, emphasizing that an independent Quebec would be in an uncertain position regarding the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) and not be able to control the Canadian dollar.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=213-4}} Prominent business figures such as [[Power Corporation]] president [[Paul Desmarais]] and [[Bombardier Inc.]] head [[Laurent Beaudoin]] spoke that they believed a "Yes" victory could spell doom for their Quebec business interests.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=214}}

The initial campaign for the "Yes" was led by Parizeau, with Dumont campaigning separately in rural areas. In addition to the traditional themes of the movement's appeal to Quebec nationalism, the "Yes" campaign attempted to highlight the slim possibility of any future reform to Canada's federal system.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=210}} Parizeau bitterly attacked business leaders for intervening in the referendum, calling it a betrayal of their Quebec customers and workers.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=215}} While Parizeau's responses were highly popular with "Yes" stalwarts, it was generally seen that speeches against business leaders were only highlighting the economic uncertainty that worried swing voters.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=218}}

Polls in the first week were highly disappointing for the "Yes" camp, as they showed them behind by 5–7 percentage points among decided voters, with an even larger gap if "undecided" voters were weighed toward the "No" side as would generally be expected.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=221}} Parizeau, a general fixture in Quebec politics for decades whose strong views of sovereignty were well known among the populace, was under pressure to create a spark.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=221}}

=== Appointment of Bouchard ===
[[File:Lucien Bouchard1.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Lucien Bouchard]], Federal Leader of the Opposition]]
In an unannounced ceremony on October 7 at the [[Université de Montréal]], Parizeau made a surprise announcement: He appointed Bouchard as "chief negotiator" for the partnership talks following a "Yes" vote.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=227}} The move came as a dramatic surprise to the campaign, promoting the popular Bouchard to the fore and simultaneously emphasizing the "partnership" aspect of the question.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=231}}

Bouchard, already popular, became a sensation: in addition to his medical struggles and charisma, his more moderate approach and prominent involvement in the Meech Lake Accord while in Ottawa reminded undecided nationalist voters of federal missteps from years past.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=242}} Politicians on both sides described his appeal as messianic and almost impossible to personally attack, in contrast to the well-worn figures on both sides of the referendum.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=243}} "No" advisor John Parisella noted that at [[focus group]]s, when presented with statements Bouchard had made that they did not like, participants would refuse to believe he meant them.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=242}} New polls eventually showed a majority of Quebecers intending to vote "Yes".{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=12}}

"No" forces, including Johnson, were shocked by the development, which required wholesale changes in strategy three weeks before the vote.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=229}} Unwilling to believe Parizeau had given up his leadership role voluntarily, most in the "No" camp and Ottawa had assumed a coup had taken place, though the manoeuvre had been planned and voluntary.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=228-30}} The dramatic events prompted many federal politicians to lobby for similarly dramatic intervention from Ottawa and the federal government, which were refused by the "No" committee, who believed that with Bouchard's introduction the margin for error was dramatically reduced.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=235-6}} The "No" campaign continued to focus on the economic benefits of federation.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=245}}

Bouchard's speeches asked Quebecers to vote "Yes" to give a clear mandate for change, and that only the clarity of a "Yes" vote would provide a final solution to Canada's long-standing constitutional issues and a new partnership with English Canada for the betterment of both.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=120}} Bouchard's popularity was such that his remarks that the Québécois were the "white race" with the lowest rate of reproduction, which threatened to cast the project as focused on [[ethnic nationalism]], were traversed with ease.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=238}} Bloc Québécois MP [[Suzanne Tremblay]] was less successful in this regard, and apologized after answering journalist [[Joyce Napier]]'s question of how minority francophones outside of Quebec would be helped by independence by stating that Napier's last name and lack of a Québécois accent made her ignorant of the subject.<ref name=ignorant>"Non-Québécois accent sounds ignorant to MP". ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'', October 18, 1995.</ref><ref>"Leaders on both sides eating their words". ''[[Edmonton Journal]]'', October 18, 1995.</ref>

===Midcampaign===
[[File:Oui1995referendum.jpg|thumb|Election sign for the "Yes" side: "Yes – and this becomes possible". Other versions featured a [[loonie]] coin, a globe, a flower, [[♀]], and a "men working" [[traffic sign]] in place of the ''O''.]]
Pursuant to the ''Referendum Act'', both committees were required to contribute to a brochure sent to every voter describing their positions.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=270}} The official "No" brochure, written by the Quebec Liberals, stated that Quebec was a distinct society, and that Quebec should enjoy full autonomy in areas of provincial jurisdiction.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=270}} Parizeau, while speaking in Hull, challenged Chrétien to tell voters that, if "No" won, Ottawa would withdraw from all provincial jurisdictions, prompting a vague response from the "No" campaign.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=270-1}}

On October 21 in [[Longueuil]], Johnson, hoping to defuse the issue, ad-libbed a challenge to Chrétien to declare his position on distinct society recognition.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=285}} When presented with the request, Chrétien, in New York for a [[United Nations]] meeting, responded, "No. We're not talking about the Constitution, we're talking about the separation of Quebec from the rest of Canada."{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=286}} The remarks in direct contradiction to Johnson were portrayed in the press as a blunt refusal.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=287}}

Chrétien's position was far more difficult than Johnson's: part of the 1993 Liberal election platform had been moving the country away from large-scale constitutional debates. Provincial governments were also far more hostile to the constitutional process than they had been in the decade prior, with even the federal government's typical ally, Ontario, being firmly against any pursuit of constitutional accommodation.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=213-4}}

[[French President]] [[Jacques Chirac]], while answering a call from a viewer in Montreal on [[CNN]]'s ''[[Larry King Live]]'', said that, if the "Yes" side were successful, the fact that the referendum had succeeded would be recognized by France.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=296}}

At a federalist rally of about 12,500 people which was held at the [[Verdun Auditorium]] on October 24, Chrétien introduced a focus on Quebec's emotional attachment to Canada, promised reforms to give Quebec more power, and in a more startling announcement, declared that he would support enshrinement of Quebec as a [[distinct society]], and that he would support reforms to the Canadian constitution.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=304}} The sudden reversal of Chrétien's long-standing position on the issue, along with Chrétien's wan complexion and atypically nervous appearance, sparked considerable comment.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=245}} Charest further emphasized his commitment to constitutional reform if a "No" victory was achieved.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=304}}

=== Indigenous activism ===
In response to the referendum, Indigenous peoples in Quebec strongly affirmed their own right to self-determination. [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] chiefs said that forcing their peoples to join an independent Quebec without their consent would violate international law, violating their rights to self-determination. Indigenous groups also demanded to be full participants in any new constitutional negotiations resulting from the referendum.<ref name=Aboriginal>{{cite web | url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp412-e.htm#3.%A0%20Other%20Aboriginal%20Groups(txt) | title=Aboriginal Peoples and the 1995 Quebec Referendum: A survey of the issues | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613195221/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp412-e.htm | archive-date=2006-06-13 | publisher=Parliamentary Research Branch (PRB) of the Library of Parliament | date=February 1996 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
First Nations communities contributed significantly to the tense debate on a hypothetical [[partition of Quebec]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

The [[Grand Council of the Crees]] in [[Baie-James, Quebec|Northern Quebec]] was particularly vocal and prominent in its resistance to the idea of being included in an independent Quebec. Grand Chief [[Matthew Coon Come]] issued a legal paper, titled ''Sovereign Injustice'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni.ca/library/si_index.html|title=Erreur – UNI – Coopération financière|first=UNI Coopération|last=financière|website=uni.ca|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109001010/http://www.uni.ca/library/si_index.html|archive-date=9 January 2016}}</ref> which sought to affirm the [[Cree]] right to self-determination in keeping their territories in Canada. On October 24, 1995, the Cree organized their own referendum, asking the question: '''''"Do you consent, as a people, that the Government of Quebec separate the James Bay Crees and Cree traditional territory from Canada in the event of a Yes vote in the Quebec referendum?"''''' 96.3% of the 77% of Crees who cast ballots voted to stay in Canada.

{| width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style="text-align: center;"
| width=96.3% style="background-color: #fcc;" | No/Non: 4,666<br/>'''(96.3%)'''
| width=3.7% style="background-color: cornflowerblue" | Yes/Oui: 183<br/>'''(3.7%)'''
|-
| colspan=4 style="text-align: center; line-height: 80%;" | '''▲'''
|}

The [[Inuit]] of [[Nunavik]] held a similar local vote, asking voters, '''''"Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign?"''''', with 96% voting No.<ref name=Aboriginal />

{| width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style="text-align: center;"
| width=96% style="background-color: #fcc;" | No/Non: '''96%'''
| width=4% style="background-color: cornflowerblue" | Yes/Oui: '''4%'''
|-
| colspan=4 style="text-align: center; line-height: 80%;" | '''▲'''
|}

=== 25 October 1995: Three addresses ===
[[File:Jean Chrétien 1993.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada]]
[[James J.  Blanchard]], the U.S. ambassador to Canada in 1993-1996, secretly opposed  Quebec's separatist movement.  Blanchard engineered a last-minute statement supporting a united Canada by President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>James Blanchard, and Graham Fraser,  "Behind the embassy door: Canada, Clinton & Quebec." ''International Journal'' 54.2 (1999): 356+. </ref> As a result, five days before the vote,  Clinton, in response to a question asked by [[CBC News]] reporter [[Henry Champ]], while recognizing the referendum as an internal issue of Canada, gave a minute-long statement extolling the virtues of a united Canada, ending with "Canada has been a great model for the rest of the world, and has been a great partner of the United States, and I hope that can continue."{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=311}} While the statement provided relief in sovereignist circles for not being a stronger endorsement of the "No" position,{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=312}} the implication of Clinton, who was popular in Quebec and the leader of the province's most important trading partner, endorsing Canadian unity had strong reverberations in the electorate.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=311}}

The same night, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien gave a televised address to the nation in English and French. Broadly similar in both languages, Chrétien promoted the virtues of Canadian federalism to Quebec, touched on the shared values of the country, warned that Parizeau would use the referendum result as a mandate to declare independence from Canada (while explicitly not stating the result would be accepted), and announced that Quebec would be recognized as a distinct society and that any future constitutional reform that impacted Quebec would be made with the province's consent.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=313-4}}

The "Yes" side was provided airtime for a rebuttal in English and French. Lucien Bouchard was given the task in both languages, with the "Yes" campaign stating that a federal politician should give the response.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=314}} Bouchard's French address recounted the previous animosities of the constitutional debate, specifically targeting Chrétien's career and actions, including showing a newspaper headline from the aftermath of the 1982 Constitution that featured Trudeau and Chrétien laughing.{{sfn|Chrétien|p=147-8}} Bouchard then focused on the details of the partnership aspect of the proposal.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=314}} He used his English address to ask Canadians to understand the "Yes" side and to announce an intention to negotiate in good faith.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=314}}

The next day, Montreal radio station [[CKOI-FM|CKOI]] broadcast a prank call by radio announcer Pierre Brassard, impersonating Chrétien, to [[Elizabeth II]], [[Monarchy of Canada|Queen of Canada]], asking her to make a televised address championing national unity. The Queen appeared to reluctantly agree to the request and talked to Brassard for 17 minutes before her staff identified the hoax (after a delay due to a Chrétien aide wrongly speculating to Buckingham Palace staff that it could be a genuine call).<ref>F. Sergent, "''un coup de fil pour piéger la reine''", Liberation (30 October 1995) https://www.liberation.fr/evenement/1995/10/30/un-coup-de-fil-pour-pieger-la-reine_145691</ref>

=== Unity Rally ===
[[File:Non au référendum 1995.png|thumb|"Separation? We are right to say 'No'."]]
{{main|Unity Rally}}  
Fisheries Minister [[Brian Tobin]], expressing anxiety to his staff about the referendum the week before, was told about a small rally planned in [[Place du Canada]] in Montreal for businesspersons on October 27.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=324}} Asked by Federal advisor John Rae, [[Pierre Claude Nolin]] agreed to allow Tobin to invite Canadians outside Quebec to the rally, provided Quebec's referendum laws were adhered to.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=324-27}} Tobin then encouraged fellow caucus members to send as many people as possible.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=329}}

After gaining permission from the Prime Minister (over the objections of Quebec members of Cabinet{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=123}}), Tobin then appeared on the national English-language [[Canada AM]], and while disavowing any connection with the "No" organization, announced that the "No" side would be holding a rally in Montreal on October 27, and implored Canadians from around the country to attend the rally to support the "crusade for Canada."{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=327-28}} Tobin noted that committees were being formed in Ottawa and Toronto, charter aircraft were being ordered, and that [[Canadian Airlines]] had a 90% off "unity" sale.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=328}} Tobin proceeded to call the chairman of [[Air Canada]] in his capacity as a private citizen and suggest planes be made available at the same rate, a request that was granted.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=328}}

Tobin's Canada AM appearance resulted in calls flooding MP's offices in English Canada, and bus companies volunteered hundreds of vehicles to take Canadians from outside of Quebec to Montreal.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=334}} The rally at Place du Canada was estimated to have between 50,000 and 125,000 attendees, with estimates varying wildly as the crowd grew and shrank throughout the day.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=338-9}} Jean Chrétien, Jean Charest and Daniel Johnson spoke to the crowd for the occasion, which would become known as the "Unity Rally".{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=334}} Images of the large crowd with an oversized Canadian flag became iconic.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=337}} Charest felt the rally helped to keep momentum for the "No" campaign moving.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=336}}

The federal government's intervention in the rally attracted strident protests from the "Yes" side, who felt the discounts and coordination were an illegal intervention in the referendum.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=342-346}} Bouchard publicly contrasted the rally with what he believed was the inattention of English Canada to the collapse of the Meech Lake Accord.<ref>Trudeau, Pierre Elliot. "Trudeau Accuses Bouchard of Betraying Quebecers". ''[[Montreal Gazette]]''. February 3, 1996.  Accessed : {{cite web |url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/trudeau-gazette-1.html |title=Feb. 3, 1996: Trudeau accuses Bouchard of betraying Quebecers |access-date=2015-02-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209031143/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/trudeau-gazette-1.html |archive-date=2015-02-09 }}</ref> Nolin regretted granting permission for the "No" committee once the scale became known,{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=325}} and Johnson felt the rally only exacerbated tensions with regard to English Canada. Opinions on whether the rally had an impact were divided and unable to be gauged, as the rally happened while the final polls for the Monday referendum were being produced.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=342}}

=== Opinion polling ===
During the campaign, polls were reported by all pollsters and press outlets with a general guideline of having undecided voters split unevenly in favour of the "No" side: This ranged from 2/3 to 3/4 of the undecided vote.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:14px"
|-
!! style="width:100px;"| Completion Date !! style="width:300px;"|Polling organisation/client!! class="unsortable" style="width:65px;"| Sample size!! class="unsortable" style="background:#004281; color:white; width:100px;"| Yes!! class="unsortable"  style="background:#dc241f; color:white; width:100px;"|No!! class="unsortable"  style="background:gray; color:white; width:90px;"| Undecided!! class="unsortable"  style="width:80px;"| Lead
|-
| data-sort-value="2015-7-27" style="background:#D5D5D5"| ''30 October 1995'' || style="background:#D5D5D5" | ''Official results'' || style="background:#D5D5D5" | ''4,757,509'' || style="background:#D5D5D5"| ''49.42%'' || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| '''50.58%''' || style="background:#D5D5D5" | || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| ''1.16%''
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 27 || Léger & Léger || 1,003 ||style="background:#99f;"| '''47%''' || 41% || 12% || style="background:#004281; color:white;"| 6%
|-
| data-sort-value="2013-11-26" | Oct 27 || colspan="6" | '''[[Unity Rally]] held'''
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 25 || SOM || 1,115 ||style="background:#99f;"| '''46%''' || 40% || 14% || style="background:#004281; color:white;"| 6%  
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 25 || Angus Reid || 1,029 ||style="background:#99f;"| '''48%''' || 44% || 8% || style="background:#004281; color:white;"| 4% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2013-11-26" | Oct 25 || colspan="6" | '''Bouchard and Chrétien Television Addresses, Clinton Remarks'''
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 23 || CROP || 1,072 ||style="background:#99f;"| '''44%''' || 43% || 13% || style="background:#004281; color:white;"| 2%  
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 20 || Léger & Léger || 1,005 ||style="background:#99f;"| '''46%''' || 42% || 12% || style="background:#004281; color:white;"| 4%  
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 18 || Angus Reid || 1,012 ||style="background:#99f;"| '''45%''' || 44% || 11% || style="background:#004281; color:white;"| 1% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 16 || CROP || 1,151 || 42% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| 44% || 14% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 2%
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 16 || SOM || 981 || 43% || 43% || 14% || style="background:white; color:black;"| 0% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 12 || Léger & Léger || 1,002 ||style="background:#99f;"| '''45%''' || 42% || 13% || style="background:#004281; color:white;"| 3% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 12 || Gallup || 1,013 || 39% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''43%''' || 18% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 4% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 11 || Créatec || 470 || 43% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''49%''' || 8% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 6% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 9 || Lepage || 1,285 ||style="background:#99f;"| '''45%''' || 42% || 13% || style="background:#004281; color:white;"| 3% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2013-11-26" | Oct 7 || colspan="6" | '''Lucien Bouchard announced as Chief Negotiator for the Yes side'''
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Oct 4 || Léger & Léger || 1,015 || 43% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''44%''' || 13% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 1% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 29 || Lepage || 1,369 || 44% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''46%''' || 10% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 2% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 28 || Léger & Léger || 1,006 || 44% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''45%''' || 11% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 1% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 27 || Angus Reid || 1,000 || 41% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''45%''' || 14% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 4% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 25 || SOM/Environics || 1,820 || 39% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''48%''' || 13% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 9% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 25 || CROP || 2,020 || 39% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''47%''' || 14% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 8% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 25 || Decima || 750 || 40% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''42%''' || 18% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 2% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 19 || Créatec || 1,004 || 39% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''46%''' || 15% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 7%
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 14 || COMPAS || 500 || 36% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''40%''' || 24% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 4% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 12 || SOM || 1,003 || 37% || style="background:#f8c1be;"| '''45%''' || 18% || style="background:#dc241f; color:white;"| 8% 
|-
| data-sort-value="2014-1-20" | Sep 9 || Léger & Léger || 959 ||style="background:#99f;"| '''44%''' || 43% || 13% || style="background:#004281; color:white;"| 1% 
|-
| align=left colspan=7 | Sources: [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.31.4063&rep=rep1&type=pdf Polls & the 1995 Quebec Referendum, p.15]
|}

== Result ==
[[Image:Quebec_referendum,1995_-_Results_By_Riding_(Simple_Map).svg|thumb|400px|Map of the 1995 referendum by provincial riding. Ridings in Red voted "No", while ridings in blue voted "Yes". Despite having a lower vote total, many ridings were won by a plurality of Yes votes due to the geographic spread of voters. Many No votes were heavily concentrated in a few ridings, typically in urban regions.]]

93.52% of the 5,087,009 registered Quebecers voted in the referendum, a higher turnout than any provincial or federal election in Canada's history. The proposal of June 12, 1995 was rejected by voters, with 50.58% voting "No" and 49.42% voting "Yes". The margin was significantly smaller than the 1980 referendum. The "Yes" side was the choice of French speakers by an estimated majority of about 60%.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=405}} Anglophones and allophones (those who do not have English or French as a first language) voted "No" by a margin of 95%.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=405}}

There was a majority "Yes" vote in 80 out of 125 [[National Assembly of Quebec|National Assembly]] [[Riding (division)|ridings]].{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=405}} The "Yes" side was strongest in [[Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean]], the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspé]], the [[Centre-du-Québec]], and generally the suburbs of Quebec City and Montreal. While there was disappointment in the results of Montreal and the [[Beauce, Quebec|Beauce]], Quebec City's soft support for "Yes" was the greatest surprise for the "Yes" side.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=405}} This prompted speculation that provincial civil servants did not want the uncertainty a "Yes" would bring, especially after Parizeau had promised to integrate displaced Federal civil servants in a sovereign Quebec.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=405}}

The largest support for the "No" vote was found in Montreal, the province's largest city; ridings in the [[West Island]], home to a large anglophone population, voted "No" by margins eclipsing 80%, with some polling stations recording no "Yes" votes at all.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=400}} The far North, the [[Outaouais]], the Beauce, and the [[Eastern Townships]] also generally voted "No".

The riding with the highest "Yes" result was [[René-Lévesque|Saguenay]] along the northern shore with 73.3% voting yes; The riding with the highest "No" result was [[D'Arcy-McGee]] in western Montreal with 96.38% voting "No"; The riding with the closest result was [[Vimont (electoral district)|Vimont]] in [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]], which the "Yes" won by 6 votes and the highest turnout was in [[Marguerite-D'Youville]] (96.52%).<ref>{{cite web|title=DGEQ October 30, 1995 Results|url=http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/francais/tableaux/referendum-1995-8481.php|website=Le Directeur général des élections du Québec|access-date=January 27, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213023157/http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/francais/tableaux/referendum-1995-8481.php|archive-date=December 13, 2014}}</ref>

{{Referendum
| title          = Quebec referendum, 1995
| yes            = 2,308,360
| yespct         = 49.42
| no             = 2,362,648
| nopct          = 50.58
| majorityneeded = 
| valid          = 4,671,008
| validpct       = 98.18
| invalid        = 86,501
| invalidpct     = 1.82
| total          = 4,757,509
| turnoutpct     = 93.52
| turnoutneeded  = 
| electorate     = 5,087,009
| source         = 
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|+ National referendum results (without spoiled ballots)
|-
|  style="width:49.4%; background:#99f;" | Oui/Yes: <br /> ''2,308,360'' (49.4%)
|  style="width:50.6%; background:#f8c1be;" | '''Non/No: <br /> ''2,362,648'' (50.6%)'''
|-
| colspan=4 style="text-align: center; line-height: 32.1%;" | '''▲'''
|}

===Results by National Assembly ridings===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Results by constituency<ref name="EnResume">{{cite web |url=https://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/resultats-et-statistiques/referendum-sur-laccession-du-quebec-a-la-souverainete-de-1995/ |title=Référendum sur l'accession du Québec à la souveraineté de 1995 |date=February 25, 2021 |language=fr |trans-title=Referendum on Quebec's accession to sovereignty in 1995 |accessdate=2023-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan=2 | Constituency
! rowspan=2 | Electorate
! rowspan=2 | {{nowrap|Turnout (%)}}
! colspan=2 | Votes
! colspan=2 | Proportion of votes
|-
! Yes
! No
! Yes
! No
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Abitibi-Est]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 31 906
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.72%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''16,447'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 11,980
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;"|'''57.86%'''
| style="text-align: right;" |42.14%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Abitibi-Ouest (electoral district)|Abitibi-Ouest]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 32 698
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.12%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,968'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 11,093
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;"| '''61.83%'''
| style="text-align: right;" |38.17%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Acadie (electoral district)|Acadie]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 44 886
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.56%
| style="text-align: right;" | 8,849
| style="text-align: right;" | '''32,849'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.22%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;"| '''78.78%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Anjou–Louis-Riel|Anjou]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 33 374
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.86%
| style="text-align: right;" | 15,415 
| style="text-align: right;" | '''15,722'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 49.51%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;"| '''50.49%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Argenteuil (provincial electoral district)|Argenteuil]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 46 327
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.60%
| style="text-align: right;" | 21,304
| style="text-align: right;" | '''21,571'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 49.69%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;"| '''50.31%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Arthabaska (electoral district)|Arthabaska]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 43 237
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.91%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,235'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 17,225
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;"|'''56.35%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.65%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Beauce-Nord]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 31 514
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.96%
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,733
| style="text-align: right;" | '''15,794''' 
| style="text-align: right;" |44.63%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;"|'''55.37%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Beauce-Sud]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 40 413
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.10%
| style="text-align: right;" | 15,365
| style="text-align: right;" | '''20,823''' 
| style="text-align: right;" | 42.46%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;"|'''57.54%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Beauharnois-Huntingdon]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 39 452
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.61%
| style="text-align: right;" | 16,821
| style="text-align: right;" | '''19,527'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 46.28%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;"| '''53.72%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Bellechasse (provincial electoral district)|Bellechasse]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 29 451
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.78%
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,425
| style="text-align: right;" | '''13,927'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.15%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;"| '''52.85%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
|[[Berthier (provincial electoral district)|Berthier]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 336
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.54%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''25,986'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 15,249
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''63.02%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.98%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Bertrand (electoral district)|Bertrand]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 40 267
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.90%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''19,867'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 17,080
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''53.77%'''
| style="text-align: right;" |46.23%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Blainville (provincial electoral district)|Blainville]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 39 126
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.33%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,134'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,583
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''63.01%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.99%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Bonaventure (provincial electoral district)|Bonaventure]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 29 496
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.80%
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,914
| style="text-align: right;" | '''13,759'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  48.42%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''51.58%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Borduas]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 34 433
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.59%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''18,864'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,470
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''58.34%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 41.66%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Bourassa (provincial electoral district)|Bourassa]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 32 755
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.99%
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,063
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,084'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  43.33%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''56.67%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Camille-Laurin (electoral district)|Bourget]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 34 872
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.27%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,258'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 14,857
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''53.74%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 46.26%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Brome-Missisquoi (provincial electoral district)|Brome Missisquoi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 37 691
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.91%
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,376
| style="text-align: right;" | '''21,530'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 38.32%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" |'''61.68%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Chambly (provincial electoral district)|Chambly]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 48 794
| style="text-align: right;" | 96.16%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''25,363 '''
| style="text-align: right;" | 20,793
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''54.95%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 45.05%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Champlain (provincial electoral district)|Champlain]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 43 788
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.66%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''24,534'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 15,967
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''60.58%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 39.42%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Chapleau (provincial electoral district)|Chapleau]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 56 629
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.65%
| style="text-align: right;" | 14,354
| style="text-align: right;" | '''37,788'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.53%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" |'''72.47%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Charlesbourg (provincial electoral district)|Charlesbourg]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 47 083
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.79%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,343'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 20,535
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''53.20%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 46.80%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Charlevoix (provincial electoral district)|Charlevoix]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 31 047
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.53%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''15,702'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,019 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''56.64%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.36%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Chateauguay (provincial electoral district)|Châteauguay]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 172
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.57%
| style="text-align: right;" | 18,481
| style="text-align: right;" | '''20,443'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.48%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''52.52%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Chauveau (provincial electoral district)|Chauveau]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 57 187
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.59%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''28,574'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 23,855 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''54.50%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 45.50%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Chicoutimi (provincial electoral district)|Chicoutimi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 46 325
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.64%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''29,305'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,245 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''68.87%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.13%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Chomedey (provincial electoral district)|Chomedey]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 49 292
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.81%
| style="text-align: right;" | 11,311
| style="text-align: right;" | '''29,998'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.38%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''72.62%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Chutes-de-la-Chaudière (electoral district)|Chutes-de-la-Chaudière]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 52 427
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.56%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''29,456'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 19,587
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''60.06%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 39.94%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Cremazie (provincial electoral district)|Crémazie]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 38 149
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.57%
| style="text-align: right;" | 17,120
| style="text-align: right;" | '''18,141'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 48.55%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''51.45%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[D'Arcy-McGee]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 690
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.50%
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,401
| style="text-align: right;" | '''37,253 '''
| style="text-align: right;" |   3.62%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''96.38%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Deux-Montagnes (provincial electoral district)|Deux-Montagnes]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 54 513
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.80%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''29,831'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 20,780 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''58.94%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 41.06%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Drummond (federal electoral district)|Drummond]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 47 292
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.79%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''24,866'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 18,267 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''57.65%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 42.35%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Dubuc (electoral district)|Dubuc]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 35 463
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.61%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,850'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 9,653 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''70.30%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.70%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Duplessis (provincial electoral district)|Duplessis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 37 107
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.20%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''20,781'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,322 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''62.78%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 37.22%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Fabre (electoral district)|Fabre]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 48 813
| style="text-align: right;" | 96.07%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,651'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 22,341 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''51.42%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 48.58%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Frontenac (provincial electoral district)|Frontenac]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 34 719
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.51%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,041'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 15,102 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''53.02%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 46.98%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Gaspé (provincial electoral district)|Gaspé]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 29 414
| style="text-align: right;" | 89.64%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''15,186'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,771  
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''58.50%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 41.50%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Gatineau (provincial electoral district)|Gatineau]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 38 948
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.40%
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,774
| style="text-align: right;" | '''25,254'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  29.90%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''70.10%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Gouin (electoral district)|Gouin]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 901
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.21%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''21,854'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 15,977  
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''57.77%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 42.23%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Groulx]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 806
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.20%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,133'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 16,879  
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''56.73%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.27%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Hochelaga-Maisonneuve]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 31 881
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.79%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''18,522'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  9,759 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''65.49%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 34.51%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Hull (provincial electoral district)|Hull]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 44 984
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.72%
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,394
| style="text-align: right;" |  '''28,553'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  30.27%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''69.73%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Iberville (Quebec provincial electoral district)|Iberville]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 229
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.90%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,400'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  18,178  
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''56.28%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.72%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Îles-de-la-Madeleine (provincial electoral district)|Îles-de-la-Madeleine]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 10 415
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.76%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''5,478'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  3,946  
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''58.13%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 41.87%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Jacques-Cartier]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 47 072
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.84%
| style="text-align: right;" |  4,016
| style="text-align: right;" |  '''40,689'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.98%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''91.02%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Jeanne-Mance (provincial electoral district)|Jeanne-Mance]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 37 801
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.62%
| style="text-align: right;" |   8,654
| style="text-align: right;" |  '''26,395'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.69%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''75.31%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Jean-Talon]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 33 233
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.01%
| style="text-align: right;" |   14,921
| style="text-align: right;" |  '''16,159'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  48.01%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''51.99%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Johnson (electoral district)|Johnson]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 35 096
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.22%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,507'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   14,672 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''54.41%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 45.59%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Joliette (provincial electoral district)|Joliette]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 42 797
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.60%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''25,099'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   14,190 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''63.88%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.12%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Jonquiere]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 43 444
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.62%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''28,385'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   11,584 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''71.02%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.98%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Kamouraska-Temiscouata]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 34 066
| style="text-align: right;" | 88.47%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''15,632'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   14,055 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''52.66%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.34%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Labelle (provincial electoral district)|Labelle]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 36 470
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.52%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''21,178'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    11,687
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''64.44%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.56%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Lac-Saint-Jean]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 38 420
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.03%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''25,857'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    9,534
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''73.06%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.94%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[LaFontaine]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 47 606
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.36%
| style="text-align: right;" |   17,780
| style="text-align: right;" |  '''26,373'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 40.27%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''59.73%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[La Peltrie]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 51 387
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.59%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''26,426'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    21,844
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''54.75%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 45.25%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[La Pinière]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 44 702
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.38%
| style="text-align: right;" |    13,996
| style="text-align: right;" |   '''28,261'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   33.12%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''66.88%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Laporte (electoral district)|Laporte]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 729
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.87%
| style="text-align: right;" |   17,447
| style="text-align: right;" |    '''25,140'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 40.97%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''59.03%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[La Prairie (provincial electoral district)|La Prairie]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 52 873
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.65%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''29,947'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    19,919
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''60.05%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 39.95%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[L'Assomption (provincial electoral district)|L'Assomption]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 48 336
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.60%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''29,095'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    16,614
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''63.65%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.35%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Laurier-Dorion]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 569
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.00%
| style="text-align: right;" |   15,372
| style="text-align: right;" |  '''25,924'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 37.22%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''62.78%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Laval-des-Rapides]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 39 120
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.46%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''19,057'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    17,142
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''52.65%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.35%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Laviolette (electoral district)|Laviolette]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 33 439
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.13%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,177'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    13,093
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''56.75%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.25%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Lévis (provincial electoral district)|Lévis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 38 175
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.96%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''19,917'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    15,311
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''56.54%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.46%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Limoilou (electoral district)|Limoilou]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 311
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.71%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''21,109'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    19,566
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''51.90%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 48.10%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Lotbinière (provincial electoral district)|Lotbinière]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 28 974
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.89%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''13,263'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    13,209
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''50.10%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 49.90%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Louis-Hébert (federal electoral district)|Louis-Hébert]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 061
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.28%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''20,292'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    17,990
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''53.01%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 46.99%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Marguerite-Bourgeoys]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 691
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.63%
| style="text-align: right;" |    10,339
| style="text-align: right;" |   '''27,335'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  27.44%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''72.56%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Marguerite-D'Youville]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 42 469
| style="text-align: right;" | 96.52%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,778'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    16,520
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''59.01%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 40.99%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Marie-Victorin (electoral district)|Marie-Victorin]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 530
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.14%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,731'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    14,814
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''60.54%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 39.46%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Marquette (provincial electoral district)|Marquette]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 37 872
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.63%
| style="text-align: right;" |   13,628
| style="text-align: right;" |    '''21,729'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  38.54%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''61.4%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Maskinongé (provincial electoral district)|Maskinongé]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 43 220
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.77%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,502'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    16,925
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''57.07%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 42.93%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Masson (electoral district)|Masson]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 43 331
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.93%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''28,636'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    11,683
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''71.02%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.98%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Matane (provincial electoral district)|Matane]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 28 314
| style="text-align: right;" | 89.44%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''15,611'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    9,381
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''62.46%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 37.54%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Matapédia (electoral district)|Matapédia]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 30 312
| style="text-align: right;" | 89.93%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,292'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    9,600
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''64.30%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.70%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Mégantic-Compton]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 30 369
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.09%
| style="text-align: right;" |    13,042
| style="text-align: right;" |    '''14,535'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.29%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''52.71%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Mercier (provincial electoral district)|Mercier]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 42 596
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.06%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''24,688'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    14,644
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''62.77%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 37.23%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Mille-Îles]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 46 800
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.54%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,660'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    21,220
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''51.64%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 48.36%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Montmagny-L'Islet (electoral district)|Montmagny-L'Islet]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 31 816
| style="text-align: right;" | 88.31%
| style="text-align: right;" |    12,360
| style="text-align: right;" |    '''15,173'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 44.89%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''55.11%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Montmorency (provincial electoral district)|Montmorency]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 53 331
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.76%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''28,360'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    20,914 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''57.56%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 42.44%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Mont-Royal (provincial electoral district)|Mont-Royal]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 40 794
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.77%
| style="text-align: right;" |    5,030
| style="text-align: right;" |  '''32,333'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.46%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''86.54%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Nelligan (electoral district)|Nelligan]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 55 030
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.79%
| style="text-align: right;" |    9,443
| style="text-align: right;" |   '''42,494'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  18.18%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''81.82%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Nicolet-Yamaska (provincial electoral district)|Nicolet-Yamaska]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 32 705
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.57%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,022'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    13,103
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''56.50%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.50%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (provincial electoral district)|Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 38 962
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.07%
| style="text-align: right;" |   4,855
| style="text-align: right;" |   '''31,306'''
| style="text-align: right;" |13.43%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" |'''86.57%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Orford (electoral district)|Orford]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 47 430
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.98%
| style="text-align: right;" |   20,773
| style="text-align: right;" |   '''23,132'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.31%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''52.69%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Outremont (provincial electoral district)|Outremont]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 42 408
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.65%
| style="text-align: right;" |   13,428
| style="text-align: right;" |   '''25,619'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 34.39%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" |'''65.61%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Papineau (provincial electoral district)|Papineau]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 36 555
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.48%
| style="text-align: right;" |   12,371
| style="text-align: right;" |   '''21,517'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   36.51%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''63.49%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Pointe-aux-Trembles (electoral district)|Pointe-aux-Trembles]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 37 929
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.23%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''21,425'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    13,768
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''60.88%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 39.12%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Pontiac (provincial electoral district)|Pontiac]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 37 247
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.47%
| style="text-align: right;" |    4,485
| style="text-align: right;" |   '''30,632'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  12.77%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''87.23%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Portneuf (provincial electoral district)|Portneuf]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 39 129
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.66%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''19,303'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    16,235
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''54.32%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 45.68%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Prévost (electoral district)|Prévost]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 809
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.74%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''26,180'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    15,432
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''62.91%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 37.09%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Richelieu (provincial electoral district)|Richelieu]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 39 395
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.26%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,490'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    13,597
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''62.32%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 37.68%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Richmond (Quebec provincial electoral district)|Richmond]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 31 984
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.57%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''15,719'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    13,856 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''53.15%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 46.85%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Rimouski (provincial electoral district)|Rimouski]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 38 748
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.98%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,289'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    12,684 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''63.73%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.27%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Rivière-du-Loup (electoral district)|Rivière-du-Loup]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 29 879
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.62%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''14,561'''
| style="text-align: right;" |    12,114 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''54.59%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 45.41%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Robert-Baldwin]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 929
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.48%
| style="text-align: right;" |     4,410
| style="text-align: right;" | '''38,956'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  10.17%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''89.83%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Roberval (provincial electoral district)|Roberval]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 42 650
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.30%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''25,194'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   13,441
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''65.21%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 34.79%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Rosemont (provincial electoral district)|Rosemont]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 38 244
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.31%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''18,723'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   16,213
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''53.59%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 46.41%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Rousseau (electoral district)|Rousseau]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 861
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.09%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''24,237'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   13,679
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''63.92%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.08%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Rouyn-Noranda—Témiscamingue]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 718
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.84%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''20,553'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   17,250 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''54.37%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 45.63%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Saguenay (provincial electoral district)|Saguenay]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 35 493
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.34%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,067'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 8,389
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''73.33%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.67%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Saint-François (electoral district)|Saint-François]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 42 140
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.21%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''19,314'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 19,193
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''50.16%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 49.84%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Saint-Henri—Sainte-Anne]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 40 379
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.60%
| style="text-align: right;" |  17,097 
| style="text-align: right;" | '''19,380'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 46.87%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''53.13%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Saint-Hyacinthe (provincial electoral district)|Saint-Hyacinthe]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 183
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.35%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,952'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 18,552
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''55.30%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 44.70%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Saint-Jean (provincial electoral district)|Saint-Jean]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 48 991
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.65%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''25,554 '''
| style="text-align: right;" | 19,967
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''56.14%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.86%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Saint-Laurent (provincial electoral district)|Saint-Laurent]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 542
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.50%
| style="text-align: right;" |  7,214 
| style="text-align: right;" | '''34,856'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  17.15%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''82.85%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Sainte-Marie—Saint-Jacques]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 45 963
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.73%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,879'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  16,838 
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''58.65%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 41.35%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Saint-Maurice (provincial electoral district)|Saint-Maurice]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 34 674
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.42%
| style="text-align: right;" |  17,779
| style="text-align: right;" |  13,973
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''55.99%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 44.01%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Salaberry-Soulanges]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 49 423
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.27%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''26,068'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   19,614
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''57.06%'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  42.94%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Sauvé (provincial electoral district)|Sauvé]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 32 379
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.45%
| style="text-align: right;" | 11,870
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,358'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 40.61%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''59.39%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Shefford (provincial electoral district)|Shefford]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 49 998
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.21%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,986'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 21,782
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''52.41%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.59%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Sherbrooke (provincial electoral district)|Sherbrooke]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 40 413
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.77%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''19,826'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  17,384
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" |'''53.28%'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  46.72%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Taillon]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 50 766
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.24%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''28,604'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 18,360
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''60.91%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 39.09%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Taschereau (electoral district)|Taschereau]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 32 688
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.46%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''17,358'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  12,038
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''59.05%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 40.95%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Terrebonne (provincial electoral district)|Terrebonne]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 41 606
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.01%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''26,046'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  12,655
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''67.30%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.70%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Trois-Rivières (provincial electoral district)|Trois-Rivières]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 38 171
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.94%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''19,328'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 15,411
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''55.64%'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 44.36%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Ungava (electoral district)|Ungava]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 23 512
| style="text-align: right;" | 84.64%
| style="text-align: right;" | 9,187
| style="text-align: right;" | '''10,396'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 46.91%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''53.09%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Vachon (electoral district)|Vachon]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 40 467
| style="text-align: right;" |95.22%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''21,374'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  16,284
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" |'''56.76%'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  43.24%
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Vanier (electoral district)|Vanier]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 49 502
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.56%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''25,119'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  20,353
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''55.24%'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  44.76%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Vaudreuil (provincial electoral district)|Vaudreuil]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 50 883
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.69%
| style="text-align: right;" | 18,856
| style="text-align: right;" | '''29,204'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 39.23%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''60.77%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Verchères (provincial electoral district)|Verchères]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 36 193
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.82%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''22,483'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 11,138
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''66.87%'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  33.13%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Verdun (provincial electoral district)|Verdun]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 43 851
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.54%
| style="text-align: right;" | 16,269
| style="text-align: right;" | '''24,062'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 40.34%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''59.66%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Viau (electoral district)|Viau]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 37 768
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.01%
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,746
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,701'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.20%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''68.80%'''
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Viger (electoral district)|Viger]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 36 731
| style="text-align: right;" | 94.89%
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,982
| style="text-align: right;" | '''23,209'''
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.12%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''67.88%'''
|-
| style="background:#acf;" | &nbsp;
| [[Vimont (electoral district)|Vimont]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 52 092
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.85%
| style="text-align: right;" | '''24,548'''
| style="text-align: right;" |  24,542
| style="text-align: right; background:#acf; color:#000;" | '''50.01%'''
| style="text-align: right;" |   49.99%
|-
| style="background:#faa;" | &nbsp;
| [[Westmount—Saint-Louis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 50 161
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.55%
| style="text-align: right;" |   6,880
| style="text-align: right;" | '''38,295'''
| style="text-align: right;  " | 15.23%
| style="text-align: right; background:#faa; color:#000;" | '''84.77%'''
|- class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold; background:rgb(232,232,232);"
| colspan="2" | Total
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" | 809,728
| style="text-align: right;" | 818,842
| style="text-align: right;" | 49.4%
| style="text-align: right;" | 50.6%
|}

== Immediate responses ==
"No" supporters gathered at [[M Telus (concert hall)|Métropolis]] in Montreal, where Johnson expressed hope for reconciliation in Quebec and stated he expected the federal government to pursue constitutional changes.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=400}} Prime Minister Chrétien echoed similar sentiments to Johnson, and stated that he "extended his hand" to Quebec's premier and government.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=401}}

"Yes" supporters met at the {{langr|fr|[[Palais des congrès de Montréal]]}} on referendum night. After the result became known, Dumont and Bouchard made speeches accepting the result as part of the movement's democratic convictions and expressing hope that a subsequent referendum would bring a "Yes" victory.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=397}}

Jacques Parizeau, who had not prepared a concession speech, rejected one prepared by [[Jean-François Lisée]] and spoke without notes. Noting that 60% of French-speakers had voted yes, he stated that he would address French-speaking Québécois as {{lang|fr|nous}} ("we"), and that they had spoken clearly in favour of the "Yes."{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=398}} He then stated that the only thing that had stopped the "Yes" side was "money and ethnic votes" ({{lang|fr|l'argent pis des votes ethniques}}) and that the next referendum would be successful with only a few more percentage points of French speakers onside.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=398}} The remarks, widely lambasted in the Canadian and international press as ethnocentric, sparked surprise and anger in the "Yes" camp, as the movement had gone to great lengths to disown [[ethnic nationalism]].{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=398-400}}

Bernard Landry confronted Parizeau at a Cabinet meeting the next morning about the remarks, stating that the movement "had to hide its head in shame."{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=407}} Parizeau, after canvassing opinions, then told his Cabinet that he would resign as premier and leader of the Parti Québécois. It was later revealed that he had declared he would retire anyway if the "Yes" side lost, in an embargoed interview with [[TVA (Canadian TV network)|TVA]] taped days before the referendum.

Six days after the referendum, [[André Dallaire]], a "Yes" supporter with [[schizophrenia]], upset at the result, broke into [[24 Sussex Drive|Chrétien's Ottawa residence]] armed with a knife.{{sfn|Chrétien|p=176-7}} Dallaire attempted to find Chrétien and kill the prime minister in his bed before being discovered by [[Aline Chrétien]], who barricaded the bedroom door.{{sfn|Chrétien|p=177}} Chrétien was unharmed, and Dallaire was eventually found [[not criminally responsible]] by reason of mental defect.{{sfn|Chrétien|p=178}}

== Contingency preparation for a "Yes" victory ==
[[File:MarioDumont.JPG|thumb|150px|Mario Dumont, leader of the [[Action démocratique du Québec|ADQ]] and member of the "Yes" side.]]

=== Sovereignists ===
Sovereignists believed that a "Yes" vote of 50% plus one vote was a binding result pursuant to the ''Referendum Act'' and the ''[[Act Respecting the Future of Quebec|Sovereignty Bill]]'',{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=356}} as well as the general international law principle of [[self-determination]]. In the event of a "Yes" victory, Parizeau had said he intended to return to the [[National Assembly of Quebec]] within two days of the result and seek support for a motion recognizing the result of the referendum.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=44}} In a speech he had prepared in the event of a "Yes" victory, he said a sovereign Quebec's first move would be to "extend a hand to its Canadian neighbour" in partnership pursuant to the wording of the referendum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni.ca/library/speech.html|title=Erreur – UNI – Coopération financière|first=UNI Coopération|last=financière|website=uni.ca|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109001012/http://www.uni.ca/library/speech.html|archive-date=9 January 2016}}</ref>

Parizeau's immediate plans after the referendum relied upon what he felt would be general pressure from economic markets and the business community in English Canada to stabilize the situation as quickly as possible, which he believed would mitigate any catastrophic initial events (such as blockades) and prepare for negotiations.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=357-8}}

Despite the prominent placement of Bouchard in the referendum campaign, Parizeau planned to retain all authority with regard to negotiations, and to appoint most members of the negotiation team if they were to occur.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=46 and 50}} Parizeau also believed federalist Quebecers such as Chrétien and Charest would be quickly disregarded and replaced at negotiations by representatives from the other nine provinces.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=90}} If the Federal government refused to negotiate, or if negotiations were to exceed October 30, 1996, Parizeau stated that he would proceed with a [[unilateral declaration of independence]] (UDI) for an independent Quebec pursuant to Section 26 of the ''Sovereignty Bill''.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=42-43}}

Parizeau's hopes for [[Diplomatic recognition|international recognition]], a practical requirement of statehood, rested with France and the [[Francophonie]]. He believed that if Quebec declared independence in these circumstances, [[National Assembly (France)|President of the French National Assembly]] [[Philippe Séguin]], a powerful [[Gaullist]] power broker who was sympathetic to the sovereignty movement,{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=195}} would pressure President Chirac to recognize the declaration.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=300}} He counted on a French recognition to spread quickly to the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Francophonie]] and bring the issue to a head.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=200}} [[Benoit Bouchard]], Canada's ambassador at the time, believed that the plan was irrational as he doubted Séguin, who was supposed to be a neutral figure in his role, could bring sufficient pressure in the country's [[semi-presidential system]].{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=301}}

In interviews conducted in 2014, Bouchard{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=20-24}} and Dumont{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=37}} both believed that negotiations would have resulted had the "Yes" side won and that Quebec would have remained in Canada with a more autonomous status. Bouchard, while approving of Parizeau's intention to unilaterally declare independence should negotiations be refused,{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=21}} implied that he and Dumont would have been able to control negotiations and offer a subsequent referendum on a new agreement.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=24}} Dumont noted that international recognition would have been difficult had two of the three leaders of the "Yes" campaign been against a UDI, and that he and Bouchard were willing to slow the process down if necessary.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=35}} For his part, Bernard Landry believed that nothing short of a seat at the [[United Nations]] would have been accomplished had the "Yes" won.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=53}}

=== Federalists ===

==== Recognition ====
As the referendum was only of force and effect pursuant to a provincial law, neither the provincially sanctioned "No" committee nor the Federal government had any input on the question of the referendum. Federalists strongly differed on how or if a "Yes" referendum result would be recognized. "No" campaign head Daniel Johnson disputed the "Yes" side's position that a simple majority was sufficient to declare independence, as he believed the question was too vague and gave negotiators too broad a mandate given the enormity of the issue and the uncertainty of negotiations.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=355}}{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=88}}

Jean Chrétien refused to publicly comment or consider contingencies regarding a possible "Yes" victory, and at no point stated the referendum bound the Federal government to negotiations or permitted a unilateral declaration of independence.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=366-7}} His wording of speeches during the referendum noted that Parizeau would interpret a "Yes" vote as a mandate to separate Quebec from Canada, but never offered recognition that this was legal or recognizable. A speech drafted for Chrétien in the event of a "Yes" vote stated that the question was too ambiguous to be binding and that only dissatisfaction with the status quo had been stated.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=366-7}}

Reform party leader Preston Manning, a prominent proponent of [[direct democracy]], would have recognized any result, with critics suspecting he preferred a "Yes" vote for electoral gain.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=369}} Jean Charest recognized the referendum's legitimacy, although a draft post-referendum speech had him interpreting a "Yes" vote as a call for drastic reform of Canadian federation instead of separation.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=80-81}} The [[New Democratic Party]]'s official position was that the result had to be recognized.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=369}}

==== Negotiations ====
Little planning was made for the possibility of a "Yes" vote by the Canadian federal government, with the general consensus being that the referendum would be easily won and that planning would spark panic or give the referendum undeserved legitimacy. Some members of the federal cabinet met to discuss several possible scenarios, including referring the issue of Quebec's independence to the Supreme Court. Senior civil servants met to consider the impact of a vote for secession on issues such as territorial boundaries and the federal debt. A dispute arose as to whether Jean Chrétien and many prominent members of Cabinet who had been elected in Quebec [[electoral district (Canada)|ridings]] could represent Canada at a hypothetical partnership negotiation.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=363}}

Manning intended to immediately call for Chrétien's resignation and for a general election if the referendum were successful,{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=172}} even though the Liberals, independently of their Quebec seats, had a sizable majority in the House of Commons.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=363}} There was also some doubt that Chrétien would be able to assure the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]] that he retained enough support within his party to remain the prime minister.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=363}}<ref name=ministers>Seguin, Rheal. "Ministers plotted to oust Chrétien if referendum was lost, CBC says". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. September 9, 2005.</ref> Chrétien's intention was, whatever the result, to stay in office.{{sfn|Cardinal (2005)|p=366}} [[Premier of New Brunswick|New Brunswick Premier]] [[Frank McKenna]] later confirmed that he had been invited into a hypothetical "national unity" cabinet if the "Yes" side was victorious,{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=219}} with a general understanding that former [[Premier of Ontario|Ontario Premier]] [[Bob Rae]] was to be included as well.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=228}}

[[Premier of Saskatchewan]] [[Roy Romanow]] secretly formed a committee to study consequences if Quebec successfully seceded, including [[Western alienation in Canada|strengthening Saskatchewan's relationships with other western provinces]], also seceding from Canada, or joining the United States.<ref name="warren20140826">{{Cite news |title=Secret Romanow group mulled secession |last=Warren |first=Jeremy |date=2014-08-26 |newspaper=The StarPhoenix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829140952/http://www.thestarphoenix.com/news/Secret+Romanow+group+mulled+secession/10148654/story.html |archive-date=2014-08-29 |url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/Secret+Romanow+group+mulled+secession/10148654/story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Controversies post-referendum ==

=== Rejected ballots ===
When the counting was completed, approximately 86,000 ballots were rejected by Deputy Returning Officers, alleging that they had not been marked properly by the voter. Each polling station featured a Deputy Returning Officer (appointed by the "Yes") who counted the ballots while a Poll Clerk (appointed by the "No") recorded the result of the count.<ref>^[http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_64_1/C64_1_A.html Referendum Act (Quebec)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180627/http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=%2FC_64_1%2FC64_1_A.html |date=2017-09-25 }}, R.S.Q. c.C-64.1, App. 2, S. 310</ref>

Controversy arose over whether the Deputy Returning Officers of the [[Chomedey (electoral district)|Chomedey]], Marguerite-Bourgeois and Laurier-Dorion [[electoral district (Canada)|riding]]s had improperly rejected ballots. In these ridings the "No" vote was dominant, and the proportion of rejected ballots was 12%,<ref name=Chomedey>Gray, John. "Be strict, PQ told scrutineers 'Following the rules' in Chomedey meant 1 ballot in 9 rejected, mostly votes for No". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. November 10, 1995.</ref> 5.5% and 3.6%.<ref>"Mysterious doings on referendum night". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. November 9, 1995.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/fr/tableaux/Referendum_1995_8481.asp | title=Référendum du 30 octobre 1995 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210114/http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/fr/tableaux/Referendum_1995_8481.asp | archive-date=2007-09-30 | language=fr | website=[[Élections Québec]] | access-date=June 1, 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Thomas Mulcair]], member of the [[Quebec National Assembly]] for Chomedey, told reporters that there was "an orchestrated attempt to steal the vote" in his riding.<ref name=Chomedey /> A study released months after the referendum by [[McGill University]] concluded that ridings with a greater number of "No" votes had a higher percentage of rejected ballots.<ref>Contenta, Sandro. "Fears fuelled of referendum plot New report says 'charges of electoral bias ... are plausible'". ''[[The Toronto Star]]''. April 29, 1996.</ref> [[Directeur général des élections du Québec]] (DGEQ), [[Pierre F. Cote]], launched an inquiry into the alleged irregularities, supervised by the [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Quebec Superior Court]], [[Alan B. Gold]]. All ballots of the three ridings plus a sample of ballots from other ridings were examined. The inquiry concluded that some ballots had been rejected without valid reasons, but the incidents were isolated. The majority of the rejected ballots were "No" votes, in proportion to the majority of the valid votes in those districts.

Two Deputy Returning Officers were charged by the DGEQ with violating elections laws, but in 1996 were found not guilty (a decision upheld by the [[Quebec Court of Appeal]]), after it was found that the ballots were not rejected in a fraudulent or irregular manner, and that there was no proof of conspiracy.<ref name=Contenta>Contenta, Sandro. "31 face charges over rejection of No ballots But 'no conspiracy' to steal vote found". ''[[The Toronto Star]]''. May 14, 1996.</ref> A Quebec Court judge acquitted a Deputy Returning Officer charged with illegally rejecting 53% of the ballots cast at his Chomedey polling district.

In 2000, the Quebec Superior Court denied an application by [[Alliance Quebec]] that attempted to force the DGEQ to give access to all 5 million ballots, ruling that the only authority that could do so expired in 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_64_1/C64_1_A.html | title=Referendum Act | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030502200521/http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=%2FC_64_1%2FC64_1_A.html | archive-date=2003-05-02 | language=en | quote=s.42 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Wyatt, Nelson. "English rights group eyes cash for fight over rejected ballots". ''[[The Toronto Star]]''. August 3, 2000.</ref> The referendum ballots were shredded and recycled in 2008 after appeals were exhausted.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/quebec-to-destroy-referendum-ballots/article671683/ The Globe and Mail.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090103/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/quebec-to-destroy-referendum-ballots/article671683/ |date=2016-03-04 }} May 1, 2008.</ref> In May 2005, former PQ Cabinet minister Richard Le Hir said that the PQ coordinated the ballot rejections, which PQ officials denied.<ref>Marsden, William. "Chomedey scrutineers... ...'under orders'". ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]''. A8. November 2, 1995.</ref><ref>Seguin, Rheal. "PQ accused of considering Nazi-style tactics in 1995; Former minister says Parizeau weighed using propaganda before referendum". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. May 20, 2005.</ref>

=== Citizenship and Immigration Canada ===
Citizenship Court judges from across Canada were sent into the province to ensure as many qualified immigrants living in Quebec as possible had Canadian citizenship before the referendum, and thus were able to vote. The goal was to have 10,000 to 20,000 outstanding citizenship applications processed for residents of Quebec by mid-October.<ref>"Citizenship blitz in Quebec". ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]''. August 31, 1995.</ref> 43,855 new Quebecers obtained their Canadian citizenship during 1995, with about one quarter of these (11,429) being granted during the month of October.<ref name=vigile>O'Neill, Pierre. "Le camp du NON a-t-il volé le référendum de 1995?". ''[[Le Devoir]]''. August 11, 1999.</ref> When confronted about the issue by a Bloc Québécois MP who suggested shortcuts were being taken to hurry citizenship applications for immigrants who would most likely vote "No", [[Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (Canada)|Minister of Citizenship and Immigration]] [[Sergio Marchi (politician)|Sergio Marchi]] responded that this was common before provincial election campaigns in other provinces.<ref>[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2332499&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=1#ELECTIONSCANADA "Question Period – Monday, October 16, 1995"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604022102/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2332499&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=1 |date=June 4, 2008 }}. ''[[Parliament of Canada]]''. Retrieved on June 10, 2007.</ref>

=== Spending limits and Option Canada ===
The [[Canadian Unity Council]] incorporated a Montreal-based lobbying group called [[Option Canada]] with the mandate to promote federalism in Quebec.<ref name=mounties>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060105.woptions0105/BNStory/Front/ |title=Mounties eye another referendum handout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113005443/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060105.woptions0105/BNStory/Front/ |archive-date=2006-01-13 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=January 5, 2006 |last1=Taber |first1=Jane |last2=Leblanc |first2=Daniel}}</ref><ref name="fuss"/> Option Canada received $1.6 million in funding from the Canadian Heritage Department in 1994, $3.35 million in 1995 and $1.1 million in 1996.<ref name=snapshot>{{cite news|last1=Feurgeson |first1= Elizabeth |url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=1de76da7-07b9-4879-a133-d45f687f1953 |title=A snapshot of Option Canada's history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603195731/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=1de76da7-07b9-4879-a133-d45f687f1953 |archive-date=2008-06-03|work=[[The Montreal Gazette]] |date=May 30, 2007}}</ref> [[The Montreal Gazette]] reported in March 1997 that the group also had other funds from undeclared sources.<ref name=fuss>[http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/editorial/story.html?id=47f5c199-b0bb-4392-b0bf-9bcb53cdc5d9 "Option Canada fuss amounts to little"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603195701/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/editorial/story.html?id=47f5c199-b0bb-4392-b0bf-9bcb53cdc5d9 |date=2008-06-03 }}. ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]''. May 30, 2007.</ref> A [[Committee to Register Voters Outside Quebec]] was created to help citizens who had left Quebec before the 1995 vote register on the electoral list. The Committee handed out pamphlets during the referendum, including a form to be added to the list of voters. The pamphlet gave out a toll-free number as contact information, which was the same number as the one used by the Canadian Unity Council.<ref>Macpherson, Don. "Vote-hunting Bid to lure outside voters not a formula for stability". ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]''. August 22, 1995.</ref>

After the referendum, the DSEQ filed 20 criminal charges of illegal expenditures by Option Canada and others on behalf of the "No" side, which were dropped after the Supreme Court of Canada in ''[[Libman vs. Quebec-Attorney General]]'' ruled sections of the ''Referendum Act'' restricting third-party expenditures were [[constitutionality|unconstitutionally]] restrictive under the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]''.

[[Aurèle Gervais]], communications director for the Liberal Party of Canada, as well as the students' association at Ottawa's [[Algonquin College]], were charged with infractions of Quebec's Election Act after the referendum for illegally hiring buses to bring supporters to Montreal for the rally.<ref name=Grenier>[http://www.570news.com/news/national/article.jsp?content=n0529110A "Source of funding for huge federalist rally in Quebec in 1995 still a mystery"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041329/http://www.570news.com/news/national/article.jsp?content=n0529110A |date=2007-09-28 }}. ''570 News''. May 29, 2007.</ref> Environment Minister [[Sergio Marchi (politician)|Sergio Marchi]] told reporters that Gervais should wear <nowiki>[the charges against him]</nowiki> like a badge of honour."<ref>Vienneau, David. "Unity rally charges against top Liberal a 'badge of honour'". ''[[The Toronto Star]]''. June 4, 1996.</ref> Two years later, the Quebec Superior Court dismissed the charges, stating that the actions took place outside of Quebec and so the Quebec Election Act did not apply.<ref>{{Citation |title=Referendum law has limitations: [FINAL Edition] |id={{ProQuest|433167694}} }}</ref>

The DSEQ asked retired Quebec court judge Bernard Grenier in 2006 to investigate Option Canada after the publication of [[Normand Lester]] and [[Robin Philpot]]'s "The Secrets of Option Canada", which alleged over $5,000,000 had been spent helping the "No" campaign.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/ex-option-canada-director-resigns-after-report-on-referendum-spending-1.637362 "Ex-Option Canada director resigns after report on referendum spending"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603155535/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/ex-option-canada-director-resigns-after-report-on-referendum-spending-1.637362 |date=2008-06-03 }}. ''[http://www.cbc.ca/ cbc.ca] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923120042/http://www.cbc.ca/ |date=2017-09-23 }}''. May 30, 2007.</ref> Grenier determined that {{CAD|539,000}} was illegally spent by the "No" side during the referendum, although he drew no conclusions over the "Unity Rally." Grenier said there was no evidence of wrongdoing by Jean Charest or that the rally was part of a plan to sabotage the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereigntist movement]].<ref name="cbc grenier" /> Grenier urged Quebecers in his report to move on.<ref name="cbc grenier">[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/no-side-illegally-spent-539k-in-quebec-referendum-report-1.671841 "'No' side illegally spent $539K in Quebec referendum: report"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531060742/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/no-side-illegally-spent-539k-in-quebec-referendum-report-1.671841 |date=2007-05-31 }}. ''[http://www.cbc.ca/ cbc.ca] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923120042/http://www.cbc.ca/ |date=2017-09-23 }}''. May 29, 2007.</ref> The Bloc Québécois called for a federal inquiry, which did not occur.<ref name=authors>[http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=c2388ab9-8001-46c7-850a-f36ccf5ba990&k=29433 "Option Canada book authors say they feel vindicated by report"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408110834/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=c2388ab9-8001-46c7-850a-f36ccf5ba990&k=29433 |date=2011-04-08 }}. ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]''. May 30, 2007.</ref>

=== Responses ===
After the referendum, the ballot for Quebec elections was redesigned to reduce the size of the space where voters could indicate their choice<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.ca/eca/eim/article_search/images/insight_2006_03_Qvortrup_03_e.jpg | title=Photo of 1995 referendum ballot | access-date=1 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601135047/http://www.elections.ca/eca/eim/article_search/images/insight_2006_03_Qvortrup_03_e.jpg | archive-date=1 June 2010 | url-status=dead | website=elections.ca}}</ref> and the rules on allowable markings were relaxed, so that Deputy Returning Officers would have fewer grounds for rejecting ballots. The Quebec government also changed the Electoral Act so that voters would need to show a [[Canadian passport]], Quebec driver's licence or Quebec provincial health care card at the polling station for identification purposes in future elections.

== Aftermath ==

=== Quebec ===
Parizeau's resignation led to Bouchard becoming the leader of the PQ and premier unopposed. While Bouchard maintained a third referendum was forthcoming provided "winning conditions" occurred,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pearlstein |first1=Steven |title=Separatists Win Quebec Elections |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/canada/stories/elections120198.htm |access-date=25 October 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post |agency=Washington Post Foreign Service |date=December 1, 1998}}</ref> his government's chief priority became reform of the Quebec economy. Daniel Johnson would resign as leader of the Liberal Party of Quebec, and after significant pressure in English Canada, Charest resigned as national PC leader and was [[Acclamation#Uncontested election|acclaimed]] as leader of the Quebec Liberals.<ref>[[The Canadian Press]], "Charest takes Liberal reins: New leader heaps scorn on Quebec separatists," ''[[Calgary Herald]]'' May 1, 1998, pg. A.4.</ref>

Observers expected Bouchard to announce another sovereignty referendum if his party won the [[1998 Quebec general election]].<ref name="turner19970920">{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-20-mn-34188-story.html |title=Provinces Brainstorm on Issue of Quebec Secession |last=Turner |first=Craig |date=1997-09-20 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2019-07-08 |language=en-US |issn=0458-3035 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708231735/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-20-mn-34188-story.html |archive-date=2019-07-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> While he defeated Charest,{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=83}} Bouchard continued his government's focus on Quebec's economy. Bouchard retired in 2001 and was replaced by Bernard Landry who, despite promising a more robust stance on the sovereignty issue,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/landry-sworn-in-as-quebec-premier-1.301403|title=Landry sworn in as Quebec premier|publisher=CBC News|date=March 8, 2001|access-date=October 25, 2022}}</ref> was ousted in the [[2003 Quebec general election]] by Charest, who would become premier.

=== Distinct society and veto ===
After the referendum, Chrétien attempted to pursue constitutional recognition of distinct society, but was stopped by the blunt refusal of Ontario Premier Mike Harris to discuss any constitutional matters due to his perception they had dominated the country's debates for too long.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=213-14}} Given the impossibility of any meaningful change without Ontario's approval, Chrétien opted to pursue unilateral federal changes to fulfill his government's referendum commitments. This included legislation which required permission from the provinces of Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia for federal approval to be granted to any constitutional amendment,<ref>''An Act respecting constitutional amendments'', S.C. 1996, c. 1, section 1</ref> granting Quebec a ''de facto'' veto.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=Peter |title=The Patriation and Quebec Veto References: The Supreme Court Wrestles with the Political Part of the Constitution |journal=The Supreme Court Law Review |date=2011 |volume=54 |page=76}}</ref> The Federal parliament also officially recognized Quebec as a distinct society. Both changes, not being constitutional amendments, are theoretically reversible by future parliaments.

=== "Plan B" ===
Chrétien also pursued what he called "Plan B" in hopes of convincing Quebec voters that economic and legal obstacles would follow if Quebec were to declare itself sovereign; its public face would become professor [[Stéphane Dion]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MSiZO2mBYuQC&pg=PA43 Harder & Patten, eds., ''The Chrétien Legacy'' (McGill Queen's University Press, 2006) p. 43]</ref> This included a reference to the [[Supreme Court of Canada]], which followed Federal intervention post-referendum into the ''Bertrand'' case: The 1998 ''[[Reference Re Secession of Quebec]]'' stated that unilateral secession was illegal, would require a constitutional amendment, and that only a clear majority on a clear question could bring about any sort of obligation on the federal and provincial governments to negotiate secession.<ref>Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 SCR 217, 1998 CanLII 793 (SCC)</ref>

After the decision, the Liberal government passed the [[Clarity Act]], which stated that any future referendum would have to be on a "clear question" and that it would have to represent a "clear majority" for the federal Parliament to recognize its validity. Section 1(4) of the act stated that questions that provided for only a mandate for negotiation or envisioned other partnerships with Canada would be considered unclear, and thus not recognized. The National Assembly of Quebec passed [[An Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Québec people and the Québec State|Bill 99]], proclaiming the right of self-determination and the right of the National Assembly to set referendum questions pursuant to the ''Referendum Act'' and to declare the winning majority in a referendum as a simple majority of 50% plus 1 vote. Bill 99's constitutionality was litigated for 25 years,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wells |first1=Paul |author1-link=Paul Wells |title=Exclusive: Stephen Harper's legal challenge to Quebec secession |url=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/exclusive-stephen-harpers-legal-challenge-to-quebec-secession/ |access-date=May 10, 2021 |work=[[Maclean's]] |date=October 18, 2013 |location=Ottawa |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115710/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/exclusive-stephen-harpers-legal-challenge-to-quebec-secession/ |url-status=live }}</ref> until the Quebec Court of Appeal ruled in 2021 that the law, given its general wording, was constitutional when applied within provincial jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wells |first1=Paul |author1-link=Pierre Authier |title=Court rejects Henderson's appeal of Bill 99 ruling, but he cries victory anyway |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/court-rejects-hendersons-appeal-of-bill-99-ruling-but-he-cries-victory-anyway |access-date=Feb 22, 2022 |work=[[Montreal Gazette]] |date=April 10, 2021 |location=Montreal |archive-date=February 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222124123/https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/court-rejects-hendersons-appeal-of-bill-99-ruling-but-he-cries-victory-anyway |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sponsorship scandal ===
Following the narrow victory, the Chrétien government established a Federal government funded advertising campaign to promote national symbols and sponsor hunting, fishing and other recreational events to promote Canada within Quebec.{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=110-111}} The campaign to promote use of the Canadian flag generally prompted apathy and annoyance with the electorate,{{sfn|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)|p=111}} while it was revealed in an Auditor General's report of November 2003 that the sponsorship program saw a large sum of money mismanaged and sent to politically connected firms for little or no work.<ref name=CBCIndepthMain>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/groupaction/ |work=CBC News Online |title=Indepth: Sponsorship Scandal - Federal Sponsorship Scandal |date=2006-10-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105014037/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/groupaction/ |archivedate=2013-11-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> This eventually led to the [[Gomery Commission]]'s investigation of the [[Sponsorship Scandal]].

== See also ==
* [[2014 Scottish independence referendum|2014 Scottish Independence Referendum]] - a similar situation concerning a proposal aimed at attaining national independence
* [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|2017 Catalan Independence Referendum]] - a similar approach to achieving independence as a nation within the Spanish autonomous community
* [[1980 Quebec referendum]]
* [[Quebec sovereignty movement]]
* [[Quebec federalist ideology]]
* [[Quebec nationalism]]
* [[National Question (Quebec)]]
* [[Politics of Quebec]]
* [[History of Quebec]]

==Notes==
<references group="note" />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Works cited and further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Argyle |first1=Ray |title=Turning Points: The Campaigns that Changed Canada 2004 and Before |date=2004 |publisher=White Knight Publications |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-9734186-6-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/turningpointscam0000argy |url-access=registration}} pp. 429-474

* {{cite book
    | last      = Cardinal
    | first     = Mario
    | title     = Breaking Point: Quebec, Canada, The 1995 Referendum
    | location  = Montreal
    | publisher = Bayard Canada Books
    | isbn      = 2-89579-068-X
    | ref       = {{sfnRef|Cardinal (2005)}}
    | year      = 2005
  }}
* {{cite book
    | last      = Chrétien
    | first     = Jean
    | title     = My Years as Prime Minister
    | location  = Toronto
    | publisher = Vintage Canada
    | isbn      = 978-0-676-97901-5
    | ref       = {{sfnRef|Chrétien}}
    | year      = 2007
    | url       = https://archive.org/details/myyearsasprimemi0000chre
    | url-access= registration
  }}
* CBC documentary ''[[Breaking Point (documentary film)|Breaking Point]]'' (2005)
* {{cite book|author=Robin Philpot|year=2005|title=Le Référendum volé|location=Montreal | publisher=Les éditions des intouchables|isbn=2-89549-189-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/lereferendumvole0000phil |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book
    | last      = Haljan
    | first     = David
    | title     = Constitutionalising Secession
    | location  = Portland
    | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing
    | isbn      = 9781782253303
    | ref       = {{sfnRef|Haljan}}
    | year      = 2014
  }}
* {{cite book
    | last      = Hébert
    | first     = Chantal (With Jean Lapierre)
    | title     = The Morning After: The 1995 Referendum and the Day that Almost Was
    | location  = Toronto
    | publisher = Alfred A Knopf Canada
    | isbn      = 978-0-345-80762-5
    | ref       = {{sfnRef|Hébert and Lapierre (2014)}}
    | year      = 2014
    | url       = https://archive.org/details/morningafter19950000hebe
    | url-access= registration
  }}
* Paul Jay documentary ''Neverendum Referendum''
*{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=John |first2=Robert |last2=Andersen |first3=Joseph |last3=Dubonnet |year=1999 |title=The Polls and the 1995 Quebec Referendum |journal=Canadian Journal of Sociology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=411–424 |doi= 10.2307/3341396|jstor=3341396 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
<div class="plainlinks">
* [http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/francais/tableaux/referendum-1995-8481.php Le Directeur Général des Élections du Québec]
* [https://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/federal-politics/separation-anxiety-the-1995-quebec-referendum/topic---separation-anxiety-the-1995-quebec-referendum.html CBC Digital Archives – Separation Anxiety: The 1995 Quebec Referendum]
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?67986-1/quebec-independence-referendum-results-1 CBC Referendum Night Coverage (from C-SPAN)]  
</div>

{{Quebec elections}}
{{Quebec sovereignty movement}}
{{Jean Chrétien}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quebec referendum, 1995}}
[[Category:Quebec sovereignty movement|1995 referendum]]
[[Category:Referendums in Quebec|1995]]
[[Category:Independence referendums]]
[[Category:Sovereignty referendums]]
[[Category:Premiership of Jean Chrétien]]
[[Category:1995 elections in Canada]]
[[Category:1995 in Quebec]]
[[Category:October 1995 in Canada]]
[[Category:1995 referendums]]
[[Category:1995 in international relations]]