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This article is a summary of the '''1990s in science and technology'''.

==Science timeline==
[[Image:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|[[Hubble Space Telescope]]]]

*1990
** April - The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] is launched; revolutionizes [[astronomy]].
** September  - The first successful somatic [[gene therapy]] trials begin.
** October - [[Human Genome Project]] formally begins.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml |title=About the Human Genome Project: What is the Human Genome Project |publisher=The Human Genome Management Information System (HGMIS) |date=2011-07-18 |accessdate=2011-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902062606/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml |archive-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** December 20 - The [[World Wide Web]] software is first tested by [[Tim Berners-Lee]] at [[CERN]].
* 1992
**January 14 - The first [[intracytoplasmic sperm injection]] [[in vitro fertilization]] produced baby is born by mechanically injecting a single, selected sperm cell into an egg.
**Detection of [[extrasolar planet]]s orbiting a [[pulsar]]  is confirmed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wolszczan|first=A.|author2=Frail|title=A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12|journal=Nature|date=9 January 1992|volume=355|issue=6356|pages=145–147|doi=10.1038/355145a0|bibcode=1992Natur.355..145W|s2cid=4260368}}</ref> 
* 1994 
**The [[FlavrSavr]] [[tomato]], the first [[genetically modified food]] sold in the United States is introduced.
**The [[Oriental Pearl Tower]] is completed in [[Shanghai, China]], representing the newfound wealth and investment present in [[eastern China]].
* 1995 
**The [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) becomes fully operational.
**In April the [[NSFNET]] backbone is shut down, making the [[Internet]] a unified and "centerless" network without any restrictions on traffic types and essentially causing the [[Dot com bubble]] by attracting large-scale corporate investment in the Internet.
** On June 5 the first [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]s of Rubidium-87 and Sodium-23 are created at [[JILA]] and [[MIT]].
**In December the ''[[Galileo spacecraft|Galileo]]'' probe orbits [[Jupiter]], studying the planet and its moons extensively.
* 1996 
** [[Dolly the sheep]] is [[cloning|cloned]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dolly the Sheep - A Life of Dolly|url=http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/public-interest/dolly-the-sheep/a-life-of-dolly/|work=Dolly The Sheep|publisher=University of Edinburgh|accessdate=14 December 2013}}</ref>
** Construction starts on the [[International Space Station]].
** [[Google]] begins indexing the [[World Wide Web]].
* 1997 
** April 1 - The [[Hale–Bopp]] comet swings past the Sun for the first time in 4,300 years and leads to the [[Heaven's Gate (religious group)|Heaven's Gate]] suicides.
** July 4  - [[NASA]]'s spacecraft [[Mars Pathfinder|Pathfinder]] lands on [[Mars]] and deploys a small roving vehicle, ''[[Mars Pathfinder|Sojourner]]'', which analyzes the planet's geology and atmosphere.

==Technology==
{{see also|Timeline of computing 1990–99}}

Some technologies invented and improved during the 1990s:
[[Image:WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png|thumb|Graphic representation of the [[World Wide Web|WWW]]]]

===Software timeline===

* December 1990 - The World Wide Web and its HTTP protocol and HTML language (a dialect of SGML until HTML5) are first successfully parsed by Tim Berners-Lee<ref name=AHT>{{cite magazine
| title = Tim Berners Lee&nbsp;— Time 100 People of the Century
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990627,00.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016213128/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990627,00.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = October 16, 2007
| magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
| accessdate = 17 May 2010
| quote = He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free. .
| first=Joshua
| last=Quittner
| date=March 29, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Berners-Lee, Tim|title=Pre-W3C Web and Internet Background|url=http://w3.org/2004/Talks/w3c10-HowItAllStarted/?n=15|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|accessdate=April 21, 2009}}</ref> and eventually displace the Gopher protocol.
* 1991 -  Development of the free Linux kernel is started by Linus Torvalds in Finland.
* 1995 - Microsoft introduces Windows 95, which gains immediate popularity and makes Windows the standard operating system for most PCs. Windows 98 is even more successful three years later.
* 1995 - The Java programming language is developed by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle).
* The Year 2000 problem (commonly known as Y2K), the computer glitch disaster expected to happen on January 1, 2000.
* The development of web browsers such as Netscape Navigator (originally known as Mosaic) in 1993 and Internet Explorer in 1995 makes surfing the World Wide Web easier and more user friendly.
* From 1994 onward, businesses start to build e-commerce websites; e-commerce-only companies such as Amazon.com, eBay, AOL, and Yahoo! grow rapidly.
* Email becomes popular; as a result Microsoft acquires the popular Hotmail webmail service.
* Instant messaging and the buddy list becomes popular. AIM and ICQ are two early protocols.

===Video/audio===

* Primitive digital cameras become commercially available by 1989/1990 and slowly become more affordable and appealing; mostly replacing traditional film by 2007.
* PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) become popular in the mid-1990s with the release of the touchscreen Apple Newton in 1993, although it has a monochrome screen. Later in the late 1990s, the first full-color PDAs are released, but they consume a lot of battery life. These would gradually merge their features with [[mobile phones]], leading to [[smartphone]]s such as the [[iPhone]].
* The [[compact disc]], which debuted in the early 1980s but was not affordable until the early 1990s, makes the [[audiocassette]] and [[vinyl record]] less popular in most countries for listening to recorded music.
* [[DVD]]s become available in Japan in 1995 and the US in 1997, making video cassettes obsolete by the early 2000s.
* Plasma flat panel televisions become commercially available later in the decade, competing against CRT televisions.
* Full color flat panel computer monitors are released commercially to the public in the mid-to-late 1990s
* 1996 - USB ports are invented, allowing for computing devices to connect more easily. The USB flash drive debuts in December 2000.
* 1997 - [[Netflix]] is launched during the [[dial-up Internet]] era, offering DVDs mailed straight to one's home, which the user could select in an online queue. By 2007 it started to offer streaming directly from the Internet, making it a competitor to conventional [[network television]].
* 1998 - The first portable [[MP3]] player, the MPMan is released.
* 1999 - [[Digital video recorder]]s such as [[TiVo]], abbreviated as DVRs, debut.
* Active matrix laptop computers become popular and easier to afford.
* [[Satellite television]] becomes commonplace.

===Communication===
* [[Internet protocol suite|TCP/IP]] (Internet) communication grows outside of academia and the [[military industrial complex]] into the realm of ordinary people, organizations and businesses, greatly bolstered by the [[Domain Name System]] and [[World Wide Web]].
* 2G (2nd generation) mobile phones are launched.
* [[Automated teller machine]]s become universally commonplace in many countries, revolutionizing [[banking]].
* [[Text messaging]] as a mobile phone feature is first introduced in 1992, but does not see widespread use until the 2000s.
* Mobile phones become smaller and more affordable throughout the decade, being rare bulky devices everywhere in 1990 but affordable and common in [[Japan]], the [[Nordic countries]], [[Germany]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]] by 1999.
* Video telephones are released.

===Gaming===
{{See also|1990s in video gaming}}
* Home consoles become powerful and affordable enough to begin replacing trips to the arcade.
* [[CD-ROM]]s, which was first introduced as a software storage media with the 1988 launch of the [[TurboGrafx-16#TurboGrafx-CD/CD-ROM²|PC Engine CD-ROM² System]] in Japan, gradually replaced [[ROM cartridge]]s and [[floppy disk]]s as the primary storage media for video games, starting with the release of platforms such as the [[Turbo Duo]] and [[Sega CD]], later on with the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] and the [[Sega Saturn]], while CD-ROM drives for [[personal computer|PCs]] became standardized. The sole exception was [[Nintendo]], who canceled their plans to release a [[SNES-CD|CD-ROM adapter]] for the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]] and chose to employ cartridges for their subsequent home console, the [[Nintendo 64]].
* Gaming, along with [[animation]] in general becomes more appealing to adults.
* Online multiplayer environments are popular over the internet during the later half of the 1990s. The first console with built-in Internet connectivity was the [[Dreamcast]] in 1999, which failed due to the low download speeds common at the time but eventually led to an online-centric gaming industry by the late 2000s.
* First-person shooter games become popular with the release of ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'' (1993).
* 3D graphics overtake the traditional 2D graphics in the mid-nineties with the release of ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'' and ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' in 1996.
* The [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] is released in Japan on December 3, 1994 and in North America in September 1995.

===Other===
* By 1996 64 percent of [[K–12]] schools in the United States had Internet access and 63 percent of American 12th graders reported using a computer for school work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/PICCOMPCLSS.pdf|title=Computers and Classrooms: The Status of Technology in U.S. Schools|website=Educational Testing Service}}</ref>
* The first [[hybrid vehicle]]s are produced in 1997.
* High-end cars of the 1990s were installed with automatic doors, windows controlled with electric levers, [[GPS navigation]], and CD drives.
* [[DNA]] identification of individuals, introduced in the late 1980s, finds wide application in [[criminal law]].
* [[Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)|Protease inhibitors]] introduced in 1987 allowing [[HAART]] therapy against [[HIV]] become an important part of HIV treatment in the 1990s and help extend and save millions of lives.
* Discovery of [[dark matter]], [[dark energy]], [[brown dwarf]]s, and first confirmation of [[black hole]]s. 
* Proof of [[Fermat's Last Theorem]] is discovered by [[Andrew Wiles]] and completed in 1994.
* The remains of [[Myrtis]] and other victims of the [[Plague of Athens]] are found.

==See also==
{{Portal|1990s|Science|Technology}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[1990 in science]]
* [[1991 in science]]
* [[1992 in science]]
* [[1993 in science]]
* [[1994 in science]]
* [[1995 in science]]
* [[1996 in science]]
* [[1997 in science]]
* [[1998 in science]]
* [[1999 in science]]
* [[2000s in science and technology]]
* [[History of science and technology]]
* [[List of science and technology articles by continent]]
* [[List of years in science]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{1990s}}

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