View source for 1978 Tour de France

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox cycling race report
| name               = 1978 Tour de France
| image              = Route of the 1978 Tour de France.png
| image_caption      = Route of the 1978 Tour de France
| image_size         = 360px
| date               = 29 June – 23 July 1978
| stages             = 22 + Prologue, including two split stages
| distance           = 3908
| unit               = km
| time               = 108h 18' 00"
| first              = [[Bernard Hinault]]
| first_nat          = FRA
| first_team         = {{UCI team code|REN|1978}}
| first_color        = yellow
| second             = [[Joop Zoetemelk]]
| second_nat         = NED
| second_team        = {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}}
| third              = [[Joaquim Agostinho]]
| third_nat          = POR
| third_team         = {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}}
| points             = [[Freddy Maertens]]
| points_nat         = BEL
| points_team        = {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}}
| points_color       = green
| mountains          = [[Mariano Martínez (cyclist)|Mariano Martínez]]
| mountains_nat      = FRA
| mountains_team     = {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}}
| mountains_color    = polkadot
| sprints            = [[Jacques Bossis]]
| sprints_nat        = FRA
| sprints_team       = {{UCI team code|REN|1978}}
| youth              = [[Henk Lubberding]]
| youth_nat          = NED
| youth_team         = {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}
| youth_color        = white
| team               = {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}}
| teampoints         = {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}
| combativity        = [[Paul Wellens (cyclist)|Paul Wellens]]
| combativity_nat    = BEL
| combativity_team   = {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}
| previous           = [[1977 Tour de France|1977]]
| next               = [[1979 Tour de France|1979]]
}}
The '''1978 Tour de France''' was the 65th edition of the [[Tour de France]], one of cycling's [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tours]]. It took place between 29 June and 23 July, with 22 stages covering a distance of {{convert|3908|km|0|abbr=on}}.

The 1978 Tour had a high-profile doping case when [[Michel Pollentier]] was caught in an attempt to cheat the doping test, after he had won the 16th stage to [[Alpe d'Huez]], and had taken the lead in the general classification. Pollentier left the race, and the overall victory became a battle between [[Joop Zoetemelk]] and [[Bernard Hinault]]. In the end, it was won by debutant [[Bernard Hinault]], for the first of his five victories. The [[points classification in the Tour de France|points classification]] was won by [[Freddy Maertens]], and the [[mountains classification in the Tour de France|mountains classification]] by [[Mariano Martínez (cyclist)|Mariano Martínez]].

==Teams==
{{main list|List of teams and cyclists in the 1978 Tour de France}}

The 1978 Tour started with 11 teams, each sent 10 cyclists, a total of 110.<ref name="mdc1978"/><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1978/partants.html|title=Historique du Tour de France - Year 1978: The starters|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|access-date=18 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913052948/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1978/partants.html|archive-date=13 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
</ref>

The teams entering the race were:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}}
* {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}}
* {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}}
* {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}}
* {{UCI team code|KAS|1978}}
* [[Lejeune–BP]]
* {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}}
* {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}}
* {{UCI team code|REN|1978}}
* {{UCI team code|Teka|1978}}
* {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}
{{div col end}}

==Pre-race favourites==

Since the [[1977 Tour de France]], dominant riders as [[Eddy Merckx]], [[Felice Gimondi]], [[Raymond Poulidor]] and [[Luis Ocaña]] had retired.<ref>Thompson, p.215</ref> Lucien Van Impe, the winner of 1976, had broken his collarbone and was still recovering.<ref name="cr">
{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/Feb06/top25-9.htm|title=1978: The Cannibal Retires, the Badger Shines|work=Cycling Revealed|year=2006|author=Boyce, Barry|access-date=16 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720204551/http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/Feb06/top25-9.htm|archive-date=20 July 2010|url-status=live}}
</ref>

The main contenders were debutant Hinault, who had won the [[1978 Vuelta a España]], and [[Joop Zoetemelk]], who had already finished in second place for three times. Pre-race analysis judged Hinault better in the time trials, and Zoetemelk better in the mountains.<ref name="cr"/> [[Bernard Thévenet]], the winner of the [[1977 Tour de France]], was out of form, and not considered a favourite.<ref name="mdc1978"/>

==Route and stages==

The 1978 Tour de France started on 29 June, and had two rest days, in Biarritz and Alpe d'Huez.{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=69}} The [[List of highest points reached in the Tour de France|highest point of elevation in the race]] was {{convert|2115|m|ft|abbr=on}} at the summit of the [[Col du Tourmalet]] mountain pass on stage 11.{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=188}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Ronde van Frankrijk|trans-title=Tour de France|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010376579:mpeg21:p007|work=[[De Waarheid]]|date=24 June 1978|page=7|language=nl|via=[[Delpher]]}}</ref>

The twenty-first stage from Épernay to Senlis was split in three parts: 78.5&nbsp;km from Épernay to [[Soissons]], directly followed by 59&nbsp;km from Soissons to [[Compiègne]], directly followed by 70.5&nbsp;km from Compiègne to Senlis; the sprints in Soissons and Compiègne counted as flying stages, which were won by [[Freddy Maertens]] and [[Wilfried Wesemael]].<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010959903%3Ampeg21%3Ap016%3Aa0243|title=Acht Nederlandse zege's|language=nl|publisher=Koninklijke Bibliotheek|work=Het vrije volk|date=24 July 1978|access-date=8 December 2013|page=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215185325/http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010959903%3Ampeg21%3Ap016%3Aa0243|archive-date=15 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Although they technically had the same status as all other stages, these flying stages are not shown in most overviews.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Stage characteristics and winners<ref name="mdc1978">{{cite web|title=65ème Tour de France 1978|trans-title=65th Tour de France 1978|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/eta_tdf/tdf1978.php|work=Mémoire du cyclisme|access-date=6 April 2020|language=fr}}</ref>{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=69}}<ref name="topten">{{cite web|url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1978|title=Tour de France GC top ten|first=Arian|last=Zwegers|website=CVCCBike.com|access-date=15 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516071832/http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html|archive-date=16 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Stage
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Course
! scope="col" | Distance
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Type
! scope="col" | Winner
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Prologue|P]]
| style="text-align:center;" |29 June || [[Leiden]] (Netherlands)|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Time Trial.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || [[Individual time trial]] || {{Flag athlete|[[Jan Raas]]|NED}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 1a|1a]]
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |30 June || [[Leiden]] to [[Sint Willebrord]] (Netherlands)|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|135|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Jan Raas]]|NED}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 1b|1b]]
| [[Sint Willebrord]] (Netherlands) to [[Brussels]] (Belgium)|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Walter Planckaert]]|BEL}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 2|2]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1 July || [[Brussels]] (Belgium) to [[Saint-Amand-les-Eaux]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|199|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Jacques Esclassan]]|FRA}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 3|3]]
| style="text-align:center;" |2 July || [[Saint-Amand-les-Eaux]] to [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|244|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Klaus-Peter Thaler]]|FRG}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 4|4]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3 July || [[Évreux]] to [[Caen]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|153|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Time Trial.svg|alt=|link=Team time trial|20px]] || [[Team time trial]] || {{noflag|{{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 5|5]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4 July || [[Caen]] to [[Mazé]]–[[Château de Montgeoffroy|Montgeoffroy]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|244|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Freddy Maertens]]|BEL}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 6|6]]
| style="text-align:center;" |5 July || [[Mazé]]–[[Château de Montgeoffroy|Montgeoffroy]] to [[Poitiers]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|162|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Sean Kelly (cyclist)|Sean Kelly]]|IRE}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 7|7]]
| style="text-align:center;" |6 July || [[Poitiers]] to [[Bordeaux]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|242|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Freddy Maertens]]|BEL}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 8|8]]
| style="text-align:center;" |7 July || [[Saint-Émilion]] to [[Sainte-Foy-la-Grande]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|59|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Time Trial.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || [[Individual time trial]] || {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Hinault]]|FRA}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 9|9]]
| style="text-align:center;" |8 July || [[Bordeaux]] to [[Biarritz]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|233|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Miguel María Lasa]]|ESP|1977}}
|-
! scope="row" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 9 July
| colspan="2" | [[Biarritz]]
|
| colspan="2" | Rest day
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 1|10]]
| style="text-align:center;" |10 July || [[Biarritz]] to [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|192|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Mediummountainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Hilly stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Henk Lubberding]]|NED}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 11|11]]
| style="text-align:center;" |11 July || [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]] to [[Pla d'Adet|Saint-Lary-Soulan Pla d'Adet]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|161|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Mountainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Stage with mountain(s) || {{Flag athlete|[[Mariano Martínez (cyclist)|Mariano Martínez]]|FRA}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 12a|12a]]
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |12 July || [[Tarbes]] to [[Valence d'Agen]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|158|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{noflag|''Cancelled''}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 12b|12b]]
| [[Valence, Tarn-et-Garonne|Valence d'Agen]] to [[Toulouse]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|96|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Jacques Esclassan]]|FRA}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 13|13]]
| style="text-align:center;" |13 July || [[Figeac]] to [[Super Besse]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|221|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Mediummountainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Hilly stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Paul Wellens (cyclist)|Paul Wellens]]|BEL}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 14|14]]
| style="text-align:center;" |14 July || [[Besse-en-Chandesse]] to [[Puy-de-Dôme]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|52|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Time Trial.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || [[Individual time trial]] || {{Flag athlete|[[Joop Zoetemelk]]|NED}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 15|15]]
| style="text-align:center;" |15 July || [[Saint-Dier-d'Auvergne]] to [[Saint-Étienne]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|196|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Mediummountainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Hilly stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Hinault]]|FRA}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 16|16]]
| style="text-align:center;" |16 July || [[St-Étienne]] to [[Alpe d'Huez]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|241|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Mountainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Stage with mountain(s) || {{Flag athlete|[[Hennie Kuiper]]|NED}}
|-
! scope="row" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 17 July
| colspan="2" | [[Alpe d'Huez]]
|
| colspan="2" | Rest day
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 17|17]]
| style="text-align:center;" |18 July || [[Grenoble]] to [[Morzine]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|225|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Mountainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Stage with mountain(s) || {{Flag athlete|[[Christian Seznec]]|FRA}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 18|18]]
| style="text-align:center;" |19 July || [[Morzine]] to [[Lausanne]] (Switzerland)|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|137|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Gerrie Knetemann]]|NED}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 19|19]]
| style="text-align:center;" |20 July || [[Lausanne]] (Switzerland) to [[Belfort]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|182|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Marc Demeyer]]|BEL}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 20|20]]
| style="text-align:center;" |21 July || [[Metz]] to [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|72|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Time Trial.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || [[Individual time trial]] || {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Hinault]]|FRA}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 21|21]]
| style="text-align:center;" |22 July || [[Épernay]] to [[Senlis, Oise|Senlis]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|207|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Jan Raas]]|NED}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 22|22]]
| style="text-align:center;" |23 July || [[Saint Germain en Laye]] to Paris ([[Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France|Champs-Élysées]])|| style="text-align:center;" | {{convert|162|km|abbr=on}} || [[File:Plainstage.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] || Plain stage || {{Flag athlete|[[Gerrie Knetemann]]|NED}}
|-
! scope="row" |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Total
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center"| {{convert|3908|km|0|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=109}}
|}

==Race overview==
{{main|1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11|1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22}}
[[File:Stage 1b start, Tour de France 1978.jpg|thumb|left|The start of stage 1b in [[Sint Willebrord]], Netherlands]]
During the prologue, held in the Netherlands, the weather was bad. The four top places were taken by Dutch cyclists, with [[Jan Raas]] the winner. The team directors then had a meeting, and all but the manager of Raas' team voted to request the Tour directors to not count the results from the prologue for the overall classification. The directors agreed, so the prologue results did not count.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}<ref name="csc-yes">
{{cite magazine|title=The story of the 1978 Tour de France|url=https://www.bluetoad.com/article/TdF_1978/774495/74444/article.html|magazine=ROAD Magazine|location=Valencia, California|publisher=H3 Publications|issue=August 2011|pages=90–94|via=BlueToad|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306025447/https://www.bluetoad.com/article/TdF_1978/774495/74444/article.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref> Jan Raas was still given the stage win, but he was not recognized as race leader, so he was not allowed to wear the yellow jersey during the first stage. The winner of the previous year, [[Bernard Thévenet]], was allowed to wear the yellow jersey, but he refused.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} In that first stage, Raas and his team were full of anger. Raas escaped close to the finish, and beat everybody by a second, thus becoming the race's leader after all.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}

Raas lost the lead in the third stage. The fourth stage was run as a time trial. The [[TI–Raleigh]] team was specialized in this, and they won the stage. [[Klaus-Peter Thaler]] of the TI–Raleigh team became the new leader, thanks to the bonification seconds.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} Hinault beat Zoetemelk in the time trial in stage eight.<ref name="cr"/> Joseph Bruyère, former second man of Eddy Merckx, finished in second place and became the new race leader.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}

The eleventh stage included the toughest mountains in the Pyrenées. On the last mountain, the Pla d'Adet, Pollentier and Zoetemelk attacked, and Martinez and Hinault soon followed. Martinez rode away to win the stage, and Hinault won some seconds on Zoetemelk. Bruyère stayed the leader, with Hinault in second place and Zoetemelk in third place.<ref name="cr"/> During that stage, Thevenet retired.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} The next day, the twelfth stage was scheduled, split into two sections. This meant that after the transfer from the previous stage, the riders were not in bed before 12:00 am, and had to wake up at 5:00 am.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} In the early stage to Valence-d'Agen, the riders held a strike against the early start. They rode at a slow pace of {{convert|20|km/h|mph}},<ref name="cr"/> arrived at the finish well behind schedule, and crossed the finish line walking.<ref>Thompson, p.102</ref> The Tour officials canceled the stage.<ref name="cr"/> The fourteenth stage was an individual mountain time trial. Zoetemelk won the stage, beating Bruyère by 55 seconds and Hinault by 100 seconds.<ref name="cr"/> Hinault had lost some time because his lightweight bike, that he intended to use for the steepest part, broke when he hit a spectator while changing bikes.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}

[[File:Bernard Hinault 1978.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bernard Hinault]] celebrating winning the [[General classification in the Tour de France|general classification]] at the end of the Tour]]
In the sixteenth stage, that ended on top of [[Alpe d'Huez]], Pollentier attacked. At the foot of the Alpe d'Huez, Pollentier had a margin of two minutes. He was chased by Hinault, Zoetemelk and Kuiper, who at 4&nbsp;km before the finish had closed the gap to 50 seconds. Hinault then attacked, and Kuiper could follow but Zoetemelk had to let them go. Pollentier stayed away, won the stage and became the new leader of the general classification.<ref name="cr"/> As stage winner and general classification leader, Pollentier had to go to the doping control. Pollentier first went to his hotel, and was only found two hours later.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} Another cyclist at the doping control, Antoine Guttierrez, was found with a fake urine sample, trying to use it to fake the doping control. This device did not work, and the race doctor discovered the fraud. He then checked the other cyclists, and Pollentier was using the same fraud.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} Pollentier was removed from the race, and Zoetemelk became the new leader.<ref name="cr"/> Pollentier later explained that he tried to evade the controls because he had taken amphetamines for breathing, and he did not know if it would give back a positive test.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}

In the seventeenth stage, Kuiper, third in the general classification, crashed, broke a clavicle, and had to leave the race.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} Hinault was only 14 seconds behind Zoetemelk at the start of the time trial in stage 20. Hinault won that time trial by more than four minutes over Zoetemelk, and became the race leader.<ref name="cr"/>

===Doping===
In total, 110 doping tests were done. Three cyclists were penalised for doping offences, all tested after the sixteenth stage;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dopage.com/cas-dopage/tombes-au-champs-dhonneur-81-105-11-770.html |title=Tombés au champs d'honneur |publisher=Magazine Sport & Vie |language=fr |number=79 |date=July 2003 |access-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011439/http://www.dopage.com/cas-dopage/tombes-au-champs-dhonneur-81-105-11-770.html |archive-date=13 December 2007  }}</ref> Antoine Guttierrez, for attempt of fraud; Michel Pollentier, for attempt of fraud; and José Nazabal. Nazabal had already anticipated the positive result, and had left the race before the eighteenth stage.
Guttierrez and Pollentier were removed from the race and banned for two months; Nazabal was set back to the last place of the stage, received ten minutes penalty time in the general classification, a fine of 1000 Swiss Francs and one month provisional suspension.

==Classification leadership and minor prizes==

There were several classifications in the 1978 Tour de France, four of them awarding [[Cycling jersey|jerseys]] to their leaders.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=452–455}} The most important was the [[general classification in the Tour de France|general classification]], calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=452–453}} Some rules were changed after the 1977 Tour de France, mainly concerning the time bonuses. In previous years, intermediate sprints were not associated with time bonuses, but in 1978, the winner of such a sprint got 20 seconds bonification time, if he was part of an escape (defined as a group with less than 20% of the total cyclists, with a margin of 20 seconds of more on the next group).<ref name="btp">{{cite news|url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010959882%3Ampeg21%3Ap017%3Aa0290|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713143911/http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd:010959882:mpeg21:p017:a0290|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2013|title=Bonificaties, truien, punten en klassementen|language=nl|date=29 June 1978|publisher=De Arbeiderspers|work=Het Vrije Volk|access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>
The penalty system was also changed. In previous years, cyclists who broke the rules on minor points (being pushed, taking drinks on places where it was not allowed) were penalised with points in the [[points classification in the Tour de France|points classification]]. From 1978 on, time penalties were also given for the general classification.<ref name="btp"/>

Additionally, there was a [[points classification in the Tour de France|points classification]], where cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=453–454}}

There was also a [[mountains classification in the Tour de France|mountains classification]]. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red [[polka dot]]s.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=454}}

Another classification was the [[young rider classification in the Tour de France|young rider classification]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=454–455}} This was decided the same way as the general classification, but restricted to riders who were born after 1 July 1978, and were in their first or second year as professional cyclist. There were 34 riders that qualified for the classification on the start list.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl//vw/article.do?id=LC-19780714-9003|title=Henk Lubberding rijdt een geweldige Tour, ook al valt dat nauwelijks op|trans-title=Henk Lubberding is driving a great Tour, even though that is hardly noticeable|language=nl|work=[[Leeuwarder Courant]]|date=14 July 1978|page=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306052139/https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl//vw/article.do?id=LC-19780714-9003|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live|via=De Krant van Toen}}</ref> The leader wore a white jersey.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=454–455}}

The fifth individual classification was the [[intermediate sprints classification in the Tour de France|intermediate sprints classification]]. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1978, this classification had no associated jersey.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=455}}

The [[Team classification in the Tour de France|team classification]] in 1977 was calculated with the times of the three best cyclists per team, but was in 1978 changed to the best five cyclists.<ref name="btp"/><ref name="leeuwarder-10-11-1977">{{cite news|url=https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?id=LC-19771110-13007|title=Tour de France '78 bijna 4000 km lang|trans-title=Tour de France '78 almost 4000 km long|language=nl|work=[[Leeuwarder Courant]]|date=10 November 1977|page=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306051023/https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?id=LC-19771110-13007|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live|via=De Krant van Toen}}</ref> The riders in the team that led this classification were identified by yellow [[Casquette|caps]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=455}} There was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=455}} The Kas team finished with only two cyclists, so was not eligible for the team classifications.<ref name="elmend">{{cite news|url=http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1978/07/24/MD19780724-025.pdf|title=Clasificaciones oficiales|date=24 July 1978|page=25|language=es|work=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006192225/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1978/07/24/MD19780724-025.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Souvenir Henri Desgrange]] was given in honour of Tour founder [[Henri Desgrange]] to the first rider to pass a point on stage 11 in the valley village of [[Campan|Sainte-Marie de Campan]] climb. This prize was won by [[Christian Seznec]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tour-Varia|trans-title=Tour-Miscellaneous|url=https://krantenbankzeeland.nl/issue/stm/1978-07-12/edition/null/page/8|work=[[BN DeStem|De Stem]]|date=12 July 1978|page=8|language=nl|via=Krantenbank Zeeland}}</ref>

In addition, there was a [[Combativity award in the Tour de France|combativity award]], in which a jury composed of journalists gave points after certain stages to the cyclist they considered most combative. The split stages each had a combined winner.{{sfn|van den Akker|2018|pp=211–216}} At the conclusion of the Tour, Paul Wellens won the overall super-combativity award, also decided by journalists.{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=69}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller; clear:both;"
|+Classification leadership by stage<ref name="antwerpen-final-table">{{cite news|url=http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19780724&id=GVA-19780724-01011011|title=Tour panorama|language=nl|work=[[Gazet van Antwerpen]]|date=24 July 1978|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214183242/http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19780724&id=GVA-19780724-01011011|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tdf-statistics">{{cite web|last=van den Akker|first=Pieter|title=Informatie over de Tour de France van 1978|trans-title=Information about the Tour de France from 1978|url=http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1978|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302051017/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1978|archive-date=2 March 2019|language=nl|website=TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl|access-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="width:1%;" rowspan="2" | Stage
! scope="col" style="width:12%;" rowspan="2" | Stage winner
! scope="col" style="width:12%;" rowspan="2" | [[General classification in the Tour de France|General classification]]<br />[[File:Jersey yellow.svg|25px|alt=|link=General classification in the Tour de France]]
! scope="col" style="width:12%;" rowspan="2" | [[Points classification in the Tour de France|Points classification]]<br />[[File:Jersey green.svg|25px|alt=|link=Points classification in the Tour de France]]
! scope="col" style="width:12%;" rowspan="2" | [[Mountains classification in the Tour de France|Mountains classification]]<br />[[File:Jersey polkadot.svg|25px|alt=|link=Mountains classification in the Tour de France]]
! scope="col" style="width:12%;" rowspan="2" | [[Young rider classification in the Tour de France|Young rider classification]]<br />[[File:Jersey white.svg|25px|alt=|link=Young rider classification in the Tour de France]]
! scope="col" style="width:12%;" rowspan="2" | [[Intermediate sprints classification in the Tour de France|Intermediate sprints classification]]
! scope="col" style="width:24%;" colspan="2" | Team classifications
|-
! scope="col" style="width:12%;" | [[Team classification in the Tour de France|By time]]
! scope="col" style="width:12%;" | [[Team points classification in the Tour de France|By points]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Prologue|P]]
| [[Jan Raas]]
| ''cancelled''
| ''no award''
| rowspan="3" |''no award''
| ''no award''
| ''no award''
| ''cancelled''
| ''cancelled''
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 1a|1a]]
| [[Jan Raas]]
| style="background:#FFEB64;" rowspan="3" | [[Jan Raas]]
| style="background:#9CE97B;" | [[Jan Raas]]
| style="background:white;" rowspan="2" | [[Jean-Louis Gauthier]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Freddy Maertens]]
| rowspan="14" | {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}
| rowspan="5" | {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 1b|1b]]
| [[Walter Planckaert]]
| style="background:#9CE97B;" rowspan="23" | [[Freddy Maertens]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 2|2]]
| [[Jacques Esclassan]]
| style="background:#FFA8A4;" rowspan="8" | [[Roger Legeay]]
| style="background:white;" | [[Sean Kelly (cyclist)|Sean Kelly]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 3|3]]
| [[Klaus-Peter Thaler]]
| style="background:#FFEB64;" | [[Jacques Bossis]]
| style="background:white;" rowspan="5" | [[René Bittinger]]
| rowspan="21" | [[Jacques Bossis]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 4|4]]
| {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}
| style="background:#FFEB64;" rowspan="2" | [[Klaus-Peter Thaler]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 5|5]]
| [[Freddy Maertens]]
| {{UCI team code|REN|1978}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 6|6]]
| [[Sean Kelly (cyclist)|Sean Kelly]]
| style="background:#FFEB64;" rowspan="2" | [[Gerrie Knetemann]]
| rowspan="5" | {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 7|7]]
| [[Freddy Maertens]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 8|8]]
| [[Bernard Hinault]]
| style="background:#FFEB64;" rowspan="9" | [[Joseph Bruyère]]
| style="background:white;" rowspan="16" | [[Henk Lubberding]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 9|9]]
| [[Miguel María Lasa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 10|10]]
| [[Henk Lubberding]]
| style="background:#FFA8A4;" | [[Gilbert Lelay]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11#Stage 11|11]]
| [[Mariano Martínez (cyclist)|Mariano Martínez]]
| style="background:#FFA8A4;" rowspan="6" | [[Michel Pollentier]]
| rowspan="2" | {{UCI team code|REN|1978}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 12a|12a]]
| ''cancelled''
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 12b|12b]]
| [[Jacques Esclassan]]
| {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 13|13]]
| [[Paul Wellens (cyclist)|Paul Wellens]]
| rowspan="2" | {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}}
| rowspan="10" | {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 14|14]]
| [[Joop Zoetemelk]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 15|15]]
| [[Bernard Hinault]]
| rowspan="8" | {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 16|16]]
| [[Hennie Kuiper]]
| style="background:#FFEB64;" rowspan="4" | [[Joop Zoetemelk]]
| style="background:#FFA8A4;" | [[Mariano Martínez (cyclist)|Mariano Martínez]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 17|17]]
| [[Christian Seznec]]
| style="background:#FFA8A4;" | [[Bernard Hinault]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 18|18]]
| [[Gerrie Knetemann]]
| style="background:#FFA8A4;" rowspan="5" | [[Mariano Martínez (cyclist)|Mariano Martínez]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 19|19]]
| [[Marc Demeyer]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 20|20]]
| [[Bernard Hinault]]
| style="background:#FFEB64;" rowspan="3" | [[Bernard Hinault]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 21|21]]
| [[Jan Raas]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22#Stage 22|22]]
| [[Gerrie Knetemann]]
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" | Final
! style="background:#FFDB00;"| [[Bernard Hinault]]
! style="background:#46E800;"| [[Freddy Maertens]]
! style="background:#FF3E33;"| {{font color|white|Mariano Martínez|link=Mariano Martínez (cyclist)}}
! style="background:white;"| [[Henk Lubberding]]
! [[Jacques Bossis]]
! {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}}
! {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}
|}

==Final standings==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" colspan="4" | Legend
|-
| [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]]
| Denotes the winner of the [[General classification in the Tour de France|general classification]]
| [[File:Jersey green.svg|20px|link=Points classification in the Tour de France|alt=A green jersey.]]
| Denotes the winner of the [[Points classification in the Tour de France|points classification]]
|-
| [[File:Jersey polkadot.svg|20px|link=Mountains classification in the Tour de France|alt=A white jersey with red polka dots.]]
| Denotes the winner of the [[Mountains classification in the Tour de France|mountains classification]]
| [[File:Jersey white.svg|20px|link=Young rider classification in the Tour de France|alt=A white jersey.]]
| Denotes the winner of the [[Young rider classification in the Tour de France|young rider classification]]
|}

===General classification===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:44em;margin-bottom:0;"
|+ Final general classification (1–10){{sfn|Magowan|1979|p=198}}{{sfn|Duker|1978|loc="Final general classification"}}
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Hinault]]|FRA}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]] || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 108h 18' 00"
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joop Zoetemelk]]|NED}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 3' 56"
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joaquim Agostinho]]|POR}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 6' 54"
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joseph Bruyère]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 9' 04"
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| {{Flag athlete|[[Christian Seznec]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 12' 50"
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| {{Flag athlete|[[Paul Wellens (cyclist)|Paul Wellens]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 14' 38"
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| {{Flag athlete|[[Francisco Galdós]]|ESP|1977}} || {{UCI team code|KAS|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 17' 08"
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| {{Flag athlete|[[Henk Lubberding]]|NED}} [[File:Jersey white.svg|20px|link=Young rider classification in the Tour de France|alt=A white jersey.]] || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 17' 26"
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| {{Flag athlete|[[Lucien Van Impe]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 21' 01"
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| {{Flag athlete|[[Mariano Martínez (cyclist)|Mariano Martínez]]|FRA}} [[File:Jersey polkadot.svg|20px|link=Mountains classification in the Tour de France|alt=A white jersey with red polka dots.]] || {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 22' 58"
|}
{| class="collapsible collapsed wikitable" style="width:44em;margin-top:-1px;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan="4" | Final general classification (11–78){{sfn|Magowan|1979|p=198}}
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| {{Flag athlete|[[Sven-Åke Nilsson]]|SWE}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 23' 00"
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| {{Flag athlete|[[Raymond Martin (cyclist)|Raymond Martin]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 32' 58"
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| {{Flag athlete|[[Freddy Maertens]]|BEL}} [[File:Jersey green.svg|20px|link=Points classification in the Tour de France|alt=A green jersey.]] || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 34' 26"
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| {{Flag athlete|[[Michel Laurent]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 40' 00"
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| {{Flag athlete|[[André Romero]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 49' 34"
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| {{Flag athlete|[[Edouard Janssens]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 51' 19"
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| {{Flag athlete|[[Yves Hézard]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 53' 20"
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| {{Flag athlete|[[Antonio Menéndez]]|ESP|1977}} || {{UCI team code|Teka|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 53' 28"
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| {{Flag athlete|[[René Bittinger]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 53' 47"
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jos Deschoenmaecker]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 54' 14"
|-
! scope="row" | 21
| {{Flag athlete|[[Pierre Bazzo]]|FRA}} || [[Lejeune–BP]] || style="text-align:right;" | + 55' 35"
|-
! scope="row" | 22
| {{Flag athlete|[[José Martins (cyclist)|José Martins]]|POR}} || {{UCI team code|Teka|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 57' 07"
|-
! scope="row" | 23
| {{Flag athlete|[[Gilbert Le Lay]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 57' 40"
|-
! scope="row" | 24
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jan Raas]]|NED}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 58' 43"
|-
! scope="row" | 25
| {{Flag athlete|[[Fedor den Hertog]]|NED}} || [[Lejeune–BP]] || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 01' 46"
|-
! scope="row" | 26
| {{Flag athlete|[[René Martens]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 02' 29"
|-
! scope="row" | 27
| {{Flag athlete|[[Maurice Le Guilloux]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 02' 40"
|-
! scope="row" | 28
| {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Bourreau]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 06' 34"
|-
! scope="row" | 29
| {{Flag athlete|[[Patrick Perret]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 06' 34"
|-
! scope="row" | 30
| {{Flag athlete|[[Ferdinand Julien]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 06' 45"
|-
! scope="row" | 31
| {{Flag athlete|[[Pierre-Raymond Villemiane]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 07' 50"
|-
! scope="row" | 32
| {{Flag athlete|[[Juan Pujol (cyclist)|Juan Pujol]]|ESP|1977}} || {{UCI team code|KAS|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 08' 20"
|-
! scope="row" | 33
| {{Flag athlete|[[Charles Rouxel]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 09' 19"
|-
! scope="row" | 34
| {{Flag athlete|[[Sean Kelly (cyclist)|Sean Kelly]]|IRE}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 10' 18"
|-
! scope="row" | 35
| {{Flag athlete|[[Klaus-Peter Thaler]]|FRG}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 10' 22"
|-
! scope="row" | 36
| {{Flag athlete|[[André Mollet (cyclist)|André Mollet]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 13' 38"
|-
! scope="row" | 37
| {{Flag athlete|[[Gilbert Chaumaz]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 15' 50"
|-
! scope="row" | 38
| {{Flag athlete|[[Willy Teirlinck]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 16' 30"
|-
! scope="row" | 39
| {{Flag athlete|[[Andrés Oliva]]|ESP|1977}} || {{UCI team code|Teka|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 20' 06"
|-
! scope="row" | 40
| {{Flag athlete|[[Pedro Vilardebó]]|ESP|1977}} || {{UCI team code|Teka|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 21' 27"
|-
! scope="row" | 41
| {{Flag athlete|[[Miguel María Lasa]]|ESP|1977}} || {{UCI team code|Teka|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 21' 37"
|-
! scope="row" | 42
| {{Flag athlete|[[Roger Legeay]]|FRA}} || [[Lejeune–BP]] || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 29' 39"
|-
! scope="row" | 43
| {{Flag athlete|[[Gerrie Knetemann]]|NED}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 30' 10"
|-
! scope="row" | 44
| {{Flag athlete|[[Herman Beysens]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 31' 58"
|-
! scope="row" | 45
| {{Flag athlete|[[Hubert Mathis]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 34' 40"
|-
! scope="row" | 46
| {{Flag athlete|[[Bernardo Alfonsel]]|ESP|1977}} || {{UCI team code|Teka|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 35' 51"
|-
! scope="row" | 47
| {{Flag athlete|[[Wilfried Wesemael]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 36' 16"
|-
! scope="row" | 48
| {{Flag athlete|[[Alain De Carvalho]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 39' 48"
|-
! scope="row" | 49
| {{Flag athlete|[[Marc Demeyer]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 40' 50"
|-
! scope="row" | 50
| {{Flag athlete|[[Dominique Sanders]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 41' 26"
|-
! scope="row" | 51
| {{Flag athlete|[[René Dillen]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 41' 31"
|-
! scope="row" | 52
| {{Flag athlete|[[Lucien Didier]]|LUX}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 44' 44"
|-
! scope="row" | 53
| {{Flag athlete|[[Christian Muselet]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 48' 10"
|-
! scope="row" | 54
| {{Flag athlete|[[Alain Patritti]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 50' 07"
|-
! scope="row" | 55
| {{Flag athlete|[[José De Cauwer]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 50' 12"
|-
! scope="row" | 56
| {{Flag athlete|[[Albert Van Vlierberghe]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 52' 03"
|-
! scope="row" | 57
| {{Flag athlete|[[Aad van den Hoek]]|NED}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 53' 13"
|-
! scope="row" | 58
| {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Quilfen]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 53' 46"
|-
! scope="row" | 59
| {{Flag athlete|[[Marcel Tinazzi]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 53' 46"
|-
! scope="row" | 60
| {{Flag athlete|[[Marcel Laurens]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 56' 53"
|-
! scope="row" | 61
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jacques Esclassan]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 00' 25"
|-
! scope="row" | 62
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jacques Bossis]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 02' 36"
|-
! scope="row" | 63
| {{Flag athlete|[[André Chalmel]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 03' 23"
|-
! scope="row" | 64
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jean-Luc Vandenbroucke]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 04' 07"
|-
! scope="row" | 65
| {{Flag athlete|[[Barry Hoban]]|GBR}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 06' 33"
|-
! scope="row" | 66
| {{Flag athlete|[[Eugène Plet]]|FRA}} || [[Lejeune–BP]] || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 10' 16"
|-
! scope="row" | 67
| {{Flag athlete|[[Serge Beucherie]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 16' 40"
|-
! scope="row" | 68
| {{Flag athlete|[[Philippe Durel]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 17' 13"
|-
! scope="row" | 69
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jean-Louis Gauthier]]|FRA}} || [[Lejeune–BP]] || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 17' 16"
|-
! scope="row" | 70
| {{Flag athlete|[[Paul Sherwen]]|GBR}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 18' 54"
|-
! scope="row" | 71
| {{Flag athlete|[[Alain Budet]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 20' 13"
|-
! scope="row" | 72
| {{Flag athlete|[[Dino Bertolo]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 25' 50"
|-
! scope="row" | 73
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jean-Jacques Fussien]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 27' 02"
|-
! scope="row" | 74
| {{Flag athlete|[[Yvon Bertin]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 36' 31"
|-
! scope="row" | 75
| {{Flag athlete|[[Daniel Gisiger]]|SUI}} || [[Lejeune–BP]] || style="text-align:right;" | + 2h 49' 16"
|-
! scope="row" | 76
| {{Flag athlete|[[Régis Delépine]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 3h 02' 41"
|-
! scope="row" | 77
| {{Flag athlete|[[Dante Coccolo]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 3h 24' 18"
|-
! scope="row" | 78
| {{Flag athlete|[[Philippe Tesnière]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 3h 52' 26"
|}

{{columns-start}}

===Points classification===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Final points classification (1–10){{sfn|Magowan|1979|p=199}}<ref name="elmend" />
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Points
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| {{Flag athlete|[[Freddy Maertens]]|BEL}} [[File:Jersey green.svg|20px|link=Points classification in the Tour de France|alt=A green jersey.]] || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 242
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jacques Esclassan]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 185
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Hinault]]|FRA}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]] || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 123
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jan Raas]]|NED}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 109
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joseph Bruyère]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 100
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| {{Flag athlete|[[Klaus-Peter Thaler]]|FRG}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 91
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| {{Flag athlete|[[Yvon Bertin]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 79
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jacques Bossis]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 74
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joop Zoetemelk]]|NED}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 71
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joaquim Agostinho]]|POR}} || {{UCI team code|Teka|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 70
|}

{{column}}

===Mountains classification===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Final mountains classification (1–10){{sfn|Magowan|1979|p=199}}<ref name="elmend" />
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Points
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| {{Flag athlete|[[Mariano Martínez (cyclist)|Mariano Martínez]]|FRA}} [[File:Jersey polkadot.svg|20px|link=Mountains classification in the Tour de France|alt=A white jersey with red polka dots.]] || {{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 187
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Hinault]]|FRA}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]] || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 176
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joop Zoetemelk]]|NED}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 155
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| {{Flag athlete|[[Christian Seznec]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 90
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joaquim Agostinho]]|POR}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 73
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| {{Flag athlete|[[Sven-Åke Nilsson]]|SWE}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 70
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| {{Flag athlete|[[Paul Wellens (cyclist)|Paul Wellens]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 68
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| {{Flag athlete|[[René Bittinger]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 63
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| {{Flag athlete|[[Gilbert Le Lay]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 54
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| {{Flag athlete|[[Lucien Van Impe]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 53
|}

{{columns-end}}
{{columns-start}}

===Young rider classification===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Final young rider classification (1–10){{sfn|Magowan|1979|p=199}}<ref name="elmend"/><ref>
{{cite web|last=van den Akker|first=Pieter|title=Stand in het jongerenklassement – Etappe 22|trans-title=Standings in the youth classification – Stage 22|url=http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/jongerenstand.php?jaar=1978&etappe=22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424231636/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/jongerenstand.php?jaar=1978|archive-date=24 April 2019|language=nl|website=TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl|access-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| {{Flag athlete|[[Henk Lubberding]]|NED}} [[File:Jersey white.svg|20px|link=Young rider classification in the Tour de France|alt=A white jersey.]] || {{UCI team code|TIR|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 108h 35' 26"
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| {{Flag athlete|[[Sven-Åke Nilsson]]|SWE}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 05' 34"
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| {{Flag athlete|[[René Bittinger]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 36' 21" 
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| {{Flag athlete|[[Pierre Bazzo]]|FRA}} || [[Lejeune–BP]] || style="text-align:right;" | + 38' 09"
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| {{Flag athlete|[[Gilbert Le Lay]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 40' 14"
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| {{Flag athlete|[[René Martens]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 45' 03"
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| {{Flag athlete|[[Pierre-Raymond Villemiane]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 50' 24"
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| {{Flag athlete|[[Juan Pujol (cyclist)|Juan Pujol]]|ESP|1977}} || {{UCI team code|KAS|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 50' 54"
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| {{Flag athlete|[[Sean Kelly (cyclist)|Sean Kelly]]|IRE}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 52' 52"
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| {{Flag athlete|[[Gilbert Chaumaz]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | + 58' 24"
|}

{{column}}

===Intermediate sprints classification===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Final intermediate sprints classification (1–10){{sfn|Magowan|1979|p=199}}{{sfn|Duker|1978|loc="Hot spot sprints classification"}}
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Points
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jacques Bossis]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 95
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| {{Flag athlete|[[Philippe Tesnière]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 60
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| {{Flag athlete|[[Pierre-Raymond Villemiane]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 52
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| {{Flag athlete|[[Freddy Maertens]]|BEL}} [[File:Jersey green.svg|20px|link=Points classification in the Tour de France|alt=A green jersey.]] || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 44
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| {{Flag athlete|[[Marcel Laurens]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 21
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jean-Jacques Fussien]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 18
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Hinault]]|FRA}} [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de France|alt=A yellow jersey.]] || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 18
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| {{Flag athlete|[[Jacques Esclassan]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 16
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| {{Flag athlete|[[Yvon Bertin]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 15
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| {{Flag athlete|[[Sean Kelly (cyclist)|Sean Kelly]]|IRE}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 14
|}

{{columns-end}}
{{columns-start}}

===Team classification===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Final team classification (1–10){{sfn|Magowan|1979|p=199}}<ref name="elmend"/>
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
! scope="row" |1
|{{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 562h 05' 52"
|-
! scope="row" |2
|{{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | + 17' 20"
|-
! scope="row" |3
|{{UCI team code|C&A|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | + 17' 22"
|-
! scope="row" |4
|{{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 15' 45"
|-
! scope="row" |5
|{{UCI team code|REN|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | + 1h 47' 46"
|-
! scope="row" |6
|{{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | + 4h 25' 36"
|-
! scope="row" |7
|[[Lejeune–BP]]|| style="text-align:right;" | + 4h 29' 18"
|-
! scope="row" |8
|{{UCI team code|Teka|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | + 4h 51' 32"
|-
! scope="row" |9
|{{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | + 5h 02' 48"
|-
! scope="row" |10
|{{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | + 7h 04' 37"
|}

{{column}}

===Team points classification===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Final team points classification (1–10){{sfn|Magowan|1979|p=199}}<ref name="elmend"/>
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Time
|-
! scope="row" |1
|{{UCI team code|TIR|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 720
|-
! scope="row" |2
|{{UCI team code|REN|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 909
|-
! scope="row" |3
|{{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 972
|-
! scope="row" |4
|{{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 1072
|-
! scope="row" |5
|{{UCI team code|Peugeot|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 1144
|-
! scope="row" |6
|{{UCI team code|C&A|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 1456
|-
! scope="row" |7
|{{UCI team code|Jobo|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 1656
|-
! scope="row" |8
|[[Lejeune–BP]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 1729
|-
! scope="row" |9
|{{UCI team code|Fiat|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 2347
|-
! scope="row" |10
|{{UCI team code|Teka|1978}}|| style="text-align:right;" | 2629
|}

{{columns-end}}

==Super Prestige Pernod ranking==
The top twelve places of the general classification awarded points that contributed towards the [[Super Prestige Pernod International|Super Prestige Pernod]] ranking,<ref>{{cite news|title=Gedupeerd comité dreigt met rechter Leiden lijdt door Peter Heerkens|trans-title=The injured committee is in danger of being led by judge Peter Heerkens|language=nl|via=[[Delpher]]|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010563249:mpeg21:p029|work=[[Limburgs Dagblad]]|date=30 June 1978|page=29}}</ref> an international season-long road cycling competition, with the winner seen as the best all-round rider.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=Richard |author-link1=Richard Moore (journalist) |title=Remembering Super Prestige Pernod, the season-long battle for title of best rider in the world |url=https://cyclingtips.com/2017/06/remembering-super-prestige-pernod-season-long-battle-title-best-rider-world/ |access-date=3 February 2019 |work=CyclingTips |publisher=Wade Wallace |date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065759/https://cyclingtips.com/2017/06/remembering-super-prestige-pernod-season-long-battle-title-best-rider-world/ |archive-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 110 points accrued by Bernard Hinault moved him to the top, replacing [[Francesco Moser]], who did not ride the Tour.<ref name="limburgsch-24-07-1978">{{cite news|title=Tour-puntig|trans-title=Tour-pointed|language=nl|via=[[Delpher]]|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010563217:mpeg21:p009|work=[[Limburgs Dagblad]]|date=30 June 1978|page=9}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Super Prestige Pernod ranking on 23 July 1978 (1–6)<ref name="limburgsch-24-07-1978" />
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Rider
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Points
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| {{Flag athlete|[[Bernard Hinault]]|FRA}} || {{UCI team code|REN|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 210
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| {{Flag athlete|[[Francesco Moser]]|ITA}} || {{UCI team code|Filotex|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 178
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joop Zoetemelk]]|NED}} || {{UCI team code|Mercier|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 136
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| {{Flag athlete|[[Roger De Vlaeminck]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|Filotex|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 104
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| {{Flag athlete|[[Michel Pollentier]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|Flandria|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 104
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| {{Flag athlete|[[Joseph Bruyère]]|BEL}} || {{UCI team code|C&A|1978}} || style="text-align:right;" | 103
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports|France}}
* [[1978 Giro d'Italia]]
* [[1978 Vuelta a España]]
* [[1978 in sports]]
* [[Doping at the Tour de France]]
* [[List of doping cases in cycling]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite web|first=Jacques|last=Augendre|author-link=Jacques Augendre|url=http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|title=Guide historique|trans-title=Historical guide|year=2016|language=fr|access-date=27 October 2016|format=PDF|work=[[Tour de France]]|location=Paris|publisher=[[Amaury Sport Organisation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Duker|first=Peter|title=Tour de France 1978|year=1978|publisher=Kennedy Brothers Publishing|location=Keighley, UK|oclc=67121801}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_m1AAAAIAAJ|title=Tour de France: The 75th anniversary cycle race|first=Robin|last=Magowan|isbn=978-0-09-138730-3|publisher=[[Stanley Paul]]|location=London|year=1979}}
* {{cite book|last1=McGann|first1=Bill|last2=McGann|first2=Carol|title=The Story of the Tour de France: 1965–2007|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8mlwItBhhcC|publisher=Dog Ear Publishing|location=Indianapolis|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59858-608-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nauright|first1=John|last2=Parrish|first2=Charles|title=Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1-59884-300-2}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpzzPqexF00C|title=The Tour de France: A Cultural History|first=Christopher S.|last=Thompson|isbn=978-0-520-25630-9|publisher=University of California Press|location=Oakland, California|year=2008}}
* {{cite book|last=van den Akker|first=Pieter|title=Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09sxwQEACAAJ|year=2018|publisher=Self-published|isbn=978-1-79398-080-9}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Mapping Le Tour|first=Ellis|last=Bacon|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=Glasgow|year=2014|pages=164–165|isbn=9780007543991|oclc=872700415}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{1978 Super Prestige Pernod}}
{{Tour de France}}
{{Cycling stage recaps|1978 Tour de France|P|11|12a|22}}
{{Tour de France general classification winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1978 Tour de France}}
[[Category:1978 Tour de France| ]]
[[Category:1978 in road cycling|Tour de France]]
[[Category:1978 in French sport|Tour de France]]
[[Category:Tour de France by year]]
[[Category:1978 in Dutch sport|Tour de France, 1978]]
[[Category:June 1978 sports events in Europe|Tour de France]]
[[Category:July 1978 sports events in Europe|Tour de France]]
[[Category:1978 Super Prestige Pernod]]