View source for 1935 Maccabiah Games

{{Infobox games
| name               = 2nd Maccabiah
| logo               = 1935 Maccabiah logo.jpg
| size               = 240
| caption            =
| host_city          = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| nations            = 28
| athletes           = 1,350
| events             = 18
| opening            = April 2, 1935
| closing            = April 10, 1935
| opened_by          = 
| stadium            = [[Maccabiah Stadium]]
| debuting_countries = 10
| SpreviousS         = [[1st Maccabiah]]
| SnextS             = [[3rd Maccabiah]]
| Sprevious          = [[1st Winter Maccabiah]]
| Snext              = [[2nd Winter Maccabiah]] 
}}
The '''2nd Maccabiah''' ({{langx|he|המכביה השנייה}}), aka the '''Aliyah Olympics''', which was held in April 1935, was the second edition of the [[Maccabiah Games]]. The Games were held despite official opposition by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandatory government]]. A total of 28 countries were represented by 1,350 athletes. Austria placed first, followed by Germany in second, with Eretz Israel placing third.

== History ==
[[File:The Austrian delegation, 1935 Maccabiah Games (55).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Austrians|Austrian]] delegation on its way to the [[Maccabiah Stadium|stadium]] during the opening ceremony of the 2nd Maccabiah Games.]]
After the success of the [[1st Maccabiah]] in 1932, the [[Maccabi World Union]] decided to host a second Maccabiah. In order to not make it look like they were imitating the Olympic Games, the 2nd Maccabiah took place 3 years after the first, in the spring of 1935. Eretz Yisrael enjoyed that year a relative economic boom. [[Tel Aviv]] has grown and main streets were paved. The [[Maccabiah Stadium|stadium]] also has grown and added many new viewing locations. The second Maccabiah resulted in the settlement's first swimming pool (50 meters) in [[Bat Galim]], [[Haifa]]. The pool was used throughout the games in the swimming competitions (during the [[1st Maccabiah]], the swimming competitions took place in the sea).

{{blockquote|text="If two years ago we had doubts about the success of the daring attempt to establish Olympics in Israel, now success is assured."|sign=[[Israel Rokach]]|source=[http://www.haaretz.co.il/sport/1.1170127 Haaretz]; 04/02/35; deputy mayor of [[Tel Aviv]].}}The second Maccabiah was organized and held in the early years of [[Nazi]] rule in Germany and after Hitler came to power in 1933. Maccabi used the games as a means of enabling Jews to emigrate to Eretz Yisrael clandestinely. It was for that reason that the games were nicknamed the ''Aliyah Olympics''. The games faced strong opposition by the British Mandatory government due to concern of mass illegal immigration. One of the most notable examples was the Bulgarian delegation, where all 350 of its members stayed in Palestine; even the entire Maccabi Bulgaria orchestra that came with them and performed at the opening and closing ceremonies stayed. Only their sports equipment and musical instruments were shipped back.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Sport+in+Israel/Rule+Britannia+The+British+Influence+and+the+Maccabiah+Games.htm |title=Maccabiah Games |access-date=2007-06-08 |archive-date=2011-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521110011/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Sport+in+Israel/Rule+Britannia+The+British+Influence+and+the+Maccabiah+Games.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Additionally, the majority of the German and Polish team took the opportunity to stay in Palestine.[[File:Gate 1 at the Maccabiah Stadium during the 2nd Maccabiah.jpg|thumb|left|Gate 1 at the [[Maccabiah Stadium]] during the 2nd Maccabiah.]]
Unlike the first Maccabiah which was planned in just under three months, the second Maccabiah took just over a year, which significantly increased costs. As a result, the Maccabiah organizing committee faced severe budgetary problems. The ''Maccabi Eretz Yisrael Fund'' was so poor, quoting "The budget was barely enough for the postage-stamps". As such, it was decided that the Maccabiah be supported financially by the World Maccabi Union – with Maccabi Eretz Yisrael still responsible for the planning of the games.

Maccabi organized a large Maccabiah fund. Special Maccabiah offices were opened for this purpose in London, [[Alexandria]], Berlin, [[Warsaw]], [[Prague]] and [[Tel Aviv]]. A special office was also opened in South Africa. Tickets for the Maccabiah competitions were sold at various trade centers and across all drugstores in Tel Aviv.

Members of the U.S. delegation traveled to Palestine on the {{SS|President Roosevelt|1921|6}} in March.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/03/21/93681022.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|title=SAIL FOR PALESTINE MEET.; Three More Athletes Leave for the Maccabiah Games.|work=The New York Times }}</ref>

== Opening ceremony==
[[File:Discus Thrower, 2nd Maccabiah.jpg|thumb|Discus thrower at the 2nd Maccabiah.]]
Despite the opposition of the British Mandate Police, a large number of athletes participated in the parade that went through the streets of [[Tel Aviv]]. For the 2nd Maccabiah, [[Henry Mond, 2nd Baron Melchett|Lord Melchett]] served as Honorary President of [[Maccabi World Union|Maccabi]] and sponsored the games; "In defiance of the British government's strict limitations on aliyah <nowiki/>[seeking permanent residence], many competitors took advantage of their being in the Holy Land and decided to stay."<ref>'History of the Maccabiah Games', in R. Rabinowitz (ed.), 16th Maccabiah, One People, One Dream, Israel, July 2001. Archival Material from the Pierre Gildesgame Maccabi Sports Museum, and Maccabi World Union, Ramat-Gan, Israel.</ref>

Among 15 anthems, the one by ''Yigal Caspi'' was chosen as the official Maccabiah Anthem; it was sung during the opening and closing ceremonies.

== Notable competitors ==
[[File:Sprinting at the 2nd Maccabiah.jpg|thumb|right|Sprinters; 2nd Maccabiah.]]
In track and field, from the American team, Olympic champion [[Lillian Copeland]] stood out, winning gold medals in the discus (37.38 meters), javelin (36.92 meters), and shot put (12.32 meters).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/04/05/93685525.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|title=HOFFMAN IS SECOND IN MACCABIAH SPRINT; Coates, New York Team-Mate Sixth in 200 at Tel Aviv -- Miss Koff Triumphs.|work=The New York Times }}</ref> Future Olympic sprinter [[Alfred König]] competed for Austria, winning a gold medal in the 200m dash, was part of the gold medal-winning 4 × 400 m relay, won a silver medal in the 400m race, and won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m relay.<ref name="autoasdf"/><ref name="research-management.mq.edu.au">🖉[https://research-management.mq.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/140644620/Publisher_version.pdf]</ref> 
 
In boxing, [[Ben Bril]], Olympian and eight-time Dutch national champion, won a gold medal for the Netherlands. In tennis, Karol Altschuler won a gold medal for Poland, previously winning Junior Champion of Poland in 1930.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

In swimming, Olympian [[Pavol Steiner]] of Czechoslovakia won two gold medals, in the 100m freestyle and in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/mar/1965/08/22/01/article/64|title=⁨טבלאות ושיאים של השגי 6 המכניות ושל ישראל ⁩ &mdash; ⁨⁨מעריב⁩ 22 אוגוסט 1965⁩ &mdash; הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים|website=www.nli.org.il}}</ref> He also won a team gold medal in water polo, as Czechoslovakia came out ahead of Austria and Palestine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1935/05/17/01/article/35|title=⁨ןן הישגי ה"מכביה" השניה ⁩ &mdash; ⁨⁨דאר היום⁩ 17 מאי 1935⁩ &mdash; הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים|website=www.nli.org.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1935/04/12/01/article/22|title=⁨חלוקת ה_^סיפ של _המכביה ⁩ &mdash; ⁨⁨דבר⁩ 12 אפריל 1935⁩ &mdash; הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים|website=www.nli.org.il}}</ref> Czech Olympian [[František Getreuer]] won gold medals in swimming in the 400m freestyle and the 1,500m freestyle.<ref name="autoasdf"/> Austrian Olympic swimmer [[Hedy Bienenfeld]] won gold medals in the 200m breaststroke and 4 × 100 m freestyle.<ref name="autoasdf">{{Cite web|url=https://sport-record.de/organizations/maccabiah.html|title=Maccabiah Games before World War II|website=sport-record.de}}</ref><ref>Ron Kaplan (2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy2CDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Heidi+Wertheimer+%22&pg=PT35 ''The Jewish Olympics; The History of the Maccabiah Games'']</ref> Austrian swimmer and national record holder [[Ruth Langer (swimmer)|Ruth Langer]] won a bronze medal in the 200 m breaststroke; the next year, despite qualifying, she declined to compete for Austria in the Olympics in  Nazi Germany, which led to her being banned from competing and her records erased by Austria.<ref name="autoasdf"/>  Polish future Olympian [[Ilia Szrajbman]] competed in swimming; he was killed in the Majdanek concentration camp during the Holocaust.<ref name="research-management.mq.edu.au"/>

In chess, [[Abram Blass]] won a gold medal for Poland, followed by [[David Enoch]], [[Eduard Glass]], [[Yosef Porat|Heinz Josef Foerder]], [[Yosef Dobkin]], [[Victor Winz]], [[Moshe Czerniak]], and [[Siegmund Beutum]].<ref>Wolsza, Tadeusz (2007), ''Arcymistrzowie, mistrzowie, amatorzy. Słownik biograficzny szachistów polskich, tom 5''. Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa. {{ISBN|83-7181-495-X}}</ref>

In the final scoring, Austria placed first with 399 points, followed by Germany with 375.3 points, and Eretz Israel placed third with 360.5 points.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maccabiah.com/ntext.asp?psn=5001 |title=Maccabiah18 |access-date=2008-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004085251/http://www.maccabiah.com/ntext.asp?psn=5001 |archive-date=2011-10-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They were followed by Poland 4th, USA 5th, Czechoslovakia 6th, South Africa 7th, Egypt 8th, Yugoslavia 9th, Great Britain 10th, France 11th, Romania 12th, the Netherlands 13th, Denmark 14th, DZG 15th, Greece 16th, Belgium 17th, Morocco 18th, and Latvia, Libya, and Lithuania  tied for 19th.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport-record.de/organizations/maccabiah.html|title=Maccabiah Games before World War II|website=sport-record.de|access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Racers, 2nd Maccabiah.jpg|thumb|right|Sprinters at the 2nd Maccabiah.]]
The 2nd Maccabiah introduced many new sports including: [[judo]], [[cycle sport|cycling]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[volleyball]], and [[darts]]. The 2nd Maccabiah was the last time [[motorcycle racing]] took place. [[Handball]] and [[Basketball]] which were played during the [[1st Maccabiah]] did not take place in this one; they were played in the [[3rd Maccabiah]].

Games that took place:

{|
|valign=top|
* [[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|25px]]Athletics
* [[File:Cycling pictogram.svg|25px]]Cycling
* [[File:Darts pictogram.svg|25px]]Darts
* [[File:Judo pictogram.svg|25px]]Judo
|valign=top|
* Motorcycle Racing
* Motor Racing
* [[File:Rowing pictogram.svg|25px]]Rowing
* [[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|25px]]Swimming
|valign=top|
* [[File:Volleyball pictogram.svg|25px]]Volleyball
* [[File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|25px]]Weightlifting
|}

==Participating communities==
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 4101 Sports in Israel.jpg|thumb|right|Swimming competition]]
28 Delegations took park in the 3rd Maccabiah. The number in parentheses indicates the size of the delegation.

{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{Flag|Austria}}
* {{flagu|Belgium}}
* {{Flag|Bulgaria}} (350)
* {{Flag|Czechoslovakia}}
* {{flag|Danzig|name=Free City of Danzig}}
* {{Flag|Denmark}}
* {{flag|Egypt|1922}}
* {{flag|British Mandate for Palestine|name=Eretz Yisrael}}
* {{Flag|Estonia}}
* {{flagu|France}}
* {{flagu|Germany|1933}} (134)
* {{flag|Greece|old}}
* {{Flag|Hungary|1920}}
* {{flagu|Italy|1861}}
* {{Flag|Latvia}}
* {{Flag|Libya|1911}}
* {{Flag|Lithuania|1918}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{flagu|Netherlands}}
* {{Flag|Poland}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}
* {{Flag|South Africa|1928}}
* {{flag|Syria|1932}}
* {{flagu|Switzerland}}
* {{Flag|Turkey}}
* {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagu|United States|1912}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}
{{div col end}}

== Debuting countries ==
10 countries made their Maccabiah debut at these games.

{{Div col|colwidth=17em}}
* {{flagu|Belgium}}
* {{Flag|Estonia}}
* {{flag|Hungary|1920}}
* {{flagu|Italy|1861}}
* {{Flag|Latvia}}
* {{Flag|Libya|1911}}
* {{flag|Morocco}}
* {{flagu|Netherlands}}
* {{flag|Turkey}}
* {{flag|South Africa|1928}}
 {{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
;Unofficial
* [http://www.jewishsports.net/the_maccabiah_games.htm Summaries of each of the Games]
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/maccabiah_05.html Jewish Virtual Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511081146/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/maccabiah_05.html |date=2018-05-11 }}
*[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3108407,00.html "'Maccabiah saved my life'; Hirschler, water polo player from Hungary, was invited to 1935 Maccabiah; his decision to stay saved him from Nazis," 7/7/05]
*[https://haifa-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/collectionDiscovery?vid=HAU&inst=972HAI_MAIN&collectionId=81169985700002791&lang=en_US David Ofer - The 1935 Maccabiah Games] on the Digital collections of [[Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library]], University of Haifa

{{Maccabiah Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1935 Maccabiah Games}}
[[Category:1935 Maccabiah Games| ]]
[[Category:1935 in multi-sport events|Maccabiah Games]]
[[Category:1935 in chess|Maccabiah Games]]
[[Category:1935 in cycle racing|Maccabiah Games]]
[[Category:1935 in Mandatory Palestine|Maccabiah Games]]
[[Category:April 1935 in sports|Maccabiah Games]]
[[Category:Maccabiah Games]]
[[Category:20th century in Tel Aviv]]