View source for 1036 Ganymed

{{Short description|Near Earth asteroid}}
{{For|the moon of Jupiter|Ganymede (moon)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
 | minorplanet     = yes
 | name            = 1036 Ganymed
 | background      = #FFC2E0
 | image           = 001036-asteroid shape model (1036) Ganymed.png
 | image_scale      =
 | caption         = Shape model of ''Ganymed'' from its [[lightcurve]]
 | discovery_ref   = <ref name="MPC-object" />
 | discoverer      = [[Walter Baade|W. Baade]]
 | discovery_site  = [[Bergedorf Observatory|Bergedorf Obs.]]
 | discovered      = 23 October 1924
 | mpc_name        = (1036) Ganymed
 | alt_names       = 1924 TD{{·}}1952 BF<br />1954 HH
 | pronounced      = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|ə|m|ɛ|d}}
 | adjective       = Ganymedean {{IPAc-en|ɡ|æ|n|ə|ˈ|m|iː|d|i|ə|n}}
 | named_after     = [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]<ref name="springer" /><br />{{small|(Greek mythology)}}
 | mp_category     = [[Amor asteroid|Amor]]<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}[[Near-Earth object|NEO]]
 | orbit_ref       = <ref name="jpldata" />
 | epoch           = 23 March 2018 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458200.5)
 | uncertainty     = 0
 | observation_arc = 93.69 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (34,221 d)
 | aphelion        = 4.0837 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
 | perihelion      = 1.2421 AU
 | semimajor       = 2.6629 AU
 | eccentricity    = 0.5335
 | period          = 4.35 yr (1,587 d)
 | mean_anomaly    = 183.36[[Degree (angle)|°]]
 | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.2268|sup=ms}} / day
 | inclination     = 26.693°
 | asc_node        = 215.55°
 | arg_peri        = 132.45°
 | moid            = 0.3415 AU (133 [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|LD]])
 | mars_moid       = 0.03287 AU<ref name="MPC-object" />
 | dimensions      = {{val|39.3|x|18.9|ul=km}}<ref name="Ferret" />
 | mean_diameter   = {{val|31.66|2.8|u=km}}<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|35.01|0.78|u=km}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|37.675|0.399|u=km}}<ref name="Mainzer-2011" /><ref name="Mainzer-2016" /><ref name="WISE" />
 | rotation        = {{val|10.297|ul=h}}<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Pilcher-2012g" />
 | albedo          = {{val|0.218}}<ref name="Mainzer-2016" /><ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.243}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.2926}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
 | spectral_type   = [[Tholen classification|Tholen]] {{=}} [[S-type asteroid|S]]<ref name="Ferret" /><br />[[SMASS classification|SMASS]] {{=}} [[S-type asteroid|S]]<ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[S-type asteroid|S]]<ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="Lin-2018" /><ref name="Fieber-Beyer-2007" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|U–B]] {{=}} 0.417<ref name="jpldata" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|B–V]] {{=}} {{val|0.882|0.008}}<ref name="Lin-2018" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|V–R]] {{=}} {{val|0.515|0.004}}<ref name="Lin-2018" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|V–I]] {{=}} {{val|0.981|0.005}}<ref name="Lin-2018" />
 | abs_magnitude   = 9.45<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Mainzer-2016" /><ref name="WISE" /><br />9.50<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Hahn-1989" />
}}

'''1036 Ganymed''', provisional designation ''{{mp|1924 TD}}'', is a stony [[asteroid]] on a highly [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentric orbit]], classified as a [[near-Earth object]] of the [[Amor asteroid|Amor group]]. It was discovered by German astronomer [[Walter Baade]] at the [[Bergedorf Observatory]] in Hamburg on 23 October 1924, and named after [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] from [[Greek mythology]].<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="springer" /> With a diameter of approximately {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}, Ganymed is the largest of all near-Earth objects but does not cross [[Earth]]'s orbit. The [[S-type asteroid]] has a [[rotation period]] of 10.3 hours. In October 2024, it is predicted to approach Earth at a distance of {{convert|0.374097 |AU |km mi|abbr=on|lk=off |sigfig=2 |order=flip}}.<ref name="jpl-close" />

== Orbit and classification ==
{{Stack|[[File:AnimatedOrbitOf1036Ganymed.gif|thumb|180px|Orbit of ''Ganymed'' (blue), with the [[inner planets]] and [[Jupiter]] (outermost).]]}}
Ganymed is an [[Amor asteroid]], a subgroup of the [[near-Earth asteroid]]s that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.2–4.1&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] about once every 4 years and 4 months (i.e., 52 months or 1,587 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 2.66&nbsp;AU). Its orbit has a high [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.53 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 27[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins at the discovering observatory on {{start date and age|1924|10|24|df=y|paren=y}}, the night after its official discovery observation.<ref name="MPC-object" />

=== Close approaches ===
====Earth approach====
Ganymed has a [[minimum orbit intersection distance]] with Earth of {{convert |0.3415 |AU |km |sigfig=2 |lk=off |abbr=on}}, or 133 [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|lunar distance]]. Its next pass of the Earth will be at a distance of {{convert|0.374097 |AU |km mi|abbr=on|lk=off |sigfig=3}} on {{start date and age|2024|10|13|df=y|paren=y}}.<ref name="jpl-close" />{{update after|2024|10|13}}

====Mars approach====
Due to the high eccentricity of its orbit, Ganymed is also a [[Mars-crosser]], intersecting the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66&nbsp;AU. On {{start date and age|2176|12|16|df=y|paren=y}}, it will pass at a distance of {{convert|0.02868 |AU |km mi|abbr=on |sigfig=3}} from Mars.<ref name="jpl-close" />

== Name ==
The [[minor planet]] of Ganymed was named after [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] from [[Greek mythology]], using the German spelling ("Ganymed"). Ganymede was a Trojan prince abducted by [[Zeus]] to serve as a [[cup-bearer]] to the Greek gods. The name had previously also been given to Jupiter's third moon, "[[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]", which was discovered in 1610 by [[Italians|Italian]] [[astronomer]] [[Galileo Galilei]].<ref name="springer" />

== Physical characteristics ==

Owing to its early discovery date, Ganymed has a rich observational history. A 1931 paper published the [[absolute magnitude]], based on observations to date, as 9.24,<ref name="Putilin" /> slightly brighter than the present value of 9.45.

Ganymed is a stony [[S-type asteroid]], in the [[Tholen classification|Tholen]], [[SMASS classification|SMASS]] and in the [[Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey|S3OS2]] taxonomy. This means that it is relatively reflective and composed of iron and [[magnesium]] [[silicates]]. Spectral measurements put Ganymed in the S (VI) spectral subtype,<ref name="Fieber-Beyer-2007" /> indicating a surface rich in [[orthopyroxene]]s, and possibly metals (although if metals are present they are covered and not readily apparent in the spectra).<ref name="Fieber-Beyer-2007" />

=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]], the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari satellite]] and the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] (WISE), Ganymed measures between 31.66 and 37.67 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] between 0.218 and 0.293.<ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Mainzer-2011" /><ref name="Mainzer-2016" /><ref name="WISE" />

The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.2809 and a mean-diameter of 31.57 kilometers based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 9.50.<ref name="lcdb" /> Carry published a diameter {{val|34.28|1.38}} kilometers in 2012.<ref name="Carry-2012" />

An [[Asteroid occultation|occultation]] of a star by Ganymed was observed from California on 22 August 1985.<ref name="Ferret" /> Additional observations in 2011 gave an occultation cross-section with a semi-major and minor axis of 39.3 and 18.9 kilometers, respectively.<ref name="Ferret" />

=== Rotation and poles ===
A large number of rotational [[lightcurve]]s of Ganymed have been obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations since 1985.<ref name="Harris-1985" /><ref name="Lupishko-1987b" /><ref name="Lupishko-1988b" /><ref name="Hahn-1989" /><ref name="Skiff-2012a" /><ref name="Velichko-2012" /><ref name="Velichko-2013" /><ref name="Warner-2015r" /><ref name="geneva-obs" /> Analysis of the best-rated lightcurves obtained by American photometrist [[Frederick Pilcher]] at his Organ Mesa Observatory {{Obscode|G50}} in New Mexico during 2011 gave a [[rotation period]] of 10.297 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.28 and 0.31 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3-/3/3]]}}).<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Pilcher-2012g" />

Three studies using modeled photometric data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, WISE thermal infrared data and other sources, gave a concurring period of 10.313, 10.31284, and 10.31304 hours, respectively. Each modeled lightcurve also determined two [[Poles of astronomical bodies|spin axes]] of (214.0°, −73.0°), (190.0°, −78.0°), as well as (198.0°, −79.0°) in [[Ecliptic coordinate system|ecliptic coordinates]] (λ, β; L1/B1), respectively.<ref name="Kaasalainen-2002a" /><ref name="Hanus-2015a" /><ref name="Viikinkoski-2017" />

In 1998, radar observations of Ganymed by the [[Arecibo radio telescope]] produced images of the asteroid, revealing a roughly spherical object.<ref name="Radar-Images">{{Cite web | title = 1036 Ganymed Radar Images | url = http://naic.edu/~nolan/radar/R1150/}}</ref> Polarimetric observations conducted by Japanese astronomers concluded that there was a weak correlation between the object's light- and polarimetry curve as a function of rotation angle.<ref name="Nakayama-2000" /> Because polarization is dependent on surface terrain and composition, rather than the observed size of the object like the lightcurve, this suggests that the surface features of the asteroid are roughly uniform over its observed surface.<ref name="Nakayama-2000" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
  |type       = 2018-07-03 last obs.
  |title      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1036 Ganymed (1924 TD)
  |url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001036
  |publisher  = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
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<ref name=jpl-close>{{cite web
  |type       = last observation: 2012-01-10
  |title      = JPL Close-Approach Data: 1036 Ganymed (1924 TD)
  |url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Ganymed;cad=1#cad
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<ref name="springer">{{cite book
  |title      = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1036) Ganymed
  |last       = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
  |publisher  = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  |chapter    = (1036) Ganymed 
  |page       = 89
  |date       = 2007
  |isbn       = 978-3-540-00238-3
  |doi        = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1037}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
  |title      = 1036 Ganymed (1924 TD)
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1036
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<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
  |title      = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1036) Ganymed
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<ref name="Putilin">{{Cite journal
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<ref name="Carry-2012">{{Citation
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<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
  |title      = Asteroid 1036 Ganymed
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<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
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}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal | title = Spectral observations of 19 weathered and 23 fresh NEAs and their correlations with orbital parameters | last1 = Fevig | first1 = Ronald A. | date = May 2007 | journal = [[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] | volume = 188 | issue = 1 | pages = 175–188 | doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.023 | last2 = Fink | first2 = U | bibcode=2007Icar..188..175F}}

== External links ==
* [http://naic.edu/~nolan/radar/R1150/ Radar Images] of 1036 Ganymed, Arecibo Observatory project R1150
* [http://aslc-nm.org/Pilcher.html Frederick Pilcher – lightcurves], Astronomical Society of Las Cruzes
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php Lightcurve Database Query] (LCDB), at ''www.minorplanet.info''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – ''Geneva Observatory'', [[Raoul Behrend]]
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{NeoDys|1036}}
* {{ESA-SSA|1036|Ganymed}}
* {{JPL Small Body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |1035 Amata |number=1036 |1037 Davidweilla}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganymed}}
[[Category:Amor asteroids|001036]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Walter Baade]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (Tholen)|001036]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (SMASS)|001036]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1924|19241023]]