View source for 0-8-0

{{Short description|Locomotive wheel arrangement}}
{{Infobox steam wheel arrangement
| name             = 0-8-0 (Eight-coupled)
| image            = WheelArrangement 0-8-0.svg
| alt              = Diagram of four large driving wheels joined together with a coupling rod
| caption          = 
| image2           = USRA 0-8-0.jpg
| alt2             = 
| caption2         = [[USRA 0-8-0]]
<!--Equivalent classifications-->
| hatnote          = 
| UIC/Germany/Italy= D
| French/Spanish   = 040
| Turkish          = 44
| Swiss            = 4/4
| Russian          = 0-4-0
<!--First known tank engine version-->
| date             = 1866
| country          = United Kingdom
| locomotive       = 
| railway          = [[Great Northern Railway (England)|Great Northern Railway]]
| designer         = [[Archibald Sturrock]]
| builder          = Great Northern Railway
| evolvedfrom      = 
| evolvedto        = 
| mainbenefit      = Total mass as adhesive weight
| maindrawback     = Instability at speed
<!--First known tender engine version-->
| date2            = 1844
| country2         = United States of America
| locomotive2      = ''Mud Digger'' class
| railway2         = [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]
| designer2        = [[Ross Winans]]
| builder2         = Ross Winans
| evolvedfrom2     = 
| evolvedto2       = 
| mainbenefit2     = Total engine mass as adhesive weight
| maindrawback2    = Instability at speed
<!--First known "True type" version-->
| date3            = 
| country3         = 
| locomotive3      = 
| railway3         = 
| designer3        = 
| builder3         = 
| evolvedfrom3     = 
| evolvedto3       = 
| mainbenefit3     = 
| maindrawback3    = 
}}

Under the [[Whyte notation]] for the classification of [[steam locomotive]]s, '''{{nowrap|0-8-0}}''' represents the [[wheel arrangement]] of no [[leading wheel]]s, eight powered and coupled [[driving wheel]]s on four axles and no [[trailing wheel]]s. Locomotives of this type are also referred to as '''eight coupled'''.

==Overview==
Examples of the 0-8-0 wheel arrangement were constructed both as [[tender locomotive|tender]] and [[tank locomotive]]s. The earliest locomotives were built for mainline haulage, particularly for [[Freight rail transport|freight]], but the configuration was later also often used for large [[switcher locomotive]]s (shunter locomotives).

The wheel arrangement provided a powerful layout with all engine weight as [[adhesive weight]], which maximised the [[tractive effort]] and [[factor of adhesion]]. The layout was generally too large for smaller and lighter railways, where the more popular {{nowrap|[[0-6-0]]}} wheel arrangement would often be found performing similar duties.

==Usage==
===Austria===
Two 0-8-0 locomotives were delivered from [[Elsässische Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Grafenstaden|Andre Koechlin & Cie]] in Mulhouse to the [[Austrian Southern Railway]] in 1862. They were later sent to Italy and worked over the [[Apennines]] between [[Bologna]] and [[Pistoja]].<ref>Hamilton Ellis, ''The pictorial history of railways,'' Hamlyn, 1968, p.57.</ref>

===China===
[[File:Shibanxi-07-01.jpg|thumb|C2 locomotive on [[Jiayang Coal Railway]]]]
In 1952, the [[Chrzanów]] works in Poland supplied 81 {{track gauge|750 mm|lk=on}} gauge locomotives, which were later versions of the Russian P24 class. By 1958, China was building their own copies resulting in such classes as the C2, YJ, ZM-4, ZG and ZM16-4.

===Christmas Island===
[[Peckett and Sons]] of [[Bristol]] built a 0-8-0 tender locomotive for the [[Christmas Island Phosphate Co.'s Railway]] in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SteamIndex |url=https://steamindex.com/locomag/lcwr37.htm |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=steamindex.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Christmas Island Phosphate Co.'s Railway New 0-8-0 Locomotive |url=https://www.martynbane.co.uk/peckett/articles/christmas.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.martynbane.co.uk}}</ref>

=== France ===
The [[List of Chemins de Fer du Nord locomotives|"Fortes Rampes"]] Class of 0-8-0 was designed by [[Jules Petiet|Jules Petit]] for the [[Chemins de fer du Nord|Chemins de Fer du Nord]]. built in 1858-1865 a total of 50 were made. They used a unique steam dryer mounted to the top of the boiler. This was similar to the [[Franco-Crosti boiler]] developed later. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=John |title=Chemins de fer du Nord Locomotive List 1842–1938. |publisher=Dr.John Davies |year=1997 |isbn=0-646-30938-2 |location=Sunnybank, Queensland |pages=19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=C. Hamilton (Cuthbert Hamilton) |url=http://archive.org/details/pictorialencyclo0000elli_s9m4 |title=The pictorial encyclopedia of railways |date=1968 |publisher=Hamlyn |location=London|others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-600-03075-1}}</ref>

===Germany===
[[File:69901 Mauterndorf.jpg|thumb|Kriegsdampflokomotive HF 160 D]]
Freight engines with an 0-8-0 wheel arrangement were once very popular in Germany. The Prussian state railways had several types of 0-8-0s that were all classified as G7, [[Prussian G 8|G8]] and G9.

The latest of these, the [[Prussian G 8.1]], was the most numerous German state railway locomotive with over five thousand examples being built between 1913 and 1921. They remained in service with the [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]] until 1972.

The [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow gauge]] [[Heeresfeldbahn]] class [[Heeresfeldbahnlokomotive HF 160 D|HF 160 D]] were developed for wartime service during the [[Second World War]]. The engines were also classified as ''Kriegsdampflokomotive 11'' (Military steam locomotive 11 or KDL 11). After the war, the locomotives were put to use for civilian purposes.

===Russia===
[[File:Ov 7024 Moscow.JPG|thumb|[[Russian locomotive class O|Russian class O 0-8-0]] Ov 7024, Moskva-Ryazanskaya, Sortirovochnaya depot, [[Moscow]]]]
The first steam locomotives 0-8-0 in Russia — {{interlanguage link|Е class|ru|Е (паровоз, Николаевская железная дорога)}} have been produced since 1858. In Russia, the 0-8-0 type locomotives were represented by the various [[Steam locomotive O|O-class]] (Osnovnoj-mainline) freight locomotives. They were built from the end of the 19th century until the 1920s. They were commonly called the ''Ovechka'' (Sheep) and were the most common freight locomotives in Tsarist Russia. Some are still preserved in working order.

One-thousand of the {{track gauge|750 mm}} gauge standard design, also known as class 159, were built between 1930 and 1941. They were poor performers, so the Kolomna works built an improved version of these locomotives, known as the P24 class. Nine were built before 1941.

===South Africa===
On the [[South African Railways]] (SAR), shunting was traditionally performed by downgraded mainline locomotives. When purpose-built {{Track gauge|Cape|allk=on}} shunting locomotives were eventually introduced in 1929, the SAR preferred to adhere to the American practice of using tender locomotives for shunting, rather than the European practice of using tank locomotives. Three classes of 0-8-0 shunting steam locomotives were introduced between 1929 and 1952.<ref name=Durrant>{{Durrant-Twilight|pages=120–123}}</ref>

[[File:SAR Class S 365 (0-8-0).jpg|thumb|SAR Class S]]
In 1929, fourteen [[South African Class S 0-8-0|Class S]] locomotives were placed in service. They were built by [[Henschel & Son]] in [[Germany]] and designed to SAR specifications, with the top sides of the tender's coal bunker being set inwards and the water tank top rounded to improve the crew's rearward vision.<ref name=Henschel>Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow</ref><ref name=Holland>{{Holland-Vol 2|pages=63–65, 103–104, 108–109}}</ref><ref name="Paxton-Bourne">{{Paxton-Bourne|pages=80–81}}</ref>

[[File:Class S1 3819 (0-8-0).jpg|thumb|left|SAR Class S1]]
The second type, the [[South African Class S1 0-8-0|Class S1]], was designed by MM Loubser, chief mechanical engineer of the SAR from 1939 to 1949. Twelve of these locomotives, a heavier version of the Class S, were built at the Salt River workshops in [[Cape Town]] with the first being delivered in October 1947. A further 25 Class S1 locomotives were ordered from the [[North British Locomotive Company]]. [[Glasgow]] in 1952 and delivered in 1953 and 1954. The Class S1 was noted for its efficiency and economy and could cope with block loads of up to {{convert|2000|lt|t|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Durrant/><ref name=Holland/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="NBL">North British Locomotive Company works list, compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Bernhard Schmeiser</ref>

[[File:Class S2 3728 (0-8-0) c.jpg|thumb|SAR Class S2]]
To meet the need for shunting locomotives with a light axle load for harbour work, these were followed in 1952 and 1953 by 100 [[South African Class S2 0-8-0|Class S2]] locomotives, built by [[Krupp|Friedrich Krupp]] in [[Essen]], Germany. To adhere to the specified weight limit, the Class S2 was built with a small boiler, with the result that it had the appearance of a [[Cape gauge]] locomotive with a [[narrow gauge]] boiler, particularly when viewed from the front. Also to reduce the axle load, it had [[South African type MY1 tender|Type MY1]] tenders which rode on Buckeye three-axle bogies.<ref name=Durrant/><ref name=Holland/><ref name=Paxton-Bourne/><ref>South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2’0” & 3’6” Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended</ref>

===Sweden===
[[File:101_SJ_E_984_KDAJ07815.jpg|thumb|SJ E Class no. 1909]]
0-8-0 was wheel arrangement on some Swedish freight locomotives in the early 20th century.
The most well known is probably the [[SJ E|E]] class of steam locomotives as many of them survived in the strategic reserve until the 1990s, when all steam engines were removed from the strategic reserve.
The E class of locomotives entered production in 1907 and many were modified to a 2-8-0 configuration with a name change to E2.
The locomotives were intended as mixed locomotives in northern Sweden with its steeper inclines and for heavy freight in southern Sweden where the landscape is flatter.

Another locomotive was the Prussian G8.1 named the [[Prussian G 8.1|G]] class in Sweden which was ordered by the national railway company during WWI in 1916, but delivery was delayed until 1918.

===United Kingdom===
Two examples of 0-8-0T [[tank locomotive]]s were built by [[Archibald Sturrock]] of the United Kingdom's [[Great Northern Railway (England)|Great Northern Railway]] in 1866, but the design was not perpetuated. A [[tender (rail)|tender locomotive]] version was introduced on the [[Barry Railway Company]] in 1889 to haul coal trains.

[[File:LNWR No1881.JPG|thumb|left|Webb Compound 0-8-0 of 1892]]
[[Francis Webb (engineer)|Francis Webb]] of the [[London and North Western Railway]] (LNWR) built 282 examples of a [[Compound locomotive|compound 0-8-0]] locomotive between 1892 and 1904. A further 290 examples of a [[Steam engine#Simple engine|simple expansion]] version were built by his successor between 1910 and 1922.

In 1902, [[John George Robinson|John Robinson]] of the [[Great Central Railway]] introduced his [[GCR Class 8A|Class 8A]] tender engines, which were designated the Q4 class under the [[London and North Eastern Railway]]. From 1934, the class was replaced by the Robinson 2-8-0's and their withdrawal and scrapping began, but between 1942 and 1945 Edward Thompson converted thirteen into side-tanks, designated [[LNER Thompson Class Q1|LNER Class Q1]].

Under the grouping of 1923, the LNWR became part of the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] (LMS). [[Henry Fowler (engineer)|Henry Fowler]] [[LMS Class 7F 0-8-0|designed an inside cylinder engine in 1929]] to replace the LNWR examples, but they proved to be unsatisfactory and ended up having shorter lives than the LNWR locomotives.

In 1914, [[Manning Wardle]] of [[Leeds]] built a side-tank engine called ''Katharine'' for the Bridge Water Collieries system. On the [[Kent and East Sussex Railway]], the ''Hecate'' was built for Colonel Stephens by [[R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company|Hawthorn and Leslie]] in 1904, but the branchline for which it was built was never completed and since the engine was too big for his other railways, it was exchanged in 1932 for a smaller engine from the Southern Railway. ''Hecate'' ended up as a motive power depot shunter at [[Nine Elms Locomotive Works]] and was scrapped in 1950.

On the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]], [[Richard Maunsell]]'s [[SR Z class|Z class]] [[Tank locomotive#Side tank|side-tank]] engines were first built in 1929 as a heavy shunting engine, 8 were built by 1930.

===United States===
[[File:B&O 0-8-0 locomotive 57 (1848).jpg|thumb|[[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] ''Memnon'' no. 57, an {{nowrap|0-8-0}} locomotive built in 1848]]
The 0-8-0 wheel arrangement appeared early in locomotive development in the United States, during the mid-1840s. The configuration became popular and was more commonly constructed as a tender locomotive. It saw extensive use as a heavy switcher and freight engine.

Beginning in 1844, [[Ross Winans]] developed a series of 0-8-0 types for the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O), starting with a vertical-boiler design where the [[crankshaft]] was directly above and geared to the rear [[driving wheel]].<ref>Ross Winas, Locomotive, {{US patent|3201}}, granted July 28, 1843.</ref>  With a horizontal boiler, this became the ''Mud Digger'' class of engines on the B&O, of which twelve were built. In late 1847, the B&O moved to abandon geared drives and, in 1848, [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] delivered the first of a series of {{nowrap|0-8-0}} freight engines.<ref>J. Snowden Bell, Chapter IV: The Eight-Wheel Connected Freight Engines -- Type 0-8-0, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dlpAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55 The Early Motive Power of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad] Sinclair, New York, 1912; pages 55-86.</ref>

The [[USRA 0-8-0]] was a [[USRA standard]] class, designed by the [[United States Railroad Administration]] during [[World War I]]. This was the standard heavy [[switcher locomotive]] of the USRA types, of which 175 examples were built by [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]], [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] and [[Lima Locomotive Works|Lima]] for many different railroads in the United States. After the dissolution of the USRA in 1920, an additional 1,200 examples of the USRA 0-8-0 were built.

In the 1920s, the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] wanted the best motive power possible to handle the switching chores at their yards and interchanges. Built in its own [[Altoona Works|Juniata Shops]], the [[Pennsylvania Railroad class C1]], at 278,000 lb, was the heaviest two-cylinder 0-8-0 switcher ever produced. The calculated tractive effort was 76,154 lb.

The last steam locomotive to be built in the United States for a [[Railroad classes#Class I|Class I railroad]] was 0-8-0 no. 244, a Class S1 switch engine erected by the [[Norfolk and Western Railway|Norfolk and Western]]'s [[Roanoke Shops]] in December 1953.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Morgan |first=David |date=November 1954 |title=''FAITH IN STEAM the story of Norfolk & Western locomotives'' |magazine=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] |publisher=[[Kalmbach Media|Kalmbach Publishing Company]]}}</ref> It was retired in March 1958.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.lner.info/locos/Q/q.shtml LNER 0-8-0 locomotives] in a catalogue of LNER locomotive types
*  [https://web.archive.org/web/20050313181834/http://www.trains.com/Content/Dynamic/Articles/000/000/001/798rflcx.asp 0-8-0] - An article by Neil Carlson in Classic Trains magazine on the 0-8-0 type in North America
* [http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/russia14.htm Guide to the Moscow Railway Museum with a photo of Ov-841]
* [http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/russia03.htm Guide to Steam locomotives in St.Peterburg including phot of Ov 6640]
* [http://c2project.org/index.php?page=loco_history The C2 project class history]

{{Whyte types}}

[[Category:0-8-0 locomotives| ]]
[[Category:D locomotives| ]]
[[Category:Whyte notation|8,0-8-0]]