View source for 0-4-2

{{Short description|Locomotive wheel arrangement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox steam wheel arrangement
| name             = 0-4-2
| image            = WheelArrangement 0-4-2.svg
| alt              = Diagram of two large coupled wheels and a single small trailing wheel
| caption          = Front of locomotive at left
| image2           = Stephenson 0-4-2.jpg
| alt2             = 
| caption2         = The Stephenson 0-4-2, 1834
<!--Equivalent classifications-->
| hatnote          = 
| UIC/Germany/Italy= B1, B1’
| French/Spanish   = 021
| Turkish          = 23
| Swiss            = 2/3
| Russian          = 0-2-1
<!--First tank engine version-->
| date             = {{Circa|1860s}}
| country          = United Kingdom
| locomotive       = 
| railway          = 
| designer         = 
| builder          = 
| evolvedfrom      = 
| evolvedto        = 
| mainbenefit      = 
| maindrawback     = 
<!--First tender engine version-->
| date2            = 1834
| country2         = United Kingdom
| locomotive2      = 
| railway2         = [[Stanhope and Tyne Railway]]
| designer2        = [[Robert Stephenson]]
| builder2         = [[Robert Stephenson and Company]]
| evolvedfrom2     = 
| evolvedto2       = 
| mainbenefit2     = Better adhesion than the {{whyte|2-2-2}}
| maindrawback2    = 
<!--First "True type" version-->
| date3            = 
| country3         = 
| locomotive3      = 
| railway3         = 
| designer3        = 
| builder3         = 
| evolvedfrom3     = 
| evolvedto3       = 
| mainbenefit3     = 
| maindrawback3    = 
}}

Under the [[Whyte notation]] for the classification of [[steam locomotive]]s, '''{{whyte|0-4-2}}''' represents the [[wheel arrangement]] with no [[leading wheel]]s, four powered and coupled [[driving wheel]]s on two axles and two [[trailing wheel]]s on one axle. While the first locomotives of this wheel arrangement were tender engines, the configuration was later often used for [[tank engine]]s, which is noted by adding letter suffixes to the configuration, such as {{whyte|0-4-2|T}} for a conventional side-tank locomotive, {{whyte|0-4-2|ST}} for a saddle-tank locomotive, {{whyte|0-4-2|WT}} for a well-tank locomotive and {{whyte|0-4-2|RT}} for a [[rack railway|rack-equipped]] tank locomotive.

==Overview==
The earliest recorded {{whyte|0-4-2}} locomotives were three goods engines built by [[Robert Stephenson and Company]] for the [[Stanhope and Tyne Railway]] in 1834.<ref>Science Museum, The British Railway Locomotive 1803-1853, H.M.S.O., 1958. p.13.</ref>

[[File:Train Liverpool Manchester.jpg|thumb|left|[[LMR 57 Lion|LMR 57 ''Lion'']]]]
The first locomotive built in Germany in 1838, the ''[[Saxonia (locomotive)|Saxonia]]'', was also an {{whyte|0-4-2}}. In the same year [[Kitson and Company|Todd, Kitson & Laird]] built two examples for the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]], one of which, [[LMR 57 Lion]], has been preserved. The Lion had a top speed of {{convert|45|mph|abbr=off}} and could pull up to {{convert|200|LT|MT ST|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tufnell|first1=Robert|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Railway Locomotives|date=1986|publisher=[[Chartwell Books]]|isbn=9781555210861}}</ref>

Over the next quarter of a century, the type was adopted by many early British railways for freight haulage since it afforded greater adhesion than the contemporary {{whyte|2-2-2}} passenger configuration, although in time they were also used for [[mixed-traffic locomotive|mixed-traffic]] duties.

==Usage==

===Austria===
The [[Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway]] (Kaiser Ferdinands-Nordbahn) acquired the locomotives [[KFNB Minotaurus and Ajax|''Minotaurus'' and ''Ajax'']] from the British manufacturer [[Jones, Turner and Evans]] in 1841, to work the line between [[Vienna]] and [[Stockerau]]. The locomotive ''Ajax'' has been preserved at the [[Vienna Technical Museum]] since 1992 and is described as the oldest preserved steam locomotive on the European continent.<ref>[http://www.technischesmuseum.at/object/dampflokomotive-ajax Steam locomotive Ajax] [[Vienna Technical Museum]]</ref>

===Finland===
In Finland, the 0-4-2 wheel arrangement was represented by the Classes B1 and B2.

The [[Finnish Steam Locomotive Class B1]] is an 0-4-2ST locomotive, built from 1868 to 1890 by [[Beyer, Peacock and Company]] at Gorton Foundry in [[Manchester]], England.

===Hawaii===
[[File:RR28.1999 No. 3 Olomana Side.JPG|thumb|The ''Olomana'']]
Although the type was not used by any major railroads in North America, [[HK Porter]] and the [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] produced many small tank locomotives of this type for industrial and plantation work. The {{whyte|0-4-2|ST}} [[Olomana (locomotive)|''Olomana'']], built by Baldwin in 1883, arrived in the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] in August 1883 after a two-month journey around [[Cape Horn]]. It was owned by Waimanalo Sugar Company on the island of [[Oahu]] and hauled cane from the fields to its refinery.<ref>[http://www.ironhorse129.com/projects/engines/Olomana/olomana.htm Ironhorse129.com] (Accessed on 7 September 2016)</ref><ref name="nmah">{{cite web |title=The Olomana (1883) |work=The Great Locomotive Switch |publisher=[[National Museum of American History]] |year=1999 |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/locomove/locooh.htm |access-date=22 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813160615/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/locomove/locooh.htm |archive-date=13 August 2008}}</ref>

===Indonesia===
[[File:B2502 Locomotive - Amabarawa - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|left|B25-02 Steam Locomotive at Ambarawa Railway Museum]]
In 1905, the [[Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij|''Nederlandsch Indische Spoorweg'' ''Maatschappij'']] (NIS) opened a line between [[Yogyakarta]] and [[Ambarawa]] via [[Magelang]] to facilitate the mobilization of [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army|Royal Dutch East Indies Army]] (KNIL) forces from Fort Willem I, line between Secang–Kedungjati passed a hilly region which requiring [[rack railway]] because of the 6.5% gradients. So, the NIS ordered 5 units of 0-4-2[[Rack railway|R]][[Tank locomotive|Ts]] wood burning NIS Class 230s that were came in 1902 and 1906 from [[Maschinenfabrik Esslingen]], [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oegema |first=J. J. G. |title=De Stoomtractie op Java en Sumatra |publisher=Kluwer Technische Boeken, B. V. |year=1982 |isbn=9789020115208 |language=Dutch}}</ref> They were four-cylinder [[compound locomotive]]s with two of the cylinders working the [[pinion]] wheels.

During [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies]] in 1942, all of Dutch East Indies railways locomotives had been renumbered, for all NIS Class 230s were changed to B25, from five of them only three left. There are two examples of B25 class locomotive still in operation, namely B25-02 and B25-03. Both were based in [[Ambarawa]], where they have served for more than a hundred years. Locomotive B25-01 may also still be found as static display at the entrance to the [[Ambarawa Railway Museum]].

On the island of [[Sumatra]], there are some larger cousins of this class being used for hauling coal trains, namely the D18 and E10 classes.

===New Zealand===
[[File:Silver Stream Railway - 2002-03-06 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[NZR C class (1873)|NZR C class of 1873]]]]
The 0-4-2T arrangement was used by two [[Locomotives of New Zealand|classes of locomotives]] operated by the [[New Zealand Railways Department]]. The first was the [[NZR C class (1873)|C class of 1873]], originally built as an [[0-4-0]]T. The class was found to be unstable at speeds higher than {{convert|15|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, so by 1880 all members of the class had been converted to 0-4-2T to rectify this problem.

The second and more notable 0-4-2T class, and the only one actually built as 0-4-2T, was the unique [[NZR H class|H class]] designed to operate the [[Rimutaka Incline]] on the [[Wairarapa Line]]. The incline's steep gradient necessitated the use of the [[Fell mountain railway system]], and the six members of the H class spent their entire lives operating trains on the Incline.  Except for a few brief experiments with other classes, the H class had exclusive use of the Incline from their introduction in 1875 until the Incline's closure in 1955. Class leader, H 199, is preserved on static display at the [[Fell Engine Museum]] in [[Featherston, New Zealand|Featherston]] and is the only extant Fell locomotive in the world.

The 0-4-2T arrangement was also employed for steam locomotives operated by small private industrial railways and [[tramway (mineral)|bush and mineral tramways]].  One such locomotive, built by [[Peckett and Sons]] in 1957, is currently operational on the Heritage Park Railway, Whangarei. It is one of four such locomotives imported from Peckett, and was the last steam locomotive imported into New Zealand before [[dieselization]].

Two others worked alongside her and are preserved, whilst the fourth was owned by a forestry railway, who converted it to a diesel locomotive.

===South Africa===

====Standard gauge====
[[File:CWR Blackie (0-4-2T).JPG|thumb|[[Cape Town Railway & Dock 0-4-0T|''Blackie'']] plinthed at [[Cape Town railway station]]]]
In September 1859, Messrs. E. & J. Pickering, contractors to the Cape Town Railway & Dock Company for the construction of the Cape Town-Wellington Railway, imported a small {{whyte|0-4-0|S}} steam locomotive from England for use during the construction of the railway. This was the first locomotive in South Africa. In {{Circa|1874}}, the locomotive was rebuilt to a {{whyte|0-4-2|T}} configuration before it was shipped to [[Port Alfred]], where it served as construction locomotive on the banks of the Kowie river and was [[Cape Town Railway & Dock 0-4-0T|nicknamed ''Blackie'']]. It has been declared a [[Heritage objects (South Africa)|heritage object]] and was plinthed in the main concourse of Cape Town station.<ref name="Holland 1">{{Holland-Vol 1|pages=11–15, 18, 23}}</ref><ref name="Littley">''Blackie'', Article by D. Littley, SA Rail September–October 1989, Published by RSSA, p. 133.</ref>

In 1860, the Cape Town Railway & Dock Company took delivery of [[Cape Town Railway & Dock 0-4-2|eight standard gauge tender locomotives]] with an {{whyte|0-4-2}} wheel arrangement for service on the [[Cape Town]]-[[Wellington, Western Cape|Wellington]] Railway, which was still under construction. They remained in service on this line while it was being [[Track gauge conversion|converted]] to [[Dual gauge|dual]] standard-and-[[Cape gauge]]s from around 1872 and were only retired in 1881, when sufficient Cape gauge locomotives were in service.<ref name="Holland 1"/>

====Cape gauge====
Two {{Track gauge|Cape|allk=on}} tank engine classes of this wheel arrangement were supplied to the [[Netherlands-South African Railway Company|Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij]] (NZASM) by Maschinenfabriek Esslingen and Breda, Nederland between 1890 and 1894.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>

[[File:NZASM 19 Tonner 0-4-2T no. 17.jpg|thumb|[[NZASM 19 Tonner 0-4-2T|NZASM 19 Tonner]] no. 17]]
* The earlier class of twenty-four [[NZASM 19 Tonner 0-4-2T|19 Tonner]] locomotives, built by [[Maschinenfabriek Esslingen]] and [[:nl:Machinefabriek Breda#Ontstaan, Fabrieksnaam|{{nowrap|Machinefabriek Breda v/h Backer & Rueb}}]], were delivered between 1890 and 1892. Between 1906 and 1909, while in Central South African Railways (CSAR) service, ten of them were converted to rail motor engines for use on suburban services. In 1912, these locomotives were taken onto the South African Railways (SAR) roster as obsolete unclassified locomotives.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="SAR Renumber">Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, p. 2 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)</ref>
* The later class of four [[NZASM 32 Tonner 0-4-2RT|32 Tonner]] rack locomotives, built by Esslingen in 1894 and 1897, was equipped with [[pinion]]s for use on the [[rack railway]] section between [[Waterval Onder]] and [[Waterval Boven]] in the eastern [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]]. They survived through the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) and CSAR eras and, even though the rack section was removed in 1908, they were still in service in 1912 when they were taken onto the SAR roster as obsolete unclassified locomotives.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne">{{Paxton-Bourne|pages=20-25, 98-101, 110}}</ref><ref name="SAR Renumber"/>

====Narrow gauges====
[[File:SAR Class NG2 (0-4-2ST) as built.jpg|thumb|left|[[South African Class NG2 0-4-2ST|SAR Class NG2]]]]
Between 1897 and 1901, several 0-4-2 saddle tank steam locomotives, built for {{RailGauge|600mm}} narrow gauge by [[Dickson Manufacturing Company]] of Scranton in Pennsylvania, were delivered to various gold mines on the Witwatersrand by [[Orenstein & Koppel|Arthur Koppel]], acting as importing agents. In 1915, when an urgent need arose for additional locomotives in [[Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika]] during [[World War I]], two of these {{whyte|0-4-2|ST}} locomotives were purchased second-hand by the SAR for use on the narrow gauge lines in that territory. The two locomotives remained in South West Africa after the war and were later designated [[South African Class NG2 0-4-2T|Class NG2]] on the SAR.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Middleton">Information supplied by John N. Middleton</ref><ref name="diagram-book">South African Railways and Harbours Narrow Gauge Locomotive Diagram Book, 2’0" Gauge, S.A.R. Mechanical Dept. Drawing Office, Pretoria, 28 November 1932</ref>

[[File:NCC Pioneer 0-4-0ST b.jpg|thumb|[[Namaqualand 0-4-2ST Pioneer|''Pioneer'']] derailed outside [[O'okiep]] after a Boer commando attack]]
The Namaqua Copper Company's first {{RailGauge|2ft6in|lk=on}} gauge locomotive, acquired in 1901, was a [[Dick, Kerr & Co.]] built {{whyte|0-4-2|ST}} [[Namaqualand 0-4-2ST Pioneer|named ''Pioneer'']] which was rebuilt from the {{whyte|0-4-0|ST}} configuration, possibly due to the additional weight of fuel tanks which were installed under the cab when it was converted to use fuel oil. The company also operated four more {{whyte|0-4-2|T}} locomotives, one 9 Ton and three 12 Ton, possibly also acquired from Dick, Kerr & Company.<ref name="Bagshawe">{{Bagshawe|pages=25–28, 35–40}}</ref>

In 1904, a single {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} gauge {{whyte|0-4-2|IST}} locomotive [[Namaqualand 0-4-2IST Caledonia|named ''Caledonia'']] was placed in service by the Cape Copper Company as a shunting engine at [[O'okiep]] in the Cape Colony.<ref name="Bagshawe"/>

In 1905, the Cape Copper Company also placed a single {{whyte|0-4-2|T}} locomotive [[Namaqualand 0-4-2T Britannia|named ''Britannia'']] in service as a shunting engine at [[Port Nolloth]] in the Cape Colony.<ref name="Bagshawe"/>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:4866 Didcot (1).jpg|thumb|right|[[GWR 1400 Class]] No. 4866 at [[Didcot Railway Centre]]]]
From the mid-1860s onwards, the {{whyte|0-4-2}} wheel arrangement tended only to be used on tank engines in the United Kingdom. Exceptions were in Scotland on the [[Caledonian Railway|Caledonian]] and [[Glasgow and South Western Railway|Glasgow and South Western]] railways and in southern England on the [[London, Brighton and South Coast Railway]] (LB&SCR) and the [[London and South Western Railway]]. The LB&SCR uniquely built express passenger {{whyte|0-4-2}} tender classes until 1891.

[[File:LBSCR Stroudley D class 0-4-2 tank locomotive (Howden, Boys' Book of Locomotives, 1907).jpg|thumb|left|Stroudley's D-tank]]
From 1868, the Great Western Railway built a number of [[standard gauge]] {{whyte|0-4-2|T}} classes for [[branch line]] passenger work to a design known as the [[GWR 517 Class|517 class]] by [[George Armstrong (engineer)|engineer George Armstrong]]. This design was developed until the [[GWR 1400 Class]] was built between 1932 and 1936, designed for [[Push-pull train|push-pull autotrains]]. These were the last British examples of this wheel arrangement. Four of them have been preserved.

[[William Stroudley]] of the LB&SCR built four very successful {{whyte|0-4-2}} classes, three tenders and one tank, between 1873 and 1891. The first of these was his powerful [[LB&SCR D1 class|D-tank]] for suburban passenger work. By 1887, 125 of these had been built, some of which survived in service until 1951. However, the most famous {{whyte|0-4-2}} class were his [[LB&SCR B1 class|Gladstone class]] express passenger locomotives, the first of which has been preserved.

{{clear left}}

===United States===
The Caspar, South Fork & Eastern Railroad used locomotive number two "Daisey", an 1885 Baldwin {{whyte|0-4-2|T}} locomotive hauling if its logging operations in its early days (Baldwin builder number 7558). That locomotive still survives and is on display next to the Skunk Train depot on Laurel Street in Fort Bragg. 

Viewing the locomotive is free to the public in the little mall next door to the train depot. There is also an {{TrackGauge|18in}} gauge {{whyte|0-4-0|T}} locomotive on display. That locomotive is [[California Western Railroad]] locomotive number 1 (was assembled in 1875 by a smaller locomotive manufacture, but serial numbers on the frame point to the Baldwin locomotive works).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Whyte types}}

[[Category:0-4-2 locomotives| ]]
[[Category:B1 locomotives| ]]
[[Category:Whyte notation|4,0-4-2]]