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{{short description|Latin letter A with circumflex}}
{{for|the Cyrillic letter|A with circumflex (Cyrillic)}}
[[File:Latin letter A with circumflex.svg|thumb|Latin letter A with circumflex]]
'''Â''', '''â''' ([[a]]-[[circumflex]]) is a letter of the [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sami]], [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sami]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] and [[Mizo language|Mizo]] alphabets. This letter also appears in [[French language|French]], [[Friulian language|Friulian]], [[West Frisian language|Frisian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Walloon language|Walloon]], and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] languages as a variant of the letter "[[a]]". It is included in some [[romanization]] systems for [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]], [[Sasak language|Sasak]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].

== Berber languages ==
"â" can be used in [[Berber Latin alphabet]] to represent {{IPAblink|ʕ}}.

== Emilian-Romagnol ==
Â is used to represent [aː] in [[Emilian dialect|Emilian]] dialects, as in Bolognese ''câna'' [kaːna] "cane".

== Faroese ==
{{ILL|Johan Henrik Schrøter|fo}}, who translated the [[Gospel of Matthew]] into [[Faroese language|Faroese]] in 1823, used â to denote a non-syllabic a, as in the following example:

{| class="wikitable"
!Schrøter 1817
!Modern Faroese
|-
|lang="fo"|Brinhlid situr uj gjiltan Stouli,<br />Teâ hit veâna Vujv,<br />Drevur hoon Sjúra eâv Nordlondun<br />Uj Hildarhaj tiil sujn.
|lang="fo"|Brynhild situr í gyltum stóli,<br />tað hitt væna vív,<br />dregur hon Sjúrða av Norðlondum<br />í Hildarheið til sín.
|}

Â is not used in modern Faroese, however.

== French ==
{{angbr|â}}, in the [[French language]], is used as the letter {{angbr|a}} with a circumflex accent. It is a remnant of [[Old French]], where the vowel was followed, with some exceptions, by the consonant {{angbr|s}}. For example, the modern form ''bâton'' ({{langx|en|stick}}) comes from the Old French ''baston''. Phonetically, {{angbr|â}} is traditionally pronounced as {{IPAslink|ɑ}}, but is nowadays rarely distinguished from {{IPAslink|a}} in many dialects such as in [[Parisian French]]. However, the traditional {{angbr|â}} is still pronounced this way in [[Quebec French|Québecois French]] or [[Canadian French]], which is known to resemble the phonetics of the [[Old French]] accent, and is widely spoken by [[French Canadians]], the majority of whom live in the province of [[Quebec|Québec]].

In [[Maghreb French]], {{angbr|â}} is used to transcribe the Arabic consonant {{angbr|[[Ayin|ع]]}} {{IPAslink|ʕ}}, whose pronunciation is close to a non-syllabic {{IPA|[ɑ̯]}}.

== Friulian ==
Â is used to represent the {{IPA|/ɑː/}} sound.

==Inari Sami==
Â is used to represent the {{IPAslink|ɐ}} sound.

== Italian ==
Â is occasionally used to represent the sound {{IPAslink|aː}} in words like ''amâr'', a [[poetic contraction]] of ''amarono'' (they loved).

== Khmer ==
Â is used in the [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]] romanization system to represent the {{IPAslink|ɑː}} sound in [[Khmer language|Khmer]].

== Persian ==
Â is used in the [[romanization of Persian]] to represent the sound {{IPAslink|ɒ}} in words such as Fârs.

== Portuguese ==
In Portuguese, â is used to mark a stressed {{IPAslink|ɐ}} in words whose stressed syllable is nasal and in an unpredictable location within the word, as in "lâmina" (blade) and "âmbar" (amber). Where the location of the stressed syllable is predictable, such as in "ando" (I walk), the circumflex accent is not used. Â {{IPAslink|ɐ}} contrasts with á, pronounced {{IPAslink|a}}.

== Romanian ==
Â is the 3rd letter of the [[Romanian alphabet]] and represents {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, which is also represented in Romanian as letter [[î#Romanian|î]]. The difference between the two is that â is used in the middle of the word, as in "România", while î is used at the beginning and at the ends: "înțelegere" (understanding), "a urî" (to hate). A compound word starting with the letter î will retain it, even if it goes in the middle of the word: compare "înțelegere" (understanding) with "neînțelegere" (misunderstanding). However, if a suffix is added, the î changes into â, as in the example: "a urî" (to hate), "urât" (hated). Another grapheme <a> in Romanian with diacritic is <[[ă#Romanian|ă]]>.

== Russian ==
Â is used in the [[ISO 9|ISO 9:1995]] system of [[Romanization of Russian|Russian transliteration]] as the letter [[Я]].

== Serbo-Croatian ==
In all standard varieties of [[Serbo-Croatian]], "â" is not a letter but simply an "a" with the circumflex that denotes [[vowel length]]. It is used only occasionally and then disambiguates [[homograph]]s, which differ only by syllable length. That is most common in the plural [[genitive case]] and so it is also called "genitive sign": "Ja sam sâm" ({{langx|en|I am alone}}).

== Sicilian ==
Â is used to represent [aː] in [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], as in the preposition ''{{Lang|scn|pâ}}'' [paː] "for the".

== Turkish ==
Â is used to indicate the consonant before "a" is [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]], as in "kâr" (''profit''). It is also used to indicate {{IPA|/aː/}} in words for which the long vowel changes the meaning, as in "adet" (''pieces'') and "âdet" (''tradition'') / "hala" (''aunt'') and "hâlâ" (''still'').

In religious contexts, â (like î and û) is sometimes used to correspond to Arabic long vowels ([[Aladdin (name)|Alâeddîn]], [[Ṣād (surah)|Sâd Sûresî]], etc.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alâeddîn Arabî Efendi |url=https://ehlisunnetbuyukleri.com/Evliyalar-Ansiklopedisi/Detay/Turkiye-Istanbul-ALAEDDIN-ARABI-EFENDI/276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sâd Sûresî |url=https://www.islamiokul.com/kutuphane/kuran/v2/tibyan-tefsiri/index_web/038.htm}}</ref>

== Ukrainian ==
Â is used in the [[ISO 9|ISO 9:1995]] system of [[Ukrainian transliteration]] to represent the letter [[Я]].

== Vietnamese ==
Â is the 3rd letter of the [[Vietnamese alphabet]] and represents {{IPA|/ɜ/}}.  ''â'' {{IPA|/ɜ/}} is a higher vowel than plain ''a'' {{IPAslink|ɑ}}.  In [[Vietnamese phonology]], diacritics can be added to form five forms to represent five [[Vietnamese phonology#Tone|tones]] of â:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modified Letters {{!}} Vietnamese Typography |url=https://vietnamesetypography.com/modified-letters/#acircumflex |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=vietnamesetypography.com}}</ref>
* Ầ ầ
* Ẩ ẩ
* Ẫ ẫ
* Ấ ấ
* Ậ ậ

== Welsh ==
In [[Welsh language|Welsh]], ''â'' is used to represent long [[stress (linguistics)|stressed]] ''a'' {{IPA|cy|aː|}} when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short {{IPA|cy|a|}}, e.g., ''âr'' {{IPA|cy|aːr|}} "arable", as opposed to ''ar'' {{IPA|cy|ar|}} "on"; or ''gwâr'' {{IPA|cy|ɡwaːr|}} "civilised, humane", rather than ''gwar'' {{IPA|cy|ɡwar|}} "nape of the neck". It is often found in final syllables where two adjacent ''a'' letters combine to produce a long stressed vowel. This commonly happens when a [[verb stem]] ending in stressed ''a'' combines with the [[nominalisation|nominalising]] suffix ''-ad'', as in {{lang|cy|caniata-}} + ''-ad'' giving {{lang|cy|caniatâd}} {{IPA|cy|kanjaˈtaːd|}} "permission",  and also when a singular noun ending in ''a'' receives the plural suffix ''-au'', as in ''drama'' + ''-au'' becoming ''dramâu'' {{IPA|cy|draˈmaɨ, draˈmai|}} "dramas, plays". It is also useful in writing borrowed words with final stress, e.g. {{lang|cy|brigâd}} {{IPA|cy|brɪˈɡaːd|}} "brigade".

A circumflex is also used in the word ''â'', which is both a [[preposition]], meaning "with, by means of, as", and the [[Literary Welsh morphology#Mynd, gwneud, cael, and dod|third person non-past singular]] of the [[verbal noun]] ''mynd'', "go". This distinguishes it in writing from the similarly pronounced ''a'', meaning "and; whether; who, which, that".

==In Unicode==
* {{unichar|00C2|html=}}
* {{unichar|00E2|html=}}

== Windows Alt Key codes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|Â
|Alt
| +
|0194
|-
|â
|Alt
| +
|0226
|}
Source: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://symbolcodes.tlt.psu.edu/accents/codealt.html|title=Windows Alt Key Codes|last=Pyatt|first=Elizabeth J.|website=symbolcodes.tlt.psu.edu|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-date=2016-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102230224/http://symbolcodes.tlt.psu.edu/accents/codealt.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==TeX and LaTeX==
Â and â are obtained by the commands \^A and \^a.

== In encoding mismatches ==
In a common example of [[mojibake]], the capital ''Â'' is sometimes seen on webpages when the page has been encoded in [[UTF-8]] and decoded using [[ISO 8859-1]] or [[Windows-1252]], two encodings which are commonly referred to as ''Western'' or ''Western European''. In UTF-8, the copyright symbol (©) is encoded with the [[hexadecimal]] [[byte]]s <code>C2 A9</code>. In the older Western encoding standards, however, the © symbol is simply <code>A9</code>. If a [[Web browser|browser]] is given the bytes <code>C2 A9</code>, intended to display © in UTF-8, but is led to parse the bytes according to one of the Western encodings, it will interpret the bytes <code>C2 A9</code> as two separate characters. <code>C2</code> corresponds to Â, as seen in the chart above, and <code>A9</code> devolves to the © symbol, so the result seen by the person reading the page is <code>Â©</code>—that is, the correct © symbol but with an Â prepended. Characters with Unicode code points from <code>A0</code> to <code>BF</code> have UTF-8 encodings that are identical to their Western encodings but preceded by the byte <code>C2</code>, so that when any of these characters is encoded in UTF-8 and viewed in a Western encoding, an Â will appear before it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42966981/special-character-%c3%82-inserted-before-copyright-symbol|title=Special character 'Â' inserted before copyright symbol|website=Stack Overflow|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1461907/html-encoding-issues-%C3%82-character-showing-up-instead-of-nbsp|title=HTML encoding issues - "Â" character showing up instead of "&nbsp;"|website=Stack Overflow|access-date=2023-05-28}}</ref>

==Character mappings==

{{charmap
| 00C2 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter A with Circumflex
| 00E2 | name2 = Latin Small Letter A with Circumflex
| map1 = [[ISO 8859]]-[[ISO 8859-1|1]]/[[ISO 8859-2|2]]/[[ISO 8859-3|3]]/[[ISO 8859-4|4]]/[[ISO 8859-9|9]]/[[ISO 8859-10|10]]/[[ISO 8859-14|14]]/[[ISO 8859-15|15]]/[[ISO 8859-16|16]] | map1char1 = C2 | map1char2 = E2
}}

==See also==
* [[Circumflex]]

{{Latin script}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:A}}
[[Category:Latin letters with diacritics|A-circumflex]]
[[Category:Romanian language]]