Yŏngŭijŏng

File:The appointment certificate of the Ha Yeon's Prime Minister(Joseon Dynasty).jpg

The appointment certificate of the Ha Yeon's Prime Minister

The Yŏngŭijŏng (Template:Korean/auto) or Chief State Councilor was a member of the State Council of Joseon and the highest government position in the Joseon period of Korean history. The Yŏngŭijŏng held roles similar to a modern-day prime minister of a presidential system. As the senior member of the Chief State Council, the Yŏngŭijŏng participated in the administration of general government affairs alongside the Chwaŭijŏng and Uŭijŏng.

The title was created in 1400 with the creation of the State Council. Existing for over 500 years, the function was handed over in 1895 during the Kabo Reform to the newly-formed position of the Prime Minister of the Korean Empire. Only one official, usually an elder who had previously served as Chwaŭijŏng, was allowed to assume the position of Yŏngŭijŏng. The Yŏngŭijŏng was also referred to as Yŏngsang (; ; lit. leading minister of stateTemplate:Category handler), Sangsang (; ; lit. upper minister of stateTemplate:Category handler), Sugyu (; ; lit. head premierTemplate:Category handler) or Wŏnbo (; ; lit. primary assistantTemplate:Category handler).

Although the title of Yŏngŭijŏng was legally defined as the highest post in charge of all state affairs, its practical roles and powers shifted drastically throughout history as the roles of the State Council were not clearly defined in the Kyŏngguk taejŏn. During the early years of Joseon, the Yŏngŭijŏng saw limited roles in government as the Six Ministries reported directly to the king.

History

Establishment

Upon its founding in 1392, the state of Joseon initially inherited the state structure of its predecessor Goryeo (918–1392). In 1400, the second year of his reign, King Jeongjong reformed the Template:Ill ("Privy Council"), which was previously the supreme administrative body of the Goryeo dynasty, to the State Council. The head of the State Council was given the title "Yŏngŭijŏng pusa" (; Template:Category handler). As both functions of State Council got stronger, and its system was further revised, "Yŏngŭijŏng pusa" was renamed to "Yŏngŭijŏng" in a firm establishment of the office.

In 1466, the position was officially put in statutory form with the finalization of the Kyŏngguk taejŏn. The Yeongjuijeong title was generally conferred on a senior minister who had previously served as Chwaŭijŏng (Left State Councilor), a post immediately below that of Yŏngŭijŏng, but higher than that of Uŭijŏng (Right State Councillor). The three councilors were collectively known as the "Chŏngsŭng" (; Template:Category handler), or "Samŭijŏng" (; ; lit. Three High CouncillorsTemplate:Category handler).

Changes in the role

Until April 1436, the 18th year of Sejong the Great's reign, Chwaŭijŏng and Uŭijŏng concurrently served as Panijosa (判吏曹事) and Panbyeongjosa (判兵曹事) respectively, so that they governed personnel affairs of yangban (the literary and military nobility).

Yŏngŭijŏng continued to exist as an honorary post, and so only managed to contemplate and adjust diplomatic documents or re-examine the cases of condemned people.

However, when Hwang Hŭi was appointed as "Yŏngŭijŏng pusa" in that same year, Sejong modified the government system to strengthen the power of Chŏngsŭng from the Six Ministries centered system. With the reform, Sejong noted that a situation in which three highest senior advisors could not participate in the state affairs contravened the original intention to have them as the high state councillors.

During the reform, Six Ministries conferred with State Council regarding the responsibilities of each minister. State Council discussed legitimacy of the issues, and then reported to the king. After receiving an approval from the king, State Council returned to Yujo to enact the assigned affairs. As a result, Yŏngŭijŏng came to participate more actively in the representative work as the head of State Council. However, other ministerial duities, such as those of the ministries Template:Ill and Template:Ill (Ministry of Military Affairs) to implement personnel management, Pyongjo's mobilization of soldiers, Template:Ill (Ministry of Punishments)'s right to handle all criminals other than condemned people, were still directly operated by the related ministers.

When Prince Suyang usurped the place of his nephew, King Danjong, the function of Yŏngŭijŏng was relegated to its previous powerless position. This was because when the King Sejo was still a prince, his actions were greatly restricted by his political rivals, Yŏngŭijŏng, Hwangbo In and Chwaŭijŏng, Kim Chongsŏ. So during the reigns of King Seongjong and Jungjong, there were several proposals to restore the former powers of State Council, but those suggestions were not implemented.

Major affairs of the state were discussed when Bibyeonsa was established in 1558 (during the 10th year of King Myeongjong's reign). The three High Councillors attended meetings only as "Tojejo" (Supreme Commissioner). So the power of Yŏngŭijŏng tended to be increased or decreased, depending on the political atmosphere of the times, such as the degree of the king's power, the relationship between State Council and Six Ministries, the establishment of the Border Defense Council, the later administration of Kyujanggak (the Royal Library), the conflicts between political parties, and the advancement of "in-law government" (; Template:Category handler), among others. Regardless, the title "Yŏngŭijŏng" continued as the apex in the bureaucratic system throughout the entire Joseon period.

List of Joseon Yŏngŭijŏng

Monarch	Portrait	Name	Term of OfficeTemplate:Efn			Political Faction	Notes	Ref.
			Took Office	Left Office	Time in Office
Taejong (1400–1418)		Template:Ill 이서 李舒	31 August 1401	28 May 1402
		Template:Ill 이거이 李居易	28 May 1402	20 December 1402
		Template:Ill 성석린 成石璘	20 December 1402	3 May 1403
		Template:Ill 조준 趙浚	12 August 1403	21 July 1404			Cho Chun served as Left State Councilor from 21 July 1404 to 23 February 1405; he then served a second term as Yeonguijeong until his death on August 1 of the same year.
			23 February 1405	1 August 1405
		Sŏng Sŏngnin 성석린 成石璘	6 August 1405	15 August 1407
		Yi Hwa 이화 李和	15 August 1407	8 February 1408			Voluntarily retired on 8 February 1408
		Ha Ryun 하륜 河崙	March 17 1408	27 September 1409
		Yi Sŏ 이서 李舒	27 September 1409	26 November 1409
		Ha Ryun 하륜 河崙	26 November 1409	5 October 1412
		Sŏng Sŏngnin 성석린 成石璘	5 October 1412	15 May 1414
		Ha Ryun 하륜 河崙	15 May 1414	2 July 1415
		Sŏng Sŏngnin 성석린 成石璘	8 December 1415	29 June 1416
		Template:Ill 남재 南在	29 June 1416	29 November 1416
		Template:Ill 류정현 柳廷顯	29 November 1416	17 July 1418
	File:신재한상경영정.jpg	Template:Ill 한상경 韓尙敬	17 July 1418	11 October 1418			Taejong of Joseon abdicated from the throne on 18 September 1418.
Sejong (1418–1450)							-
		Sim On 심온 沈溫	11 October 1418	11 January 1419
		Ryu Chŏnghyŏn 류정현 柳廷顯	11 January 1419	8 October 1424
	File:성주이씨 영정 이직.jpg	Template:Ill 이직 李稷	8 October 1424	27 June 1426			While Yi Chik's position was transferred to Left State Councilor on 27 June 1426, the Veritable Records provide no mentions of his successor.
		Template:Ill (?) 구종길 仇宗吉	1426?	1431?			While Ku Chonggil is recorded to have served as Chief State Councilor from 1426 to 1431 in genealogy records, there are no mentions of him in any official annals of the Joseon dynasty.
	File:Hwang Hui.jpg	Hwang Hui 황희 黃喜	17 October 1431	30 October 1449			Longest-serving Chief State Councilor.
	File:하연(河演).jpg	Template:Ill 하연 河演	30 October 1449	18 August 1451			Sejong died on 8 April 1450.
Munjong (1450–1452)							-
		Hwangbo In 황보인 皇甫仁	29 November 1451	19 November 1453			Munjong died on 10 June 1452.
Danjong (1452–1455)							Hwangbo In was murdered on 19 November 1453 during Yi Yu, Grand Prince Suyang's coup against his nephew Danjong.
	File:세조 어진 초본.jpg	Yi Yu 이유 李瑈	20 November 1453	3 August 1455			On 3 August 1455, Yi Yu and his associates forcibly exiled Danjong's last supporters and abdicated the young king. He would assume the throne the same day.
File:세조 어진 초본.jpg Sejo (1455–1468)	File:學易齋鄭麟趾尊影.jpg	Chŏng Inji 정인지 鄭麟趾	3 August 1455	7 March 1458		Hungu
		Template:Ill 정창손 鄭昌孫	20 January 1459	31 January 1459		Hungu	Chŏng Ch'angson voluntarily resigned from Chief State Councilor, insisting that he complete his late mother's funeral rituals.
		Template:Ill 강맹경 姜孟卿	9 December 1459	4 June 1461		Hungu	Kang Maenggyong died on 4 June 1461.
		Chŏng Ch'angson 정창손 鄭昌孫	16 June 1461	16 June 1462		Hungu
	File:Shin Suk-ju.jpg	Sin Sukchu 신숙주 申叔舟	26 June 1462	9 June 1466		Hungu	The title Yeonguijeong-busa was renamed to Yeonguijeong during Sin Sukchu's first term as Chief State Councilor.
		Template:Ill 구치관 具致寬	9 June 1466	5 December 1466		Hungu
		Han Myŏnghoe 한명회 韓明澮	5 December 1466	18 May 1467		Hungu
		Template:Ill 황수신 黃守身	18 May 1467	30 June 1467		Hungu
		Template:Ill 심회 沈澮	30 June 1467	16 October 1467		Hungu
		Ch'oe Hang 최항 崔恒	16 October 1467	16 January 1468		Hungu
		Template:Ill 조석문 曺錫文	16 January 1468	13 August 1468		Hungu
		Template:Ill 이준 李浚	13 August 1468	12 January 1469			Sejo died on 2 October 1468
Yejong (1468–1470)							-
		Template:Ill 박원형 朴元亨	12 January 1469	12 February 1469		Hungu	Died in office
		Han Myŏnghoe 한명회 韓明澮	13 February 1469	6 October 1469		Hungu
		Hong Yunsŏng 홍윤성 洪允成	6 October 1469	15 May 1470		Hungu	Yejong died on 9 January 1470.
Seongjong (1470–1495)							-
		Template:Ill 윤자운 尹子雲	15 May 1470	13 December 1471		Hungu
	File:Shin Suk-ju.jpg	Sin Sukchu 신숙주 申叔舟	13 December 1471	1 August 1475		Hungu	Died in office
		Chŏng Ch'angson 정창손 鄭昌孫	11 August 1475	20 April 1485		Hungu	Voluntarily resigned from office.
		Template:Ill 윤필상 尹弼商	21 April 1485	16 December 1493		Hungu	Voluntarily resigned from office.
		Template:Ill 이극배 李克培	23 December 1493	23 April 1495		Hungu	Seongjong died on 29 January 1495.
Yeonsangun (1495–1506)							-
		Template:Ill 노사신 盧思愼	23 April 1495	12 or 13 October 1495		Hungu	Impeached and removed from office
		Template:Ill 신승선 愼承善	30 October 1495	10 May 1497		Hungu
		Template:Ill 한치형 韓致亨	18 May 1500	12 November 1502		Hungu	Died in office.
		Template:Ill 성준 成俊	10 February 1503	27 May 1504		Hungu
		Template:Ill 류순 柳洵	5 June 1504 (?)	19 November 1509		Hungu	Ryu Sun was likely appointed Chief State Councilor on 5 June 1504, when Right State Councilor Hŏ Ch'im was replaced with Pak Sungchil. Ryu is first mentioned as Chief State Councilor on 18 June.	Template:Ref needed
Jungjong (1506–1544)							Yeonsangun abdicated on 28 September 1506.
		Pak Wŏnjong 박원종 朴元宗	19 November 1509	23 April 1510		Hungu
		Template:Ill 김수동 金壽童	23 April 1510	27 August 1512		Hungu	Died in office
	File:Yu Sun jeong.jpg	Ryu Sunjŏng 류순정 柳順汀	24 November 1512	5 February 1513		Sarim	Died in office
		Sŏng Hŭian 성희안 成希顔	16 May 1513	6 September 1513		Hungu	Died in office
		Template:Ill 송질 宋軼	3 December 1513	16 August 1514		Hungu
		Ryu Sun 류순 柳洵	28 October 1514	17 May 1516		Hungu
		Template:Ill 정광필 鄭光弼	20 May 1516	17 January 1520		Hungu
		Template:Ill 김전 金詮	13 March 1520	9 March 1523		Sarim	Died in office
		Nam Kon 남곤 南袞	13 May 1523	20 April 1527		Sarim	Died in office
		Chŏng Kwangp'il 정광필 鄭光弼	24 November 1527	30 June 1533		Hungu
		Template:Ill 장순손 張順孫	30 June 1533	27 October 1534		Hungu	Died in office
		Template:Ill 한효원 韓效元	3 January 1535	11 February 1535		Hungu
		Template:Ill 김근사 金謹思	7 May 1535	11 December 1537		Hungu	Impeached and removed from office
		Template:Ill 윤은보 尹殷輔	13 December 1537	3 August 1544		Hungu	Died in office
Injong (1544–1545)		Template:Ill 홍언필 洪彦弼	4 February 1545 (?)	before 22 February 1545 (?)			Ambiguous records.Template:Efn
		Template:Ill 윤인경 尹仁鏡	26 February 1545	2 July 1548			Injong died on 17 August 1545.
Myeongjong (1545–1567)							-
		Hong Ŏnp'il 홍언필 洪彦弼	2 July 1548	7 March 1549			Died in office
		Yi Ki 이기 李芑	26 June 1549	28 September 1551
		Template:Ill 심연원 沈連源	2 October 1551	14 June 1558
		Template:Ill 상진 尙震	25 June 1558	19 February 1563
		Yun Wŏnhyŏng 윤원형 尹元衡	19 February 1563	19 September 1565
		Template:Ill 이준경 李浚慶	19 September 1565	30 June 1571		Sarim	Myeongjong died on 12 August 1567.
File:朝鮮宣祖.jpg Seonjo (1567–1608)							-
		Template:Ill 권철 權轍	3 May 1573	20 October 1573		Sarim
		Template:Ill 이탁 李鐸	26 October 1573	11 May 1574		Sarim
		Template:Ill 홍섬 洪暹	11 May 1574	4 September 1574		Sarim
		Kwŏn Ch'ŏl 권철 權轍	5 October 1574	August–September 1575		Sarim	Various records on specific dates of tenure during this period have been lost–see footnote.Template:Efn
		Hong Sŏm 홍섬 洪暹	August–September 1575	September–October 1576		Sarim
		Kwŏn Ch'ŏl 권철 權轍	September–October 1576	September–October 1578		Sarim	Died in office
		Hong Sŏm 홍섬 洪暹	December 1578–January 1579	March–April 1579		Sarim
	File:사암 박순 초상화.jpg	Template:Ill 박순 朴淳	March–April 1579	January–February 1585		Westerner
		Template:Ill 노수신 盧守愼	May–June 1585	June–July 1588		Easterner
		Template:Ill 류전 柳琠	March–April 1589	5 December 1589		Sarim	Died in office
	File:Yi San-hae.jpg	Yi Sanhae 이산해 李山海	Unknown	June–July 1592		Northerner
		Yu Sŏngnyong 류성룡 柳成龍	June–July 1592	July–August 1592		Southerner
		Template:Ill 최흥원 崔興源	July–August 1592	17 November 1593		Southerner
		Yu Sŏngnyong 류성룡 柳成龍	19 November 1593	6 November 1598		Southerner
	File:Yi Won-ik.jpg	Template:Ill 이원익 李元翼	6 November 1598	17 July 1599		Southerner
	File:YunTusuPortrait.webp	Yun Tusu 윤두수 尹斗壽	13 September 1599	6 November 1599		Westerner
	File:Yi Won-ik.jpg	Template:Ill 이원익 李元翼	9 November 1599	before 29 February 1600		Southerner
	File:Yi San-hae.jpg	Yi Sanhae 이산해 李山海	7 March 1600	9 June 1600		Northerner
	File:AKR20191121034000005 03 i P4.jpg	Template:Ill 이항복 李恒福	26 July 1600	24 March 1602		Westerner
	File:이덕형.jpg	Template:Ill 이덕형 李德馨	26 March 1602	7 May 1604		Southerner
	File:AKR20191121034000005 03 i P4.jpg	Template:Ill 이항복 李恒福	16 May 1604	13 June 1604		Westerner
		Template:Ill 윤승훈 尹承勳	19 June 1604	15 January 1605		Southerner
		Template:Ill 류영경 柳永慶	24 January 1605	29 March 1608		Smaller Northerner	-
Gwanghaegun (1608–1623)
	File:Yi Won-ik.jpg	Template:Ill 이원익 李元翼	29 March 1608	10 September 1609		Southerner
	File:이덕형.jpg	Template:Ill 이덕형 李德馨	3 October 1609	30 September 1611		Southerner
	File:Yi Won-ik.jpg	Template:Ill 이원익 李元翼	30 September 1611	19 July 1612		Southerner
	File:이덕형.jpg	Template:Ill 이덕형 李德馨	4 September 1612	26 September 1613		Southerner
		Template:Ill 기자헌 奇自獻	27 February 1614	1 October 1617		Bigger Northerner
		Chŏng Inhong 정인홍 鄭仁弘	12 February 1618	26 April 1619		Bigger Northerner
		Template:Ill 박승종 朴承宗	26 April 1619	13 April 1623		Bigger Northerner
Injo (1623–1649)	File:Yi Won-ik.jpg	Template:Ill 이원익 李元翼	15 April 1623	29 March 1625		Southerner
			8 September 1625	23 January 1627
		Template:Ill 윤방 尹昉				Westerner
		Template:Ill 신흠 申欽				Westerner
		O Yun'gyŏm 오윤겸 吳允謙				Westerner
		Yun Pang 윤방 尹昉				Westerner
		Template:Ill 김류 金瑬				Westerner
		Template:Ill 이홍주 李弘胄				Westerner
		Ch'oe Myŏnggil 최명길 崔鳴吉				Westerner
		Template:Ill 홍서봉 洪瑞鳳				Westerner
		Template:Ill 이성구 李聖求				Westerner
		Ch'oe Myŏnggil 최명길 崔鳴吉				Westerner
		Template:Ill 신경진 申景禛				Westerner
		Template:Ill 심열 沈悅				Westerner
		Hong Sŏbong 홍서봉 洪瑞鳳				Westerner
		Kim Ryu 김류 金瑬				Westerner
		Hong Sŏbong 홍서봉 洪瑞鳳				Westerner
		Kim Ryu 김류 金瑬				Westerner
		Kim Chajŏm 김자점 金自點				Westerner
Hyojong (1649–1659)		Template:Ill 이경석 李景奭				Westerner
		Template:Ill 이경여 李敬與				Westerner
	File:Korea-Portrait of Kim Yuk-Joseon.jpg	Kim Yuk 김육 金堉				Westerner
		Template:Ill 정태화 鄭太和				Westerner
	File:이시백 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 이시백 李時白				Westerner
	File:Korea-Portrait of Kim Yuk-Joseon.jpg	Kim Yuk 김육 金堉				Westerner
	File:이시백 초상.jpg	Yi Sibaek 이시백 李時白				Westerner
		Chŏng T'aehwa 정태화 鄭太和				Westerner
		Template:Ill 심지원 沈之源				Westerner
		Chŏng T'aehwa 정태화 鄭太和				Westerner
Hyeonjong (1659–1674)		Template:Ill 홍명하 洪命夏				Westerner
		Chŏng T'aehwa 정태화 鄭太和				Westerner
	File:Ho Chok portrait.jpg	Hŏ Chŏk 허적 許積				Southerner
		Chŏng T'aehwa 정태화 鄭太和				Westerner
	File:Ho Chok portrait.jpg	Hŏ Chŏk 허적 許積				Southerner
		Template:Ill 김수흥 金壽興				Westerner
	File:Ho Chok portrait.jpg	Hŏ Chŏk 허적 許積				Southerner
File:Sukjong.jpg Sukjong (1674–1720)	File:Kim Soo-hang.gif	Template:Ill 김수항 金壽恒				Westerner
	File:작자 미상 남구만 초상 .jpg	Template:Ill 남구만 南九萬				Westerner
		Kim Suhŭng 김수흥 金壽興				Westerner
		Template:Ill 여성제 呂聖齊				Westerner
	File:권대운(權大運).jpg	Template:Ill 권대운 權大運				Southerner
	File:작자 미상 남구만 초상 .jpg	Nam Kuman 남구만 南九萬				Soron
		Template:Ill 류상운 柳尙運				Soron
	File:서문중 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 서문중 徐文重				Soron
	File:최석정 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 최석정 崔錫鼎				Soron
	File:서문중 초상.jpg	Sŏ Munjung 서문중 徐文重				Soron
	File:최석정 초상.jpg	Ch'oe Sŏkchŏng 최석정 崔錫鼎				Soron
		Template:Ill 신완 申琓				Noron
	File:최석정 초상.jpg	Ch'oe Sŏkchŏng 최석정 崔錫鼎				Soron
	File:이여 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 이여 李畬				Noron
	File:서종태 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 서종태 徐宗泰				Noron
	File:영부사녹천이유.jpg	Template:Ill 이유 李濡				Noron
	File:서종태 초상.jpg	Sŏ Chongt'ae 서종태 徐宗泰				Noron
	File:영의정몽와김창집.jpg	Template:Ill 김창집 金昌集				Noron
Gyeongjong (1720–1724)		Template:Ill 조태구 趙泰耉				Soron
		Template:Ill 최규서 崔奎瑞				Soron
File:Portrait of King Yeongjo - Chae Yong Shin (蔡龍臣 1850-1941) Cho Seok-jin (趙錫晉 1853-1920) et (cropped).jpg Yeongjo (1724–1776)		Template:Ill 이광좌 李光佐				Soron
		Template:Ill 정호 鄭澔				Noron
		Yi Kwangjwa 이광좌 李光佐				Soron
		Hong Ch'ijung 홍치중 洪致中				Noron
		Template:Ill 심수현 沈壽賢				Soron
		Template:Ill 이의현 李宜顯				Noron
		Template:Ill 김흥경 金興慶				Noron
		Yi Kwangjwa 이광좌 李光佐				Soron
	File:Kim Jae-ro.jpg	Template:Ill 김재로 金在魯				Noron
		Template:Ill 조현명 趙顯命				Soron
	File:Kim Jae-ro.jpg	Kim Chaero 김재로 金在魯				Noron
	File:이종성(李宗城).jpg	Template:Ill 이종성 李宗城				Soron
	File:Kim Jae-ro.jpg	Kim Chaero 김재로 金在魯				Noron
	File:이천보 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 이천보 李天輔				Noron
	File:유척기 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 유척기 兪拓基				Noron
	File:이천보 초상.jpg	Yi Ch'ŏnbo 이천보 李天輔				Noron
		Template:Ill 김상로 金尙魯				Noron
	File:이천보 초상.jpg	Yi Ch'ŏnbo 이천보 李天輔				Noron
	File:Portrait of Hong Bong-han.jpg	Template:Ill 홍봉한 洪鳳漢				Noron
		Template:Ill 신만 申晩				Noron
	File:Portrait of Hong Bong-han.jpg	Hong Ponghan 홍봉한 洪鳳漢				Noron
		Template:Ill 윤동도 尹東度				Soron
		Template:Ill 서지수 徐志修				Soron
	File:김치인 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 김치인 金致仁				Noron
	File:Portrait of Hong Bong-han.jpg	Hong Ponghan 홍봉한 洪鳳漢				Noron
	File:김치인 초상.jpg	Kim Ch'iin 김치인 金致仁				Noron
		Template:Ill 김상복 金相福				Noron
		Template:Ill 신회 申晦				Noron
		Kim Sangbok 김상복 金相福				Noron
	File:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Chief Minister Han Ik-mo.jpg	Template:Ill 한익모 韓翼謩				Noron
		Kim Sangbok 김상복 金相福				Noron
		Sin Hoe 신회 申晦				Noron
	File:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Chief Minister Han Ik-mo.jpg	Han Ingmoe 한익모 韓翼謩				Noron
		Kim Sangbok 김상복 金相福				Noron
	File:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Chief Minister Han Ik-mo.jpg	Han Ingmoe 한익모 韓翼謩				Noron
		Kim Sangbok 김상복 金相福				Noron
	File:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Chief Minister Han Ik-mo.jpg	Han Ingmoe 한익모 韓翼謩				Noron
		Sin Hoe 신회 申晦				Noron
	File:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Chief Minister Han Ik-mo.jpg	Han Ingmoe 한익모 韓翼謩				Noron
		Template:Ill 김상철 金尙喆				Soron
Jeongjo (1776–1800)		Template:Ill 김양택 金陽澤				Noron
		Kim Sangch'ŏl 김상철 金尙喆
	File:서명선 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 서명선 徐命善
		Kim Sangch'ŏl 김상철 金尙喆
	File:서명선 초상.jpg	Sŏ Myŏngsŏn 서명선 徐命善
		Template:Ill 정존겸 鄭存謙
	File:서명선 초상.jpg	Sŏ Myŏngsŏn 서명선 徐命善
		Chŏng Chon'gyŏm 정존겸 鄭存謙
	File:김치인 초상.jpg	Kim Ch'iin 김치인 金致仁
		Template:Ill 김익 金熤
	File:이재협 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 이재협 李在協
		Kim Ik 김익 金熤
	File:Chae Je-gong 5.jpg	Ch'ae Chegong 채제공 蔡濟恭
	File:홍낙성 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 홍낙성 洪樂性
	File:이병모 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 이병모 李秉模
File:Portrait d'un roi inconnu.jpg Sunjo (1800–1834)	File:Sim Hwan-ji.jpg	Template:Ill 심환지 沈煥之
		Template:Ill 이시수 李時秀
	File:이병모 초상.jpg	Yi Pyŏngmo 이병모 李秉模
	File:서매수(Seo Mae-su,徐邁修).jpg	Template:Ill 서매수 徐邁修
	File:이병모 초상.jpg	Yi Pyŏngmo 이병모 李秉模
	File:김재찬 초상.jpg	Template:Ill 김재찬 金載瓚
		Template:Ill 서용보 徐龍輔
		Template:Ill 한용귀 韓用龜
	File:김재찬 초상.jpg	Kim Chaech'an 김재찬 金載瓚
		Template:Ill 남공철 南公轍
		Template:Ill 이상황 李相璜
		Template:Ill 심상규 沈象奎
Hyeonjong (1834–1849)		Yi Sanghwang 이상황 李相璜
	File:Cho Inyong portrait.jpg	Template:Ill 조인영 趙寅永
		Template:Ill 권돈인 權敦仁
		Template:Ill 정원용 鄭元容
File:Cheoljong2.jpg Cheoljong (1849–1864)	File:Cho Inyong portrait.jpg	Cho Inyŏng 조인영 趙寅永
		Template:Ill 권돈인 權敦仁
		Template:Ill 김흥근 金興根
		Kim Chwagŭn 김좌근 金左根
		Template:Ill 정원용 鄭元容
		Kim Chwagŭn 김좌근 金左根
File:고종 어진.jpg Gojong (1864–1897)		Template:Ill 조두순 趙斗淳
		Template:Ill 이경재 李景在
		Template:Ill 김병학 金炳學
		Template:Ill 정원용 鄭元容
		Template:Ill 김병학 金炳學
		Template:Ill 홍순목 洪淳穆
	File:Yi Han-cheol, Portrait of Yi Yu-won.jpg	Yi Yuwŏn 이유원 李裕元
		Template:Ill 이최응 李最應
		Template:Ill 서당보 徐堂輔
		Template:Ill 홍순목 洪淳穆
		Template:Ill 김병국 金炳國				Gaehwa
		Sim Sunt'aek 심순택 沈舜澤				Gaehwa
		Template:Ill 김병시 金炳始
		Kim Hong-jip 김홍집 金弘集				Gaehwa