Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme
Template:Short description Template:Use South African English Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Type in location".Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Expression error: Unexpected < operator.The Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme (previously named Braamhoek) is a pumped-storage power station in the escarpment of the Little Drakensberg range straddling the border of the KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provinces, South Africa. It is about Script error: No such module "convert". North-East of Van Reenen.
Design
The pumped-storage hydroelectric scheme consists of an upper and a lower dam Script error: No such module "convert". apart and is connected to a power station by tunnels.
The power station uses 4 Francis pump turbines rated at 333 MW each, giving it a total rating of 1332 MW installed capacity.
Construction
Notable contractors included CMC Impregilo Mavundla Joint Venture[1] and Concor on the dams.
The scheme was built at a cost of US$3.5 billion (R25 billion).[2]
Construction began in 2005 and the power station was scheduled to begin operations in late 2015.[3][4]
- The first two generators were commissioned March 2016.
- The third generator was brought into commercial operation in August 2016.
- The fourth and final one in January 2017.[5][6][7]
Detailed breakdown
The pumped-storage hydroelectric plant uses water from the upper reservoir to generate electricity during the peak demand periods of the day. At night, excess power on the grid generated by conventional coal and nuclear plants is used to pump water to the upper reservoir.
- The upper Bedford Dam on Bedford stream, a tributary of the Wilge River, was completed in April 2011. It is a Script error: No such module "convert". tall concrete-face rock-fill dam. It has a Script error: No such module "convert". water storage capacity of which Script error: No such module "convert". can be used for power generation.
- The lower Bramhoek Dam on Bramhoek stream, a tributary of the Klip River, was completed in November 2011. It is a Script error: No such module "convert". tall roller-compacted concrete gravity dam. It has a Script error: No such module "convert". water storage capacity of which Script error: No such module "convert". can be pumped up to the upper reservoir.
- A Script error: No such module "convert". long headrace tunnel connects the upper reservoir to the underground power station which houses 4 x Script error: No such module "convert". reversible Francis pump-turbines. The elevation between the two reservoirs affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of Script error: No such module "convert"..
- Water from the power station is discharged down a Script error: No such module "convert". long tailrace tunnel to the lower reservoir.[8][4][9]
Storage capacity
The energy storage capacity is 21,000 MWh or 15.8 generating hours.[10]
See also
<templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css"/>
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
External links
Template:Power in South Africa Template:Electricity generation
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with reference errors
- Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in South Africa
- Dams in South Africa
- Concrete-face rock-fill dams
- Roller-compacted concrete dams
- Gravity dams
- Dams completed in 2011
- Underground power stations
- Buildings and structures in KwaZulu-Natal
- Buildings and structures in the Free State (province)
- Economy of the Free State (province)
- Economy of KwaZulu-Natal
- 21st-century architecture in South Africa