View source for Pyramids of Mars

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{{About||the pyramid-shaped features on the planet Mars|Cydonia (Mars)|the Dudley Simpson soundtrack|Pyramids of Mars (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Doctor Who episode
| number             = 082
| serial_name        = Pyramids of Mars
| show               = DW
| type               = serial
| doctor             = [[Tom Baker]] – [[Fourth Doctor]]
| companion          = [[Elisabeth Sladen]] – [[Sarah Jane Smith]]
| guests             = 
* [[Gabriel Woolf]] – Sutekh{{efn|Also provided the voice of Horus, uncredited{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=67}}}}
* [[Bernard Archard]] – Marcus Scarman
* [[Michael Sheard]] – Laurence Scarman
* [[Peter Copley]] – Dr. Warlock
* [[Michael Bilton]] – Collins
* George Tovey – Ernie Clements
* Peter Mayock – Namin
* [[Vic Tablian]] – Ahmed
* Nick Burnell, Melvyn Bedford, Kevin Selway – Mummies
| director           = [[Paddy Russell]]
| writer             = "Stephen Harris" ([[Robert Holmes (scriptwriter)|Robert Holmes]] and [[Lewis Greifer]])
| script_editor      = Robert Holmes
| producer           = [[Philip Hinchcliffe]]
| executive_producer = None
| composer           = [[Dudley Simpson]]
| production_code    = 4G
| series             = [[Doctor Who season 13|Season 13]]
| length             = 4 episodes, 25 minutes each
| started            = {{start date|1975|10|25|df=y}}
| ended              = {{end date|1975|11|15|df=y}}
| preceding          = ''[[Planet of Evil]]''
| following          = ''[[The Android Invasion]]''
}}

'''''Pyramids of Mars''''' is the third serial of the [[Doctor Who season 13|13th season]] of the British [[science fiction television]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]''. Written by [[Robert Holmes (scriptwriter)|Robert Holmes]] and [[Lewis Greifer]] under the pseudonym of "Stephen Harris" and directed by [[Paddy Russell]], the serial was first broadcast in four weekly parts on [[BBC One|BBC1]] from 25 October to 15 November 1975.

The serial is set in the year 1911 in England, Egypt, and [[Mars]]. In the serial, the burial chamber of the alien Sutekh, the inspiration for the [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian god]] [[Set (deity)|Set]], is unearthed by the archaeology professor Marcus Scarman. Alive but immobilised, Sutekh seeks his freedom by using Professor Scarman as his servant to destroy the jewel in a pyramid on Mars which is keeping him prisoner.

Influenced by the gothic horror genre and films such as ''[[The Mummy (1932 film)|The Mummy]]'', the serial was met with widespread critical acclaim, being praised for its atmosphere and production. It marks the first appearance of Sutekh (voiced by [[Gabriel Woolf]]), who returned to the series 49 years later in the two-part story "[[The Legend of Ruby Sunday]]" / "[[Empire of Death (Doctor Who episode)|Empire of Death]]" (2024), with Woolf reprising his role.<ref name="DGS"/>

==Plot==
[[File:Giseh 35.jpg|thumb|left|''Pyramids of Mars'' depicts Ancient Egyptian pyramids as extraterrestrial in origin.]]
In 1911 Egypt, archaeology professor Marcus Scarman excavates a [[Egyptian pyramids|pyramid]] and finds the door to the burial chamber is inscribed with the [[Eye of Horus]]. He enters the chamber and is hit by a beam of green light.

The [[Fourth Doctor]] is pulled off his flight path, and [[Sarah Jane Smith]] sees an apparition  in the console room. The two are found by a butler, who reveals they are in the Scarman estate, which has been taken over by the mysterious Ibrahim Namin, claiming to represent Scarman. Scarman's friend, Dr Warlock, has also arrived at the estate to demand an explanation on Scarman's whereabouts. Namin threatens Warlock with a revolver, with the Doctor and Sarah barely managing to save him. The three escape and reach the estate lodge inhabited by Scarman's brother Laurence, whose [[radio telescope|marconiscope]] intercepted a signal from [[Mars]].

The Doctor decodes the signal as "Beware Sutekh", explaining that Sutekh is the last of a powerful [[extraterrestrial life|alien]] race called the Osirans. Imprisoned by his brother [[Horus]], using the Eye of Horus, they were the inspiration for ancient [[Egyptian mythology]]. Sutekh's servant arrives via a spacetime tunnel portal, accompanied by robots disguised as mummies. He kills Namin and is revealed to be Scarman, now a corpse animated by Sutekh's will. Scarman secures the estate's perimeter with a forcefield, and begins to hunt down the humans. Scarman finds and kills Warlock, but is then ordered by Sutekh to prioritise the construction of an Osirian war missile aimed at Mars.

Following another attack by the robots, the Doctor decides to blow up the rocket, and Laurence suggests using [[gelignite]], kept in the poacher's hut. The Doctor and Sarah Jane leave to obtain the gelignite. Scarman soon arrives at the lodge, and Laurence attempts to rekindle his brother's humanity, but gets strangled instead. The Doctor sets up the explosives, with Sarah Jane detonating it with a rifle. Sutekh [[Psychokinesis|telekinetically]] suppresses the explosion. Left with but one option, the Doctor uses the space-time tunnel to reach Sutekh and break his concentration, allowing the explosion to destroy the rocket. A furious Sutekh turns the Doctor into a [[wikt:thrall|thrall]] to transport Scarman to Mars.

Arriving on Mars, Scarman strangles the Doctor. However, the Doctor's respiratory bypass system allows him to recover and become free of Sutekh's control. He is however unable to stop Scarman from destroying the Eye, and Scarman disintegrates. The Doctor realises that Sutekh will not be released instantaneously due to the travel time required for the Eye's radio signal. Returning to the estate, he uses the TARDIS to extend the time tunnel into the far future, eventually resulting in Sutekh dying of old age before he reaches the end. This overloads the portal, the estate is consumed in flames, and the Doctor and Sarah flee in the TARDIS.

==Production==
{{Multiple images
| direction         = vertical
| total_width       = 250
| image1            = Berlin 122009 018a.jpg
| caption1          = The main villain of the serial, [[Sutekh (Doctor Who)|Sutekh]], is inspired by the Egyptian deity [[Set (deity)|Set]] and is said to be Set's inspiration in the serial.
| image2            = The Mummy 1932 film poster.jpg
| caption2          = The serial drew influence from earlier mummy films such as ''[[The Mummy (1932 film)|The Mummy]]'' (1932)
}}

===Writing===
The [[Universal Pictures]] film ''[[The Mummy (1932 film)|The Mummy]]'' (1932) and especially the [[Hammer Film Productions|Hammer]] horror films ''[[The Mummy (1959 film)|The Mummy]]'' (1959) and ''[[Blood from the Mummy's Tomb]]'' (1971) influenced the story.<ref name="BBC"/> It was originally written by [[Lewis Greifer]], who had been approached by script editor [[Robert Holmes (scriptwriter)|Robert Holmes]], his former colleague at [[Associated Television|ATV]]. However, it was considered unusable as a ''Doctor Who'' script, even after multiple rewrites, due to Greifer's unfamiliarity with ''Doctor Who''; Holmes took over, with Greifer retaining the option to have his name on the script.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=46}} While he retained the basic premise, he completely altered other aspects, which included making the "Osirians" a powerful alien race, and changing the setting to 1911, instead of a more contemparary time.{{sfn|Wright|2016|pp=46-50}} The pseudonym used on transmission was Stephen Harris.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=55}} 

Although the name of Sutekh's race is pronounced "Osiran" throughout the serial, the scripts and publicity material spell it as "Osirian" in some places and as "Osiran" in others.<ref name="television companion">{{cite book |last1=Howe |first1=David J. |author1-link=David J. Howe |last2=Walker |first2=Stephen James |author2-link=Stephen James Walker |title=The Television Companion: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to DOCTOR WHO |publisher=Telos Publishing Ltd. |location=Surrey, UK |edition=2nd |year=2003 |page=387 |isbn=1-903889-51-0}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Bernard Archard]], who had previously appeared in ''[[The Power of the Daleks]]'' (1966), was cast as Marcus Scarman, due to his work on the 1970 horror film ''[[The Horror of Frankenstein]]''. [[Michael Sheard]], who had also previously featured in two ''Doctor Who'' serials, was cast as Laurence Scarman; production assistant [[Peter Grimwade]] had recommended him for the role because of his recent performance in the [[BBC2]] show ''[[Lord Peter Wimsey (TV series)|Lord Peter Wimsey]]''.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=50}}

[[Gabriel Woolf]], a prominent BBC actor, was cast in the role of the villain Sutekh.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=50}} Woolf would go on to reprise his role in audio dramas by [[Magic Bullet Productions]] and [[Big Finish Productions]] in 2015;{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=66}} and on television in the two-part [[Doctor Who series 14|series 14]] finale "[[The Legend of Ruby Sunday]]" / "[[Empire of Death (Doctor Who episode)|Empire of Death]]" in 2024, in which Sutekh appeared as the main villain.<ref name="DGS">{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Stefan |date=14 June 2024 |title=Doctor Who's New Villain Explained |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/doctor-whos-new-villain-explained/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Den of Geek |language=en-US}}</ref> He also provided the voice of Sutekh for the comedy sketch ''Oh Mummy: Sutekh's Story'', included on the 2004 DVD release of ''Pyramids of Mars''.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=66}} Woolf would also go on to provide the voice of "The Beast" in the 2006 episodes "[[The Impossible Planet]]" and "[[The Satan Pit]]".<ref name="DGS" />

===Filming and post-production===
The exterior scenes were shot on the [[Stargroves]] estate in [[Hampshire]], a Victorian mansion noted for its ornate, [[Gothic revival architecture|Gothic revival]] style of architecture which was owned by [[Mick Jagger]] at the time.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=51}} The interior shots, as well as model filming, took place in the [[BBC Television Centre]].{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=59}} Exterior scenes were filmed between 29 May and 2 June, and the interior shots between 7 May and 3 June.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=59}} Tom Baker and Elisabeth Sladen improvised and added a number of moments in this story, most notably a scene in Part Four where the Doctor and Sarah Jane start to walk out of their hiding place and then when they see a mummy, quickly dart back into it. Baker based the scene on a [[Marx Brothers]] routine. {{sfn|Wright|2016|p=57}} Sarah Jane wears a dress which the Doctor says belonged to former companion [[Victoria Waterfield]].<ref name="BBC"/>

A number of scenes used the [[colour-separation overlay]] (CSO) system, including the sarcophagus, which was made to look like it was pulsating with energy; to show the ravaged Earth and the Egyptians settings; and for Sutekh's monitoring systems. It was also used to insert eerie glowing as well as bizarre, swirling patterns to the background.{{sfn|Wright|2016|pp=57,58}} The flame effect at the end of the serial was achieved by using CSO effects, as well as a controlled fire, which was the largest staged fire in the studio at the time.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=59}}

Several scenes were deleted from the final broadcast. A model shot of the TARDIS landing in the landscape of a barren, alternative 1980 Earth was to be used in Part Two, but director Paddy Russell decided viewers would feel more impact if the first scene of the new Earth was Sarah's reaction as the TARDIS doors opened.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=61}} Three scenes of effects such as doors opening and the Doctor materializing from the [[sarcophagus]] were also removed from the final edit of Part Four because Russell felt the mixes were not good enough.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=60,61}}

==Broadcast and reception==
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The story was edited and condensed into a single, one-hour omnibus episode, broadcast on BBC1 at 5:50 pm on 27 November 1976, reaching 13.7 million viewers, the highest audience achieved by ''Doctor Who'' in its entire history at that time.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=64}}

===Critical reception===
In 1985, [[Colin Greenland]] reviewed ''Pyramids of Mars'' for ''[[Imagine (game magazine)|Imagine]]'' magazine, and stated that it was "''Dr Who'' at its eclectic best [...] A yeasty brew of Hammer horror, Egyptian mythology, and sf with a touch of [[H. G. Wells]]."<ref name="Imagine25">{{cite journal | last = Greenland|first = Colin |author-link=Colin Greenland| title =Fantasy Media | type = review | journal = [[Imagine (AD&D magazine)|Imagine]] | issue = 25| pages =47 | publisher = TSR Hobbies (UK), Ltd. |date=April 1985| issn = }}</ref> [[Paul Cornell]], [[Martin Day (writer)|Martin Day]], and [[Keith Topping]] gave the serial a positive review in ''[[The Discontinuity Guide]]'' (1995), praising the "chilling" adversary and some of the conversations.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|title=Pyramids of Mars |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/pyramidsmars/detail.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825052609/https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/pyramidsmars/detail.shtml|archive-date=25 August 2015|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref>  In ''The Television Companion'' (1998), [[David J. Howe]] and Stephen James Walker described the first episode as "an excellent scene-setter" and the story as "near-flawless". They wrote that ''Pyramids of Mars'' gave the "fullest expression" of the [[Gothic horror]] era and had high production values and a good guest cast.<ref name="television companion"/>

In 2010, Patrick Mulkern of ''[[Radio Times]]'' called it "a bona fide classic" with "arguably the most polished production to date", and praised the powerful plot. However, he disliked how UNIT was dismissed in the season, and found "minor, amusing quibbles" with the plot.<ref name="Radio Times">{{cite web|first=Patrick|last=Mulkern|url= https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-guide/pyramids-of-mars/|title=Pyramids of Mars ★★★★★
|website=[[Radio Times]]|date=13 July 2010|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> [[Charlie Anders|Charlie Jane Anders]] of ''[[Gizmodo]]'' described ''Pyramids of Mars'' as "just a lovely, solid adventure story", highlighting the way the Doctor seemed outmatched, the pace, and Sarah Jane.<ref>{{cite web|first=Charlie Jane|last=Anders|url=https://gizmodo.com/old-school-doctor-who-episodes-that-everyone-should-wat-5939314|title=Old-School Doctor Who Episodes That Everyone Should Watch|website=[[Gizmodo]]|date=30 August 2012|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> In a 2010 article, Anders also listed the cliffhanger to the third episode&nbsp;— in which the Doctor is forced to confront Sutekh&nbsp;— as one of the greatest ''Doctor Who'' cliffhangers ever.<ref>{{cite web|first=Charlie Jane|last=Anders|url=https://gizmodo.com/greatest-doctor-who-cliffhangers-of-all-time-5625151|title=Greatest Doctor Who Cliffhangers Of All Time!|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=31 August 2010|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> In a 2014 ''[[Doctor Who Magazine]]'' poll to determine the best ''Doctor Who'' stories of all time, readers voted ''Pyramids of Mars'' to eighth place.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Top 10 Doctor Who stories of all time|url=http://www.doctorwhomagazine.com/the-top-10-doctor-who-stories-of-all-time/|access-date=21 August 2014|publisher=Doctor Who Magazine|date=June 21, 2014|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206154728/https://doctorwhomagazine.com/the-top-10-doctor-who-stories-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' ranked ''Pyramids of Mars'' at number 18 in "the 56 greatest stories and episodes", stating that "although the mummies are excellent, it is the organic characters who take centre stage, with Baker cementing the increasing alienness of his portrayal of the hero". They concluded that it was "pure gold".<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2017/07/03/doctor-best-stories-episodes-ranked/pyramids-mars-doctor/ | title= Doctor Who: the 56 greatest stories and episodes, ranked | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=3 June 2018 | access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Bearded man-MGR Lyon-IMG 9929 c.jpg|thumb|266x266px|The statue described by John J Johnston, vice-chair of the [[Egypt Exploration Society]], as being an inspiration for Sutekh's design.]]
In ''A Critical History of Doctor Who on Television'', [[John Kenneth Muir]] queried the [[Egyptian mythology]] [[conceit]] that is woven through the whole story; he also questioned a number of apparently illogical story elements, such as why the robots that guard the priory were disguised as [[Egyptian mummies]], and why the Osiran rocket was shaped as a pyramid. In his assessment, the use of ancient Egyptian objects and symbols by the Osiran race was inadequately explained in the script, and he contrasted ''Pyramids of Mars'' unfavourably with ''[[Stargate]]'', a 1994 television series which relied heavily on the concept of [[ancient astronauts]] visiting Earth. Muir traced parallels with earlier ''Doctor Who'' serials such as ''[[The Dæmons]]'' (1971) and ''[[Terror of the Zygons]]'' (1975) which had also drawn on the idea of ancient Earth mythologies having extraterrestrial origins. Like ''The Dæmons'' and ''[[The Tomb of the Cybermen]]'' (1967), ''Pyramids of Mars'' exploited many familiar conventions of classic [[Mummy (undead)|mummy films]], but less successfully in Muir's view.<ref name="muir">{{cite book|last1=Muir|first1=John Kenneth|title=A Critical History of Doctor Who on Television|date=2007|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476604541|pages=237–241|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMKSCgAAQBAJ&q=doctor%20who%20robot%20king%20kong&pg=PA238|language=en|chapter=Season 13}}</ref>

John J Johnston, vice-chair of the [[Egypt Exploration Society]], explored the influences on ''Pyramids of Mars'' in the ''Encyclopedia of Mummies in History, Religion, and Popular Culture''. He observed that the story drew heavily on a number of classic horror films such as Universal's ''The Mummy'' (1932) and Hammer's ''The Mummy'' (1959), in both its setting and the performance of the actors. Johnston also noted the influences of [[archaeology]] on the [[production design]]. According to Johnston, the robot mummies designed by the BBC's Barbara Kidd were inspired by an ancient rock painting of a mysterious domed-headed figure that had been discovered by [[Henri Lhote]] in the [[Sahara Desert]] in the 1950s, and which Lhote had nicknamed "the Great Martian God". Similarly, he considered Sutekh's mask to have been modelled on a statue of a bearded man dating from c.3500 BCE that had been excavated at [[Gebelein]] by [[:fr:Louis Charles Émile Lortet|Louis Lortet]] in 1908.<ref name="Cardin">{{cite book|last1=Johnston|first1=John J|title=Mummies around the World: An Encyclopedia of Mummies in History, Religion, and Popular Culture|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610694209|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWJhBQAAQBAJ&q=pyramids%20of%20mars%20the%20mummy%201932&pg=PA90|access-date=9 November 2016|language=en|chapter=Doctor Who: Pyramids of Mars|editor1-last=Cardin|editor1-first=Matt}}</ref>

==Commercial releases==

===In print===
{{Infobox book
|name = Doctor Who and the Pyramids of Mars
|image = 
|border = yes
|caption =
|author = [[Terrance Dicks]]
|cover_artist = [[Chris Achilleos]]
|series = ''[[Doctor Who]]'' book:<br />[[List of Doctor Who novelisations|Target novelisations]]
|release_number = 50
|release_date = 16 December 1976
|publisher = [[Target Books]]
|pages = 
|isbn= 0-426-11666-6
}}
A novelisation of this serial, written by [[Terrance Dicks]], was published by [[Target Books]] in December 1976. The novelisation contains a substantial prologue giving the history of Sutekh and the Osirans and features an epilogue in which a future Sarah researches the destruction of the Priory and how it was explained. An unabridged reading of the novelisation by actor Tom Baker was released on CD in August 2008. ''Pyramids of Mars'' was reprinted in the second volume of ''The Essential Terrance Dicks'', published on 26 August 2021 by BBC books.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=65}}

A prequel/sequel to this story, called ''The Sands of Time'', written by [[Justin Richards]], was released in 1996. Published by [[Virgin Books]], it starred the [[Fifth Doctor]].{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=65}}

===Home media===
The story first came out on [[VHS]] and [[Betamax]] in an omnibus format in February 1985, one of the first serials to do so. It was subsequently released in episodic format in February 1994.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=65}} It was released on [[DVD]] in the United Kingdom on 1 March 2004, containing commentary and behind the scenes footage.{{sfn|Wright|2016|pp=65, 66}} It was also released on 31 October 2011 as an extra on ''[[The Sarah Jane Adventures]]'' Series 4 DVD and [[Blu-ray]] boxset.{{sfn|Wright|2016|p=66}}

In 2013 it was released on DVD again in the US as part of the "Doctor Who: The Doctors Revisited 1–4" box set, alongside ''[[The Aztecs (Doctor Who)|The Aztecs]]'', ''[[The Tomb of the Cybermen]]'' and ''[[Spearhead from Space]]''. Alongside a documentary on the [[Fourth Doctor]], the disc features the serial put together as a single feature in [[widescreen]] format with an introduction from show runner at the time [[Steven Moffat]], as well as its original version.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Doctor Who: The Doctors Revisited 1–4 |date=July 16, 2013 |type=DVD}}</ref>

===''Tales of the TARDIS''===
A special edition of the episode aired on BBC iPlayer on 20 June 2024, as part of the spin-off series ''[[Tales of the TARDIS]]''.<ref name=PyramidsConfirmed>{{cite web|title=Join the Doctor and Ruby in an all new 'Tales of the TARDIS'|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.doctorwho.tv/news-and-features/join-the-doctor-and-ruby-in-an-all-new-tales-of-the-tardis|date=17 June 2024|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Mark |year=2016 |title=Planet of Evil, Pyramids of Mars, The Android Invasion and The Brain of Morbius |journal=Doctor Who: The Complete History |publisher=[[Panini Comics]], [[Hachette Book Group|Hachette Partworks]] |location=London |issue=24}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Fourth Doctor}}
*{{BBCCDW|id=pyramidsmars|title=Pyramids of Mars}}

===Target novelisation===
*{{ISFDB title|id=10626|title=Doctor Who and the Pyramids of Mars}}

{{Doctor Who episodes|C13}}
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