View source for Trans man

{{short description|Man assigned female at birth}}
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{{use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Kye Allums.jpg|alt=A young Black man dressed in vest and tie, with leg crossed over his knee and his chin resting on his hand. He looks off-camera to the left. |thumb|[[Kye Allums]], who played women's basketball and is the first openly transgender [[NCAA Division I]] college athlete]]
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A '''trans man''' or '''transgender man''' is a [[man]] who was [[assigned female at birth]]. Trans men have a male [[gender identity]], and many trans men undergo [[Gender transition|medical and social transition]] to alter their appearance in a way that aligns with their gender identity or alleviates [[gender dysphoria]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bariola |first1=Emily |last2=Lyons |first2=Anthony |last3=Leonard |first3=William |last4=Pitts |first4=Marian |last5=Badcock |first5=Paul |last6=Couch |first6=Murray |title=Demographic and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Psychological Distress and Resilience Among Transgender Individuals |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=October 2015 |volume=105 |issue=10 |pages=2108–2116 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302763 |pmid=26270284 |pmc=4566567  | issn = 0090-0036}}</ref>

Transition among trans men can involve a variety of social, medical, and legal steps. Initially, the term referred specifically to those undergoing [[hormone replacement therapy]] (HRT) or [[sex reassignment surgery]] (SRS),{{efn|name=SRS}} but its meaning has expanded to include psychological development and self-acceptance. While some trans men pursue medical interventions like hormones and surgery, others may opt out due to personal choice or financial constraints. Many who do not undergo [[Masculinizing surgery#Chest reconstruction|top surgery]] use [[Chest binding#Transmasculine and non-binary people|chest binding]], and some employ [[Packing (phallus)|packing]] to create a masculine shape. Transitioning can include [[Gender transition#Social aspects|social changes]], such as adopting a new name and pronouns, [[Gender transition#Legal aspects|legal name change]] or other document updates, and medical transition with HRT or surgery. Achieving [[Passing (gender)|social acceptance as male]] may be challenging without physical transition, and some trans men may selectively present as female in certain situations. Additionally, some transmasculine individuals may choose to [[Transgender pregnancy|become pregnant]], give birth, and breastfeed.

Estimates of the prevalence of trans men in the U.S. vary widely, from  1 in 100,000 to 1 in 2,000. Census data for 2015 show around 58,000 [[name change]]s indicative of transition to male, though far fewer changed their sex coding. Trans men, like cisgender men, have diverse [[sexual orientation]]s, with most identifying as heterosexual, but others as queer, pansexual, bisexual, or gay. Many trans men have past connections with the lesbian community, often identifying as [[butch lesbian]] before recognizing their transgender identity. While some date heterosexual or queer women, trans men face more challenges integrating into cisgender gay men’s communities, which tend to be more body-focused. However, research challenges assumptions that trans men are predominantly heterosexual, showing a majority of non-heterosexual identities and rising acceptance within gay communities.

== Terminology ==
{{Further|Transgender#Terminology}}
[[File:BrianMichaelGLAAD18.jpg|alt=A handsome Black man in a blue suit standing in front of an awards ceremony backdrop.|thumb|[[Brian Michael Smith]], award-winning actor]]
[[File:Elliot Page 2021.png|alt=A thin, white man gazing at the camera, wearing a black hoodie, with a snowy background.|thumb|[[Elliot Page]], Canadian actor and producer]]
[[File:Elliot Fletcher.jpg|thumb|[[Elliot Fletcher]], American actor]]
[[File:Thomas Beatie på Stockholm Pride 2011.JPG|thumb|[[Thomas Beatie]], an American public speaker, author, and advocate for transgender [[reproductive rights]]|alt=A smiling young man of white, Korean, and Filipino descent, standing at a podium, gesturing with one hand.]]

The [[umbrella term]] {{wt|en|trans}}{{efn|occasionally spelled {{Wt|en|trans*}}, using the asterisk ({{code|*}}) as a [[wildcard character]]}} is a shortening of both ''[[transgender]]'' and ''[[transsexual]]'', and describes anyone whose gender identity does not align with their [[assigned sex]].

The term ''transsexual'' originated in the medical and psychological communities, and is generally considered a subset of ''[[transgender]]'', although the two are not always interchangeable. It predominantly describes people with medically diagnosed [[gender dysphoria]], and who desire to permanently transition to the opposite [[sex]] via [[sex reassignment therapy]]. Many trans people prefer the labels ''transgender'' or ''trans'', considering them more inclusive and less stigmatizing.<ref name="Polly">{{cite journal |last1=Polly |first1=Ryan |last2=Nicole |first2=Julie |date=March 2011 |title=Understanding transsexual patients: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21317698/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4 |pmid=21317698 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311010934/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21317698/ |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2022-05-14 |quote=The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals, however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history. |s2cid=2481961}}</ref><ref name="Swanson">A Swenson, ''Medical Care of the Transgender Patient'', in ''Family Medicine'' (2014): "While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves, many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual."</ref> However, others, such as [[Buck Angel]], reject the label of ''transgender''.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2014 |title=Transsexualism |url=http://www.gendercentre.org.au/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090430/http://www.gendercentre.org.au/resources/fact-sheets/transsexualism.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-07-05 |website=Gender Centre |quote=Transsexualism is often included within the broader term 'transgender', which is generally considered an umbrella term for people who do not conform to typically accepted gender roles for the sex they were assigned at birth. The term 'transgender' is a word employed by activists to encompass as many groups of gender diverse people as possible. However, many of these groups individually don't identify with the term. Many health clinics and services set up to serve gender variant communities employ the term, however most of the people using these services again don't identify with this term. The rejection of this political category by those that it is designed to cover clearly illustrates the difference between self-identification and categories that are imposed by observers to understand other people.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1115768669798141952|user=BuckAngel|title=Transsexual is my identity and where I came from. [...] Transgender does not represent me.|date=Apr 9, 2019}}</ref> The [[GLAAD]] media reference guide advises against describing people as ''transsexual'', except for individuals who explicitly identify as such.<ref name="glaad.org2">{{cite news |date=22 February 2022 |title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender Terms |url=https://www.glaad.org/reference/trans-terms |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=[[GLAAD]]}}</ref>

''[[Transmasculine]]'' (sometimes clipped to {{Wt|en|transmasc}}) is a broader term for all trans individuals with predominantly masculine identities or [[gender expression]], and includes trans men as well as [[non-binary]] people who were [[assigned female at birth]] and may have an identity that is partially masculine but not entirely male.<ref name="pmid271839782">{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=Trevor |author-link1=Trevor Kirczenow |last2=Noel-Weiss |first2=Joy |last3=West |first3=Diana |author-link3=Diana West (lactation consultant) |last4=Walks |first4=Michelle |last5=Biener |first5=MaryLynne |last6=Kibbe |first6=Alanna |last7=Myler |first7=Elizabeth |date=16 May 2016 |title=Transmasculine individuals' experiences with lactation, chestfeeding, and gender identity: a qualitative study |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=106 |doi=10.1186/s12884-016-0907-y |pmc=4867534 |pmid=27183978 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of transmasculine |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/transmasculine |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref>

The alternate spelling {{Wt|en|transman}} is sometimes used interchangeably. However, like {{Wt|en|transwoman}}, it is often associated with [[Transphobia|trans-exclusionary]] views which hold that trans men are distinct from men, and thus require a separate word to describe them.<ref name="Lopez">German Lopez, ''[https://www.vox.com/2015/2/18/8055691/transgender-transgendered-tnr Why you should always use "transgender" instead of "transgendered"]'', ''Vox'', February 18, 2015</ref> For this reason many transgender people find the spelling offensive.<ref name="Lopez" />

Another common term for trans men is '''female-to-male''' ('''FTM''' or '''F2M'''),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swann |first1=William B. |author-link1=William Swann |last2=Gómez |first2=Ángel |last3=Vázquez |first3=Alexandra |last4=Guillamón |first4=Antonio |last5=Segovia |first5=Santiago |last6=Carillo |first6=Beatriz |date=10 February 2015 |title=Fusion with the Cross-Gender Group Predicts Genital Sex Reassignment Surgery |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=1313–1318 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0470-4 |pmid=25666854 |s2cid=3261825}}</ref> but this is considered outdated by some, in part because it [[Sex–gender distinction|confuses sex and gender]], or because someone may be nonbinary and lie somewhere on the spectrum between the two extremes, neither of which accurately describes them.<ref name="Bourns-2022">{{cite book |language=en |editor1-last=Bourns |editor1-first=Amy |editor2-last=Kucharski |editor2-first=Edward |date=2022 |title=Caring for LGBTQ2S People: A Clinical Guide |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781487515256 |oclc=1280275165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4ltEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21}}</ref>

== Transitioning ==
{{See also|Gender transitioning}}
[[File:Buck Angel Headshot.jpg|thumb|[[Buck Angel]], an American actor, producer, and sex educator]]
[[File:The Dork Forest at Meltdown Comics, 29 November 2011(2).jpg|thumb|[[Ian Harvie]], an American comedian and openly transgender man]]
Originally, the term ''trans men'' referred specifically to female-to-male [[transsexual|transsexual people]] who underwent [[Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male)|hormone replacement therapy]] (HRT) or [[sex reassignment surgery female-to-male|sex reassignment surgery]] (SRS),{{efn|name=SRS|The term sex reassignment surgery was initially used, but this is now generally known as ''[[gender-affirming surgery]]'' (GAS) or ''[[gender-confirmation surgery]]'' (GCS)}} or both. The definition of ''transition'' has broadened to include theories of psychological development or complementary methods of self-acceptance.<ref name="Hudson">{{cite web |title=Hudson's Guide: FTM Basics: Terminology |url=http://www.ftmguide.org/terminology.html |access-date=22 February 2015 |website=Hudson's FTM Resource Guide}}</ref><ref name="IJSO">{{cite web |url=http://www.huc.edu/ijso/glossary/ |title=Glossary of Terms and Usage |website=[[Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion]] |access-date=22 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519234810/http://www.huc.edu/ijso/glossary/ |archive-date=19 May 2014 }}</ref> Many of those who identify as transgender face [[gender dysphoria]].

[[Transsexual]] and transgender men may seek medical interventions such as hormones and surgery to make their bodies as congruent as possible with their gender presentation. However, many transgender and transsexual men cannot afford or choose not to undergo surgery or hormone replacement therapy.

Many who have not undergone [[Top surgery (disambiguation)|top surgery<!--intentional disambig link-->]] choose to [[Breast binding|bind]] their breasts. There are a few different methods of binding, including using sports bras and specially made binders (which can be vest-type, or wrap-around style). Tape or bandages are often depicted in popular culture.

Some trans men might also decide to [[packing (phallus)|pack]], to create a phallic bulge in the crotch of clothing. However, this is not universal. Trans men who decide to pack may use anything from rolled up socks to specially made packers, which resemble a penis. Some packers are also created for trans men to be able to urinate through them ([[female urination device|stand-to-pee]], or STP, devices), or for [[sexual penetration]] or other [[sexual activity]] (known as "pack-and-play").

Transitioning might involve some or all of the following steps:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ftmaustralia.org/treatment/whatis.html |title=What is transition? |website=FTM Australia |date=14 April 2007 |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044946/http://www.ftmaustralia.org/treatment/whatis.html |archive-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Source is fifteen years old. Newer sources should cover this in better detail|date=June 2022}}
* Social transition: using a preferred name and pronouns, wearing clothing seen as gender appropriate, disclosure to family, friends and usually at the workplace/school.
* [[Sex reassignment therapy]]: [[Masculinizing hormone therapy|hormone replacement therapy]] (HRT), and/or [[sex reassignment surgery female-to-male|surgery]] (SRS)<ref name=pmid25692791>{{cite journal |last1=Meriggiola |first1=Maria Cristina |last2=Gava |first2=Giulia |title=Endocrine care of transpeople part I. A review of cross-sex hormonal treatments, outcomes and adverse effects in transmen |journal=Clinical Endocrinology  |publisher=Wiley |date=25 March 2015 |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=597–606 |doi=10.1111/cen.12753 |pmid=25692791 |hdl=11585/541907 |s2cid=11480289 |issn=0300-0664}}</ref>
* Legal affirmation: name and (sometimes) sex marker correction in legal identification documents.<ref name="TETG">{{cite book |last=Lev |first=Arlene Istar |author-link=Arlene Istar Lev |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/transgenderemerg0000leva|title=Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working with Gender-Variant People and their Families |publisher=The Haworth Clinical Practice Press |isbn=978-0-7890-2117-5 |oclc=51342468}}</ref><ref name="MOF">{{cite journal |last1=Eno |first1=Amanda S. |title=The Misconception of Sex in Title VII: Federal Courts Reevaluate Transsexual Employment Discrimination Claims |journal=Tulsa Law Review |date=21 June 2013 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=765–792 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol43/iss3/10/ |issn=1942-986X}}</ref>

Being socially accepted as male (sometimes known as [[passing (gender)|passing]]) may be challenging for trans men who have not undergone HRT and/or surgery.<ref name="TETG" /><ref name="MOF" /> Some trans men may choose to present as female in certain social situations (e.g. at work).<ref name="TETG" /><ref name="MOF" /> After physical transition, trans men usually live full-time as male.<ref name="TETG" /><ref name="MOF" /> However, some transmasculine individuals might choose to use and engage their bodies to be [[Pregnancy|pregnant]], birth a baby, and [[breastfeeding|breastfeed]].<ref name="pmid271839782"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonnington |first1=Adam |last2=Dianat |first2=Shokoufeh |last3=Kerns |first3=Jennifer |last4=Hastings |first4=Jen |last5=Hawkins |first5=Mitzi |last6=Haan |first6=Gene De |last7=Obedin-Maliver |first7=Juno |date=1 August 2020 |title=Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: Contraceptive counseling for transgender and gender diverse people who were female sex assigned at birth |url=https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(20)30104-9/abstract |journal=Contraception |publisher=Elsevier BV |language=English |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=70–82 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.001 |issn=0010-7824 |pmid=32304766 |s2cid=215819218|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Straight trans man}} Prevalence, identity and relationships==
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In the United States, the ratio of trans men within the general population is unclear, but estimates range between 1:2,000 and 1:100,000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conway |first1=Lynn |author-link1=Lynn Conway |date=17 December 2002 |title=Estimating the Prevalence of Transsexualism |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/TSprevalence.html }}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Source is 20 years old. More up to date information may be available|date=June 2022}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Herman |first=Joanne |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/commentary/2006/05/12/there-are-more-us-you-think |title=There are more of us than you think |website=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)]] |date=12 May 2006 |access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msu.edu/~alliance/faq/faqtransgendered.html |title=FAQ - Transgenderism |last1=Rohde |first1=Maggi |year=1996 |website=The Alliance of Les-Bi-Gay-Transgender and Straight Ally Students, Michigan State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520111935/http://www.msu.edu/~alliance/faq/faqtransgendered.html |archive-date=20 May 2008 |access-date=4 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Source is 26 years old. More up to date information may be available|date=June 2022}}  A U.S. Census Bureau study in 2015 suggests that there were around 58,000 name changes in census records consistent with female to male transitions although only 7,500 of these changed their sex coding as well.<ref>{{cite report |title=Likely Transgender Individuals in U.S. Federal Administrative Records and the 2010 Census |last=Cerf-Harris |first=Benjamin |date=4 May 2015 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/srd/carra/15_03_Likely_Transgender_Individuals_in_ARs_and_2010Census.pdf |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112190056/https://www.census.gov/srd/carra/15_03_Likely_Transgender_Individuals_in_ARs_and_2010Census.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=58,000 figure is the 90% confidence threshold, figure drops to 24,528 at 99%.|date=June 2022}}

In a study by Kara Devaney, entitled ''Transgender Research Literature Review'', it is addressed that the term ''transgender'' encompasses a myriad of different and unique identities that do not follow the "normal" rules of gender. {{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}Miriam J. Abelson writes, "There is no question that trans men's experiences are men's
experiences and give insight about men, masculinity, and gender inequality."<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Abelson |first1=Miriam |title=Men in Context: Transmasculinities and Transgender Experiences in Three US Regions |date=17 October 2014 |hdl=1794/18512 }}</ref>

Like [[cisgender]] men, trans men can have any [[sexual orientation]] or [[sexual identity]], including [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]], [[Gay men|gay]], [[Bisexuality|bisexual]], and [[queer]],<ref name="BocktingBenner2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bockting |first1=Walter |last2=Benner |first2=Autumn |last3=Coleman |first3=Eli |author-link3=Eli Coleman |date=28 March 2009 |title=Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=688–701 |doi=10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3 |pmid=19330439 |s2cid=27207925}}</ref> and some trans men consider conventional sexual orientation labels inadequate or inapplicable to them.<ref name="Hrc.org">{{cite web |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |website=Human Rights Campaign |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> The literature commonly indicates that sexual attraction to those of their same gender (e.g., trans men liking men and trans women liking women) is considerably less common among trans men than among trans women; the majority of trans men are reported as heterosexual.<ref name="Shankle">{{cite book |last=Shankle |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xq5LU0iK1Y4C&pg=RA1-PT175 |title=The Handbook of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health: A Practitioner's Guide to Service |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-57355-2 |page=175 |access-date=January 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Yitzchak">{{cite book |last1=Binik |first1=Yitzchak M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvfkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |title=Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Fifth Edition |last2=Hall |first2=Kathryn S. K. |publisher=[[Guilford Publications]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4625-1389-5 |page=252 |author-link1=Irving M. Binik |access-date=January 10, 2016}}</ref> Surveys from the [[National Center for Transgender Equality]] show more variation in sexual orientation or sexual identity among trans men. In NCTE's 2015 Transgender Survey of respondents who identified as trans men, 23% identified as heterosexual or straight. The majority (65%) identified their sexual orientation or sexual identity as [[queer]] (24%), pansexual (17%), bisexual (12%), or gay/[[same-gender loving]] (12%).<ref name="NCTE USTS" />

Some trans men date heterosexual women, while other trans men date queer women; the latter might be because queer women are less invested in the gender and sexual anatomy of a person when it comes to selecting an intimate partner.<ref name="Yitzchak" /> It is also common for trans men to have histories with the [[lesbian]] community or to feel that they identify better with that community because of its wide acceptance of [[gender variance]], with a number of trans men having previously identified as lesbian (often as a "[[Butch and femme|butch]] lesbian") before realizing that they are instead transgender.<ref name="Shankle" /><ref name="Yitzchak" /><ref name="Haggerty">{{cite book |last1=Haggerty |first1=George |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Bonnie |author-link2=Bonnie Zimmerman |title=Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-135-57870-1 |year=2003 |page=776 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAZ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA776}}</ref>

Trans men have less success integrating socially within [[cisgender]] gay men's communities, which tend to be more body-focused, especially in terms of being [[phallocentric]].<ref name="Yitzchak" /><ref name="Schilt">{{cite book |last=Schilt |first=Kristen |title=Just One of the Guys?: Transgender Men and the Persistence of Gender Inequality |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |publication-place=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-73807-9 |oclc=587209584 |year=2010 |page=153 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b534IfCEi_UC&pg=PA153 }}</ref><ref name="Sumerau">{{cite book |last1=Sumerau |first1=J E |last2=Mathers |first2=Lain |author-link1=J.E. Sumerau |title=America through Transgender Eyes |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |publication-place=Lanham |isbn=978-1538122082 |oclc=1064762453 |year=2019 |pages=60–61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xK6LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60}}</ref> Yitzchak et al. state that, as a result, they more commonly see gay trans men partnering with each other than with cisgender gay men.<ref name="Yitzchak" /> There are, however, cases of women being likelier than men to thoroughly question trans men about their motivations for modifying their bodies.<ref name="Schilt" />

Some scholars<!--NOTE: The text is worded this way because, based on the chapter title, it's probably not Dan Irving and Rupert Raj arguing these matters. --> argue against assumptions that trans men are predominantly heterosexual and usually have lesbian histories. In scholars Dan Irving and Rupert Raj's book ''Trans Activism in Canada'', researchers state, "There is still a common misperception that trans men are largely heterosexual amongst those who conflate gender identity and sexual orientation. It is frequently assumed that trans men are exclusively attracted to women and have lesbian histories prior to transition." They add, "Recent data from the Trans PULSE project (Bauer, Redman, Bradley, & Scheim, 2013) challenge this assumption, with 63 percent of female-to-male spectrum trans people in Ontario reporting [[non-heterosexual]] identities and/or past-year sex with trans or non-trans men." They also argue that, based on some research, "many non-trans gay men have welcomed trans men into gay communities and have increasingly recognized trans men as potential sexual and romantic partners."<ref name="Irving">{{cite book |last1=Irving |first1=Dan |last2=Raj |first2=Rupert |author-link2=Rupert Raj |title=Trans Activism in Canada: A Reader |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |isbn=978-1-55130-537-0 |year=2014 |page=248 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpKDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA248}}</ref>
[[File:Chaz Bono by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|[[Chaz Bono]], musician, writer and actor, whose parents are [[Cher]] and [[Sonny Bono]]]]

== Health ==
Trans men and transmasculine people often face difficulty and discrimination receiving medical treatment, due to both [[Gender disparities in health#Bias against females|bias against assigned-female patients]] and [[Healthcare and the LGBT community#Issues affecting transgender people|against transgender people]]. In the 2015 [[U.S. Transgender Survey]], 42% of 8,037 trans men reported negative experiences with healthcare providers.<ref name="NCTE USTS">{{Cite journal |last1=James |first1=Sandy E. |last2=Herman |first2=Jody L. |last3=Rankin |first3=Susan |last4=Keisling |first4=Mara |last5=Mottet |first5=Lisa |last6=Anafi |first6=Ma'ayan |author-link4=Mara Keisling |date=December 2016 |title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. |journal=Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality. |url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530062420/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is a lack of credible research about how to provide adequate healthcare to transmasculine people undergoing medical transition, notably with doctors having difficulty diagnosing breast cancer in people who have undergone [[Sex reassignment surgery (female-to-male)|top surgery]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Jharna M. |last2=Dolitsky |first2=Shelley |last3=Bachman |first3=Gloria A. |last4=Buckley de Meritens |first4=Alexandre |title=Gynecologic cancer screening in the transgender male population and its current challenges |journal=Maturitas |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=129 |date=20 August 2019 |issn=0378-5122 |doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.08.009 |pages=40–44|pmid=31547911 |s2cid=201958946 }}</ref> HIV infection between trans men and others is still increasing.<ref name="TangTang2016">{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Songyuan |last2=Tang |first2=Weiming |last3=Meyers |first3=Kathrine |last4=Chan |first4=Polin |last5=Chen |first5=Zhongdan |last6=Tucker |first6=Joseph D. |title=HIV epidemiology and responses among men who have sex with men and transgender individuals in China: a scoping review |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |date=20 October 2016 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=588 |doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1904-5 |pmid=27765021 |pmc=5073436 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Reproductive health===
{{see also|Transgender pregnancy}}
Trans men with an intact [[female reproductive system]] may become [[transgender pregnancy|pregnant]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Frank |first1=S. E. |last2=Dellaria |first2=Jac |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies |chapter=Navigating the Binary: A Visual Narrative of Trans and Genderqueer Menstruation |date=25 July 2020 |pages=69–76 |publication-place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_7 |isbn=978-981-15-0613-0 |pmid=33347161 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|1}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Obedin-Maliver |first1=Juno |last2=Makadon |first2=Harvey J |title=Transgender men and pregnancy |journal=Obstetric Medicine |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=28 October 2015 |pages=4–8 |language=en |doi=10.1177/1753495X15612658 |pmc=4790470 |pmid=27030799 |issn=1753-495X}}</ref> According to surveys compiled by Medicare for Australia, 75 male-identifying parents gave birth in Australia in 2016, and 40 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/apr/20/the-dad-who-gave-birth-pregnant-trans-freddy-mcconnell |title=The dad who gave birth: 'Being pregnant doesn't change me being a trans man' |first=Simon |last=Hattenstone |work=The Guardian |date=20 April 2019 |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> Although testosterone therapy eventually induces [[amenorrhea]] in most trans men, trans men with [[uterus|uteri]] are still at risk of pregnancy even if they no longer have periods. Additionally, trans men are likely to live in poverty and have inadequate access to healthcare, so many do not have access to the [[contraceptives]] they may want or need. Trans men can use barrier methods, oral contraceptives, IUDs, and other methods of contraception while taking testosterone.<ref name="camj">{{cite journal |last1=Thornton |first1=Kimberly G.S. |last2=Mattatall |first2=Fiona |title=Pregnancy in Transgender Men |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=August 23, 2021 |volume=193 |issue=33 |page=E1303 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.210013|pmid=34426447 |pmc=8412429 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Testosterone use is contraindicated while attempting to conceive, while pregnant, and while breastfeeding, because high levels of testosterone during pregnancy can cause [[fetal abnormalities]], specifically with the [[urogenital system]] of a female fetus.<ref name="camj"/>

Trans men experience issues during pregnancy not experienced by pregnant women. For example, trans men may experience discrimination on the base of their gender while receiving obstetric care. Many providers are unfamiliar with the needs of transgender patients. Additionally, some men report that being pregnant made their [[gender dysphoria]] worse.<ref name="acog">{{cite journal |last1=Light |first1=Alexis D. |last2=Obedin-Maliver |first2=Juno |last3=Sevelius |first3=Jae M. |last4=Kerns |first4=Jennifer L. |title=Transgender Men Who Experienced Pregnancy After Female-to-Male Gender Transitioning |journal=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists |date=2014 |volume=124 |issue=6 |pages=1120–1127 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000540|pmid=25415163 |s2cid=36023275 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3dz427qw }}</ref>

==Sports==
{{See also|Transgender people in sports}}
{{Split section|List of trans man athletes|discuss={{TALKPAGENAME}}#Split out sports section |date=April 2025}}

=== Trans men in women's sports ===

==== Early Examples ====
Early known examples of trans men who competed at international levels were [[intersex]] men who were raised as girls, competed in women's championships, and came out as men later in life. They include [[Zdeněk Koubek]], an intersex man who was [[Czechs|Czech]] women's national champion and medal winner at the 1934 World Women's Athletic games in track whose awards and records were later revoked;<ref name="r3">[http://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=11754 Zdena/Zdeněk Koubková/Koubek]. encyklopedie.brna.cz</ref> [[Willy De Bruyn]], a [[Belgium|Belgian]] cyclist who became unofficial women's [[World championship of cycling|world champion]] in 1934, born [[intersex]] and raised as a girl but later identified as a man;<ref name="Meyerowitz">{{cite book |last1=Meyerowitz |first1=Joanne J. |title=How Sex Changed |date=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674040960 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFP2PmYPBBAC&q=willy+elvira+%22de+bruijn%22&pg=PT381}}</ref> and French [[sprinting|sprinter]] [[Pierre Brésolles]], who ran the women's [[100 metres|100 metre]] and [[200 metres|200 metre races]] and won third place in the women's 100 meter dash in the [[1946 European Athletics Championships|Oslo European Championship in 1946]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Histoire des transsexuels en France|last = Foerster|first = Maxime|publisher = H&O|year = 2006|location = Béziers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deces.matchid.io/search?advanced=true&bd=1929&ln=Br%C3%A9solles&fn=Pierre|title=BRESOLES Pierre|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

Another notable early trans man athlete is [[Andreas Krieger]] (b. 1965), an [[East Germany|East German]] [[shot put]]ter who competed on the women's [[East Germany|East German]] [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]] team at [[SC Dynamo Berlin]] in the 1980's.  Krieger was unknowingly doped with large doses of anabolic steroids, which masculinized his body, influencing his decision to transition in the 1990's.  He is now involved in anti-doping activism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Longman |first=Jere |date=2004-01-26 |title=DRUG TESTING; East German Steroids' Toll: 'They Killed Heidi' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/26/sports/drug-testing-east-german-steroids-toll-they-killed-heidi.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Andreas Krieger: Heidi's Farthest Throw| date=19 November 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQhUjaiveAg|language=en|access-date=2021-08-16}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2015-11-28 |title=A Body Changed Forever by Steroids |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/sports/a-body-changed-forever-by-steroids.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== Recent Examples ====
[[Keelin Godsey]] competes women's hammer throw and holds the NCAA Division III record.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2006 |title=Godsey breaks own NCAA Division III record in hammer throw |url=https://www.bates.edu/news/2006/05/26/godsey/ |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Keelin Godsey '06 {{!}} Alumni Inductee {{!}} Athletics {{!}} Bates College |url=http://athletics.bates.edu/scholar_athlete_society/2015_Keelin_Godsey |access-date=2016-10-03 |website=athletics.bates.edu}}</ref> In 2008, he became the first openly transgender athlete to compete for a spot on the [[United States]] [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCAA members slow to adopt transgender athlete guidelines |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2015/08/03/ncaa-transgender-athlete-guidelines-keelin-godsey-caitlyn-jenner/31055873/ |access-date=2016-10-03 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transgender Athlete Competes For Olympic Spot |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/05/24/153589689/transgender-athlete-competes-for-olympic-spot |access-date=2016-10-03 |website=NPR.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=TORRE |first=PABLO S. |title=THE TRANSGENDER ATHLETE |url=https://www.si.com/vault/2012/05/28/106195901/the-transgender-athlete |access-date=2016-10-03 |newspaper=Sports Illustrated Vault &#124; Si.com}}</ref> Another Olympic team athlete, former member of Japan's Olympic women's [[fencing]] team from 2004 to 2006 [[Fumino Sugiyama]], is now a transgender rights activist and works to promote acceptance and participation of trans athletes in Japanese sports.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hatta, Naohiko |date=July 13, 2016 |title=Transgender man helps Shibuya make a difference |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/13/national/social-issues/transgender-man-helps-shibuya-make-difference/ |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref>

In basketball, noted trans men include [[Jay Mulucha]], an LGBTQI activist and Ugandan basketball player with the Magic Stormers in the Federation of Uganda Basketball League (FUBA), and American basketball player [[Kye Allums]], the first openly transgender [[NCAA Division I]] college athlete.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/11/03/transgender.basketball.player/index.html |work=CNN |title=First transgender athlete to play in NCAA basketball |date=March 23, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013085241/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-03/us/transgender.basketball.player_1_transgender-athletics-staff-basketball-team?_s=PM%3AUS |archivedate=October 13, 2011|access-date=April 5, 2022 }}</ref> [[Harrison Browne]] was the first openly transgender athlete in professional American hockey, coming out in 2016 and transitioning medically after his retirement from professional sports in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pruski |first1=Scout |title=Harrison Browne talks Ovi, activism in visit to American University |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/other-sports/harrison-browne-talks-ovi-activism-visit-american-university |website=NBC Sports Washington |accessdate=16 January 2019 |date=28 November 2018 |archive-date=January 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100541/https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/other-sports/harrison-browne-talks-ovi-activism-visit-american-university |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kumi Yokoyama]] is a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for women's football club [[Okayama Yunogo Belle]] and the [[Japan women's national football team|Japan women's national team]].<ref name="reuters-22jun2021">{{cite news |title=Japan's Yokoyama comes out as transgender man |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/japans-yokoyama-comes-out-transgender-man-2021-06-22/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=June 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2021/06/20/soccer/kumi-yokoyama-comes-out-lgbtq/|title=Soccer player Kumi Yokoyama comes out as transgender: 'It would be harder to live closeted'|first=Dan|last=Orlowitz|date=20 June 2021|website=The Japan Times}}</ref>

==== Safety concerns ====
In 2017, high school state wrestler and trans boy [[Mack Beggs]] won the Texas state girls' wrestling title.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-26 |title=Transgender boy wins Texas girls' wrestling title |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/story/_/id/18767310/transgender-wrestler-mack-beggs-euless-trinity-wins-texas-state-girls-wrestling-title |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Beggs began taking testosterone to transition in 2015, which other athletes argued gave him an unfair advantage and created a safety risk.  He reached the state championship tournament after two opponents forfeited matches due to safety concerns, and a lawsuit was filed to suspend Beggs because of testosterone use. Beggs' mother stated that he wanted to compete in the boys' competition but was barred due to rules requiring that athletes compete according to the [[Sex assigned at birth|sex on their birth certificate]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2017 |title=Transgender teen wins regional wrestling title despite attempt to ban him from competing - SportsDay |url=http://sportsday.dallasnews.com/high-school/high-schools/2017/02/18/transgender-teen-wins-regional-wrestling-title-despite-attempt-ban-competing |access-date=18 April 2017 |work=DallasNews.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

{{Gallery 
| width = 100
| title = Transgender men athletes in women's sports
| HarrisonBrowne.jpg | [[Harrison Browne]], Canadian ice hockey player
| Zdenka Koubkova 1936.jpg | [[Zdeněk Koubek]], [[Czech Republic|Czech]] intersex man who was a women's track champion (1936)
|7=Jay Malucha.jpg|8=[[Jay Mulucha]], Ugandan basketball player|9=Poland Japan track and field match 1934.jpg|10=[[Witold Smętek]], Polish intersex man and track competitor (in white) (1934)|11=Kumi Yokoyama (cropped).jpg|12=[[Kumi Yokoyama]], Japanese professional soccer player}}

=== Trans men in men's sports ===
In 2013, [[Schuyler Bailar]] was recruited to the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] women's swimming team.  He took a gap year after high school to transition, and was told he could join the men's or women's swim team at Harvard, according to his preference.  He joined the men's team, and in 2015 Bailar became the first publicly documented NCAA D1 transgender man to compete as a man in swimming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merrill |first=Emma |date=2015-06-17 |title=Schuyler Bailar To Be First Openly Transgender D1 NCAA Swimmer |url=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/schuyler-bailar-to-be-first-openly-transgender-collegiate-swimmer/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Swimming World |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schuyler Bailar, First D1 Transgender Swimmer, Joins Harvard's Men's Team {{!}} Sports {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2015/6/28/bailar-swimming-profile/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref>

More recently, [[Chris Mosier]], a duathlon and [[triathlon]] competitor on the US National team in duathlon, successfully challenged the [[International Olympic Committee]] former policy that required surgery before transgender athletes could compete in the category that matched their gender identity.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 21, 2016 |title=Trans triathlete Chris Mosier may be barred from competing at World Championships |url=http://www.outsports.com/2016/1/21/10802088/chris-mosier-trans-athlete-duathlon-world-championship |access-date=2016-08-19 |publisher=Outsports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 14, 2016 |title=Olympic News - Official Source of Olympic News |url=http://www.olympic.org/content/news/media-resources/manual-news/1999-2009/2004/05/18/ioc-approves-consensus-with-regard-to-athletes-who-have-changed-sex |access-date=2016-08-19 |publisher=Olympic.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=ThinkProgress |date= |title=The Olympics Are Now Much Friendlier For Transgender Athletes — ThinkProgress |url=http://thinkprogress.org/sports/2016/01/22/3742064/trans-rights-olympics/ |access-date=2016-08-19 |publisher=Thinkprogress.org}}</ref> Mosier's challenge led to the creation and adoption in 2016 of new IOC guidelines for the categorization of transgender athletes in the Olympics in World Championships.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 22, 2016 |title=Exclusive: Read the Olympics' new transgender guidelines that will not mandate surgery |url=http://www.outsports.com/2016/1/21/10812404/transgender-ioc-policy-new-olympics |access-date=2016-08-19 |publisher=Outsports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Trans Athlete Behind the Olympic Committee's New Gender Policy |url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/01/chris-mosier-transgender-athletes-olympics.html |access-date=2017-05-06 |work=The Cut |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Transgender Man Who Changed the Olympics, Sportshour - BBC World Service |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p041mff2 |access-date=2017-05-06 |website=BBC}}</ref>

In 2018, American [[Patricio Manuel]] became the first trans man to compete in professional men's boxing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Kevin Baxter {{!}} Los Angeles |date=2017-08-08 |title=The first U.S. boxer to fight as a woman, and then as a man |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2017/08/08/first-transgender-us-boxer-pat-manuel/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=America's First-Ever Transgender Male Professional Boxer, Patricio Manuel, Wins His Debut Fight |url=https://people.com/sports/first-transgender-male-boxer-in-us-patricio-manuel-wins-debut-fight/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref>
{{Gallery 
| width = 100
| title = Transgender men athletes in men's sports
|Schuyler Bailar (cropped).jpg|[[Schuyler Bailar]], men's swimmer for [[Harvard]] from 2015 to 2019|Chris Mosier 41813087412.jpg |[[Chris Mosier]], men's triathlete, duathlete and racewalker| Patricio Manuel.jpg | [[Patricio Manuel]], American professional boxer who competed in men's boxing after transition
}}

=== Trans men in mixed sex sports ===
[[Quince Mountain]] was the first transgender [[dog musher]] to compete in the [[Iditarod]] dogsledding race in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2020 |title=Meet Quince Mountain, the Iditarod's first trans dog musher |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/meet-quince-mountain-iditarod-s-first-transgender-dog-musher-n1153196 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>

== Discrimination ==
{{main|Discrimination against transgender men}}
Transgender men can face discrimination as a result of their status as trans men. Such discrimination may include sexual violence.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Chonwilai |first=Sulaiporn |date=17 May 2016 |title=Trans community still faces violence |work=[[Bangkok Post]] |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/976353/trans-community-still-faces-violence |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Trans woman]]
* [[List of transgender people]]
* [[List of transgender-related topics]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Becoming a Visible Man'' by [[Jamison Green]]
* ''Just Add Hormones: An Insider's Guide to the Transsexual Experience'' by [[Matt Kailey]]
* ''Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities'' by [[Jason Cromwell]]
* ''FTM: Female-to-Male Transsexuals in Society''. by [[Aaron H. Devor]]
* ''Second Son: Transitioning Toward My Destiny, Love and Life'' by [[Ryan Sallans]]

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.nickgorton.org/ Medical Therapy and Health Maintenance for Transgender Men: A Guide For Health Care Providers] free [[ebook]], {{ISBN|0-9773250-0-8}}
* [http://transguys.com/ TransGuys.com] A magazine for trans men
* [http://www.ftmi.org/ FTM International] An organization serving the female-to-male trans community.
* [https://originalplumbing.bigcartel.com/ Original Plumbing magazine] Quarterly magazine with online component focusing on culture and diversity in the trans male community.

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