View source for Iskandar of Johor

{{Short description|Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1984 to 1989}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Iskandar
{{nobold | {{Ubl
  | {{native name|ms-arab|إسكندر|italics=no|paren=omit}}
  }}}}
| title        = Al-Mutawakkil Alallah (The Leaner on God)
| image        = SI Potret 0001 (4to3 portrait, closeup).jpg
| caption      = 
| succession   = [[King of Malaysia]]
| reign        = 26 April 1984 – 25 April 1989
| coronation   = 15 November 1984
| cor-type     = Malaysia
| predecessor  = [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]
| successor    = [[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]]
| succession2  = [[Sultan of Johor]]
| reign2       = 11 May 1981 – 22 January 2010
| predecessor2 = [[Ismail of Johor|Ismail]]
| successor2   = [[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor|Ibrahim]]
| full name    = Tunku Mahmood Iskandar ibni Tunku Ismail
| regnal name  = Baginda Almutawakil Alallah Sultan Iskandar ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Josephine Ruby Trevorrow]] ''(Khalsom binti Abdullah)''|1956|1962|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Tunku Puan Zanariah|Sultanah Zanariah]]|1961}}
}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* Tunku Kamariah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah
* Tunku Zabedah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah
* [[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor|Tunku Ibrahim Ismail]]
* [[Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah|Tunku Hajah Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah]]
* Tunku Mariam Zaharah
* Tunku Noraini Fatimah
* Tunku Maimunah Ismailiah
* [[Tunku Abdul Majid|Tunku Abdul Majid Idris Ismail Ibrahim]]
* Tunku Muna Najiah
* Tunku Aminah Kalsum Masera Marian Zahira Iskandariah
}}
| house        = House of Temenggong
| father       = [[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Al-Masyhur]]
| mother       = Sultanah Ungku Tun Aminah Binti Ungku Ahmad
| birth_date   = {{birth date|df=yes|1932|04|08}}
| birth_place  = Istana Semayam, [[Johor Bahru|Johor Bahru, Johor]], [[Unfederated Malay States]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|01|22|1932|08|04}}
| death_place  = Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| burial_date  = 23 January 2010
| burial_place = [[Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum]], Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Sultan Iskandar ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=JOHOR (Sultanate) |url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/malaysia/johor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210141332/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/malaysia/johor.html |archive-date=10 February 2009 |access-date=3 January 2009}}</ref><ref>''Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996)'', Horton, pg 290</ref><ref>''Siapa kebal, Mahathir atau raja-raja Melayu?'', Yahaya Ismail, pg 42</ref> ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-arab|المتوكل على ﷲ سلطان إسكندر الحاج ابن المرحوم سلطان إسماعيل الخالدي}}; 8 April 1932 – 22 January 2010) was [[Sultan of Johor]], succeeding his father [[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail]] upon the latter's death in 1981. He reigned as the eighth [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], the constitutional monarch of Malaysia, from 1984 to 1989. Sultan Iskandar's reign as Sultan of Johor lasted almost 29 years until his death in 2010. 

His children are married into the different royal houses of Malaysia. His eldest daughter Tunku Kamariah married the Tengku Laksamana of Selangor, [[Tengku Sulaiman Shah]]. His successor and eldest son Sultan [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] married [[Raja Zarith Sofiah]] of the Perak royal family. His daughter [[Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah]] married the heir apparent of Pahang, now Sultan [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]]. His younger son [[Tunku Abdul Majid]] married a member of the [[Kedah]] royal family, Tunku Teh Mazni.

As was the case with his grandfather, Sultan [[Ibrahim of Johor|Ibrahim]],<ref>'' Johore and the Origins of British Control'', Nesalamar Nadarajah, pg 128</ref> Sultan Iskandar's independent mindset resulted in strained relations with the Malaysian federal government on numerous occasions. This was most prevalent during his time as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong,<ref>''Asian Recorder'' (1984), pg 17808</ref> as there were a number of notable public incidents involved Sultan Iskandar.<ref name="Low_185">''Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes, 1945–85 (1988)'', Low, pg 185</ref> Nevertheless, Sultan Iskandar was reputed to show great concern for his subjects, and was held in high esteem by many of his subjects–particularly the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and [[Orang Asli]]s.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan">Thanam Visvanathan, ''Ruler with deep concern for people–Sultan Iskandar revered as protective guardian and helpful to all his subjects'', pg 1, 8 April 2001, [[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]] ''Special'' (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)</ref> His time as the Sultan of Johor was marred by accusations of violence and brutality. Sultan Iskandar was notorious for his bad temper which often resulted in violent episodes of rage and brutality to members of his staff and the general public. The [[1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia#Gomez Incident|1992 Gomez incident]] surrounding the Sultan eventually culminated in the removal of "legal immunity" for members of the royal family.

Sultan Iskandar is reputed to have been a staunch disciplinarian, with willingness to occasionally voice personal opinions on governmental issues. On the personal side, subjects who approached the Sultan in his later years described him as a person with a warm<ref name="InspiringRuler">[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/4/8/nation/17342774&sec=nation Inspiring ruler] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014033/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F4%2F8%2Fnation%2F17342774&sec=nation |date=4 March 2009 }}, Nelson Benjamin, 8 April 2007, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref> and generous personality.<ref name="thestar.com.my">[http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2008/4/8/southneast/20871480&sec=southneast Johor Sultan's birthday celebration at Dataran Bandaraya in JB today] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004927/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F4%2F8%2Fsouthneast%2F20871480&sec=southneast |date=4 March 2009 }}, 8 April 2008, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref> However, past critics had also argued that Sultan Iskandar was a person with a turbulent temper.<ref name="TanCK5">Tan, Chee Khoon (1985), pg 5</ref><ref>Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 32</ref> These claims were made by citing records of notorious incidents,<ref>Clad (1989), pg 57</ref> which include an experience of being disinherited from being the Tunku Mahkota of Johor (or [[Crown Prince]] in English) by his father, in 1961, as well as a series of alleged criminal acts occurring between the 1970s and the 1990s which were published in the press and provoked widespread moral outrage within the Malaysian public.<ref name="KamarulAbdullah">Abdullah (2003), pg 148</ref><ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 102–3</ref>

During his younger days as a [[Malay titles|prince]],<ref name="Tunku">[[Malay titles|Tunku]] is spelled as in Johor. ''Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story'', K.N. Nadarajah, pg 50</ref> Iskandar was commonly known by his first name, "Mahmood"<ref>''Facts on File Yearbook'', by Facts on File, inc., 1957, Phrase: "Married: Prince Tunku Mahmud, 24, grandson of the Sultan of Johore, & Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, 21, daughter of an English textile&nbsp;..."</ref><ref>''Malaysia'', by British Association of Malaysia, British Association of Malaysia and Singapore, Phrase: " Mahmood of Jo-hore. On 5 August 1960, at the Istana Bukit&nbsp;..."</ref> or his full name "Mahmood Iskandar". He largely discontinued the use of his first name after he became Sultan in 1981,<ref>Andresen (1992), pg 138</ref> although some people occasionally referred to him by his full name.<ref>[http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=45376 Demolish causeway: Johor Sultan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304181136/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=45376 |date=4 March 2009 }}, 5 November 2006, Dailyexpress</ref><ref name="_Azizah"/>

==Early life==
Sultan Iskandar (known as '''Tunku Mahmood Iskandar'''{{Ref_label|C|γ|b}} until 1981) was the third and eldest surviving son of Sultan [[Ismail of Johor|Ismail]], (he had two older brothers, both of whom died in infancy){{citation needed|date=August 2020}} and was born on at 11:30 a.m. 8 April 1932 in the Istana Semayam, [[Johor Bahru]].<ref name="Rosnah Haji Ahmad71">''Pemerintah dan pemimpin-pemimpin kerajaan Malaysia'', Siti Rosnah Haji Ahmad, pg 71</ref> Mahmood received his primary and lower secondary education in Ngee Heng Primary School and the [[English College Johore Bahru]] (now Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar) in Johor Bahru. In 1952, he was sent to [[Australia]] for higher secondary education at [[Trinity Grammar School (New South Wales)|Trinity Grammar School]]. After completing high school in 1953, Mahmood travelled to the [[Isle of Wight]] in the [[United Kingdom]], where he was enrolled in the Upper Chine School for three years.<ref>''Information Malaysia'' (1985), pg 58</ref>

==Sultan of Johor==
[[File:Keluargamahkota56.jpg|thumb|left|The Royal family of Johor on celebrating the birthday of Dr Heah Hock Chye in 1956. From left: Tunku Mahmood Iskandar, Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sultanah Aminah, Che Khalsom binti Abdullah ([[Josephine Ruby Trevorrow]], wife to Tunku Mahmood Iskandar), Tunku Maimunah, Sultan [[Ismail of Johor]].]]
Mahmood returned to Malaysia in 1956 upon completing his studies, and briefly served as a cadet officer in the Johor Civil Service,<ref>[http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_8 His Majesty and Her Majesty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813024825/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_8 |date=13 August 2009 }}, Website of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Retrieved 3 January 2009</ref> taking charge of affairs in District Affairs, Land and Treasury departments until his appointment as the Tunku Mahkota of Johor in May 1959.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan"/> Mahmood was appointed the Tunku Mahkota of Johor from 1959 to 1961, and Raja Muda of Johor from 1966 to 1981, by Sultan Ismail. On 29 April 1981, he was re-appointed as the Tunku Mahkota shortly before his father's death.<ref>[http://www.johordt.gov.my/bm/kerajaan/ Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah, Sultan Iskandar Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ismail Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109202509/http://www.johordt.gov.my/bm/kerajaan/ |date=9 January 2009 }}</ref>

On 10 May 1981, Mahmood was appointed as the Regent of Johor following the death of his father, and was sworn in as Sultan a day later, shortly before his father was buried.<ref name="IskandarMahkota">Asian RecorderPublished by K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1981, pg 16108</ref> In turn, his younger brother, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman (1933–1989)|Tunku Abdul Rahman]] (not to be confused with [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], Malaysia's first prime minister), formerly the Tunku Mahkota of Johor for twenty years under Sultan Ismail, was demoted to a lower position, the Tunku Bendahara of Johor, a post which he held until his death in 1989.<ref name="TanCK5"/> In the same year on 12 December, Sultan Iskandar was appointed as the Chancellor of the [[University of Technology Malaysia]].<ref>''Information Malaysia (1990)'', pg 906</ref> Unlike the other preceding Sultan of Johors who had their own coronation ceremony, he did not have one.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ismail|first=Fauziah|title=Ruler close to the people's heart|url=http://www.nst.com.my/streets/johor/ruler-close-to-the-people-s-heart-1.126308?localLinksEnabled=false|access-date=6 December 2012|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=17 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821095124/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/johor/ruler-close-to-the-people-s-heart-1.126308?localLinksEnabled=false|archive-date=21 August 2012}}</ref>

Under the council of rulers, the elective monarchy system of Malaysia, Sultan Iskandar was elected on 9 February 1984 as the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, shortly before his predecessor's term expired on 26 April 1984. He succeeded the [[Sultan of Pahang]] as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong on 26 April.<ref>''The Europa Year Book: A World Survey'' (1984), pg xiv</ref> A royal investiture was held shortly after that, in which he donned the traditional suit of the Agong, whereby he was officially installed.<ref>Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 35</ref> Sultan Iskandar served in the capacity as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong until 1989, being succeeded by the [[Sultan of Perak]].<ref>[http://www.johordt.gov.my/bm/kerajaan/page/dymm_sultan_johor/ DYMM Seri Paduka Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah, Sultan Iskandar Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ismail] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214165314/http://www.johordt.gov.my/bm/kerajaan/page/dymm_sultan_johor/ |date=14 December 2008 }}, Kerajaan Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim, Retrieved 3 January 2009</ref> As the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Iskandar was automatically designated under constitutional provisions as the Supreme Commander of the [[Malaysian Armed Forces]], holding the rank of the [[Marshal of the Air Force|Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force]], Admiral of the Fleet of the [[Royal Malaysian Navy]] and Field Marshal of the Army.<ref>Alagappa (2001), pg 267</ref>

On 8 April 2006, the Sultan appointed his grandson [[Tunku Ismail Idris]]—the son of the Tunku Mahkota then—as the Raja Muda during an investiture in conjunction with his birthday. The rank of Raja Muda denoted that Ismail Idris was second in the line of succession to the Johorean royal throne.<ref name="star_rajamuda">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060410172958/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F4%2F9%2Fnation%2F13915164&sec=nation  Mahkota's son named Raja Muda of Johor]}}, [http://thestar.com.my The Star online], Star Publications, 9 April 2006.</ref>

===State affairs===
Sultan Iskandar held annual open house events either at the [[Istana Bukit Serene]], his official residence, or at the [[Istana Besar]].<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/10/13/nation/20071013145427&sec=nation Thousands at PM's open house (update 4)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014002/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F10%2F13%2Fnation%2F20071013145427&sec=nation |date=4 March 2009 }}, Manjit Kaur, Royce Cheah and Ng Si Hooi, 13 October 2007, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref> On these days, the Sultan and his eldest son, the Tunku Mahkota, held special sessions whereby Johoreans came up to pay their respects to him.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015164059/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F10%2F15%2Fsouthneast%2F19170015&sec=southneast Day of fun and feasting]}}, Teh Eng Hock and Meera Vijayan, 15 October 2007, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref> The Sultan also bestowed honorary awards on distinguished Malaysians from his annual birthday honours list on his birthday.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/list.asp?file=/2004/4/9/nation/7728463&sec=nation Sultan of Johor's birthday honours list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223222518/http://thestar.com.my/news/list.asp?file=%2F2004%2F4%2F9%2Fnation%2F7728463&sec=nation |date=23 February 2009 }}, 9 April 2004, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref> As a matter of convention, the state government made 8 April a state public holiday to mark his birthday.<ref>''Anniversaries and Holidays'' (2000), pg 109</ref><ref>[http://www.jmg.gov.my/index.php?option=com_jcalpro&Itemid=442&extmode=view&extid=29 Event: 'Sultan Of Johor's Birthday'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000527/http://www.jmg.gov.my/index.php?option=com_jcalpro&Itemid=442&extmode=view&extid=29 |date=4 March 2009 }}, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia (JMG), 13 February 2009</ref>

Shortly before he became Agong in April 1984, Sultan Iskandar issued a proposal for the [[Orang Asli]]s to be referred to as the "Bumiputera Asli" (literally, Original Sons of the Soil). The proposal was made as Sultan Iskandar suggested that the Orang Aslis maintained a distinct identity from the Malays as the majority of them were not [[Muslim]]s. The proposal was subsequently scrapped, and the government made subsequent attempts to assimilate the Orang Aslis with the mainstream Malay society.<ref>Benjamin, Chou, (2002), pg 121</ref> After his inauguration as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, he donated his Agong's salary to various scholarship boards that were open to Malaysians of all races.<ref>Low (1988), pg 192</ref>
[[File:JBIstana Besar.jpg|left|thumb|Steps to the main hall of Istana Besar, Johor Bahru]]

Sultan Iskandar issued a decree in 2007 which only allowed residences and properties owned by the Sultan and the Tunku Mahkota to be called [[Palace|Istana]], while properties belonging to other members of the royal family are to be known as "Kediaman". The terms "Istana" and "Kediaman" are translated as "[[Palace]]" and "Residences" in English, respectively.<ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2455469/Article/printarticle A palace in the sun] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124174839/http://nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2455469/Article/printarticle |date=24 January 2009 }}, Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times</ref> The following December, Sultan Iskandar gave his endorsement for the state government to pass a law which would ban Muslims in the state from practising [[Yoga]], citing that [[Hindu]] elements in the exercise went against Islamic teachings. Applications to seek the Sultan's consent came from the state religious council, who acted under the instructions of the National Fatwa Council.<ref>[http://www.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20081205-105731.html Ban on yoga likely in Johor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304033233/http://www.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20081205-105731.html |date=4 March 2009 }}, 5 December 2008, New Straits Times</ref><ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Saturday/Stories/2436274/Article/index_html Johor prepares to enforce yoga ban] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010844/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Saturday/Stories/2436274/Article/index_html |date=4 March 2009 }}, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times</ref>

Sultan Iskandar graced the official landmark opening of the [[Southern Integrated Gateway#Sultan Iskandar Customs.2C Immigration and Quarantine Complex|Sultan Iskandar customs, immigration and quarantine complex]] on 1 December 2008, in the presence of the Tunku Mahkota and several key cabinet ministers. The complex was named in honour of the Sultan,<ref>[http://medkom.my/berita/bangunan-sultan-iskandar-jadi-pintu-masuk-kepada-sembilan-juta-pengunjung.html Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Jadi Pintu Masuk Kepada Sembilan Juta Pengunjung] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304032901/http://medkom.my/berita/bangunan-sultan-iskandar-jadi-pintu-masuk-kepada-sembilan-juta-pengunjung.html |date=4 March 2009 }}, Hamirul Hairi Mohd Noh, 2 December 2008</ref> who expressed optimism for its success during his opening speech.<ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Tuesday/MyJohor/20081222200908/Article/index_html Glaring glitches mar historic opening] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126170821/http://nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Tuesday/MyJohor/20081222200908/Article/index_html |date=26 January 2009 }}, Syed Umar Ariff, 21 December 2008, [[New Straits Times]]</ref><ref>[http://medkom.my/video/dymm-sultan-iskandar-sultan-ismail-merasmikan-bangunan-sultan-iskandar.html DYMM Sultan Iskandar Sultan Ismail Merasmikan Bangunan Sultan Iskandar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125010633/http://medkom.my/video/dymm-sultan-iskandar-sultan-ismail-merasmikan-bangunan-sultan-iskandar.html |date=25 January 2009 }}, 2 December 2008, MedKom</ref>

===Foreign relations===
Since his ascension to the throne, Sultan Iskandar fostered particularly close ties with [[Singapore]], by developing a personal rapport with top Singaporean leaders. This practice was also taken up by his sons, the Tunku Mahkota and Tunku Aris Bendahara.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pap.org.sg/articleview.php?id=2646&cid=21|date=13 October 2007|title=Ministers convey Hari Raya wishes to Sultan of Johor|publisher=[[People's Action Party]]|access-date=3 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123516/http://www.pap.org.sg/articleview.php?id=2646&cid=21|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Media reports highlighted the particularly warm reception which leaders of both countries received whenever they visited each other's domains,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://app.sprinter.gov.sg/data/pr/20070411985.htm|date=11 April 2007|title=Visit To Singapore By His Majesty Sultan Iskandar Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, Sultan And Sovereign Ruler of the State And Territories of Johor Darul Ta'zim, 12 To 13 April 2007|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pap.org.sg/articleview.php?id=1253&mode=&cid=23|date=25 October 2006|title=Warm friendship toasted at annual Hari Raya lunch with Johor Sultan|publisher=[[People's Action Party]]|access-date=4 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123512/http://www.pap.org.sg/articleview.php?id=1253&mode=&cid=23|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> particularly in July 1988, when Sultan Iskandar's visit to Singapore marked<ref>''The Little Red Dot: Reflections by Singapore's Diplomats'', Koh, Chang, pg 417</ref> the first official visit by any Yang di-Pertuan Agong since 1957.<ref>''Singapore-Malaysia Relations Under Abdullah Badawi'', pg 77, Saw, Kesavapany</ref><ref>''Political Handbook of Asia 2007'', Banks, Muller, Overstreet, pg 423</ref> Between these years, Sultan Iskandar has been awarded or been given the following awards by Singaporean political leaders:

* 1988: Singapore Deputy Prime Minister [[Goh Chok Tong]] received the Dato' Paduka Mahkota Johor (Kehormat) from the Sultan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://picas.nhb.gov.sg/picas/public/internetSearch/catalogueForm.jsp?id=0000765029&thesaurusFlag=Y&simpleSearch=Goh+chok+tong+dato&photographOption=1&Submit=Submit&pageNumber=1&total=206|date=27 July 1988|title=First Deputy Prime Minister And Minister For Defence Goh Chok Tong Receiving Johor's Second Highest Award, Dato Paduka Mahkota Johor (Kehormat) From Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Iskandar of Johor in Istana State Room (Description of Event Provided By Transferring Agency)|publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304142021/http://picas.nhb.gov.sg/picas/public/internetSearch/catalogueForm.jsp?id=0000765029&thesaurusFlag=Y&simpleSearch=Goh+chok+tong+dato&photographOption=1&Submit=Submit&pageNumber=1&total=206|archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref>
* 2007: Sultan Iskandar was presented with the Honorary Master Parachutist Wing by Singapore Defence Minister [[Teo Chee Hean]].<ref name="Sultan of Johor Visits HQ Commando">{{cite news|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2007/apr/13apr07_nr.html|date=13 April 2007|title=Sultan of Johor Visits HQ Commando|publisher=[[MINDEF]]|access-date=3 January 2009|archive-date=21 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621012925/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2007/apr/13apr07_nr.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2007: Conferred the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws by the [[National University of Singapore]].<ref name="Sultan of Johor Visits HQ Commando"/>

Relations with Singapore soured after the [[International Court of Justice]] ruled in Singapore's favour following a long legal battle over the [[Pedra Branca dispute|sovereignty]] of [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]]. At the inaugural session of the 12th Johor State Assembly in 2008, the Sultan stated his continued support of Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca, and vowed to find legal means to retrieve the island's sovereignty.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/6/20/nation/21601771&sec=nation|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=20 June 2008|title=Sultan vows to reclaim Batu Puteh island|author=Farik Zolkepli|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004954/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F6%2F20%2Fnation%2F21601771&sec=nation|archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref>

Sultan Iskandar also fostered a fairly close relationship with the [[Sultan of Brunei]], [[Hassanal Bolkiah]], particularly during his days as the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong.<ref>''Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996)'' (1996), pg 290</ref> In 2006, they were again seen together in public, after Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah made a state visit to Johor to express his interest in the [[Iskandar Development Region]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/28/nation/22187799&sec=nation|date=28 August 2008|title=Brunei eyes Iskandar Malaysia project|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304005006/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F28%2Fnation%2F22187799&sec=nation|archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Succession===
Prior to being the Sultan or Agong, and even during the 1980s and early 1990s, Mahmood's reputation was marred by a number of controversial incidents which received occasional attention from the media. One of these earliest incidents was the loss of his status as Mahkota in 1961—a position which his father, Sultan Ismail, appointed him to two years earlier, citing reasons of alleged misbehaviour<ref name="Low_185"/> after confidential reports accusing him of incarcerating a policeman reached the Sultan.<ref name="Kershaw103">Kershaw (2001), pg 103</ref> Iskandar's younger brother, Abdul Rahman (Tunku Mahkota of Johor)<ref name="Tengku">[[Malay titles|Tengku]] is spelled as in Johor. ''Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story'', K.N. Nadarajah, pg 50</ref> was appointed as the Tunku Mahkota in favour of him. Nevertheless, in 1966, Mahmood Iskandar was appointed the Raja Muda—which put him second in line to the throne.<ref name="The International Who pg 827"/> In April 1981, Mahmood was reinstated as Mahkota shortly before his father's death the following month and was subsequently installed as the Sultan of Johor,<ref>[http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_8 His Majesty and Her Majesty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813024825/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_8 |date=13 August 2009 }}, Retrieved 3 January 2009</ref> under the orders of his father.<ref name="IskandarMahkota"/>

However, some eyewitnesses challenged the legitimacy of Mahmood's reappointment as the Mahkota, by arguing that they witnessed Sultan Ismail already having lapsed into coma at the time of his appointment as the regent.<ref name="Kershaw103"/> Records stated that Sultan Ismail lapsed into a coma on 8 May, three days before his death.<ref>''Who's who in Malaysia'' (1982), pg 463</ref> Relations with the [[Menteri Besar]] of Johor, [[Othman Saat]] deteriorated when the latter questioned Iskandar's legitimacy to the throne, which led to an incident which saw the Sultan issuing an order to the Menteri Besar to vacate his office within 24 hours, shortly after Sultan Ismail's death, citing that he needed that office space for himself. The Menteri Besar heeded his order, though the Sultan did not move in as he had said.<ref>''Southeast Asian Affairs'' (1982), pg 251</ref> [[Othman Saat]] subsequently resigned the following year as the Menteri Besar.<ref name="Low_185"/>

===Criminal misconduct===
In 1972, Mahmood was charged with assault for using chemical [[Mace (spray)|mace]] on two men for overtaking his car and was convicted for his offence the following year.<ref>''Aliran Monthly'', Aliran Kesedaran Negaran, 1992, Malaysia, pg3</ref> A year later, reports surfaced of another similar attack on a young couple, when Iskandar, together with his bodyguard, attacked them after they allegedly offended him. Another incident took place at about this time when Mahmood restrained two policemen in a dog kennel for a day after they had angered him.<ref>Downton (1986), pp 203–4</ref>

Five years later, Mahmood was charged and convicted for manslaughter<ref>[[Harold Crouch|Crouch]] (1996), pg 144</ref> for shooting and killing a man near his private helicopter, whom he took to be a smuggler. In both cases, his father, Sultan Ismail, intervened and granted official pardons to Mahmood.<ref>Copetas, Rich (2001), pg 145</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01EFD71238F935A15757C0A962948260|title=AROUND THE WORLD; Elected King's Reign Ending in Malaysia|date= 26 April 1984|author=UPI|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>Clad (1989), pg 15</ref> Similarly, his eldest son, [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Tunku Ibrahim Ismail]], was convicted in the 1980s for shooting a man to death in a nightclub during a feud, but was quickly pardoned.<ref>De Ledesma, Lewis, Savage (2003), pg 366</ref>

In 1987, Sultan Iskandar was further accused of causing the death of a golf caddy in the [[Cameron Highlands]] by assault, following an incident in which the golf caddy laughed when the Sultan missed a shot.<ref>{{Cite news |title=South-East Asia's monarchies struggle with succession |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2022/09/15/south-east-asias-monarchies-struggle-with-succession |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], Malaysia's first Prime Minister, pointed out that the Sultan, at the time serving as [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], could not be prosecuted due to immunity that was accorded to rulers, while at the same time condemning Sultan Iskandar's actions. Eventually, the matter passed without much further public attention. The brother of the caddy – who also suffered injuries during the incident, being distressed from what he saw, subsequently ran amok in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and had to be quarantined in a mental hospital.<ref name="Crouch_146">Crouch (1996), pg 146</ref><ref>World of Information (Firm), (1993), pg 124</ref>

===Gomez Incident===
{{Main|1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia#Gomez Incident}}

====Assault====
In late 1992, two separate assault cases by the Sultan as well as his younger son, Tunku Abdul Majid Idris, on hockey coaches culminated in the stripping of immunity of rulers from prosecution. Both cases received considerable attention in the local and international news which was dubbed as "The Gomez Incident".<ref>Crouch (1996), pg 146–7</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1992/12/15/mayl.php|date=15 December 1992|title=Malaysia Prepares To Strip Sultans of Their Immunity|author=Michael Richardson|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> The incident was kicked off on 10 July 1992, when Sultan Iskandar's second son, the Tunku Bendahara– Tunku [[Abdul Majid]] Idris, lost his temper during a hockey match with the Perak hockey team after Perak won the match by a penalty stroke, and assaulted the [[Perak]] goalkeeper, Mohamed Ja'afar Mohamed Vello.<ref>Prince to appear before MHF board, by Gerald Martinez, 10 August 1992, [[New Straits Times]]</ref> The goalkeeper later lodged a police report on 30 July. The incident received public attention, especially when the matter was debated in parliament.<ref name="Kershaw110">Kershaw (2001), pg 110</ref> The incident resulted in the Malaysian Hockey Federation issuing Majid — then second-in line to the throne after his elder brother — a ban of five years from participating in any tournaments following investigations.<ref>MHF ban Majid for five years, by Lazarus Rokk, 19 October 1992, New Straits Times</ref> Tunku Abdul Majid was later convicted of assault in January 1993, of which the chief justice sentenced him to a year in prison, on top of a RM 2,000 fine. He was released on a bail, and these charges were later dropped on grounds of immunity, which was still applicable at the time when the act was committed.<ref name="Asian_Bulletin">Asian Bulletin, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League (China: Republic: 1949– ), Asian-Pacific Anti-Communist League, APLFD (Organization), Published by APACL Publications, 1993, pg 30</ref>

The Sultan responded to the ban by putting pressure on the state authorities to pull Johorean hockey teams from all national tournaments.<ref name="Kershaw110"/> In November 1992, Douglas Gomez, a coach for the Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar field hockey team, expressed his displeasure at being called to withdraw from a semi-final national hockey match by the Director of the Johor Education Department. The incident attracted the attention of the Sultan, who personally summoned Gomez to his palace, the [[Istana Bukit Serene]], where he was promptly reprimanded and assaulted by the Sultan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|date=24–31 December 1992|page=16|title=Bending the rulers: Sultan's behaviour raises doubts over role of royalty|publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review|access-date=20 September 2007|archive-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111658/http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following Gomez's meeting with the Sultan, Gomez sought treatment to his face and stomach. Subsequently, he lodged a police report against the Sultan for assault. Gomez elaborated that the Sultan's bodyguards and members of the Johor Military Force present were merely onlookers, and that the Sultan was solely responsible for the injuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|date=7 December 1992|title=Gomez: Sultan beat me|pages=1, 3|author=K. Vijayan|work=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=20 September 2007|archive-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111658/http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Public responses and follow ups====
The assault resulted in a public outcry over the event<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|date=7 December 1992|title=Abdullah: Rakyat ashamed and angry|page=4|work=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=20 September 2007|archive-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111658/http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> which pressured all levels of the government up to the top ranks of the federal government to investigate into the matter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|date=7 December 1992|title=Stem violence, Malay congress to government|page=4|work=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=20 September 2007|archive-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111658/http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the closing months of 1992, and also the opening months of 1993, dozens of articles mentioning misdeeds by the royal families of several states–but in particular Sultan Iskandar himself were published.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|date=20 January 1993|title=List of criminal acts done by the Johor Sultan|page=4|work=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=20 September 2007|archive-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111658/http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A good deal of these alleged misdeeds that were mentioned included the charging of exorbitant fines–way above the prescribed legal limits–upon offenders who had obstructed the Sultan's car, amongst others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|date=14 December 1992|title=Motorist: I was fined $500 for blocking royal motorcade|page=2|work=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=20 September 2007|archive-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111658/http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sultan Iskandar, bore the brunt of the backlash by the numerous references centred towards alleged acts of criminal wrongdoings even though many of the listed acts were committed by other members of the royal family.<ref>Aliran Monthly, Aliran Kesedaran Negaran, 1984, pg 30</ref>

The criticisms roused by the press prompted Members of Parliament of the [[Dewan Rakyat]] to convene a special session on 10 December 1992. All 96 parliamentarians present passed a unanimous resolution<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com.my/index.php/business/13599-on-bringing-back-royal-immunity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303234834/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com.my/index.php/business/13599-on-bringing-back-royal-immunity|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2009|date=2 December 2008|title=On bringing back royal immunity|author=Abdul Aziz Bari|publisher=The Malaysian Insider}}</ref> which called for action to curb the powers of the rulers if necessary. During the special meeting, parliamentarians disclosed past criminal records of Sultan Iskandar and his two sons, all of whom had been involved in a total of at least 23 cases of assault and manslaughter,<ref>''Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei (2004)'', Rowthorn, Benson, Benson, Kerr, Niven, pg 235</ref><ref name="Asian_Recorder">''Asian Recorder (1993)'', pg 22904</ref> five of which were committed by the Sultan after 1981, two by the Mahkota and three by the Bendahara.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://d.scribd.com/docs/1qk1gf12zfh2pc7brw49.pdf|date=20 January 1993|title=List of criminal acts done by the Johor Sultan|page=4|work=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref>

A bill was passed by both the [[Dewan Rakyat]] and [[Dewan Negara]] on 19 and 20 January 1993 respectively.<ref>Change to take its course: PM tables amendment Bill despite Rulers' disagreement, New Straits Times, 19 January 1993, pg 1, 4.</ref> The bill, which proposed to remove legal immunity was approved by six out of nine sultans<ref>Six Rulers say 'Yes', New Straits Times, 16 January 1993, pg 1, 2</ref>—but saw stiff opposition from three, two of which included Sultan [[Ismail Petra of Kelantan]] and the Sultan Iskandar himself. Sultan Iskandar took up the initiative to obtain more royal support to stall the implementation of the proposed bill. The bill, which proposed to strip rulers and members of the royal families of legal immunity, would make them prosecutable by the law in any cases of proven criminal wrongdoings.<ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 110–2</ref>

Sultan Iskandar organised a rally which was to be held outside the palace with the aim of garnering public support to stall the bill's implementation. However, this was cancelled after intense pressure from the government. A report made during the rally quoted Sultan Iskandar calling upon all local civil servants to boycott state and federal functions in a show of support for his motion.<ref>''Summary of World Broadcasts'' (1993), Phrase: "... Straits Times of 21 January, the Sultan of Johor is reported as"</ref> Meanwhile, the federal government continued to pressure the rulers into assenting to the bills, which they did after several revisions of the bill were made by the government.  Following which, the proposed bill was enshrined into the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Federal Constitution]] in March 1993.<ref>Crouch (1996), pg 147</ref>

The bill allowed rulers who violated the laws to be prosecuted, while the [[Sedition Act (Malaysia)|Sedition Act]] of 1948 was also amended to allow public criticism of the rulers.<ref>''Mahathir, the Secret of the Malaysian Success: The Secret of the Malaysian Success'', Somun, Somun-Krupalija, pg 155</ref> A special court was created–presided by the [[Lord President of the Federal Court]]–to empower and prosecute members of the rulers and immediate members of the royal household.<ref>[http://www.parlimen.gov.my/Undang/1993/Bill-DR-1.pdf A BILL intituled: An Act to amend the Federal Constitution.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111659/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/Undang/1993/Bill-DR-1.pdf |date=26 March 2009 }}, [[Dewan Rakyat]], January 1993, Retrieved 7 January 2009</ref>

====Aftermath====

Sultan Iskandar and his family members were not prosecuted for their past violations of the law on grounds that the royal immunity was still applicable when those incidents occurred.<ref>''Jendela masa: kumpulan esei sempena persaraan (2001)'', Othman, Khoo, pg 393</ref> Nevertheless, shortly after the incident, Sultan Iskandar was prompted to take steps to rehabilitate his public image, which was more or less tarnished by the incident. In a public speech shortly after the episode, the Sultan was noted to have somewhat toned down his hardline image and appeared to be somewhat more humble, appealing to Johoreans to maintain their loyalty to him.<ref name="Asian_Bulletin"/>

The Gomez incident also led to a review and proposal by the Federal Government in August 1993 to disband the [[Johor Military Forces]] (JMF).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|date=14 August 1993|title=End to Joh or Military Force, Muhyiddin: Sultan's private army will be disbanded|pages=1, 2|work=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=20 September 2007|archive-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111658/http://www.capi.uvic.ca/pubs/oc_papers/GILLEN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the bill to disband the JMF was subsequently repealed by parliament.<ref>[http://www.parlimen.gov.my/billindex/pdf/1994/Rang%20Undang-Undang%20DR%2020.pdf Rang Undang-Undang Askar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor (Pembubaran Dan Pemansuhan) 1994] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111721/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/billindex/pdf/1994/Rang%20Undang-Undang%20DR%2020.pdf |date=26 March 2009 }}, Susunan Fasal, [[Dewan Rakyat]], 1994</ref><ref>[http://www.parlimen.gov.my/Undang/1994/Bill-DR-20.pdf Johore Military Forces (Disbandment And Repeal) Bill 1994] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326111711/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/Undang/1994/Bill-DR-20.pdf |date=26 March 2009 }}, [[Dewan Rakyat]], 1994, Retrieved 7 January 2009</ref>

===Political===

====Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1980s)====
Shortly before his election as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong in 1983, a spate of reports alleging Sultan Iskandar's intention to launch a coup d'état by launching a [[state of emergency]] to overthrow the government circulated within political circles, which reached Prime Minister of Malaysia [[Mahathir Mohamad]]. The Sultan reportedly fostered close relations with several key military personnel, including the Army chief Jeneral Zain Hashim.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Economist SEA Correspondent |title=Kings Men Purged |publisher=The Economist |date=26 November – 2 December 1983}}</ref> The government subsequently took action to curb constitutional loopholes within the constitution and took to task of reducing the power of the royal veto in passing legislation, culminating in a constitutional crisis in late 1983.<ref>Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 32–33</ref> Nevertheless, during his inaugural speech as the Agong in 1984, about a month after the constitutional amendments were passed in parliament, Sultan Iskandar voiced public support for the revised constitution and pledged to act in accordance to the Prime Minister's advise.<ref>Shome, Shome (2002), pg 137</ref>

A diplomatic scandal between the United Kingdom and Malaysia broke out in 1984, when several British newspapers published pieces on Sultan Iskandar's coronation, citing the headlines such as  "Killer becomes King" and "King a Killer", which enraged the Malaysian government, who demanded an apology from the British government. The British government refused to apologise on behalf of the newspapers, triggering tensions between the two countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}<!--Supposedly this is supported by some issue of Asian Recorder--> Two months later, in June 1984, Sultan Iskandar in his capacity as the Agong, surprised the Malaysian public when he publicly called upon [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|Deputy Prime Minister]], [[Musa Hitam]], to make a public apology in front of the entire congregation present at the [[National Mosque of Malaysia|National Mosque]]. Sultan Iskandar, on his part, was angry over remarks which Musa made during the course of the 1983 constitutional crisis that he deemed to be disrespectful. Musa abided to the Agong's demand and boldly came forward to make the apology, which was greeted by a thunderous applause from the entire congregation. The event, which was broadcast live throughout the nation on Malaysian Radio (although the television stations abruptly terminated its broadcast halfway), was seen by many observers as an act of confrontation by the Agong to put Musa in his place.<ref>Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 35–36</ref>

In 1988, also serving in his capacity as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong, the [[Lord President of the Federal Court]] Tun [[Salleh Abas]] was sacked by the Agong in what led to the [[1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis]].<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=akRCLUMdvsNM&refer=asia Anwar's Second Sex Case Puts Malaysia Courts on Trial], Bloomberg, Angus Whitley, 20 August 2008</ref> However, observers suggested a remarkably warm relationship<ref name="Crouch_146">Crouch (1996), pg 146</ref> between [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] Mahathir Mohamad and the Agong, both of whom shared common resentment towards the chief justice, Salleh Abas. In 1973, Iskandar was convicted of assault and was sentenced to six months imprisonment, to which Salleh Abas served as the public prosecutor hearing the case. As the public prosecutor, Salleh had appealed to the chief justice, Raja [[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]], for handing down a heavier sentence for Iskandar, which earned his wrath.<ref name="KamarulAbdullah"/><ref>''Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation'', Means, pg 239</ref><ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 224</ref> The sacking of the Lord President, was however not without controversy, given the alleged manner in which the Agong and Prime Minister had handled the matter–including an incident which the Agong had refused to forgive the Lord President in spite of Salleh's willingness to offer his apology to the Agong, which he turned down.<ref>[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/letters_others/press_statement_of_tun_salleh_abas.html Press Statement of Tun Salleh Abas], The Malaysian Bar, Tun Salleh Abas, 26 September 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/opinions/comments/comment_tun_salleh_and_the_judiciary.html?date=2009-01-01 Comment: Tun Salleh and the judiciary]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, The Malaysian Bar, Suppiah s/o Pakrisamy, 29 April 2008</ref>

====Later years (2000 onwards)====
Sultan Iskandar's public call to support [[Abdullah Badawi]]'s administration in October 2006 created a minor stir among Mahathir's supporters, when he remarked that "Mahathir should act like a pensioner". The call came at a time when Mahathir's spate of criticisms against Abdullah's was at its most intense.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nationmultimedia.com/worldhotnews/read.php?newsid=30018070|author=Agence France-Pesse|title=Malaysian sultan calls for scrapping of causeway to Singapore|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124218/http://nationmultimedia.com/worldhotnews/read.php?newsid=30018070|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> The Sultan was the first state ruler to publicly defend the policy of the government during the period of Mahathir's criticisms against the Abdullah administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/10/24/nation/20061024191325&sec=nation|date=24 October 2006|title=Johor Sultan: Support Pak Lah|author=Nelson Benjamin and Meera Vijayan|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109184423/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F10%2F24%2Fnation%2F20061024191325&sec=nation|archive-date=9 November 2006}}</ref> Earlier sources however, noted Sultan Iskandar's concerns with the deepening rift between Mahathir and Abdullah and had asked to be photographed together with the two leaders during the [[United Malays National Organisation]]s (UMNO) 60th anniversary celebrations in Johor Bahru.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=226228|date=24 October 2006|title=Johor Sultan Tells Dr Mahathir To Act Like A Pensioner|publisher=[[Bernama]]}}</ref>

A month later, in November 2006, another small stir erupted during the launching ceremony of the Iskandar Development Region, when Sultan Iskandar voiced his opinion that the [[Johor-Singapore Causeway|Causeway]], which connects [[Johor]] and Singapore, should be removed to allow ships to pass through to promote development of the state. He also remarked that the people should be wary of all foreigners as they were "vultures" and also urged the people not to hold them in high regard, citing his displeasure that his ancestors were "deceived" by dirty tactics employed by colonialists to build the Causeway.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/11/5/nation/15929677&sec=nation|date=5 November 2006|title=Sultan's Causeway remark causes a stir|author=Michael Richardson|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|location=Malaysia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004941/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F11%2F5%2Fnation%2F15929677&sec=nation|archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/printable.php?id=227815|date=4 November 2006|title=Demolish Causeway – Sultan Iskandar|publisher=[[Bernama]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000102/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/printable.php?id=227815|archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref>

At the inaugural 12th Johor State Assembly Seating in April 2008, a minor controversy erupted when one opposition state assemblyman (ADUN), Gwee Tong Hiang, flouted dress regulations by appearing in a lounge suit and tie instead of the usual official attire and songkok. This resulted in him being dismissed from the assembly chamber shortly before the Sultan's arrival.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/6/20/nation/21603605&sec=nation DAP rep thrown out of assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014130/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F6%2F20%2Fnation%2F21603605&sec=nation |date=4 March 2009 }}, Gladys Tay and Farik Zolkepli, 20 June 2008, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref> Gwee, a [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] (DAP) ADUN, reportedly argued that there was no stated order to wear the official attire and songkok and stated his desire to wear a western suit,<ref>[http://newpaper.asia1.com.sg/printfriendly/0,4139,168570,00.html No uniform or songkok? Please leave assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304132253/http://newpaper.asia1.com.sg/printfriendly/0,4139,168570,00.html |date=4 March 2009 }}, 22 June 2008, The Electric New Paper</ref> promptly drew flak from other ADUNs and the Menteri Besar, [[Abdul Ghani Othman]] who had earlier on met to agree to don in the official attire and songkok prior to the assembly, whereby Gwee was absent.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/6/10/nation/21502414&sec=nation Johor DAP reps can wear songkok] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014055/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F6%2F10%2Fnation%2F21502414&sec=nation |date=4 March 2009 }}, Nelson Benjamin, 10 June 2008, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref> The Sultan, apparently angry at Gwee, sharply criticised him two days later<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=341069 Sultan Reprimands Bentayan State Assemblyman Over Attire], 21 June 2008, [[Bernama]]</ref> and publicly called upon Gwee to seek an audience with him.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/6/21/nation/20080621202455&sec=nation Johor Sultan unhappy with DAP's Gwee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122055459/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F6%2F21%2Fnation%2F20080621202455&sec=nation |date=22 January 2009 }}, Meera Vijayan, 21 June 2008, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref>

===Lifestyle===
During his time as the Agong, Sultan Iskandar was often seen in public carrying a pistol in his waistband, which drew considerable concern and discomfort from the Malaysian public due to his past record of criminal offences.<ref name="Asia & Pacific 1984, pg 229">''Asia & Pacific'' (1984), pg 229</ref> He was also reputed to have led a flamboyant lifestyle, which also drew similar criticism.<ref name="Asia & Pacific 1984, pg 229"/> He was also known to be a motorbike enthusiast; documentaries on national patriotism would feature Sultan Iskandar, the then-Agong, riding out on a police motorbike and his flamboyant appearance during a few public ceremonies. These documentaries drew criticisms from the Malaysian public, who felt that the television clips of Sultan Iskandar were inappropriate for its theme and national image.<ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 225</ref>

==Personal life==

In 1956, Mahmood married Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, from [[Cornwall]], United Kingdom, with whom he had four children, including his successor, Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor, King of Malaysia (as of 31 January 2024), and Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah. The marriage ended in divorce in 1962.<ref>Andresen (1992), pg 123</ref> He married again in 1961 – shortly before his divorce to Trevorrow, to Tengku Zanariah, who came from the Kelantan royal family. Tengku Zanariah had six children with the Sultan.<ref name="The International Who pg 827">Sleeman (2004), pg 827</ref> Analysts such as Kate Wharton have observed that any literal references to Trevorrow's association with Sultan Iskandar were carefully omitted in all official biographies.<ref>Abdul Rahman, Solomon (1985), pg 21</ref>

As a youth, Mahmood qualified as a pilot, having trained in handling light and medium aircraft and helicopters. He was also apt in handling motorcycles, reportedly possessing the skills to strip a motorcycle down to its component parts and then reassemble it.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan"/>

The Sultan is also well-known for his passion in many types of open-air sports, especially polo and golf. In his later years, he spent much of his free time at the Royal Johor Country Club.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.examspaonline.info/ |title=Exam SPA Online &#124; Panduan dan rujukan kerjaya |access-date=24 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616132146/http://www.examspaonline.info/ |archive-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, he also played tennis and squash on a regular basis.<ref name="The International Who pg 827"/> Within private circles, Sultan Iskandar was fondly known as "Moody", a testimony to his first name "Mahmud."<ref name="_Azizah">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304013853/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2005%2F3%2F19%2Ffeatures%2F10436107&sec=features  Azizah is one tough princess]}}, The Star, Kee Hua Chee, 19 March 2005</ref> His son, Abdul Majid, inherited his interest in amateur golf and once served as the President of the Malaysian Golf Association.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nst.com.my/Friday/Sport/2426019/Article/index_html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919060359/https://www.nst.com.my/Friday/Sport/2426019/Article/index_html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2018|date=11 December 2008|title=MGA turmoil takes new twist|work=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref>

He kept a large collection of pets, particularly [[peacock]]s, at the [[Istana Bukit Serene]] compound, where he lived with the Sultanah.<ref name="InspiringRuler" /><ref name="thestar.com.my" /> In his youth, Iskandar resided at the Istana Bukit Coombe, located at the top of Coombe Hill. It was built based on [[Architecture of the Netherlands|Dutch]] architectural designs, and was later renamed Istana Bukit Iskandar. The palace was later demolished in 1987, six years after Sultan Iskandar succeeded his late father as Sultan.<ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2468044/Article/index_html Magnificent abode for royals] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205154134/http://nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2468044/Article/index_html |date=5 February 2009 }}, Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, [[New Straits Times]]</ref>

He made a personal friendship with Philippine opposition leader [[Ninoy Aquino |Benigno Aquino Jr]]. His son picked Aquino up at Changi airport and drove to Johor where he and Aquino had a meeting with the latter days before the former Philippine senator was [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino |assassinated]].

==Issue==
Mahmood Iskandar had ten children, the elder four by his first wife [[Khalsom binti Abdullah]] and the younger six by his second wife [[Tengku Zanariah]].  

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Birth Date !! Birth Place || Death Date || Death Place || !colspan="2"| Marriage <br/> Date || Spouse !! Their children || Their grandchildren
|- 
| YAM Tunku Puteri '''Kamariah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah''', ''Tengku Puan Laksamana Selangor'' || {{birth date and age|1956|7|11|df=yes}} || [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | 2 May 1977 || YAM [[Tengku Sulaiman Shah]], ''Tengku Laksamana Selangor'' ||
* YM Tengku Haji Shakirinal'Amin Mahmood Ismail Ahmad Shah
* YDM Tengku Salehuddin Ismail Shah, '' Tengku Indera Bijaya Diraja Selangor''
* YM Tengku Shahrain Ismail Ibrahim Iskandar Hishamuddin Shah
* YM Tengku Shariffuddin Ibrahim Ismail Iskandar Abdul Aziz Shah
* YM Tengku Kathira Zanariah Ehsan Maimunah Aminah Iskandar Putri
|
* YM Tengku Mahmood
* YM Tengku Sulaiman
* YM Tengku Abdulaziz
* YM Tengku Ibrahim
* YM Tengku Kamiliah Zanariah Ruby Ehsan Putri
* YM Tengku Kamariah
* YM Tengku Saidatul’Ihsan Zabedah Fauziah Putri

|-
| YAM Tunku Besar '''Zabedah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah''' || {{birth date and age|1957|10|20|df=yes}} || [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | || || || 
|-
| KDYMM Sultan '''[[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor|Ibrahim]]''', The ''Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII <br> Sultan Johor''|| {{birth date and age|1958|11|22|df=yes}} || [[Sultanah Aminah Hospital]], [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | 22 September 1982 || KDYMM [[Raja Zarith Sofiah]], ''Raja Permaisuri Agong <br> Permaisuri Johor''||
* DYAM [[Tunku Ismail Idris|Tunku Ismail Idris Abdul Majid Abu Bakar]], ''Tunku Mahkota Johor''
* YAM Tunku Tun Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah
* YAM Tunku Idris Iskandar Ismail, ''Tunku Temenggong Johor''
* Almarhum YAM [[Tunku Abdul Jalil|Tunku Abdul Jalil Iskandar]],''Tunku Laksamana Johor'' 
* YAM Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri,''Tunku Panglima Johor''
* YAM Tunku Abu Bakar Mahmood Iskandar, ''Tunku Putera Johor''
|
* YAM Tunku Khalsom Aminah Sofiah
* DYAM [[Tunku Iskandar Abdul Jalil Abu Bakar Ibrahim]], '' Raja Muda Johor''
* YAM Tunku Abu Bakar Ibrahim 
* Layla Sofiah 
* the second child (''undeclared name'') of Tunku Tun Aminah
* YAM Tunku Zahrah Zarith Aziyah
|-
| KDPB Tunku '''[[Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah|Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah]]''', ''Tengku Ampuan Pahang''||{{birth date and age|1960|8|5|df=yes}} || Istana Bukit Stulang, [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | 6 March 1986 || KDPB [[Abdullah of Pahang|Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah]], [[Sultan of Pahang]]||
* YAM Tengku Amir Nasser Ibrahim (Adopted), ''Tengku Panglima Raja''
* Almarhum YAM Tengku Ahmad Iskandar Shah (born and died 24 July 1990) 
* KDPM [[Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim|Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah]], '' Tengku Mahkota Pahang''
* YAM Tengku Muhammad Iskandar Ri’ayatuddin Shah,''Tengku Arif Bendahara''
* YAM Tengku Ahmad Ismail Mu’adzam Shah,''Tengku Panglima Muda''
* YAM Tengku Puteri Afzan Aminah Hafizatullah
* YAM Tengku Puteri Jihan Azizah Athiyatullah
|
* YM Tengku Adam Ibrahim Shah
* YM Tengku Sulaiman Abdullah Shah
* YM Tengku Nuh Muhammad Shah
|-
| YAM Tunku '''Mariam Zahrah''' || {{birth date and age|1962|9|4|df=yes}} || [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | 1999 – divorced || YM Tengku Ahmad Zainul Abidin ||
* YM Tengku Sofiyya Meryam Zanariah
|
|-
| YAM Tunku '''Noraini Fatimah''' || {{birth date and age|1963|7|17|df=yes}} || [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | 2000 || Mr. Ramlan || || 
|- 
| YAM Tunku '''Maimunah Ismailiah''' || {{birth date and age|1967|10|20|df=yes}} || [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | 7 May 2004 – divorced || Dato’ Mizan ||
* Puteri Wan Makhzanah Huriyah
|
|- 
| YAM Tunku '''[[Tunku Abdul Majid|Abdul Majid Idris Ismail Ibrahim]]''', ''Tunku Aris Bendahara Johor'' || {{birth date and age|1970|7|20|df=yes}} || [[Sultanah Aminah Hospital]], [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | 13 January 2006 || YM Tunku Teh Mazni ||
* YM Tunku Mahmood Iskandar
* YM Tunku Aisha Menjalara Iskandar
* YM Tunku Abdul Mateen Idris Ismail Ibrahim Iskandar
|
|-
| YAM Tunku '''Muna Najiah''' || {{birth date and age|1973|4|12|df=yes}} || [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | 5 October 2001 || First Admiral Ts. Dr. Shaftdean Lufty, RMN<ref>{{Cite web |title=none |url=https://www.navy.mil.my/ms/pemakaian-pangkat-pegawai-kanan-tldm-dan-pegawai-psstldm |website=Portal Rasmi}}</ref>||
* Putera Wan Iskandar Abdul Rahman Uwais Sirajuddin 
* Puteri Wan Zanariah Imanina Munawarrah Nora Iskandariah
* Putera Wan Muhammad Umayr Sharaf uddin
* Puteri Wan Najiah Umayra Munawarrah
|
|- 
| YAM Tunku '''Aminah Kalsom Masera Marian Zahira Iskandariah''' || {{birth date and age|1979|6|6|df=yes}} || [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]] || || || | || || || 
|}

==Health==

After undergoing a [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|coronary bypass operation]] in the [[United States]] in 2000, close aides reported that Sultan Iskandar slowed down somewhat in his pace of life and took to playing golf only on an occasional basis.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan"/> A bout of [[bronchitis]] in January 2008 saw the Sultan being briefly admitted and treated in a local hospital.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/state_news/news.php?id=307557&cat=st Johor Sultan Recovering From Bronchitis (Southern Region News)], 13 January 2008, [[Bernama]]</ref>

==Death==

Sultan Iskandar died on 22 January 2010 at 7:15 pm at the Puteri Specialist Hospital, [[Johor Bahru]] after being admitted earlier in the day following an illness at age 77.<ref name="Death">{{cite news |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/1/22/nation/20100122173117&sec=nation |title=Sultan of Johor passes away (Updated) |date=23 January 2010 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|location=Malaysia |access-date=22 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123210304/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F1%2F22%2Fnation%2F20100122173117&sec=nation |archive-date=23 January 2010 }}</ref> His death was officially announced at 11:20 pm by Menteri Besar of Johor Datuk [[Abdul Ghani Othman]] it was also announced that flags in Johor would be put at mast Johor starting from 6:00 am until 6:00 pm. He was brought to the [[Istana Besar]], [[Johor Bahru]] for laying in state and was buried in the [[Makam Mahmoodiah|Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum]] the next day at 2:00 pm. Before that, the public was allowed to pay their last respects to Sultan Iskandar from early morning.<ref name="Laidtorest">{{cite news |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/1/23/nation/20100123100003&sec=nation |title=Sultan Iskandar laid to rest (Update) |date=23 January 2010 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|location=Malaysia |access-date=23 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126072425/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F1%2F23%2Fnation%2F20100123100003&sec=nation |archive-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref>

Among the royal family and other dignitaries present to give their last respects was the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong [[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Mizan Zainal Abidin]] and Raja Permaisuri Agong [[Sultanah Nur Zahirah|Nur Zahirah]], the Sultan of Brunei [[Hassanal Bolkiah]], the Raja of Perlis [[Sirajuddin of Perlis|Sirajuddin]], the Sultan of Pahang [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]], the Sultan of Kedah [[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Abdul Halim]], the Sultan of Perak [[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]], the Sultan of Selangor [[Sharafuddin of Selangor|Sharafuddin]], the Yang Dipertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan [[Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan|Muhriz]], the Regent of Perlis [[Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail|Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail]], the Tengku Mahkota of Pahang [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]], and the Tengku Mahkota of Kelantan [[Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra]]. Prime Minister [[Najib Razak]],<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/news_lite.php?id=470492 Najib Cuts Short Visit To India, Arrives Home Early Saturday] Bernama</ref> cut his visit to India short to attend his funeral. Also present were Prime Minister of Singapore [[Lee Hsien Loong]] and Senior Minister [[Goh Chok Tong]].<ref name="Laidtorest"/>

His son the Tunku Mahkota of Johor [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim Ismail]] was proclaimed [[Sultan of Johor]] on 23 January.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/news_lite.php?id=470500 Tengku Ibrahim Proclaimed As The Sultan Of Johor] Bernama</ref>

==Legacy==
Several projects and institutions were named after the Sultan, including:

===Educational institutions===

* Institute Sultan Iskandar of Urban Habitat and Highrise, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia<ref>''Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment'' (1999), pg 165</ref>
* SMK Tunku Mahmood Iskandar, Sungai Mati, [[Muar (town)|Muar]]<ref>''Jurnal Pendidikan'' (1974), pg 177</ref>
* SMK Mahmood Iskandar, Parit Saidi, [[Batu Pahat]]<ref>[http://www.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/doc/fckeditor/File/senarai_sek_08/menengah/SekMen08_Johor.pdf Senarai Sekolah Menengah Kerajaan Dan Bantuan Kerajaan Di Negeri Johor Seperti Pada 30 June 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131112358/http://www.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/doc/fckeditor/File/senarai_sek_08/menengah/SekMen08_Johor.pdf |date=31 January 2009 }}, by MOE Malaysia</ref>
* SK Tengku Mahmood Iskandar 1 and 2, [[Pontian, Johor|Pontian]]<ref>[http://johordt.gov.my/ppdptn/tengah.html 30 November 2007, 8.00 Pagi – Majlis Perhimpunan Bulanan Peringkat Daerah Pontian, Perkarangan SK. TENGKU MAHMOOD ISKANDAR 1.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120103053/http://www.johordt.gov.my/ppdptn/tengah.html |date=20 November 2009 }}, by Johor Web Portal</ref>

===Buildings===

[[File:SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG|thumb|right|Bangunan Sultan Iskandar–Customs, Immigration and Quarantine centre was opened in December 2008.]]
* [[Sultan Iskandar Building]], a customs, immigration and quarantine complex opened in December 2008<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Tuesday/MyJohor/20081222200908/Article/|date=22 December 2008|title=Glaring glitches mar historic opening|author=Syed Umar Ariff|work=[[New Straits Times]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304003626/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Tuesday/MyJohor/20081222200908/Article/|archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref>
* Bangunan Sultan Iskandar, [[Kota Tinggi]] district office of the [[Malaysian Public Works Department]]<ref>[http://johor.jkr.gov.my/kotatinggi/Pengenalan%20JKR(D)KT.html Pengenalan JKR Daerah Kota Tinggi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000837/http://johor.jkr.gov.my/kotatinggi/Pengenalan%20JKR(D)KT.html |date=4 March 2009 }}, Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia (JKR). Retrieved 17 January 2009</ref>
* Bangunan Sultan Iskandar, Federal government headquarters for Youth and Sports in Sarawak, located in [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]].<ref>[http://www.kbs.gov.my/index8.php?info=dirjbsn Alamat Jabatan Belia Dan Sukan Negeri Dan Daerah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713005250/http://www.kbs.gov.my/index8.php?info=dirjbsn |date=13 July 2009 }}, Kementerian Belia dan Sukan Malaysia (Ministry for Youth and Sports Malaysia). Retrieved 25 February 2009</ref>
* Dewan Sultan Iskandar, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia<ref>[http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2008&dt=1030&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Johor&pg=wj_05.htm 389 pelatih IKM Johor Bahru terima diploma, sijil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617035914/http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2008&dt=1030&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Johor&pg=wj_05.htm |date=17 June 2011 }} 30 October 2008, [[Utusan Malaysia]]</ref>
* [[Sultan Iskandar Planetarium]],<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120914104548/http://www.planetarium-sarawak.org/ Planetarium Sultan Iskandar official site]}}</ref> the first [[planetarium]] in Malaysia, located in [[Kuching Civic Centre]], [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]]<ref>''Sarawak, Beautiful and Captivating: Beautiful and Captivating'' (1994), pg 19</ref>
* Sultan Iskandar Broadcasting Complex, headquarters of [[Johor FM]] at [[Jalan Datin Halimah]]<ref>[http://media.inform.gov.my/e-press/cetak-np.asp?data_dtl_oid=15244&data_type=NE&state=Johor Program 'Nostalgia Irama Lagu – Lagu Melayu Asli'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304002018/http://media.inform.gov.my/e-press/cetak-np.asp?data_dtl_oid=15244&data_type=NE&state=Johor |date=4 March 2009 }}, JH/30/12/07, Kementerian Penerangan Malaysia</ref>
* Pusat Islam Iskandar Johor, the Johor Islamic Centre in Johor Bahru
* Masjid Iskandar, a mosque at Kem Iskandar, a [[Commando]] military camp in [[Mersing]].
* [[Sultan Iskandar Mosque]], a mosque at [[Mersing]] and [[Bandar Dato' Onn]]
* [[Mosque of Kota Iskandar]], a state mosque in [[Kota Iskandar]], [[Iskandar Puteri]]
* [[Sultan Iskandar Power Station]], [[Pasir Gudang]]<ref>[http://environmentasia.com.my/project_exp.htm Project Experience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817175338/http://environmentasia.com.my/project_exp.htm |date=17 August 2013 }}, Environment Asia Sdn. Bhd. Retrieved 17 January 2009</ref>
* [[Sultan Iskandar Reservoir]], a water reservoir east of Johor Bahru<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everysingleplace.com/features/7576154-takungan-air-sultan-iskandar-malaysia-information |title=Takungan Air Sultan Iskandar (Reservoir(s)), Malaysia - everysingleplace.com |access-date=2011-02-27 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710205802/http://www.everysingleplace.com/features/7576154-takungan-air-sultan-iskandar-malaysia-information |archive-date=10 July 2011 }}, Search everysingleplace – Takungan Air Sultan Iskandar, 27. Februar 2011</ref>
* [[Iskandar Coastal Bridge]]

===Roads===
*Lebuhraya Sultan Iskandar, a stretch of the [[Iskandar Coastal Highway]] from Danga Bay to Iskandar Puteri
*Lebuhraya Sultan Iskandar (formerly Lebuhraya Mahameru), part of the [[Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]]
*Jalan Sultan Iskandar, a major road in [[Bintulu]], [[Sarawak]]

===Others===

* [[Iskandar Johor Open]], an Asian Tour golf tournament funded by [[Johor]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mmail.com.my/Exco-c-_No,_you-as-re_not.aspx|date=10 December 2008|title=Exco: No, you're not|author=Haresh Deol|work=[[Malay Mail]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304005506/http://www.mmail.com.my/Exco-c-_No,_you-as-re_not.aspx|archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref>
* [[Iskandar Malaysia]], formerly the Iskandar Development Region<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=326086|date=11 April 2008|title=IDR Is Now Iskandar Malaysia|publisher=[[Bernama]]}}</ref>
* [[Kota Iskandar]] (formerly Johor State New Administrative Centre (JSNAC)) is an administrative centre for the Government of Johor located at [[Iskandar Puteri]]
* Kem Iskandar, a [[Commando]] military camp in [[Mersing]]<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180919060153/https://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Friday/Stories/2490497/Article/index_html Commandos of Iskandar]}}, JohorBuzz, [[New Straits Times]]</ref>
* [[Iskandar Puteri]], a planned city which was formerly known as Nusajaya
* Taman Iskandar, a housing estate near [[Pasir Pelangi]], Johor Bahru<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000504/http://www.mbjb.gov.my/web/guest/berita?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_flrw&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_101_INSTANCE_flrw_struts_action=%2Ftagged_content%2Fview_content&_101_INSTANCE_flrw_assetId=38113 Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru – BERITA & PERISTIWA]}}, [[Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru]]. Retrieved 28 February 2009</ref>
* Sultan Iskandar Deep Sea Park, a deep sea park in [[Pulau Mensirip]], [[Mersing]].
* Pertandingan Menembak Piala Sultan Iskandar

One of his grandsons (the son of his second son, Abdul Majid), Mahmood Iskandar, was named after him.<ref>[http://www.mgaonline.com.my/articledetail.asp?id=2532 Q&A with HRH  Abdul Majid, President of the Malaysian Golf Association] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304182002/http://www.mgaonline.com.my/articledetail.asp?id=2532 |date=4 March 2009 }}, Sunday, 25 May 2008, Malaysian Golf Association</ref> Some of his children and grandchildren are also similarly named after his forebears, notably his older son, Ibrahim, who was named after the Sultan's grandfather, [[Sultan Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]].<ref name="_Azizah"/> Sultan Iskandar also followed his grandfather's and father's footsteps of using the royal monogram "S.I.". The monogram's letters represent the initials of their title and names respectively.<ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2474244/Article/index_html A physical symbol of loyalty and posterity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212114628/http://nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2474244/Article/index_html |date=12 February 2009 }}
Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times</ref>

== Honours==

=== Johor honours ===
* [[File:Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Johor - ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Second Class (DK II, 8.5.1959), First Class (DK I, 28.10.1959)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19591028-1.2.97|title=2 kehormata kpd Menteri Besar Johor|work=[[Berita Harian]]|date=28 October 1959|pages=8}}</ref> and Grand Master of the [[Royal Family Order of Johor]]
* [[File:Order of the Crown of Johor ribbon bar.svg|50px]] First Class (SPMJ, 28.10.1967) and Grand Master of the [[Order of the Crown of Johor]]
* [[File:MY-JOH Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail of Johor ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Loyalty of Sultan Ismail]] (28.10.1975, SSIJ)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0w1AAAAIBAJ&dq=Malacca+awards+list&pg=PA5&article_id=1124,7558475|title=Johore Sultan honours 456 on his birthday|publisher=[[New Straits Times]]|date=28 October 1975}}</ref> 
* [[File:Pingat_Sultan_Ibrahim_2010.png|50px]] Sultan Ibrahim Coronation Medal (PSI 1st class)
* [[File:My-KEL_Order_of_the_Life_of_the_Crown_of_Kelantan_2006.svg|50px]] Star of Sultan Ismail (BSI 1st class)
* [[File:Sultan_Ismail_Coronation_Medal_(1960).gif|50px]] Sultan Ismail Coronation Medal (1960)

=== National and Sultanal honours ===
* {{Flag|Malaysia}} (as [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]) 
** [[File:MY Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia - Royal Family Order of Malaysia - DKM.svg|50px]] Recipient of [[Order of the Royal Family of Malaysia]] (DKM) (1984)
** [[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|50px]] Recipient (1987)<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1987.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1987.}}</ref> and Grand Master (1984-1989) of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]]
** [[File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg|50px]] Grand Master (1984-1989) of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
** [[File:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - SSM.svg|50px]] Grand Master (1984-1989) of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]]
** [[File:MY Darjah Bakti - Order of Merit of Malaysia - DB.svg|50px]] Grand Master (1984-1989) of the [[Order of Merit of Malaysia]]
** [[File:MY Panglima Setia Diraja - Order of the Royal Household - PSD.svg|50px]] Grand Master (1984-1989) of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Royal Family of Malaysia]]
* {{Flag|Kelantan}}
** [[File:MY-KEL Royal Family Order - Star of Yunus - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Family Order of Kelantan]] (DK) (1984)
* {{flag|Kedah}}
** [[File:MY-KED Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK).svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Family Order of Kedah]] (DK) (1985)
* {{Flag|Negeri Sembilan}}
** [[File:MY-NEG Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan - DKNS.svg|50px]] Member of the [[List of post-nominal letters (Negeri Sembilan)|Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan]] (DKNS) (1985)
* {{Flag|Pahang}}
** [[File:MY-PAH Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang - DK I.svg|50px]] First Class Member of the [[Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang]] (DK I) (1990)
* {{Flag|Perlis}}
** [[File:MY-PERL Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[List of post-nominal letters (Perlis)|Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail]] (DK)
* {{Flag|Terengganu}}
** [[File:MY-TER_Family_Order_of_Terengganu_1st_class_-_DK_I.svg|50px]] Member of the first class of the [[Family Order of Terengganu]] (DK) (1982)
* {{Flag|Selangor}}
** [[File:MY-SEL Royal Family Order of Selangor - DK I.svg|50px]] First Class of the [[Royal Family Order of Selangor]] (DK I) (1985)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.selangor.gov.my/sublinkyear.php?cat=28&subcat=D.K.I.|title=DK I 1985|website=awards.selangor.gov.my}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Sabah}}
** [[File:MY-SAB Order of Kinabalu - SPDK.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the [[Order of Kinabalu#Grand Commander|Order of Kinabalu]] (SPDK) – '''Datuk Seri Panglima'''
* {{Flag|Malacca}}
** [[File:MY-MAL Exalted Order of Malacca.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the [[Premier and Exalted Order of Malacca]] (DUNM) – '''Datuk Seri Utama''' (1988)

=== Foreign honours ===
* {{Flag|Brunei}}
** [[File:Family Order of Laila Utama with rosette.svg|50x50px]] First Class of the [[Family Order of Laila Utama]] (DK) – '''Dato Laila Utama''' (1972)<ref name="Johor di Persada Global – Portal Kesultanan Johor">{{cite web |url=https://royal.johor.my/johor-dipersada-dunia/ |website=Portal Kesultanan Johor |publisher=Johor Royal Council |title=Johor di Persada Global – Portal Kesultanan Johor }}</ref>
** [[File:Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (DKMB).svg|50x50px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei]] (DKMB) (1988)<ref>{{cite news|url=|title=Brunei award for King|work=The Straits Times|date=8 August 1988}}</ref>
* {{flag|Germany}}
** [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 9 Sond des Grosskreuzes.svg|50px]] Grand Cross Special Class of the [[:en:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]<ref name="Johor di Persada Global – Portal Kesultanan Johor"/>
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
**[[File:Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna.png|50px]] [[Star of the Republic of Indonesia]] 1st Class (1987)<ref>{{cite magazine |title=King Confers Award on President Suharto |magazine=Malaysian Digest |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Federal Department of Information, Malaysia |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=3 |date=February 1987}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Jordan}}
** [[File:JOR Order of the Renaissance GC.SVG|50px]] Grand Cordon with Brilliants of the [[Supreme Order of the Renaissance]]<ref name="Johor di Persada Global – Portal Kesultanan Johor"/>
* {{flag|Mali}}
** [[File:Mali Ordre national du Mali GC ribbon.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[:en:National Order of Mali|National Order of Mali]] (6 May 1985)<ref name="Johor di Persada Global – Portal Kesultanan Johor"/>
* {{Flag|South Korea}}
**[[File:Grand Order of Mugunghwa (South Korea) - ribbon bar.svg|50px]] [[Grand Order of Mugunghwa]] (03 November 1988)<ref name="Johor di Persada Global – Portal Kesultanan Johor"/>
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
** [[File:Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight of the [[Order of the Rajamitrabhorn]] (KRM) (1985)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2529/D/004/8.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231084651/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2529/D/004/8.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2014 |script-title=th:แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง ถวายเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ราชมิตราภรณ์ แด่ สมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีแห่งประเทศมาเลเซีย|publisher= ratchakitcha.soc.go.th | language = th |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
Sultan Iskandar is a fourth generation descendant of Sultan [[Abu Bakar of Johor|Abu Bakar]], who in turn was the son of [[Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim]], the Temenggong of Johor.{{Ref_label|G|η|none}}<ref>''Malays/Muslims in Singapore: Selected Readings in History, 1819–1965'', Khoo, Abdullah, Wan, pg 43</ref> In turn, some of Daeng Ibrahim's patrilineal ancestors were also Temenggongs of Johor serving under their respective sultans. It is from this ancestral heritage that the name of his dynasty, the Temenggong dynasty, comes from.<ref name="NNadarajah">''Johore and the Origins of British Control'', Nesalamar Nadarajah, pg 44</ref> The Temenggong dynasty is also related to the prior ruling [[Bendahara dynasty]] as genealogical records show that Sultan [[Abdul Jalil Shah IV of Johor|Abdul Jalil IV]] was also a direct patrilineal ancestor of Sultan Iskandar.<ref>Winstedt (1992), pg 181, 187</ref>

{{Iskandar ancestry|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Royalty|Monarchy}}

==Footnotes==
'''α.''' {{Note_label|A|α|none}} '''Al-Mutawakkil Alallah''' (also spelled in Arabic as '''Motawakkil Alallah'''), which means "He who puts his trust in God" is an Islamic title used by the Sultan. (Najeebabadi, pg 465)

'''β.''' {{Note_label|B|β|none}} In Islamic cultures, the title '''Al-Marhum''' means "to one whom mercy has been shown. This is used for Muslim rulers who are deceased. (Schimmel (1989), pg 59)

'''γ.''' {{Note_label|C|γ|a|}}{{Note_label|C|γ|b}}{{Note_label|C|γ|c}} His first name, '''Mahmud''', is also sometimes spelled as '''Mahmood''' by some sources. Bowker-Saur, pg 297

'''δ.''' {{Note_label|D|δ|none}} In Malaysian royalty, '''ibni''' means "son of" in English, derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term "[[Patronymic#Arabic|ibn]]. Most laymen would otherwise use the term "bin" to denote "son of" in their names. ''Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules'' (1978), pg 390

'''ε.''' {{Note_label|E|ε|none}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090227103303/http://www.irda.com.my/pdf/cdp/16._Chapter13_-_Johor_Bahru_City_Centre.pdf Section B Planning and Implementation, Part 3 Physical Planning Initiatives, CHAPTER 13, Johor Bahru City Centre]}}, Iskandar Malaysia, pg 6, "... This was followed later by the 21st Sultan of Johor – Sultan Abu Bakar (1862–1895) who laid the foundation for developing Johor into a modern state.&nbsp;..." <small>NB: [[Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor]] is the great-grandfather of Sultan Iskandar.</small>

'''ζ.''' {{Note_label|F|ζ|none}} On Sultan Iskandar's 69th birthday, various companies and organisations published congratulatory advertisements wishing him well for the birthday. In these advertisements, the Sultan was addressed by his honorary titles and name: '''Duli Yang Maha Mulia Baginda Al Mutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, D.K. Sultan Dan Yang Dipertuan Bagi Negeri Dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim'''. (His first name "Mahmud" was not mentioned.) Advertisements, 8 April 2001, pg 2–3, 5–7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17–19, [[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]] ''Special'' (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)

'''η.''' {{Note_label|G|η|none}} The Temenggong is a high-ranking Malay official in ancient times, who is responsible to the Sultan. The duty of the Temenggong is to maintain law and order within the kingdom. In the case of Johor during the 19th century, the Sultan's powers were gradually diminished over the decades and it was under Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim when his authority supersedes those of the Sultan, effectively becoming Johor's paramount ruler. (Sardesai (1989), pg 58)

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{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

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{{refend}}
{{commons category}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Ahmad Shah of Pahang]]<br />(Sultan of Pahang)|
title=[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] <br />(King of Malaysia)|
years=1984–1989|
after=[[Sultan Azlan Shah]]<br />(Sultan of Perak)
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail]]|
title=[[Sultan of Johor]]|
years=1981–2010|
after=[[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim Ismail]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Yang di-Pertuan Agong}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iskandar of Johor}}
[[Category:Monarchs of Malaysia]]<!--Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia-->
[[Category:Sultans of Johor|Iskandar]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:House of Temenggong of Johor|Iskandar]]
[[Category:Malaysian aviators]]
[[Category:Malaysian people convicted of manslaughter]]
[[Category:Marshals of the Royal Malaysian Air Force]]
[[Category:People convicted of assault]]
[[Category:People from Johor Bahru|Iskandar]]
[[Category:Recipients of Malaysian royal pardons]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Danish descent]]
<!-- Honours of Johor -->
[[Category:First Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor|Iskandar]]
[[Category:Second Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor|Iskandar]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor|Iskandar]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Loyalty of Sultan Ismail]]
<!-- Honours of Malaysia -->
[[Category:Recipients of the Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia]]
[[Category:First Classes of Royal Family Order of Selangor]]
[[Category:First Classes of the Family Order of Terengganu]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu]]
<!-- Foreign Orders and honours -->
[[Category:20th-century Malaysian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm]]
[[Category:First Classes of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Sons of sultans]]