View source for Franco-Provençal

{{Short description|Gallo-Romance language spoken in France, Italy and Switzerland}}

{{Redirect|Romand|the Swiss Romand people|Romands|Swiss Romand region|Romandy|the variety of French used in said region|Swiss French|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Provençal dialect|Provençal]], one of the dialects of the Occitan language}}
{{Citation style|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Franco-Provençal
| altname          = Arpitan
| nativename       = ''patouès, gaga, arpetan''
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|frp|patwe|}}; {{IPA|frp|ɡaga|}}; {{IPA|frp|arpetã|}}
| states           = Italy, France and Switzerland
| region           = [[Aosta Valley]], [[Piedmont]], [[Apulia]], [[Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]], [[Savoie]], [[Bresse]], [[Bugey]], [[Dombes]], [[Beaujolais (province)|Beaujolais]], [[Dauphiné]], [[Lyonnais]], [[Forez]], [[Romandie]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|157,000|3}}
| date             = 2013
| ref              = e18
| speakers2        = 80,000 in France, 70,000 in Italy and 7,000 in Switzerland{{r|Arpitan}}
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Latin]]
| fam5             = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam6             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam7             = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
| fam8             = Gallo-Iberian?<ref name="glottoOil">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Oil |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111104954/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234 |archive-date=2023-11-11 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}</ref>
| fam9             = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]
| fam10            = Gallo-Rhaetian?<ref name="glottoOil"/>
| fam11            = Arpitan–[[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]]
| ancestor         = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor2        = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
| ancestor4        = [[Old Gallo-Romance]]
| dia1             = Dauphinois
| dia2             = ''[[Faetar language|Faetar]]''
| dia3             = Jurassien
| dia4             = [[Forezien dialect|Forezien]]
| dia5             = [[Savoyard dialect|Savoyard]]
| dia6             = [[Valdôtain dialect|Valdôtain]]
| dia7             = Vaudois
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| minority         = France
*Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
*Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Italy
*Aosta Valley (protected by statute)<ref name="parl">{{citation |url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm |title=Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche |date=15 December 1999 |language=it |publisher=Italian parliament |access-date=8 September 2017 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502202046/http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>  
*Piedmont
*Apulia ([[Faeto]] and [[Celle di San Vito]])<ref name="Apulia">{{Cite journal |author1=Enrico Allasino |author2=Consuelo Ferrier |author3=Sergio Scamuzzi |author4=Tullio Telmon |date=2005 |title=LE LINGUE DEL PIEMONTE |url=https://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/docs/ires_quaderno_113.pdf |journal=IRES |volume=113 |page=71 |via=Gioventura Piemontèisa |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216080051/http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/docs/ires_quaderno_113.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Switzerland
*''[[Franco-Provençal#Switzerland|see below]]''
| iso3             = frp
| glotto           = fran1269
| glottoname       = Francoprovencalic
| glotto2          = fran1260
| glottoname2      = Arpitan
| lingua           = 51-AAA-j<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/index/LS_index_d-e-f.pdf |title=f |work=The Linguasphere Register |page=165 |access-date=1 March 2013 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419030647/http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/index/LS_index_d-e-f.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| map              = FRP-Map4.png
| mapcaption       = Map of the Franco-Provençal language area:{{plainlist|style=margin-top:0.5em|
*Dark blue: official.
*Medium blue: general regions.
*Light blue: historical transition zone.}}
| notice           = IPA
}}

'''Franco-Provençal''' (also '''Francoprovençal''', '''Patois''' or '''Arpitan''')<ref name="Arpitan">{{Cite web |title=Arpitan |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/frp |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Ethnologue |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019063846/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/frp |url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] language that originated and is spoken in eastern [[France]], western [[Switzerland]], and northwestern [[Italy]].

Franco-Provençal has several distinct [[dialect]]s and is separate from but closely related to neighbouring [[Romance languages|Romance]] dialects (the [[langues d'oïl]] and the [[Occitan language|langues d'oc]], in France, as well as [[Rhaeto-Romance languages|Rhaeto-Romance]] in Switzerland and Italy).{{efn|For details on the question of linguistic classification see [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]], [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]], [[Questione Ladina]].}}

Even with all its distinct dialects counted together, the number of Franco-Provençal speakers has been declining significantly and steadily.<ref name="Switzerland">{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Paesaggio Linguistico in Svizzera |trans-title=Switzerland's Linguistic Landscape |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfsstatic/dam/assets/342038/master |access-date=2020-02-28 |website=Ufficio Federale di Statistica |language=it |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228141140/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfsstatic/dam/assets/342038/master |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[UNESCO]], Franco-Provençal was already in 1995 a "potentially endangered language" in Italy and an "[[endangered language]]" in Switzerland and France. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' classifies it as "nearly extinct".{{r|Arpitan}}

The designation ''Franco-Provençal'' (Franco-Provençal: {{lang|frp|francoprovençâl}}; {{langx|fr|francoprovençal}}; {{langx|it|francoprovenzale}}) dates to the 19th century. In the late 20th century, it was proposed that the language be referred to under the neologism '''''Arpitan''''' (Franco-Provençal: ''{{lang|frp|arpetan}}''; {{langx|it| arpitano}}), and its [[Areal feature|areal]] as ''[[Arpitania]]''.<ref>A derivation from ''arpa'' "[[alpine pasture]]", see {{cite web |url-status=dead |first1=Alain |last1=Pichard |url=http://blog.regionleman.com/public/Arpitanie/Histoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf |title=Nos ancêtres les Arpitans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171257/http://blog.regionleman.com/public/Arpitanie/Histoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-15 |date=2 May 2009}}. 24 Heures, Lausanne.</ref> The use of both neologisms remains very limited, with most academics using the traditional form (often written without the hyphen: '''Francoprovençal'''), while language speakers refer to it almost exclusively as '''''patois''''' or under the names of its distinct dialects (''Savoyard'', ''Lyonnais'', ''Gaga'' in [[Saint-Étienne]], etc.).<ref>{{Citation |last=Gasquet-Cyrus |first=Médéric |title=Frontières linguistiques et glossonymie en zone de transition: le cas du patois de Valjouffrey |date=2018-02-14 |url=http://books.openedition.org/enseditions/8582 |work=Dessiner les frontières |editor-last=Auzanneau |editor-first=Michelle |series=Langages |place=Lyon |publisher=ENS Éditions |isbn=978-2-84788-983-3 |access-date=2020-11-16 |editor2-last=Greco |editor2-first=Luca |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428152602/https://books.openedition.org/enseditions/8582 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Formerly spoken throughout the [[Duchy of Savoy]], Franco-Provençal is nowadays (as of 2016) spoken mainly in the [[Aosta Valley]] as a native language by all age ranges.<ref>[https://www.centre-etudes-francoprovencales.eu/bollettini/nouvelles-centre-73-2016-1098.pdf Site du Centre d'études francoprovençales : "Au temps de Willien : les ferments de langue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627204720/https://www.centre-etudes-francoprovencales.eu/bollettini/nouvelles-centre-73-2016-1098.pdf |date=27 June 2022 }}.</ref> All remaining areas of the Franco-Provençal language region show practice limited to higher age ranges, except for [[Evolène]] and other rural areas of [[Romandy|French-speaking Switzerland]]. It is also spoken in the Alpine valleys around [[Metropolitan City of Turin|Turin]] and in two isolated towns ([[Faeto]] and [[Celle di San Vito]]) in [[Apulia]].<ref name="Apulia" />

In France, it is one of the three [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance language families]] of the country (alongside the [[langues d'oïl]] and the [[Occitan language|langues d'oc]]). Though it is a [[languages of France|regional language of France]], its use in the country is marginal. Still, organizations are attempting to preserve it through cultural events, education, scholarly research, and publishing.

== Classification ==
Although the name Franco-Provençal suggests it is a bridge dialect between French and the [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]] dialect of [[Occitan language|Occitan]], it is a separate Gallo-Romance language that transitions into the [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl languages]] [[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian]] and [[Frainc-Comtou]] to the northwest, into [[Romansh language|Romansh]] to the east, into the [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] [[Piedmontese language|Piemontese]] to the southeast, and finally into the [[Vivaro-Alpine dialect|Vivaro-Alpine]] dialect of [[Occitan language|Occitan]] to the southwest.

The [[Philology|philological]] classification for Franco-Provençal published by the [[Linguasphere Observatory]] (Dalby, 1999/2000, p.&nbsp;402) follows:

{{block indent|Indo-European ''phylosector'' → Romanic ''phylozone'' → Italiano+Româneasca (Romance) ''set'' → Italiano+Româneasca ''chain'' → Romance-West ''net'' → Lyonnais+Valdôtain (Franco-Provençal) ''reference name''. The Linguasphere Observatory language code for Franco-Provençal is '''51-AAA-j'''}}

A philological classification for Franco-Provençal published by Ruhlen (1987, pp.&nbsp;325–326) is as follows:
{{block indent|Indo-Hittite → Indo-European → Italic → Latino-Faliscan → Romance → Continental → Western → Gallo-Iberian-Romance → Gallo-Romance → North → Franco-Provençal.}}

== History ==
Franco-Provençal emerged as a [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] variety of [[Latin]]. The linguistic [[region]] comprises east-central France, western portions of Switzerland, and the [[Aosta Valley]] of Italy with the adjacent alpine valleys of the [[Piedmont]]. This area covers territories once occupied by pre-Roman [[Celts]], including the [[Allobroges]], [[Sequani]], [[Helvetii]], [[Ceutrones]], and [[Salassi]]. By the fifth century, the region was controlled by the [[Burgundians]]. [[Federico Krutwig]] has also suggested a [[Basque language|Basque]] [[stratum (linguistics)|substrate]] in the [[toponyms]] of the easternmost [[Valdôtain dialect]].<ref>Krutwig, F. (1973). Les noms pré-indoeuropéens en Val-d'Aoste. ''Le Flambeau, no. 4, 1973.'', in: Henriet, Joseph (1997). La Lingua Arpitana. ''Quaderni Padani, Vol. III, no. 11, May–June 1997''. pp. 25–30. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060506090010/http://www.laliberacompagnia.org/pubblicazioni/qp_pdf/qp_11.pdf ''.pdf'']}} (in Italian).</ref>

Franco-Provençal is first attested in manuscripts from the 12th century, possibly diverging from the [[langues d'oïl]] as early as the eighth–ninth centuries (Bec, 1971). However, Franco-Provençal is consistently typified by a strict, myopic comparison to French, and so is characterized as "conservative". Thus, commentators such as Désormaux consider "medieval" the terms for many nouns and verbs, including ''pâta'' "rag", ''bayâ'' "to give", ''moussâ'' "to lie down", all of which are conservative only relative to French. As an example, Désormaux, writing on this point in the foreword of his [[Savoyard dialect]] dictionary, states:
{{blockquote|text=The antiquated character of the Savoyard patois is striking. One can note it not only in phonetics and morphology, but also in the vocabulary, where one finds numerous words and directions that clearly disappeared from French.<ref>Constantin & Désormaux, 1982.</ref>}}

Franco-Provençal failed to garner the cultural prestige of its three more widely spoken neighbors:  French, Occitan, and Italian. Communities where speakers lived were generally isolated from each other because of the mountains. In addition, the internal boundaries of the entire speech area were divided by wars and religious conflicts.

France, Switzerland, the [[Franche-Comté]] (part of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish Monarchy]]), and the duchy, later kingdom, ruled by the [[House of Savoy]] politically divided the region. The strongest possibility for any dialect of Franco-Provençal to establish itself as a major language died when an [[edict]], dated 6 January 1539, was confirmed in the parliament of the [[Duchy of Savoy]] on 4 March 1540 (the duchy was partially occupied by France since 1538). The edict explicitly replaced Latin (and by implication, any other language) with French as the language of law and the courts (Grillet, 1807, p.&nbsp;65).

The name ''Franco-Provençal'' (''franco-provenzale'') is due to [[Graziadio Isaia Ascoli]]  (1878), chosen because the dialect group was seen as intermediate between [[French language|French]] and [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]]. Franco-Provençal dialects were widely spoken in their speech areas until the 20th century. As French political power expanded and the "single-national-language" doctrine was spread through French-only education, Franco-Provençal speakers abandoned their language, which had numerous spoken variations and no standard [[orthography]], in favor of the culturally prestigious French.

== Origin of the name ==
Franco-Provençal is an extremely fragmented language, with scores of highly peculiar local variations that never merged over time. The range of dialect diversity is far greater than that found in the langue d'oïl and Occitan regions. Comprehension of one dialect by speakers of another is often difficult. Nowhere is it spoken in a "pure form" and there is not a "standard reference language" that the modern generic label used to identify the language may indicate. This explains why speakers use local terms to name it, such as Bressan, Forèzien, or Valdôtain, or simply ''patouès'' ("patois"). Only in recent years have speakers who are not specialists in linguistics become conscious of the language's collective identity.

[[File:Ascoli.jpg|thumb|left|125px|[[Graziadio Isaia Ascoli]]]]
The language region was first recognized in the 19th century during advances in research into the nature and structure of human speech. [[Graziadio Isaia Ascoli]] (1829–1907), a pioneering [[linguistics|linguist]], analyzed the unique [[phonetic]] and structural characteristics of numerous spoken [[dialect]]s. In an article written about 1873 and published later, he offered a solution to existing disagreements about dialect frontiers and proposed a new linguistic region. He placed it between the ''[[langues d'oïl]]'' group of languages (''Franco'') and the [[Occitan language|''langues d'oc'']] group (''Provençal'') and gave Franco-Provençal its name.

Ascoli (1878, p.&nbsp;61) described the language in these terms in his defining essay on the subject:
{{blockquote|
''Chiamo'' franco-provenzale ''un tipo idiomatico, il quale insieme riunisce, con alcuni caratteri specifici, più altri caratteri, che parte son comuni al francese, parte lo sono al provenzale, e non proviene già da una confluenza di elementi diversi, ma bensì attesta sua propria indipendenza istorica, non guari dissimili da quella per cui fra di loro si distinguono gli altri principali tipi neo-latini.''

I call ''Franco-Provençal'' a type of language that brings together, along with some characteristics which are its own, characteristics partly in common with French, and partly in common with Provençal, and are not caused by a late confluence of diverse elements, but on the contrary, attests to its own historical independence, little different from those by which the principal neo-Latin [Romance] languages distinguish themselves from one another.}}

[[File:Parla-Gaga.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Title page of a Franco-Provençal dictionary from Saint-Étienne, France (1896): "The Key to the Gaga Dialect".]]
Although the name '''Franco-Provençal''' appears misleading, it continues to be used in most scholarly journals for the sake of continuity. Suppression of the hyphen between the two parts of the language name in French (''francoprovençal'') was generally adopted following a conference at the [[University of Neuchâtel]] in 1969;<ref>Marzys, 1971.</ref> however, most English-language journals continue to use the traditional spelling.

The name '''Romand''' has been in use regionally in Switzerland at least since 1424, when notaries in [[Fribourg]] were directed to write their minutes in both [[German language|German]] and ''Rommant''. It continues to appear in the names of many Swiss cultural organizations today. The term "Romand" is also used by some professional linguists who feel that the compound word "Franco-Provençal" is "inappropriate".<ref>Dalby, 1999/2000, p.&nbsp;402.</ref>

A proposal in the 1960s to call the language '''Burgundian''' (French: ''"burgondien"'') did not take hold, mainly because of the potential for confusion with an [[Oïl language]] known as [[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian]], which is spoken in a neighbouring area, known in English as [[Burgundy]] ({{langx|fr|Bourgogne}}). Other areas also had historical or political claims to such names, especially (Meune, 2007).

Some contemporary speakers and writers prefer the name '''Arpitan''' because it underscores the independence of the language and does not imply a union to any other established linguistic group. "Arpitan" is derived from an indigenous word meaning "alpine" ("mountain highlands").<ref>Bessat & Germi, 1991.</ref> It was popularized in the 1980s by Mouvement [[Harpitanya]], a political organization in the [[Aosta Valley]].<ref>[http://arpitania.forumactif.com/CAFE-ARPITAN-c1/L-euroregion-Arpitanie-f1/La-nation-Arpitane-J-Harriet-1974-t581.htm J. Harriet (1974), "L'ethnie valdôtaine n'a jamais existe... elle n'est que partie de l'ethnie harpitane" in ''La nation Arpitane''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120709031834/http://arpitania.forumactif.com/CAFE-ARPITAN-c1/L-euroregion-Arpitanie-f1/La-nation-Arpitane-J-Harriet-1974-t581.htm |date=9 July 2012 }}, image of original article posted at ''Arpitania.eu'', 12 January 2007.</ref> In the 1990s, the term lost its particular political context.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |first1=Alain |last1=Pichard |url=http://blog.regionleman.com/public/Arpitanie/Histoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf |title=Nos ancêtres les Arpitans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171257/http://blog.regionleman.com/public/Arpitanie/Histoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-15 |date=2 May 2009}}, 24 Heures, Lausanne.</ref> The ''Aliance Culturèla Arpitana'' (Arpitan Cultural Alliance) is advancing the cause for the name "Arpitan" through the Internet, publishing efforts, and other activities. The organization was founded in 2004 by Stéphanie Lathion and Alban Lavy in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland, and is now based in Fribourg.<ref>Michel Rime, "L'afére Pecârd, c'est Tintin en patois vaudois", ''Quotidien'' (Lausanne), ''24 heures'', 19 March 2007; p. 3.</ref> In 2010 [[SIL International|SIL]] adopted the name "Arpitan" as the primary name of the language in [[ISO 639-3]], with "Francoprovençal" as an additional name form.<ref>[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=frp Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: frp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306154133/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=frp |date=6 March 2014 }}. Accessed 11 March 2013.</ref>

Native speakers call this language '''''patouès''''' (patois) or '''''nosta moda''''' ("our way [of speaking]"). Some Savoyard speakers call their language '''''sarde'''''. This is a colloquial term used because their ancestors were subjects of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] ruled by the [[House of Savoy]] until [[Savoie]] and [[Haute-Savoie]] were annexed by France in 1860. The language is called '''''gaga''''' in France's [[Forez]] region and appears in the titles of dictionaries and other regional publications. ''Gaga'' (and the adjective {{lang|frp|gagasse}}) comes from a local name for the residents of [[Saint-Étienne]], popularized by Auguste Callet's story "''La légende des Gagats''" published in 1866.

== Geographic distribution ==
[[File:Francoprovencal-Geo-Map-1.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Language area map with standard place names and modern political divisions.]]
The historical linguistic domain of the Franco-Provençal language<ref>see: Jochnowitz, George (1973).</ref> are:

=== Italy ===
*[[Aosta Valley]] (place name in [[Valdôtain dialect|Valdôtain patois]]: ''Val d'Outa''; in Italian: ''Valle d'Aosta''; in French: ''Vallée d'Aoste''); excepting the [[Walser]]-speaking valley, the villages of [[Gressoney-Saint-Jean]], [[Gressoney-La-Trinité]] and [[Issime]] ([[Lys (torrente)|Lys valley]]).
* the alpine heights of the [[Metropolitan City of Turin]] in the [[Piedmont]] basin which includes the following 43 communities: [[Ala di Stura]], [[Alpette]], [[Balme]], [[Cantoira]] (Cantoire), [[Carema]] (Carême), [[Castagnole Piemonte]], [[Ceres, Piedmont|Ceres]], [[Ceresole Reale]] (Cérisoles), [[Chialamberto]] (Chalambert), [[Chianocco]] (Chanoux), [[Coassolo Torinese]], [[Coazze]] (Couasse), [[Condove]] (Condoue), [[Corio, Piedmont|Corio]] (Corio), [[Frassinetto]] (Frasinei), [[Germagnano]] (Saint-Germain), [[Giaglione]] (Jaillons), [[Giaveno]], [[Gravere]] (Gravière), [[Groscavallo]] (Groscaval), [[Ingria, Piedmont|Ingria]], [[Lanzo Torinese]] (Lans), [[Lemie]], [[Locana]], [[Mattie, Piedmont|Mattie]], [[Meana di Susa]] (Méan), [[Mezzenile]] (Mesnil), [[Monastero di Lanzo]] (Moutier), [[Noasca]], [[Novalesa]] (Novalaise), [[Pessinetto]], [[Pont-Canavese]], [[Ribordone]] (Ribardon), [[Ronco Canavese]] (Ronc), [[Rubiana]] (Rubiane), [[Sparone]] (Esparon), [[Susa, Piedmont|Susa]] (Suse), [[Traves, Piedmont|Traves]], [[Usseglio]] (Ussel), [[Valgioie]] (Valjoie), [[Valprato Soana]] (Valpré), [[Venaus]] (Vénaux), [[Viù]] (Vieu). ''Note'': The southernmost valleys of Piedmont speak [[Occitan language|Occitan]].
* two enclaves in the [[Province of Foggia]], [[Apulia]] region in the southern [[Apennine Mountains]]: the villages of [[Faeto]] and [[Celle di San Vito]].<ref>There are various hypotheses about their origins, possibly dating from 1200–1400, e.g. remnants of troops of [[Charles I of Naples|Charles d'Anjou]], according to Michele Melillo, "Intorno alle probabili sedi originarie delle colonie francoprovenzali di Celle e Faeto", ''Revue de Linguistique Romaine'', XXIII, (1959), pp. 1–34, or [[Waldensians|Waldensian]] refugees according to Pierre Gilles, ''Histoire ecclesiastique des églises reformées recueillies en quelques Valées de Piedmont, autrefois appelées Vaudoises'', Paris, 1643, p. 19.</ref>

=== France ===

* the major part of [[Rhône-Alpes]] and [[Franche-Comté]] regions, which includes the following [[département in France|départements]]: [[Jura (département)|Jura]] (southern two-thirds), [[Doubs]] (southern third), [[Haute-Savoie]], [[Savoie]], [[Isère]] (except the southern edge which traditionally spoke [[Occitan language|occitan]]), [[Rhône (département)|Rhône]], [[Drôme]] (extreme north), [[Ardèche]] (extreme north), [[Loire]], [[Ain]], and [[Saône-et-Loire]] (southern edge).

=== Switzerland ===
* most of the officially French-speaking [[Romandie]] (Suisse-Romande) part of the country, including the following [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]]: [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]] (Genève/Genf), [[Vaud]], the lower part of [[Valais]] (Wallis), [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]] (Freiburg), and [[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]]. ''Note'': the remaining parts of Romandie, namely [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], and the northern valleys of the canton [[Canton of Bern|Bern]] linguistically belong to the ''[[langues d'oïl]]''.

== Present status ==
The [[Aosta Valley]] is the only region of the Franco-Provençal area where this language is still widely spoken as native by all age ranges of the population. Since 1948 several events have combined to stabilize the language ([[Valdôtain dialect]]) in this region. The constitution of Italy was amended<ref name=":0">Italian constitutional law: ''Legge costituzionale 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, "Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta"'' ([http://www.parlamentiregionali.it/dbdata/documenti/%5B4721daf9e8d13%5Dvda2001.pdf Parlamento Italiano, ''Legge 1948, n. 4''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227122947/http://www.parlamentiregionali.it/dbdata/documenti/%5B4721daf9e8d13%5Dvda2001.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }}).</ref> to change the status of the former province to an autonomous region. This gives the Aosta Valley special powers to make its own decisions about certain matters. This resulted in growth in the region's economy and the population increased from 1951 to 1991, improving long-term prospects. Residents were encouraged to stay in the region and they worked to continue long-held traditions. 

The language was explicitly protected by a 1991 Italian presidential decree<ref name=":1">Italian presidential decree: ''Decreto presidenziale della Repubblica del 20 novembre 1991, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche", Articolo 2''.</ref> and a national law passed in 1999.<ref name=":2">Italian federal law: ''Legge 15 dicembre 1999, n. 482, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche", pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999, Articolo 2'', ([http://www.parlamento.it/leggi/99482l.htm Parlamento Italiano, ''Legge 482''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129153010/http://www.parlamento.it/leggi/99482l.htm |date=29 January 2008 }}).</ref> Further, a regional law<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://www.consiglio.regione.vda.it/banche_dati/leggi_regolamenti/dettaglio_f.asp?pk_lr=3141&versione=V |title=Conseil de la Vallée - Loi régionale 1er août 2005, n. 18 - Texte en vigueur |access-date=30 April 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210248/http://www.consiglio.regione.vda.it/banche_dati/leggi_regolamenti/dettaglio_f.asp?pk_lr=3141&versione=V |url-status=live }}</ref> passed by the government in Aosta requires educators to promote knowledge of Franco-Provençal language and culture in the school curriculum. Several cultural groups, libraries, and theatre companies are fostering a sense of ethnic pride with their active use of the Valdôtain dialect as well (EUROPA, 2005).

Paradoxically, the same federal laws do not grant the language the same protection in the [[Province of Turin]] because there Franco-Provençal speakers make up less than 15% of the population. Lack of jobs has resulted in their migration from the Piedmont's alpine valleys, and contributed to the language's decline.

Switzerland does not recognize Romand (not be confused with ''[[Romansh language|Romansh]]'') as one of its [[Languages of Switzerland#Languages|official languages]]. Speakers live in western [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]] where [[Swiss French]] predominates; they converse in the dialects mainly as a second language. The use in agrarian daily life is rapidly disappearing. However, in a few isolated places the decline is considerably less steep. This is most notably the case for the [[Evolène]] dialect.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=http://www.evolena-nostra.ch/patois/grammaire.htm |title=Eat Healthy, Eat Well |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305120439/http://www.evolena-nostra.ch/patois/grammaire.htm |archive-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 April 2016 |df=dmy}}</ref>

Franco-Provençal has had a precipitous decline in France. The official language of the French Republic has been designated as French (article 2 of the [[Constitution of France]]). The French government officially recognizes Franco-Provençal as one of the "[[languages of France]]",<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/dglf/ |title=Langue française et langues de France |access-date=30 April 2016 |archive-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210181336/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/dglf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but its constitution bars it from ratifying the 1992 [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] (ECRML) that would guarantee certain rights to Franco-Provencal. This language has almost no political support in France and it is associated with generally low social status. This situation affects most regional languages that comprise the linguistic wealth of France. Speakers of regional languages are aging and live in mostly rural areas.

== Number of speakers ==
[[File:Fete internationale de l'arpitan francoprovencal saint-etienne.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Conference hall at the 37th ''Fête internationale de l'arpitan'', Saint-Etienne (France), 2016.]]

Franco-Provençal is currently most spoken in Aosta Valley, with [[Valdôtain]] having the greatest population of active daily speakers. A 2001 survey of 7,250 people by the Fondation Émile Chanoux revealed that 15% of all Aosta Valley residents claimed Franco-Provençal as their mother tongue, a substantial reduction to the figures reported on the Italian census 20 years earlier (and used in the 2001 European Commission report).<ref>[http://www.fondchanoux.org/site/pages/sondage.asp Fondation Émile Chanoux: Sondage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607163340/http://www.fondchanoux.org/site/pages/sondage.asp|date=7 June 2007}}.</ref> 

At the time, 55.77% of residents said they knew Franco-provençal and 50.53% said they knew French, Franco-provençal and Italian.<ref>Assessorat de l'éducation et la culture - Département de la surintendance des écoles, ''Profil de la politique linguistique éducative'', Le Château éd., 2009, p. 20.</ref> This opened a discussion about the concept of mother tongue when concerning a dialect. The Aosta Valley was confirmed as the only area where Franco-provençal is actively spoken in the early 21st century.<ref>[[Alessandro Barbero]], ''Une Vallée d'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue'', Aoste (2003).</ref> A report published by [[Université Laval|Laval University]] in [[Quebec City]],<ref>[http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/italieaoste.htm TLFQ: Vallée d'Aoste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811053659/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/italieaoste.htm|date=11 August 2007}}.</ref> which analyzed this data, reports that it is "probable" that the language will be "on the road to extinction" in this region in ten years. 

In 2005, the European Commission wrote that an approximate 68,000 people spoke the language in the [[Aosta Valley]] region of Italy, according to reports compiled after the 2003 linguistic survey conducted by the Fondation Chanoux.<ref name="fondchanoux.org">[http://www.fondchanoux.org/ Sondage linguistique de la Fondation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220002541/http://www.fondchanoux.org/|date=20 December 2017}} [[Émile Chanoux]].</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2005-02-04 |title=The Euromosaic study: Franco-provençal in Italy |url=http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220151/http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html |archive-date=13 February 2006 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=European Commission (europa.eu.int)}}</ref> In 2010, anthropologist and ethnologist Christiane Dunoyer proposed a much more conservative estimate of speakers in Aosta Valley at 40,000, with 20,000 using the language on a daily basis.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bauer |first=Roland |title=Vallée d'Aoste |date=2017-09-25 |work=Manuel des francophonies |pages=246–274 |editor-last=Reutner |editor-first=Ursula |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110348217-012/html |access-date=2024-07-26 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=fr |doi=10.1515/9783110348217-012 |isbn=978-3-11-034821-7|url-access=subscription }}. "Actuellement, le nombre des patoisants valdôtains est estimé à environ 40.000, dont la moitié pratiquerait le francoprovençal quotidiennement (cf. Dunoyer 2010, 17)." </ref> 

In 2018, other linguistic academics estimated the number of speakers of Franco-provençal in Aosta Valley to be between 21,000 and 70,000, depending on whether one would choose the number of speakers designating Franco-provençal as their native language, or whether one included all those declaring they knew the language, irrespective of native language considerations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zulato |first1=Alessia |last2=Kasstan |first2=Jonathan |last3=Nagy |first3=Naomi |date=2017-12-20 |title=An overview of Francoprovençal vitality in Europe and North America |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2017-0038/html |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |language=en |issue=249 |pages=11–29 |doi=10.1515/ijsl-2017-0038 |issn=1613-3668 |quote=According to the largest sociolinguistic survey conducted by the Fondation Emile Chanoux in 2001 on a sample of 7,250 Aosta Valley residents, the number of speakers is between 21,000-70,000 (i.e., 40% to 56% of the overall regional population of 128,000 inhabitants). The count depends on whether estimates are inferred from responses to the questions concerning the informants’ L1, or the language(s) and dialect(s) known, or the language first learnt (Chanoux 2003).}}</ref> That same year, academic Riccardo Regis calculated that there were 50,000 Franco-provençal speakers in Aosta Valley.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Regis |first=Riccardo |title=Regards croisés sur la standardisation du francoprovençal |date=2019 |isbn=9788831943093 |location=Aoste |page=48 |language=it |chapter=Intorno alla vitalità del francoprovenzale nell’Italia di nord-ovest |access-date=26 July 2024 |chapter-url=https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1720978?mode=simple}}</ref>

The 2009 edition of ethnologue.com{{r|Arpitan}} (Lewis, 2009) reported that there were 70,000 Franco-Provençal speakers in Italy. However, these figures are derived from the 1971 census. Outside of Aosta Valley, the alpine valleys of the adjacent province of Turin were estimated to be the home of another 22,000 speakers.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Regis estimated the number of speakers in Piedmont in 2019 to be around 15,000.<ref name=":7" /> The [[Faetar]] and [[Cigliàje]] dialect was thought to be spoken by 1,400 people in an isolated pocket of the province of [[Foggia]], in the southern Italian [[Apulia]] region.<ref name=":6" /> Beginning in 1951, strong emigration from the town of [[Celle Di San Vito]] to Canada established the Cigliàje variety of this dialect in [[Brantford]], [[Ontario]]. At its peak, the language was used daily by several hundred people.  As of 2012 this community has dwindled to fewer than 50 daily speakers across three generations.

In rural areas of the cantons of Valais and Fribourg in Switzerland, various dialects are spoken as a second language by about 7,000 residents (figures for Switzerland: Lewis, 2009). In the other cantons of Romandie where Franco-Provençal dialects used to be spoken, they are now all but extinct.

Until the mid-19th century, Franco-Provençal dialects were the most widely spoken language in their domain in France. Today, regional vernaculars are limited to a small number of speakers in secluded towns. A 2002 report by the INED (''Institut national d'études démographiques'') states that the language loss by generation was 90%, made up of: "the proportion of fathers who did not usually speak to their 5-year-old children in the language that their own father usually spoke in to them at the same age". This was a greater loss than undergone by any other language in France, a loss called "critical". The report estimated that fewer than 15,000 speakers in France were handing down some knowledge of Franco-Provençal to their children (figures for France: Héran, Filhon, & Deprez, 2002; figure 1, 1-C, p.&nbsp;2).

== Linguistic structure ==
Note: The overview in this section follows Martin (2005), with all Franco-Provençal examples written in accordance with ''Orthographe de référence B'' (see "Orthography" section, below).

=== Typology and syntax ===
* Franco-Provençal is a [[synthetic language]], as are [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]. Most verbs have different endings for person, number, and tenses, making the use of the pronoun optional; thus, two grammatical functions are bound together. However, the second-person singular verb form regularly requires an appropriate pronoun for distinction.
* The standard word order for Franco-Provençal is [[subject–verb–object]] (SVO) form in a declarative [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]], for example: ''Vos côsâds anglès.'' ("You speak English."), except when the object is a pronoun, in which case the word order is [[subject–object–verb]] (SOV). [[verb–subject–object]] (VSO) form is standard word order for an interrogative sentence, for example: ''Côsâds-vos anglès ?'' ("Do you speak English?")

=== Morphology ===
Franco-Provençal has [[grammar]] similar to that of other Romance languages.

{{unordered list
|[[article (grammar)|Articles]] have three forms: definite, indefinite, and partitive. Plural definite articles [[agreement (linguistics)|agree]] in gender with the noun to which they refer, unlike French. Partitive articles are used with [[mass noun]]s.

{{(!}} class{{=}}"wikitable"
{{!-}} style{{=}}"background:#f9f9f9;"
! style{{=}}"width:92px;" {{!}} Articles:
! style{{=}}"width:92px;" {{!}} Masculine Definite
! style{{=}}"width:92px;" {{!}} Feminine Definite
! style{{=}}"width:92px;" {{!}} Masculine Indefinite
! style{{=}}"width:92px;" {{!}} Feminine Indefinite
{{!-}}
{{!}} '''Singular''' {{!!}} {{lang|frp|lo}} {{!!}} {{lang|frp|la}} {{!!}} {{lang|frp|on}} {{!!}} {{lang|frp|na}}
{{!-}}
{{!}} '''Plural''' {{!!}} {{lang|frp|los}} {{!!}} {{lang|frp|les}} {{!!}} {{lang|frp|des}} / {{lang|frp|de}} {{!!}} {{lang|frp|{{lang|frp|de}}s}} / de
{{!)}}

Articles precede women's [[given name]]s during [[conversation]]: {{lang|frp|la Foëse}} (Françoise/Frances), {{lang|frp|la Mya}} (Marie), {{lang|frp|la Jeânna}} (Jeanne/Jane), {{lang|frp|la Peronne}} (Pierrette), {{lang|frp|la Mauriza}} (Mauricette/Maurisa), {{lang|frp|la Daude}} (Claude/Claudia), {{lang|frp|la Génie}} (Eugénie/Eugenia); however, articles never precede men's names: {{lang|frp|Fanfoué}} (François), {{lang|frp|Dian}} (Jean/John), {{lang|frp|Guste}} (Auguste), {{lang|frp|Zèbe}} (Eusèbe/Eusebius), {{lang|frp|Ouiss}} (Louis), {{lang|frp|Mile}} (Émile).
|[[Noun]]s are [[inflection|inflected]] by number and gender. Inflection by [[grammatical number]] (singular and plural) is clearly distinguished in feminine nouns, but not masculine nouns, where pronunciation is generally identical for those words ending with a vowel.

To assist comprehension of written words, modern orthographers of the language have added an "'''s'''" to most plural nouns that is not reflected in speech. For example:
{{block indent|{{lang|frp|codo}} (masculine singular): {{IPA|[ˈkodo]}} {{IPA|[ˈkodu]}} {{IPA|[ˈkodə]}},}}
{{block indent|{{lang|frp|codos}} (masculine plural): {{IPA|[ˈkodo]}} {{IPA|[ˈkodu]}} {{IPA|[ˈkodə]}} (in Italy, {{lang|frp|codo}} is occasionally used for both singular and plural).}}
{{block indent|{{lang|frp|pôrta}} (feminine singular): {{IPA|[ˈpɔrtɑ]}} {{IPA|[ˈpurtɑ]}},}}
{{block indent|{{lang|frp|pôrtas}} (feminine plural): {{IPA|[ˈpɔrte]}} {{IPA|[ˈpurte]}} {{IPA|[ˈpɔrtɛ]}} {{IPA|[ˈpurtɛ]}} {{IPA|[ˈpɔrtɑ]}} {{IPA|[ˈpurtɑ]}} (in Italy, {{lang|frp|pôrte}} is occasionally seen).}}

In general, inflection by [[grammatical gender]] (masculine and feminine) is the same as for French nouns; however, there are many exceptions. A few examples follow:

{{(!}} class{{=}}"wikitable"
{{!-}} style{{=}}"background:#f9f9f9;"
! style{{=}}"width:225px;" {{!}} Franco-Provençal
! style{{=}}"width:115px;" {{!}} Occitan (Provençal)
! style{{=}}"width:115px;" {{!}} French
! style{{=}}"width:115px;" {{!}} Piedmontese
! style{{=}}"width:115px;" {{!}} Italian
! style{{=}}"width:115px;" {{!}} English
{{!-}}
{{!}} {{lang|frp|la sal}} (fem.) {{!!}} ''la sau'' (fem.) {{!!}} {{lang|fr|le sel}} (masc.) {{!!}} {{lang|pms|la sal}} (fem.) {{!!}} {{lang|it|il sale}} (masc.) {{!!}} the salt
{{!-}}
{{!}} {{lang|frp|l'ôvra}} (fem.), {{lang|frp|la besogne}} (fem.) {{!!}} ''l'òbra'' (fem.),
''lo trabalh'' (masc.)
{{!!}} {{lang|fr|l'œuvre}} (fem.),
{{lang|fr|la besogne}} (fem.),
{{lang|fr|le travail}} (masc.),
{{lang|fr|le labeur}} (masc.) 
{{!!}} {{lang|pms|ël travaj}} (masc.) {{!!}} {{lang|it|il lavoro}} (masc.) {{!!}} the work
{{!-}}
{{!}} {{lang|frp|l'ongla}} (fem.) {{!!}} ''l'ongla'' (fem.) {{!!}} {{lang|fr|l'ongle}} (masc.) {{!!}} {{lang|pms|l'ongia}} (fem.) {{!!}} {{lang|it|l'unghia}} (fem.) {{!!}} the fingernail
{{!-}}
{{!}} {{lang|frp|l'ôlyo}} (masc.) {{!!}} ''l'òli'' (masc.) {{!!}} {{lang|fr|l'huile}} (fem.) {{!!}} {{lang|pms|l'euli}} (masc.) {{!!}} {{lang|it|l'olio}} (masc.) {{!!}} the oil
{{!-}}
{{!}} {{lang|frp|lo crotâl}} (masc.), {{lang|frp|lo vipèro}} (masc.) {{!!}} ''la vipèra'' (fem.) {{!!}} {{lang|fr|la vipère}} (fem.) {{!!}} ''la vipra'' (fem.) {{!!}} {{lang|it|la vipera}} (fem.) {{!!}} the viper
{{!)}}
|[[Pronoun|Subject pronouns]] agree in person, number, gender, and case. Although the subject pronoun is usually retained in speech, Franco-Provençal – unlike French or English – is a partially [[pro-drop language]] ([[null subject language]]), especially in the first-person singular. Masculine and feminine third-person singular pronouns are notable for the extremely wide variation in pronunciation from region to region. Impersonal subjects, such as weather and time, take the neuter pronoun "'''{{lang|frp|o}}'''" (and/or "'''{{lang|frp|el}}'''", a regional variant used before a word beginning with a vowel), which is analogous to "it" in English.
|[[Object (grammar)|Direct and indirect object pronouns]] also agree in person, number, gender, and case. However, unlike subject pronouns, third-person singular and plural have neuter forms, in addition to masculine and feminine forms.
|[[Possessive pronoun]]s and [[possessive adjective]]s agree in person, number, gender, and case (masculine singular and plural forms are noteworthy because of their extremely wide variation in pronunciation from area to area).
|[[Relative pronoun]]s have one invariable form.
|[[Adjective]]s agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.
|[[Adverb]]s are invariable; that is, they are not inflected, unlike nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
|[[Verb]]s form three grammatical conjugation classes, each of which are further split into two subclasses. Each [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] is different, formed by isolating the [[verb]] stem and adding an ending determined by mood, tense, voice, and number. Verbs are inflected in four [[mood (linguistics)|moods]]: [[indicative mood|indicative]], [[imperative mood|imperative]], [[subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], and [[Conditional mood|conditional]]; and two impersonal moods: [[infinitive]] and [[participle]], which includes verbal adjectives.

Verbs in Group 1a end in '''{{lang|frp|-ar}}''' ({{lang|frp|côsar}}, "to speak"; {{lang|frp|chantar}}, "to sing"); Group 1b end in '''{{lang|frp|-ier}}''' ({{lang|frp|mengier}}, "to eat"); Groups 2a & 2b end in '''{{lang|frp|-ir}}''' ({{lang|frp|finir}}, "to finish"; {{lang|frp|venir}}, "to come"), Group 3a end in '''{{lang|frp|-êr}}''' ({{lang|frp|dêvêr}}, "to owe"), and Group 3b end in '''{{lang|frp|-re}}''' ({{lang|frp|vendre}}, "to sell").

Auxiliary verbs are: {{lang|frp|avêr}} (to have) and {{lang|frp|étre}} (to be).}}

== Phonology ==
The consonants and vowel sounds in Franco-Provençal:

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i iː}}
|{{IPA link|y}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ø}}
|
|{{IPA link|o oː}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ ɛː }}
|{{IPA link|œ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA link|ɑ ɑː}}
|}

* {{IPAslink|o}} is frequently realized as {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ø}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ}}]}}, as well as {{IPAblink|œ}} in short form when preceding a {{IPAslink|j}} or a {{IPAslink|w}}. 
* {{IPA|/{{IPAplink|ø}}, {{IPAplink|œ}}/}} have a phonemic status in the dialects of Savoy, Val d'Aosta, and Lyon.<ref>{{Harvp|Hauff|2016}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Viret|2021}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Kasstan|2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Nasal vowels
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|ĩ}}
|{{IPA link|ũ}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
|{{IPA link|õ}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɑ̃}}
|}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]/<br />[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|c}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɟ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|({{IPA link|t͡s}})
|({{IPA link|t͡ʃ}})
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|({{IPA link|d͡z}})
|({{IPA link|d͡ʒ}})
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|({{IPA link|ʁ}})
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|({{IPA link|ŋ}})
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʎ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!<small>plain</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|-
![[Labialization|<small>labial</small>]]
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɥ}}
|{{IPA link|w}}
|}

* Affricate sounds {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} and {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} are mainly present in Fribourg and Valais dialects (often written as ''chi'' and ''gi/ji'', occurring before a vowel).
* In Arles, and in some dialects of Hauteville and Savoie, the {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme is realized as {{IPAblink|ʁ}}.
* In the dialects of Savoie and Bresse, phonetic dental sounds {{IPAblink|θ}} and {{IPAblink|ð}} occur corresponding to palatal sounds {{IPAslink|c}} and {{IPAslink|ɟ}}. These two sounds may also be realized in dialects of Valais, where they correspond to a succeeding {{IPAslink|l}} after a voiceless or voiced stop (like ''cl'', ''gl'') they are then realized as {{IPAblink|θ}}, {{IPAblink|ð}}.
*A nasal sound {{IPAblink|ŋ}} can occur when a nasal precedes a velar stop.
* Palatalizations of {{IPA|/s, k/}} can be realized as {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ç}}, {{IPAplink|x}}~{{IPAplink|χ}}]}} in some Savoyard dialects.
*In rare dialects, a palatal lateral {{IPA|/ʎ/}} can be realized as a voiced fricative {{IPAblink|ʝ}}.
*A glottal fricative {{IPAblink|h}} occurs as a result of the softening of the allophones of {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ç}}, {{IPAplink|x}}~{{IPAplink|χ}}]}} in Savoie and French-speaking Switzerland.
* In the dialects of Valdôtien, Fribourg, Valais, Vaudois and in some dialects of Savoyard and Dauphinois, realizations of phonemes {{IPA|/{{IPAplink|c}}, {{IPAplink|ɟ}}/}} often are heard as affricate sounds {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|t͡s}}, {{IPAplink|d͡z}}]}}. In the dialects of French-speaking Switzerland, Valle d'Aosta, and Neuchâtel, the two palatal stops are realized as the affricates, {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|t͡ʃ}}, {{IPAplink|d͡ʒ}}]}}.<ref>{{Harvp|Stich|1998}}</ref>
* The placement of stressed [[syllable]]s in the spoken language is a primary characteristic of Franco-Provençal that distinguishes it from French and Occitan. Franco-Provençal words take stress on the last syllable, as in French, or on the penultimate syllable, unlike French.
* Franco-Provençal also preserves final vowel sounds, in particular "'''a'''" in feminine forms and "'''o'''" in masculine forms (where it is pronounced "'''ou'''" in some regions.) The word ''portar'' is pronounced {{IPA|[pɔrˈtɑ]}} or {{IPA|[pɔrˈto]}}, with accent on the final "'''a'''" or "'''o'''", but ''rousa'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈruːzɑ]}}, with accent on the "'''ou'''".
*[[Vowel]]s followed by [[nasal stop|nasal consonants]] "'''{{lang|frp|m}}'''" and "'''{{lang|frp|n}}'''" are normally nasalized in a similar manner to those in French, for example, {{lang|frp|chantar}} and '''{{lang|frp|vin}}''' in Franco-Provençal, and "chanter" and "{{lang|fr|vin}}" in French. However, in the largest part of the Franco-Provençal domain, [[nasal vowel|nasalized vowels]] retain a timbre that more closely approaches the un-nasalized vowel sound than in French, for example, '''{{lang|frp|pan}}''' {{IPA|[pɑ̃]}} and '''{{lang|frp|vent}}''' {{IPA|[vɛ̃]}} in Franco-Provençal, compared to "{{lang|fr|pain}}" {{IPA|[pɛ̃]}} and "{{lang|fr|vent}}" {{IPA|[vɑ̃]}} in French.

== Orthography ==
There is no single official standard that covers Franco-Provençal as a whole. The orthographies in use include the following:

* The one used by Aimé Chenal and [[Raymond Vautherin]], who wrote the first comprehensive grammar and dictionary for any variety of Franco-Provençal. Their landmark effort greatly expands upon the work by [[Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne]] begun in the 19th century on the [[Valdôtain dialect|Valdôtain]] (Valdotèn) dialect of the [[Aosta Valley]]. It was published in twelve volumes from 1967 to 1982.
* The one used by the ''Bureau régional pour l'ethnologie et la linguistique'' (BREL) in [[Aosta]] and the ''Centre d'études franco-provençales'' « ''René Willien'' » (CEFP) in [[Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley|Saint-Nicolas]], Italy. It is based on the work of [[Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne]], albeit with several modifications.
* The ''Graphie de Conflans'', which has achieved fairly wide acceptance among speakers residing in Bresse and Savoy. Since it was first proposed by the ''Groupe de Conflans'' in 1983, it has appeared in many published works. This method perhaps most closely follows the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], omitting extraneous letters found in other historical and contemporary proposals. It features the use of a [[Combining low line|combining low line (underscore)]] as a diacritic to indicate a stressed vowel in the [[penult]] when it occurs, for example: ''t<u>o</u>ma'', ''déss<u>an</u>ta''.
* The ''Orthographe de référence B'', or ORB, devised by linguist Dominique Stich. It is the only orthography intended to represent all Franco-Provençal dialects. It strays from a close representation of various local pronunciations, instead opting for more [[Diaphoneme|diaphonemic]] and etymological spellings, with frequent influence from French. There are two subtypes of ORB: ''large'' ("broad"), namely spellings intended to represent all dialects; and ''serrée'' ("narrow"), namely spellings modified to represent certain local features. For instance the descendant of Latin ''festa'' is given as ''féta'' in "broad" spelling and ''fétha'' in "narrow" spelling for a number of dialects where Latin [st] underwent metathesis to *[ts] and then developed to modern [θ].<ref>{{harvcolnb|Stich|2001|pages=111, 133, 153}}</ref>
The table below compares a few words in each writing system, with French and English for reference. (Sources: Esprit Valdôtain (download 7 March 2007), C.C.S. Conflans (1995), and Stich (2003).

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f9f9f9;"
! colspan="5" style="width:90px;" | Franco-Provençal
! style="width:90px;" | Occitan
! style="width:90px;" | Italian
! style="width:90px;" | French
! style="width:90px;" | Spanish
! style="width:90px;" | English
|-

|- style="background:#f9f9f9;"
! style="width:90px;" |[[Help:IPA|IPA]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
! style="width:90px;" |<abbr title="Aimé Chenal & Raymond Vautherin">Chenal</abbr>
! style="width:90px;" |<abbr title="Regional Bureau of Ethnology and Linguistics">BREL</abbr>
! style="width:90px;" |<abbr title="La Graphie de Conflans">Conflans</abbr>
! style="width:90px;" |<abbr title="Orthographe de référence B">ORB</abbr>
! style="width:90px;" | Provençal
! style="width:90px;" | Standard
! style="width:90px;" | Standard
! style="width:90px;" | Standard
! style="width:90px;" | Standard

|-
||{{IPA|/kɑ̃/}}||{{lang|frp|quan}}||{{lang|frp|can}}||{{lang|frp|kan}}||{{lang|frp|quand}}||{{lang|oc|quand, quora}}||{{lang|it|quando}}||{{lang|fr|quand}}||{{lang|es|cuando}}|| when
|-
||{{IPA|/ˈtʃikɑ/}}||{{lang|frp|tsëca}}||{{lang|frp|tchica}}||{{lang|frp|tch<u>i</u>ka}}||{{lang|frp|checa}}||{{lang|oc|un pauc}}||{{lang|it|un po'}}||{{lang|fr|un peu}}||{{lang|es|un poco}}|| a little
|-
||{{IPA|/tsɑ̃/}}||{{lang|frp|tsan}}||{{lang|frp|tsan}}||{{lang|frp|tsan}}||{{lang|frp|champ}}||{{lang|oc|tèrra}}||{{lang|it|campo}}||{{lang|fr|champ}}||{{lang|es|campo}}|| field
|-
||{{IPA|/dʒuˈɑ/}}||{{lang|frp|dzoà}}||{{lang|frp|djouà}}||{{lang|frp|djoua}}||{{lang|frp|juè}}||{{lang|oc|jòc}}||{{lang|it|gioco}}||{{lang|fr|jeu}}||{{lang|es|juego}}|| game
|-
||{{IPA|/ˈtʃøvrɑ/}}||{{lang|frp|tseuvra}}||{{lang|frp|tcheuvra}}||{{lang|frp|ts<u>eû</u>vra}}||{{lang|frp|chiévra}}||{{lang|oc|cabra}}||{{lang|it|capra}}||{{lang|fr|chèvre}}||{{lang|es|cabra}}|| goat
|-
||{{IPA|/ˈfɔʎə/}}||{{lang|frp|foille}}||{{lang|frp|foille}}||{{lang|frp|f<u>ò</u>ye}}||{{lang|frp|fôlye}}||{{lang|oc|fuelha}}||{{lang|it|foglia}}||{{lang|fr|feuille}}||{{lang|es|hoja}}|| leaf
|-
||{{IPA|/ˈføʎə/}}||{{lang|frp|faille}}||{{lang|frp|feuille}}||{{lang|frp|f<u>eû</u>ye}}||{{lang|frp|felye}}||{{lang|oc|filha}}||{{lang|it|figlia}}||{{lang|fr|fille}}||{{lang|es|hija}}|| daughter
|-
||{{IPA|/fɔ̃ˈtɑ̃.ɑ/}}||{{lang|frp|fontana}}||{{lang|frp|fontan-a}}||{{lang|frp|font<u>an</u>a}}||{{lang|frp|fontana}}||{{lang|oc|fònt}}||{{lang|it|fontana}}||{{lang|fr|fontaine}}||{{lang|es|fuente}}|| wellspring
|-
||{{IPA|/ˈlɑ̃.ɑ/}}||{{lang|frp|lana}}||{{lang|frp|lan-a}}||{{lang|frp|l<u>an</u>a}}||{{lang|frp|lana}}||{{lang|oc|lana}}||{{lang|it|lana}}||{{lang|fr|laine}}||{{lang|es|lana}}|| wool
|-
||{{IPA|/siˈlɑ̃sə/}}||{{lang|frp|silence}}||{{lang|frp|silanse}}||{{lang|frp|sil<u>an</u>se}}||{{lang|frp|silence}}||{{lang|oc|silenci}}||{{lang|it|silenzio}}||{{lang|fr|silence}}||{{lang|es|silencio}}|| silence
|-
||{{IPA|/rəpəˈbløk.ə/}}||{{lang|frp|repeublecca}}||{{lang|frp|repebleucca}}||{{lang|frp|repebl<u>eû</u>ke}}||{{lang|frp|rèpublica}}||{{lang|oc|republica}}||{{lang|it|repubblica}}||{{lang|fr|république}}||{{lang|es|república}}|| republic
|}

== Numerals ==
Franco-Provençal uses a [[decimal]] counting system. The numbers "1", "2", and "4" have masculine and feminine forms (Duplay, 1896; Viret, 2006).

0) ''zérô''; 1) ''yon'' <small>(masc.)</small>, ''yona / yena'' <small>(fem.)</small>; 2) ''dos'' <small>(masc.)</small>, ''does / doves / davè'' <small>(fem.)</small>; 3) ''três''; 4) ''quatro'' <small>(masc.)</small>, ''quat / quatrè'' <small>(fem.)</small>; 5) ''cinq''; 6) ''siéx''; 7) ''sèpt''; 8) ''huét''; 9) ''nô''; 10) ''diéx''; 11) ''onze'''; 12) ''doze''; 13) ''trèze''; 14) ''quatôrze''; 15) ''quinze''; 16) ''sèze''; 17) ''dix-sèpt''; 18) ''dix-huét''; 19) ''dix-nou''; 20) {{lang|frp|vengt}}; 21) {{lang|frp|vengt-yon}} / {{lang|frp|vengt-et-yona}}; 22) {{lang|frp|vengt-dos}} ... 30) ''trenta''; 40) ''quaranta''; 50) ''cinquanta''; 60) ''souessanta''; 70) ''sèptanta''; 80) ''huétanta''; 90) ''nonanta''; 100) ''cent''; 1000) ''mila''; 1,000,000) {{lang|frp|on milyon / on milyona}}.

Many western dialects use a [[vigesimal]] (base-20) form for "80", that is, ''quatro-vingt'' {{IPA|/katroˈvɛ̃/}}, possibly due to the influence of French.

== Word comparisons ==
The chart below compares words in Franco-Provençal to those in selected Romance languages, with English for reference.

Between vowels, the Latinate "'''p'''" became "'''v'''", "'''c'''" and "'''g'''" became "'''y'''", and "'''t'''" and "'''d'''" disappeared. Franco-Provençal also softened the hard [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatized]] "'''c'''" and "'''g'''" before "'''a'''". This led Franco-Provençal to evolve down a different path from Occitan and Gallo-Iberian languages, closer to the evolutionary direction taken by French.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#f9f9f9;"
! Latin
! Franco-Provençal
! French
! Occitan
! Catalan
! Spanish
! Romansh
! Piedmontese
! Italian
! Portuguese
! Sardinian
! English
|-
||{{lang|la|clavis}}||{{lang|frp|cllâf}}||{{lang|fr|clé}}, {{lang|fr|clef}}||{{Lang|oc|clau}}||{{Lang|ca|clau}}||{{lang|es|llave}}||{{lang|rm|clav}}||{{lang|pms|ciav}}||{{lang|it|chiave}}||{{lang|pt|chave}}||{{lang|sc|crai}}|| key
|-
||{{lang|la|cantare}}||{{lang|frp|chantar}}||{{lang|fr|chanter}}||{{Lang|oc|cantar}}||{{Lang|ca|cantar}}||{{lang|es|cantar}}||{{lang|rm|c(h)antar}}||{{lang|pms|canté}}||{{lang|it|cantare}}||{{lang|pt|cantar}}||{{lang|sc|cantai}}|| sing
|-
||{{lang|la|capra}}||{{lang|frp|chiévra}}||{{lang|fr|chèvre}}||{{Lang|oc|cabra}}||{{Lang|ca|cabra}}||{{lang|es|cabra}}||{{lang|rm|chavra}}||{{lang|pms|crava}}||{{lang|it|capra}}||{{lang|pt|cabra}}||{{lang|sc|craba}}|| goat
|-
||{{lang|la|caseus}} ({{lang|la|formaticus}})||{{lang|frp|tôma}}/{{lang|frp|fromâjo}}||{{lang|fr|tomme}}/{{lang|fr|fromage}}||{{Lang|oc|formatge}}||{{Lang|ca|formatge}}||{{lang|es|queso}}||{{lang|rm|caschiel}}||{{lang|pms|formagg}}||{{lang|it|formaggio}}||{{lang|pt|queijo}}||{{lang|sc|casu}}|| cheese
|-
||{{lang|la|dies Martis}}||{{lang|frp|demârs}}/{{lang|frp|mârdi}}||{{lang|fr|mardi}}||{{Lang|oc|dimars}}||{{Lang|ca|dimarts}}||{{lang|es|martes}}||{{lang|rm|mardi(s)}}||{{lang|pms|màrtes}}||{{lang|it|martedì}}||{{lang|pt|terça-feira}}||{{lang|sc|martis}}|| Tuesday
|-
||{{lang|la|ecclesia}}/{{lang|la|basilica}}||{{lang|frp|égllése}}||{{lang|fr|église}}/{{lang|fr|basilique}}||{{Lang|oc|glèisa}}||{{Lang|ca|església}}||{{lang|es|iglesia}}||{{lang|rm|baselgia}}||{{lang|pms|gesia}}/{{lang|pms|cesa}}||{{lang|it|chiesa}}||{{lang|pt|igreja}}||{{lang|sc|cresia}}|| church
|-
||{{lang|la|fratrem}}||{{lang|frp|frâre}}||{{lang|fr|frère}}||{{Lang|oc|fraire}}||{{Lang|ca|germà}}||{{lang|es|hermano}}||{{lang|rm|frar}}||{{lang|pms|frel}}||{{lang|it|fratello}}||{{lang|pt|irmão}}||{{lang|sc|frari}}|| brother
|-
||{{lang|la|hospitalis}}||{{lang|frp|hèpetâl}}/{{lang|frp|hopetâl}}||{{lang|fr|hôpital}}||{{Lang|oc|espital}}||{{Lang|ca|hospital}}||{{lang|es|hospital}}||{{lang|rm|spital}}/{{lang|rm|ospidal}}||{{lang|pms|ospidal}}||{{lang|it|ospedale}}||{{lang|pt|hospital}}||{{lang|sc|ospidali}}|| hospital
|-
||{{lang|la|lingua}}||{{lang|frp|lengoua}}||{{lang|fr|langue}}, {{lang|fr|langage}}||{{Lang|oc|lenga}}||{{Lang|ca|llengua}}||{{lang|es|lengua}}||{{lang|rm|lieunga}}||{{lang|pms|lenga}}||{{lang|it|lingua}}||{{lang|pt|língua}}||{{lang|sc|lingua}}, {{lang|sc|limba}}|| language
|-
||{{lang|la|sinister}}||{{lang|frp|gôcho}}/{{lang|frp|mâladrêt}}||{{lang|fr|gauche}}||{{Lang|oc|esquèrra}}/{{Lang|oc|senèstra}}||{{Lang|ca|esquerra}}||{{lang|es|izquierda}}||{{lang|rm|saniester}}/{{lang|rm|schnester}}||{{lang|pms|gàucia}}||{{lang|it|sinistra}}||{{lang|pt|esquerda}}||{{lang|sc|sa manu manca}}|| left
|-
||{{lang|la|rem}}/{{lang|la|natam}}/{{lang|la|ne gentem}}||{{lang|frp|ren}}||{{lang|fr|rien}}||{{Lang|oc|res}}/{{Lang|oc|ren}}||{{Lang|ca|res}}/{{Lang|ca|re}}||{{lang|es|nada}}||{{lang|rm|nuot}}/{{lang|rm|navot}}/{{lang|rm|nöglia}}||{{lang|pms|nen}}/{{lang|pms|gnente}}||{{lang|it|niente}}/{{lang|it|nulla}}||{{lang|pt|nada}}||{{lang|sc|nudda}}|| nothing
|-
||{{lang|la|noctem}}||{{lang|frp|nuet}}||{{lang|fr|nuit}}||{{Lang|oc|nuèch}}/{{Lang|oc|nuèit}}||{{Lang|ca|nit}}||{{lang|es|noche}}||{{lang|rm|not(g)}}||{{lang|pms|neuit}}/{{lang|pms|neucc}}||{{lang|it|notte}}||{{lang|pt|noite}}||{{lang|sc|noti}}|| night
|-
||{{lang|la|pacare}}||{{lang|frp|payér}}||{{lang|fr|payer}}||{{Lang|oc|pagar}}||{{Lang|ca|pagar}}||{{lang|es|pagar}}||{{lang|rm|pagar}}/{{lang|rm|pajar}}||{{lang|pms|paghé}}||{{lang|it|pagare}}||{{lang|pt|pagar}}||{{lang|sc|pagai}}|| pay
|-
||{{lang|la|sudor}}||{{lang|frp|suor}}||{{lang|fr|sueur}}||{{Lang|oc|susor}}||{{Lang|ca|suor}}||{{lang|es|sudor}}||{{lang|rm|suada}}||{{lang|pms|sudor}}||{{lang|it|sudore}}||{{lang|pt|suor}}||{{lang|sc|suai}}|| sweat
|-
||{{lang|la|vita}}||{{lang|frp|via}}||{{lang|fr|vie}}||{{Lang|oc|vida}}||{{Lang|ca|vida}}||{{lang|es|vida}}||{{lang|rm|veta}}/{{lang|rm|vita}}||{{lang|pms|via}}/{{lang|pms|vita}}||{{lang|it|vita}}||{{lang|pt|vida}}||{{lang|sc|vida}}|| life
|}

== Dialects ==
<!-- There's a link to this section from [[List of Romance languages]]. If you rename the section, please update the link. -->
[[File:Francoprovencal-Dialect-Map-1.jpg|thumb|400px|right]]
Classification of Franco-Provençal [[dialect]] divisions is challenging. Each canton and valley uses its own vernacular without standardization. Difficult intelligibility among dialects was noted as early as 1807 by Grillet.

The dialects are divided into eight distinct categories or groups. Six ''dialect groups'' comprising 41 ''dialect idioms'' for the Franco-Provençal language have been identified and documented by [[Linguasphere Observatory|Linguasphere Observatory (Observatoire Linguistique)]] (Dalby, 1999/2000, pp.&nbsp;402–403). Only two dialect groups – Lyonnaise and Dauphinois-N. – were recorded as having fewer than 1,000 speakers each. Linguasphere has not listed any dialect idiom as "extinct", however, many are highly endangered. A seventh isolated dialect group, consisting of [[Faetar]] (also known as "Cigliàje" or "Cellese"), has been analyzed by Nagy (2000). The Piedmont dialects need further study.

:<u>'''''Dialect Group''''' ''': Dialect Idiom:''' (''Epicenters / Regional locations'')</u>

*'''''Lyonnais:''''' (''France'')

::'''1. Bressan''' (''[[Bresse]], Ain ([[Departments of France|département]]) west; Revermont, French Jura (département) southwest; Saône-et-Loire east''),
::'''2. Bugésien''' (''[[Bugey]], Ain southeast''),
::'''3. Mâconnais''' (''[[Mâcon]] country''),
::'''4. Lyonnais-rural''' (''Lyonnais mountains, [[Dombes]], & Balmes'')
::'''5. Roannais+Stéphanois''' (''[[Roanne]] country, Foréz plain, & [[Saint-Étienne]]'').

*'''''Dauphinois-N.:''''' (''France'')

::'''1. Dauphinois-Rhodanien''' (''[[Rhône River]] valley, Rhône (département) south, Loire (département) southeast, Ardèche north, Drôme north, Isère west''),
::'''2. Crémieu''' (''[[Crémieu]], Isère north''),
::'''3. Terres-Froides''' (''[[Bourbre]] River valley, Isère central north''),
::'''4. Chambaran''' (''[[Roybon]], Isère central south''),
::'''5. Grésivaudan [& Uissans]''' (''Isère east'').

*'''''Savoyard:''''' (''France'')

::'''1. Bessanèis''' (''[[Bessans]]''),
::'''2. Langrin''' (''[[Lanslebourg]]''),
::'''3. Matchutin''' (''[[Valloire]] & Ma’tchuta'') (''1., 2. & 3.: [[Maurienne]] country, [[Arc (Savoie)|Arc valley]], Savoie south''),
::'''4. Tartentaise [& Tignard]''' (''[[Tarentaise Valley|Tarentaise country]], [[Tignes]], Savoie east, Isère upper valleys''),
::'''5. Arly''' (''[[Arly]] valley, [[Ugine]], Savoie north''),
::'''6. Chambérien''' (''[[Chambéry]]''),
::'''7. Annecien [& Viutchoïs]''' (''[[Annecy]], [[Viuz-la-Chiésaz]], Haute-Savoie southwest''),
::'''8. Faucigneran''' (''[[Faucigny]], Haute-Savoie southeast''),
::'''9. Chablaisien+Genevois''' (''[[Chablais]] country & Geneva (canton) hinterlands'').

*'''''Franc-Comtois (FrP) [Jurassien-Méridional]:''''' (''Switzerland & France'')

::'''1. Neuchâtelois''' (''Neuchâtel (canton)''),
::'''2. Vaudois-NW.''' (''Vaud northwest''),
::'''3. Pontissalien''' (''[[Pontarlier]] & Doubs (département) south''),
::'''4. Ain-N.''' (''[[Ain (département)|Ain]] upper valleys & French [[Jura (département)|Jura]]''),
::'''5. Valserine''' (''[[Bellegarde-sur-Valserine]], [[River Valserine|Valserine valley]], Ain northeast & adjacent French Jura'').

*'''''Vaudois:''''' (''Switzerland'')

::'''1. Vaudois-Intracluster''' (''Vaud west''),
::'''2. Gruyèrienne''' (''Fribourg (canton) west''),
::'''3. Enhaut''' (''[[Château-d'Œx]], [[Pays-d'Enhaut (district)|Pays-d'Enhaut]], Vaud east''),
::'''4. Valaisan''' (''Valais, Valaisan Romand'').

*'''''[[Valdôtain]]:''''' ([[Aosta Valley]], ''Italy'')

::'''1. Valdôtain du Valdigne''' (''[[Dora Baltea]] upper valley'', similar to [[savoy]]ard Franco-Provençal),
::'''2. Aostois''' (''[[Aosta]]n valdôtain''),
::'''3. Valdôtain standard''' (''Dora Baltea middle valley''),
::'''4. Valpellinois''', '''bossolein''' and '''bionassin''' (''Valpelline'' ''Great St. Bernard'' and ''Bionaz'' valleys),
::'''5. Cognein''' (''upper [[Val di Cogne|Cogne valley]]''),
::'''6. Valtournain''' (in ''[[Valtournenche]] valley''),
::'''7. Ayassin''' (''upper [[Ayas, Italy|Ayas valley]]''),
::'''8. Valgrisein''' (''[[Valgrisenche]] valley''),
::'''9. Rhêmiard''' (''[[Rhêmes-Saint-Georges|Rhêmes valley]]''),
::'''10. Valsavarein''' (''[[Valsavarenche]] valley''),
::'''11. Moyen valdôtain''' (''middle-lower Dora Baltea valley''),
::'''12. Bas Valdôtain''' (''lower Dora Baltea valley'', similar to [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]),
::'''13. Champorcherin''' (''[[Champorcher]] valley'')
::'''14. Fénisan''' (''[[Fénis]]'')

*'''''Faetar, Cigliàje:''''' (''Italy'')

::'''1. Faetar & Cigliàje''' (''[[Faeto]] & [[Celle di San Vito]], in [[Province of Foggia]]'').  This variety is also spoken in [[Brantford]], [[Ontario]], Canada by an established emigrant community.

*'''''Piedmont Dialects:''''' (''Italy'')

:: (Note: Comparative analyses of dialect idioms in the Piedmont basin of the [[Metropolitan City of Turin]] — from the [[Val Soana]] in the north to the [[Val Sangone]] in the south — have not been published).

== Dialect examples ==
Several modern orthographic variations exist for all dialects of Franco-Provençal. The spellings and IPA equivalents listed below appear in Martin (2005).

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f9f9f9;"
!English
!Occitan (Provençal)
!Franco-Provençal
!Savoyard dialect
!Bressan dialect
!French
|-
| Hello! || ''Bonjorn !'' || {{lang|frp|Bonjorn !}} || {{IPA|frp|bɔ̃ˈʒu|}} || {{IPA|frp|bɔ̃ˈʒø|}} || {{lang|fr|Bonjour !}}
|-
| Good night! || ''Bòna nuech !'' || {{lang|frp|Bôna nuet !}} || {{IPA|frp|bunɑˈne|}} || {{IPA|frp|bunɑˈnɑ|}} || {{lang|fr|Bonne nuit !}}
|-
| Goodbye! || ''A reveire !'' || {{lang|frp|A revér !}} || {{IPA|frp|arˈvi|}} || {{IPA|frp|arɛˈvɑ|}} || {{lang|fr|Au revoir !}}
|-
| Yes || ''Òc, vòai'' || {{lang|frp|Ouè}} || {{IPA|frp|ˈwɛ|}} || {{IPA|frp|ˈwɛ|}} || {{lang|fr|Oui}}, {{lang|fr|Ouais}}
|-
| No || ''Non'' || {{lang|frp|Nan}} || {{IPA|frp|ˈnɑ|}} || {{IPA|frp|ˈnɔ̃|}} || {{lang|fr|Non}}, {{lang|fr|Nan}}
|-
| Maybe || ''Benlèu'' / ''Bensai'' || {{lang|frp|T-èpêr}} / {{lang|frp|Pôt-étre}} || {{IPA|frp|tɛˈpɛ|}} || {{IPA|frp|pɛˈtetrə|}} || {{lang|fr|Peut-être}}, ({{lang|fr|P't-être}})
|-
| Please || ''Se vos plai'' || {{lang|frp|S’il vos plét}} || {{IPA|frp|sivoˈple|}} || {{IPA|frp|sevoˈplɛ|}} || {{lang|fr|S'il-vous-plaît}}
|-
| Thank you! || ''Grandmercé, mercé !''||  {{lang|frp|Grant-marci !}} || {{IPA|frp|ɡrɑ̃maˈsi|}} || {{IPA|frp|ɡrɑ̃marˈsi|}} || {{lang|fr|Merci beaucoup !}}, [{{lang|fr|Un}}] {{lang|fr|grand merci !}}
|-
| A man || ''Un òme'' || {{lang|frp|Un homo}} || {{IPA|frp|on ˈomo|}} || {{IPA|frp|in ˈumu|}} || {{lang|fr|Un homme}}
|-
| A woman || ''Una frema, una femna'' || {{lang|frp|Na fèna}} || {{IPA|frp|nɑ ˈfɛnɑ|}} || {{IPA|frp|nɑ ˈfɛnɑ|}} || {{lang|fr|Une femme}}
|-
| The clock || ''Lo relòtge'' || {{lang|frp|Lo relojo}} || {{IPA|frp|lo rɛˈloʒo|}} || {{IPA|frp|lo rɛˈlodʒu|}} || {{lang|fr|L'horloge}}
|-
| The clocks || ''Lei relòtges'' || {{lang|frp|Los relojos}} || {{IPA|frp|lu rɛˈloʒo|}} || {{IPA|frp|lu rɛˈlodʒu|}} || {{lang|fr|Les horloges}}
|-
| The rose || ''La ròsa'' || {{lang|frp|La rousa}} || {{IPA|frp|lɑ ˈruzɑ|}} || {{IPA|frp|lɑ ˈruzɑ|}} || {{lang|fr|La rose}}
|-
| The roses || ''Lei ròsas'' || {{lang|frp|Les rouses}} || {{IPA|frp|lɛ ˈruzɛ|}} || {{IPA|frp|lɛ ˈruze|}} || {{lang|fr|Les roses}}
|-
| He is eating. || ''Manja.'' || {{lang|frp|Il menge.}} || {{IPA|frp|il ˈmɛ̃ʒɛ|}} || {{IPA|frp|il ˈmɛ̃ʒɛ|}} || {{lang|fr|Il mange.}}
|-
| She is singing. || ''Canta.''|| {{lang|frp|Ele chante.}} || {{IPA|frp|lə ˈʃɑ̃tɛ|}} || {{IPA|frp|ɛl ˈʃɑ̃tɛ|}} || {{lang|fr|Elle chante.}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | It is raining. || rowspan="2" | ''Plòu.'' || {{lang|frp|O pluvègne.}} || {{IPA|frp|o plyˈvɛɲə|}}||  || {{lang|fr|Il pleut.}}
|-
| {{lang|frp|O brolyasse.}} || || {{IPA|frp|u brulˈjasə|}}|| {{lang|fr|Il pleuvine.}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | What time is it? || rowspan="2" | ''Quant es d'ora ?'' || {{lang|frp|Quint’hora est ?}} || {{IPA|frp|kɛ̃t ˈørɑ ˈjɛ|}} || || 
|-
| {{lang|frp|Quâl’hora est ?}} || || {{IPA|frp|tjel ˈoʒɑ ˈjə|}} || {{lang|fr|Quelle heure est-il ?}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | It is 6:30. || rowspan="2" | ''Es sièis oras e mieja.'' || {{lang|frp|(Il) est siéx hores et demi.}} || {{IPA|frp|ˈjɛ siz ˈørɑ e dɛˈmi|}} || || {{lang|fr|Il est six heures et demie.}}
|-
| {{lang|frp|Il est siéx hores demi.}} || || {{IPA|frp|ˈɛjɛ siʒ ˈoʒə dɛˈmi|}} || 
|-
| rowspan="2" | What is your name? || rowspan="2" | ''Coma te dison ?'' || {{lang|frp|’T-il que vos éd niom ?}} || {{IPA|frp|ˈtɛk voz i ˈɲɔ̃|}} || || {{lang|fr|Quel est votre nom ?}}
|-
| {{lang|frp|Coment que vos vos apelâd ?}} || || {{IPA|frp|kɛmˈe kɛ ˈvu vu apaˈlo|}} || {{lang|fr|Comment vous appelez-vous ?}} ({{lang|fr|Comment que vous vous appelez ?}})
|-
| rowspan="2" | I am happy to see you. || rowspan="2" | ''Siáu content de vos veire.'' || {{lang|frp|Je su bon éso de vos vér.}} || {{IPA|frp|ʒə sɛ buˈnezə də vo ˈvi|}} || || {{lang|fr|Je suis heureux/ravi de vous voir}}
|-
| {{lang|frp|Je su content de vos vêr.}} || || {{IPA|frp|ʒɛ si kɔ̃ˈtɛ də vu ˈvɑ|}} || {{lang|fr|Je suis content de vous voir.}} 
|-
| rowspan="2" | Do you speak Patois? || rowspan="2" | ''Parlatz patoès ?'' || {{lang|frp|Prègiéd-vos patouès ?}} || {{IPA|frp|prɛˈʒi vo patuˈe|}} || || {{lang|fr|Parlez-vous}} [{{lang|fr|le}}] {{lang|fr|Patois ?}}
|-
| {{lang|frp|Côsâd-vos patouès ?}} || || {{IPA|frp|koˈʒo vu patuˈɑ|}}|| {{lang|fr|Causez vous}} [{{lang|fr|le}}] {{lang|fr|Patois ?}}
|}

== Toponyms ==
Other than in [[family name]]s, the Franco-Provençal legacy survives primarily in [[placename]]s. Many are immediately recognizable, ending in {{lang|frp|italic=no|-az, -o(t)z, -uz, -ax, -ex, -ux, -ou(l)x, -aulx, and -ieu(x)}}. These suffixes are vestiges of an old medieval orthographic practice indicating the stressed syllable of a word. In polysyllables, 'z' indicates a [[paroxytone]] (stress on penultimate syllable) and 'x' indicates an [[oxytone]] (stress on last syllable). So, Chanaz {{IPA|frp|ˈʃɑnɑ|}} (''<u>sha</u>na'') but Chênex {{IPA|frp|ʃɛˈne|}} (''shè<u>né</u>''). The following is a list of all such toponyms:
[[File:Introd (AO) - panneau entrée.jpg|thumb|Bilingual road sign ([[French language|French]]-[[Valdôtain dialect|Valdôtain]]) in [[Introd]], [[Aosta Valley]].]]
[[File:Charvex-sign2.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Road sign for Charvex (La Balme de Thuy), Haute-Savoie, France after a name change in the 1990s to a historical [[Savoy]]ard spelling. (Former village name: Charvet.)]]

=== Italy ===
* '''[[Aosta Valley]]''': [[Bionaz]], [[Champdepraz]], [[Morgex]], and [[Perloz]]
* '''[[Piedmont]]''': [[Oulx]], and [[Sauze d'Oulx]]

=== France ===
* '''[[Ain]]''': [[Ambérieu-en-Bugey]], [[Ambérieux-en-Dombes]], [[Arbignieu]], [[Belleydoux]], [[Belmont-Luthézieu]], [[Birieux]], [[Boz, Ain|Boz]], [[Brénaz]], [[Ceyzérieu]], [[Challex]], [[Chanoz-Châtenay]], [[Charnoz-sur-Ain]], [[Chevroux, Ain|Chevroux]], [[Civrieux]], [[Cleyzieu]], [[Colomieu]], [[Contrevoz]], [[Conzieu]], [[Cormoz]], [[Courmangoux]], [[Culoz]], [[Cuzieu, Ain|Cuzieu]], [[Flaxieu]], [[Gex, Ain|Gex]], [[Hostiaz]], [[Injoux-Génissiat]], [[Izieu]], [[Jujurieux]], [[Lagnieu]], [[Lescheroux]], [[Lochieu]], [[Lompnieu]], [[Léaz]], [[Lélex]], [[Malafretaz]], [[Marboz]], [[Marignieu]], [[Marlieux]], [[Massieux]], [[Massignieu-de-Rives]], [[Meximieux]], [[Mijoux]], [[Misérieux]], [[Montagnieu, Ain|Montagnieu]], [[Monthieux]], [[Murs-et-Gélignieux]], [[Niévroz]], [[Nurieux-Volognat]], [[Oncieu]], [[Ordonnaz]], [[Ornex]], [[Outriaz]], [[Oyonnax]], [[Parcieux]], [[Perrex]], [[Peyrieu]], [[Peyzieux-sur-Saône]], [[Pirajoux]], [[Pollieu]], [[Prémillieu]], [[Pugieu]], [[Reyrieux]], [[Rignieux-le-Franc]], [[Ruffieu]], [[Saint-André-le-Bouchoux]], [[Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc]], [[Saint-Germain-de-Joux]], [[Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Ain|Saint-Jean-le-Vieux]], [[Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux]], [[Saint-Paul-de-Varax]], [[Sault-Brénaz]], [[Seillonnaz]], [[Songieu]], [[Sonthonnax-la-Montagne]], [[Surjoux]], [[Sutrieu]], [[Talissieu]], [[Thézillieu]], [[Torcieu]], [[Toussieux]], [[Trévoux]], [[Vernoux]], [[Versailleux]], [[Versonnex, Ain|Versonnex]], [[Vieu]], [[Vieu-d'Izenave]], [[Villieu-Loyes-Mollon]], [[Virieu-le-Grand]], [[Virieu-le-Petit]], and [[Échenevex]]
* '''[[Ardèche]]''': [[Ajoux]], [[Beaulieu, Ardèche|Beaulieu]], [[Boucieu-le-Roi]], [[Boulieu-lès-Annonay]], [[Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux]], [[Colombier-le-Vieux]], [[Coux, Ardèche|Coux]], [[Davézieux]], [[Dunière-sur-Eyrieux]], [[Lavilledieu]], [[Le Roux, Ardèche|Le Roux]], [[Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux]], [[Roiffieux]], [[Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux]], [[Saint-Jacques-d'Atticieux]], [[Saint-Julien-le-Roux]], [[Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux]], [[Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux]], [[Saint-Étienne-de-Valoux]], [[Satillieu]], [[Talencieux]], and [[Vinzieux]]
* '''[[Doubs]]''': [[Bolandoz]], [[Champoux]], [[Chevroz]], [[Châteauvieux-les-Fossés]], [[Dampjoux]], [[Deluz]], [[Goux-les-Usiers]], [[Goux-lès-Dambelin]], [[Goux-sous-Landet]], [[Grand'Combe-Châteleu]], [[Granges-Narboz]], [[La Cluse-et-Mijoux]], [[Le Barboux]], [[Le Bélieu]], [[Les Hôpitaux-Vieux]], [[Les Villedieu]], [[Montmahoux]], [[Montécheroux]], [[Reculfoz]], [[Saraz, Doubs]], [[Verrières-de-Joux]], [[Villars-sous-Dampjoux]], and [[Éternoz]]
* '''[[Drôme]]''': [[Allex, Drôme|Allex]], [[Clérieux]], [[Génissieux]], [[Marsaz]], [[Molières-Glandaz]], [[Montaulieu]], [[Montjoux]], [[Roussieux]], [[Saint-Bardoux]], [[Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux]], [[Solérieux]], and [[Vassieux-en-Vercors]]
* '''[[Haute-Savoie]]''': [[Alex, Haute-Savoie|Alex]], [[Annecy-le-Vieux]], [[Arthaz-Pont-Notre-Dame]], [[Aviernoz]], [[Bernex, Haute-Savoie|Bernex]], [[Cernex]], [[Chainaz-les-Frasses]], [[Charvonnex]], [[Chavannaz]], [[Chessenaz]], [[Chevenoz]], [[Chênex]], [[Combloux]], [[Copponex]], [[Excenevex]], [[La Clusaz]], [[La Côte-d'Arbroz]], [[La Forclaz]], [[La Muraz]], [[La Vernaz]], [[Marcellaz]], [[Marcellaz-Albanais]], [[Marlioz]], [[Marnaz]], [[Menthonnex-en-Bornes]], [[Menthonnex-sous-Clermont]], [[Monnetier-Mornex]], [[Mont-Saxonnex]], [[Peillonnex]], [[Reyvroz]], [[Saint-Jorioz]], [[Servoz]], [[Seythenex]], [[Seytroux]], [[Vaulx, Haute-Savoie|Vaulx]], [[Veigy-Foncenex]], [[Versonnex, Haute-Savoie|Versonnex]], [[Villaz]], [[Ville-en-Sallaz]], [[Villy-le-Pelloux]], [[Viuz-en-Sallaz]], [[Viuz-la-Chiésaz]], and [[Vétraz-Monthoux]]
* '''[[Isère]]''': [[Apprieu]], [[Assieu]], [[Beaulieu, Isère|Beaulieu]], [[Bellegarde-Poussieu]], [[Bilieu]], [[Bossieu]], [[Bourgoin-Jallieu]], [[Bouvesse-Quirieu]], [[Bressieux]], [[Cessieu]], [[Chamagnieu]], [[Charancieu]], [[Charvieu-Chavagneux]], [[Chassignieu]], [[Chavanoz]], [[Cheyssieu]], [[Chélieu]], [[Creys-Mépieu]], [[Crémieu]], [[Dizimieu]], [[Diémoz]], [[Dolomieu, Isère|Dolomieu]], [[Fitilieu]], [[Granieu]], [[Heyrieux]], [[Jarcieu]], [[La Chapelle-de-Surieu]], [[Les Roches-de-Condrieu]], [[Leyrieu]], [[Lieudieu]], [[Marcieu]], [[Massieu]], [[Meyrieu-les-Étangs]], [[Moidieu-Détourbe]], [[Moissieu-sur-Dolon]], [[Monsteroux-Milieu]], [[Montagnieu, Isère|Montagnieu]], [[Montalieu-Vercieu]], [[Montseveroux]], [[Notre-Dame-de-Vaulx]], [[Optevoz]], [[Ornacieux]], [[Oz, Isère|Oz]], [[Parmilieu]], [[Pisieu]], [[Porcieu-Amblagnieu]], [[Proveysieux]], [[Quincieu]], [[Romagnieu]], [[Saint-André-le-Gaz]], [[Saint-Jean-de-Vaulx]], [[Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Isère|Saint-Jean-le-Vieux]], [[Saint-Julien-de-Raz]], [[Saint-Martin-le-Vinoux]], [[Saint-Pierre-de-Bressieux]], [[Saint-Pierre-de-Méaroz]], [[Saint-Romain-de-Surieu]], [[Saint-Siméon-de-Bressieux]], [[Saint-Victor-de-Cessieu]], [[Sardieu]], [[Sermérieu]], [[Siccieu-Saint-Julien-et-Carisieu]], [[Siévoz]], [[Soleymieu]], [[Succieu]], [[Tignieu-Jameyzieu]], [[Varacieux]], [[Vatilieu]], [[Vaulx-Milieu]], [[Vernioz]], [[Vertrieu]], [[Veyssilieu]], [[Vignieu]], [[Villemoirieu]], [[Virieu]], and [[Vénérieu]]
* '''[[Jura (département)|Jura]]''': [[Bonlieu]], [[Choux]], [[Châtel-de-Joux]], [[Courlaoux]], [[Fontainebrux]], [[Fraroz]], [[Lajoux, Jura|Lajoux]], [[Les Bouchoux]], [[Marnoz]], [[Menétrux-en-Joux]], [[Molamboz]], [[Moutoux]], [[Onoz, Jura|Onoz]], [[Pagnoz]], [[Ponthoux]], [[Recanoz]], [[Saffloz]], [[Vannoz]], [[Vertamboz]], [[Villevieux]], and [[Vulvoz]]
* '''[[Loire (department)|Loire]]''': [[Andrézieux-Bouthéon]], [[Aveizieux]], [[Bussy-Albieux]], [[Champdieu]], [[Chazelles-sur-Lavieu]], [[Cuzieu, Loire|Cuzieu]], [[Doizieux]], [[Grézieux-le-Fromental]], [[Jonzieux]], [[La Bénisson-Dieu]], [[Lavieu]], [[Marcoux, Loire|Marcoux]], [[Mizérieux]], [[Nandax]], [[Nervieux]], [[Nollieux]], [[Pouilly-sous-Charlieu]], [[Précieux]], [[Saint-Haon-le-Vieux]], [[Saint-Hilaire-sous-Charlieu]], [[Saint-Jean-Soleymieux]], [[Saint-Nizier-sous-Charlieu]], [[Soleymieux]], [[Unieux]], and [[Épercieux-Saint-Paul]]
* '''[[Savoie]]''': [[Aillon-le-Vieux]], [[Allondaz]], [[Avressieux]], [[Avrieux]], [[Barberaz]], [[Chamoux-sur-Gelon]], [[Chanaz]], [[Chindrieux]], [[Cohennoz]], [[Conjux]], [[Drumettaz-Clarafond]], [[Entremont-le-Vieux]], [[Frontenex]], [[Jongieux]], [[La Giettaz]], [[La Motte-Servolex]], [[Loisieux]], [[Marcieux]], [[Meyrieux-Trouet]], [[Motz]], [[Ontex]], [[Ruffieux]], [[Saint-Jean-de-Couz]], [[Saint-Pierre-de-Genebroz]], [[Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz]], [[Sonnaz]], [[Verthemex]], and [[Villaroux]]
* '''[[Rhône (département)|Rhône]]''': [[Affoux]], [[Ambérieux, Rhône|Ambérieux]], [[Brussieu]], [[Cailloux-sur-Fontaines]], [[Chassieu]], [[Civrieux-d'Azergues]], [[Colombier-Saugnieu]], [[Condrieu]], [[Courzieu]], [[Décines-Charpieu]], [[Fleurieu-sur-Saône]], [[Fleurieux-sur-l'Arbresle]], [[Grézieu-la-Varenne]], [[Grézieu-le-Marché]], [[Jarnioux]], [[Joux]], [[Lissieu]], [[Meyzieu]], [[Ouroux]], [[Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or]], [[Quincieux]], [[Rillieux-la-Pape]], [[Saint-Cyr-le-Chatoux]], [[Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu]], [[Soucieu-en-Jarrest]], [[Sourcieux-les-Mines]], [[Toussieu]], [[Vaulx-en-Velin]], [[Ville-sur-Jarnioux]], and [[Vénissieux]]
* '''[[Saône-et-Loire]]''': [[Chalmoux]], [[Clux]], [[Lux, Saône-et-Loire|Lux]], [[Marly-sur-Arroux]], [[Ouroux-sous-le-Bois-Sainte-Marie]], [[Ouroux-sur-Saône]], [[Pontoux]], [[Pouilloux]], [[Rigny-sur-Arroux]], [[Saint-Bonnet-de-Joux]], [[Saint-Didier-sur-Arroux]], [[Saint-Nizier-sur-Arroux]], [[Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux, Saône-et-Loire|Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux]], [[Thil-sur-Arroux]], [[Toulon-sur-Arroux]], [[Vendenesse-sur-Arroux]], [[Verjux]], and [[Étang-sur-Arroux]]

=== Switzerland ===
* '''[[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]]''': [[Chésopelloz]], [[Crésuz]], [[Ferpicloz]], [[La Brillaz]], [[La Folliaz]], [[La Sonnaz]], [[Neyruz, Switzerland|Neyruz]], [[Noréaz]], [[Pont-en-Ogoz]], [[Prez-vers-Noréaz]], [[Sévaz]], [[Vaulruz]], [[Villaz-Saint-Pierre]], and [[Vuisternens-en-Ogoz]]
* '''[[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]]''': [[Bardonnex]], [[Bernex, Switzerland|Bernex]], [[Choulex]], [[Collex-Bossy]], [[Laconnex]], [[Le Grand-Saconnex]], [[Onex, Switzerland|Onex]], [[Perly-Certoux]], [[Thônex]], and [[Troinex]]
* '''[[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]]''': [[Brot-Plamboz]] and [[La Chaux-du-Milieu]]
* '''[[Valais]]''': [[Arbaz]], [[Collombey-Muraz]], [[Dorénaz]], [[Evionnaz]], [[Lax, Switzerland|Lax]], [[Massongex]], [[Mex, Valais|Mex]], [[Nax]], [[Nendaz]], [[Vernayaz]], [[Vex, Switzerland|Vex]], [[Veysonnaz]], [[Vionnaz]], [[Vérossaz]], and [[Vétroz]]
* '''[[Vaud]]''': [[Arnex-sur-Nyon]], [[Arnex-sur-Orbe]], [[Bex]], [[Bioley-Magnoux]], [[Bioley-Orjulaz]], [[Borex]], [[Champtauroz]], [[Chanéaz]], [[Cheseaux-Noréaz]], [[Chevroux, Switzerland|Chevroux]], [[Château-d'Œx]], [[Chéserex]], [[Founex]], [[La Sarraz]], [[Mauraz]], [[Mex, Vaud|Mex]], [[Mutrux]], [[Neyruz-sur-Moudon]], [[Palézieux]], [[Paudex]], [[Penthalaz]], [[Penthaz]], [[Penthéréaz]], [[Puidoux]], [[Rennaz]], [[Rivaz]], [[Ropraz]], [[Saint-Légier-La Chiésaz]], [[Saint-Prex]], [[Saubraz]], [[Signy-Avenex]], [[Suscévaz]], [[Tolochenaz]], and [[Trélex]]

== Literature ==
[[File:Noues-III.jpg|thumb|140px|right|Text of a carol about the appearance of a comet in 1682 by Jean Chapelon.]]
A long tradition of Franco-Provençal literature exists, although no prevailing written form of the language has materialized. An early 12th-century fragment containing 105 verses from a poem about [[Alexander the Great]] may be the earliest known work in the language. ''[[Girart de Roussillon]]'', an epic with 10,002 lines from the mid-12th century,{{Contradictory inline|article=Girart de Roussillon|section=Romance|date=February 2014}}<!-- Apparently, there are two different extant medieval works on the same subject matter: a ''chanson de geste'' from the 12th century and a romance from the 14th, which is asserted to be in a dialect midway between French and Old Occitan, which would mean that the 14th-century romance is referred to here, not the chanson de geste. Or, possibly, there is no contradiction in the first place: The chanson de geste is in Early Franco-Provençal, and the romance is in a mixed French/Occitan dialect. --> has been asserted to be Franco-Provençal. It certainly contains prominent Franco-Provençal features, although the editor of an authoritative edition of this work claims that the language is a mixture of French and Occitan forms.<ref>Price, 1998.</ref> A significant document from the same period containing a list of vassals in the County of Forez also is not without literary value.

Among the first historical writings in Franco-Provençal are legal texts by [[civil law notary|civil law notaries]] that appeared in the 13th century as Latin was being abandoned for official administration. These include a translation of the {{Lang|la|[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]}} (known as the ''[[Justinian Code]]'') in the vernacular spoken in Grenoble. Religious works also were translated and conceived in Franco-Provençal dialects at some monasteries in the region. ''[[Bartholomew|The Legend of Saint Bartholomew]]'' is one such work that survives in Lyonnais patois from the 13th century.

[[Marguerite d'Oingt]] ({{Circa|1240}}–1310), [[prioress]] of a [[Carthusian]] nunnery near [[Mionnay]] (France), composed two remarkable sacred texts in her native Lyonnais dialect, in addition to her writings in Latin. The first, entitled ''Speculum ''("The Mirror"), describes three [[miracle|miraculous]] [[vision (religion)|visions]] and their meanings. The other work, ''Li Via seiti Biatrix, virgina de Ornaciu'' ("The Life of the Blessed Virgin [[Beatrix d'Ornacieux]]"), is a long biography of a [[nun]] and [[mysticism|mystic]] consecrated to the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] whose faith lead to a devout cult. This text contributed to the [[beatification]] of the nun more than 500 years later by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1869.<ref>[[Catholic Encyclopedia]], See: [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02375a.htm Beatrix: VI. Blessed Beatrix of Ornacieux] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202120428/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02375a.htm |date=2 December 2021 }}.</ref> A line from the work in her dialect follows:<ref>Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Renate (1997). ''The Writings of Margaret of Oingt, Medieval Prioress and Mystic''. (From series: Library of Medieval Women). Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. {{ISBN|0-85991-442-9}}.</ref>

: §&nbsp;112 : « ''Quant vit co li diz vicayros que ay o coventavet fayre, ce alyet cela part et en ot mout de dongiers et de travayl, ancis que cil qui gardont lo lua d'Emuet li volissant layssyer co que il demandavet et que li evesques de Valenci o volit commandar. Totes veys yses com Deus o aveyt ordonat oy se fit.'' »

Religious conflicts in [[Geneva]] between [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] Reformers and staunch [[Catholics]], supported by the Duchy of Savoy, brought forth many texts in Franco-Provençal during the early 17th century. One of the best known is ''Cé qu'è lainô'' ("The One Above"), which was composed by an unknown writer in 1603. The long narrative poem describes [[l'Escalade]], a raid by the Savoyard army that generated patriotic sentiments. It became the unofficial national anthem of the [[Canton of Geneva|Republic of Geneva]]. The first three verses follow below (in [[Geneva|Genevois]] dialect)<ref>[http://hypo.ge-dip.etat-ge.ch/www/athena/helvetia/cqlaino.html ''Cé qu'è lainô''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223012326/http://hypo.ge-dip.etat-ge.ch/www/athena/helvetia/cqlaino.html |date=23 December 2007}}, Complete text of 68 verses in Franco-Provençal and French.</ref> with a translation:

[[File:Cequelaino.png|right|160px|thumb|''Cé qu'è l'ainô'' musical score showing verses 1, 2, 4, & 68.]]
{| style="margin:1em auto;"
|
:''Cé qu'è lainô, le Maitre dé bataille,''
:''Que se moqué et se ri dé canaille;''
:''A bin fai vi, pè on desande nai,''
:''Qu'il étivé patron dé Genevoi.''
|
:The One above, the Master of the battles,
:Who mock and laugh at the rabble,
:Made them see well, on a Saturday night,
:That He was protector of the Genevese people.
|-
|
:''I son vegnu le doze de dessanbro''
:''Pè onna nai asse naire que d'ancro;''
:''Y étivé l'an mil si san et dou,''
:''Qu'i veniron parla ou pou troi tou.''
|
:They came on the twelfth of December,
:On a night as black as ink;
:It was the year sixteen-hundred-and-two,
:That they speak of, at the earliest (hour).
|-
|
:''Pè onna nai qu'étive la pe naire''
:''I veniron; y n'étai pas pè bairè;''
:''Y étivé pè pilli nou maison,''
:''Et no tüa sans aucuna raison.''
|
:On the blackest night
:They came — it was not for drinking —
:To plunder our houses,
:And to kill us without any reason.
|}

Several writers created [[satire|satirical]], [[morality|moralistic]], [[poem|poetic]], [[comedy|comic]], and [[theater|theatrical]] texts during the era that followed, which indicates the vitality of the language at that time. These include: [[Bernardin Uchard]] (1575–1624), [[author]] and [[playwright]] from [[Bresse]]; [[Henri Perrin]], comic playwright from Lyon; [[Jean Millet]] (1600?–1675), author of [[pastoral]]s, poems, and comedies from Grenoble; [[Jacques Brossard de Montaney]] (1638–1702), writer of comedies and [[Carol (music)|carols]] from Bresse; {{Interlanguage link|Jean Chapelon|frp|Jian Chapelon}} (1647–1694), priest and composer of more than 1,500 carols, songs, epistles, and essays from [[Saint-Étienne]]; and {{Interlanguage link|François Blanc dit Blanc la Goutte|fr|François Blanc (poète)}} (1690–1742), writer of [[prose]] poems, including ''Grenoblo maléirou'' about the great flood of 1733 in Grenoble. 19th century authors include [[Guillaume Roquille]] (1804–1860), working-class poet from Rive-de-Gier near Saint-Chamond, {{Interlanguage link|Joseph Béard dit l'Élyeudo|fr|Joseph Béard}} (1805–1872), physician, poet, and songwriter from Rumilly, and {{Interlanguage link|Louis Bornet|frp|Louis Bornet}} (1818–1880) of Gruyères. [[Clair Tisseur]] (1827–1896), architect of [[Église du Bon-Pasteur|Bon-Pasteur Church]] in Lyon, published many writings under the pen name "Nizier du Puitspelu". These include a popular dictionary and humorous works in Lyonnaise dialect that have reprinted for more than 100 years.<ref>"Tout sur la langue des gones", ''Lyon Capitale'', N° 399, 30 October 2002.</ref>

[[File:Amelie Gex 2.jpg|thumb|110px|left|[[Amélie Gex]]]]
[[File:Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne]] originating from [[Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley]]]]
[[Amélie Gex]] (1835–1883) wrote in her native ''patois'' as well as [[French language|French]]. She was a passionate advocate for her language. Her literary efforts encompassed lyrical themes, work, love, tragic loss, nature, the passing of time, religion, and politics, and are considered by many to be the most significant contributions to the literature. Among her works are: ''Reclans de Savoué'' ("Echos from Savoy", 1879), ''Lo cent ditons de Pierre d'Emo'' ("One Hundred Sayings by Pierre du Bon-Sens", 1879), ''Poesies'' ("Poems", 1880), ''Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village'' ("Old people and old things: Stories from my street and from my village", 1889), ''Fables'' (1898), and ''Contio de la Bova'' ("Tales from the Cowshed").

The writings of the ''abbé'' [[Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne]] (1826–1910) are credited with reestablishing the cultural identity of the Aosta Valley. His early poetry includes: {{lang|frp|L'infan prodeggo}} (1855), ''Marenda a Tsesalet'' (1856) and ''La bataille di vatse a Vertosan'' (1858); among his scholarly works are: ''Petite grammaire du dialecte valdotain'' (1893), ''Dictionnaire du dialecte valdôtain'' (1908) and ''Le patois valdotain: son origine littéraire et sa graphie'' (1909). The [http://www.regione.vda.it/cultura/eventi/concours_cerlogne/default_i.asp Concours Cerlogne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109023052/http://www.regione.vda.it/Cultura/eventi/concours_cerlogne/default_i.asp |date=9 January 2006 }} – an annual event named in his honor – has focused thousands of Italian students on preserving the region's language, literature, and heritage since 1963.

At the end of the 19th century, regional dialects of Franco-Provençal were disappearing due to the expansion of the French language into all walks of life and the emigration of rural people to urban centers. Cultural and regional savant societies began to collect oral [[Folklore|folk tales]], [[proverb]]s, and [[legend]]s from native speakers in an effort that continues to today. Numerous works have been published.

{{Interlanguage link|Prosper Convert|fr|Prosper Convert}} (1852–1933), the bard of Bresse; [[Louis Mercier (poet)|Louis Mercier]] (1870–1951), [[folk music|folk singer]] and author of more than twelve volumes of prose from Coutouvre near [[Roanne]]; [[Just Songeon]] (1880–1940), author, poet, and activist from La Combe, Sillingy near [[Annecy]]; {{Interlanguage link|Eugénie Martinet|fr|Eugénie Martinet}} (1896–1983), poet from [[Aosta]]; and {{Interlanguage link|Joseph Yerly|de|Joseph Yerly}} (1896–1961) of [[Gruyères]] whose complete works were published in ''Kan la têra tsantè'' ("When the earth sang"), are well known for their use of patois in the 20th century.
Louis des Ambrois de Nevache, from Upper Susa Valley, transcribed popular songs and wrote some original poetry in local
patois.
There are compositions in the current language on the album Enfestar, an artistic project from Piedmont<ref>{{cite web |last1=Soundcloud: Enfestar |title=Album Enfestar, Blu l'azard |url=https://soundcloud.com/blu-lazard/sets/enfestar-blu-lazard |website=Soundcloud |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118094952/https://soundcloud.com/blu-lazard/sets/enfestar-blu-lazard |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first comic book in a Franco-Provençal dialect, ''Le rebloshon que tyouè!'' ("The cheese that killed!"), from the ''Fanfoué des Pnottas'' series by Félix Meynet, appeared in 2000.<ref>Meynet, Félix (Illustrations) & Roman, Pascal (Text). ''Le rebloshon que tyouè !''. (Translation in Savoyard dialect.) Editions des Pnottas, 2000. {{ISBN|2-940171-14-9}}.</ref> Two popular works from ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]''<ref>"[[Hergé]]" (Remi, Georges) (2006). ''Lé Pèguelyon de la Castafiore'' ("[[The Castafiore Emerald]]", from ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'' series). Meune, Manuel & Josine, Trans. (Translation in Bressan dialect, Orthography: ''La Graphie de Conflans''). Brussels, Belgium: Casterman Editions. {{ISBN|2-203-00930-6}}.</ref><ref>"[[Hergé]]" (Remi, Georges) (2006). ''L'Afére Pecârd'' (''"[[The Calculus Affair]]"'', from ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'' series). (Translation in mixed Franco-Provençal dialects, Orthography: ''ORB''). Brussels, Belgium: Casterman Editions. {{ISBN|2-203-00931-4}}.</ref> and one from the [[Lucky Luke]] series<ref>"[[Achdé]]" (Darmenton, Hervé); Gerra, Laurent; & "[[Morris (comics)|Morris]]" (Bevere, Maurice de) (2007). ''Maryô donbin pèdu'' (''"The Noose"'', from the ''[[Lucky Luke]]'' series. Translation in Bressan dialect.) Belgium: Lucky Comics. {{ISBN|2-88471-207-0}}.</ref> were published in Franco-Provençal translations for young readers in 2006 and 2007.

== See also ==
* [[Language policy in France]]
* [[Languages of Italy]]
* [[Languages of France]]
* [[Languages of Switzerland]]
* [[Vergonha]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General and cited sources ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Abry, Christian et al. "Groupe de Conflans" (1994). ''Découvrir les parlers de Savoie''. Conflans (Savoie): Centre de la Culture Savoyarde. This work presents of one of the commonly used orthographic standards
* Aebischer, Paul (1950). ''Chrestomathie franco-provençale''. Bern: Éditions A. Francke S.A.
* Agard, Frederick B. (1984). ''A Course in Romance Linguistics: A Diachronic View''. (Vol. 2). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. {{ISBN|0-87840-089-3}}
* Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia (1878). Schizzi Franco-provenzali. ''Archivio glottologico italiano'', III, pp.&nbsp;61–120. Article written about 1873.
* Bec, Pierre (1971). ''Manuel pratique de philologie romane''. (Tome 2, pp.&nbsp;357 et seq.). Paris: Éditions Picard. {{ISBN|2-7084-0288-9}} A philological analysis of Franco-Provençal; the Alpine dialects have been particularly studied.
* Bessat, Hubert & Germi, Claudette (1991). ''Les mots de la montagne autour du Mont-Blanc''. Grenoble: Ellug. {{ISBN|2-902709-68-4}}
* Bjerrome, Gunnar (1959). ''Le patois de Bagnes (Valais)''. Stockholm: Almkvist and Wiksell.
* Brocherel, Jules (1952). ''Le patois et la langue francaise en Vallée d’Aoste''. Neuchâtel: V. Attinger.
* Centre de la Culture Savoyard, Conflans (1995). ''Écrire le patois: La Graphie de Conflans pour le Savoyard''. Taninges: Éditions P.A.O. [http://members.aol.com/conflans1/GR_CONF.pdf ''.pdf''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110094804/http://members.aol.com/conflans1/GR_CONF.pdf |date=10 January 2006 }} <small>(in French)</small>
* Cerlogne, Jean-Baptiste (1971). ''Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, précédé de la petite grammaire''. Geneva: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Aosta: Imprimérie Catholique, 1907)
* Chenal, Aimé (1986). ''Le franco-provençal valdôtain: Morphologie et syntaxe''. Quart: Musumeci. {{ISBN|88-7032-232-7}}
* Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1967–1982). ''Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain''. (12 vol.). Aoste : Éditions Marguerettaz.
* Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1984). ''Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain; Dictionnaire français-patois''. Quart: Musumeci. {{ISBN|88-7032-534-2}}
* Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph (1982). ''Dictionnaire savoyard''. Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Originally published, Annecy: Société florimontane, 1902). {{ISBN|2-7348-0137-X}}
* Cuaz-Châtelair, René (1989). ''Le Franco-provençal, mythe ou réalité'''. Paris, la Pensée universelle, pp.&nbsp;70. {{ISBN|2-214-07979-3}}
* Cuisenier, Jean (Dir.) (1979). ''Les sources régionales de la Savoie: une approche ethnologique. Alimentation, habitat, élevage, agriculture....'' (re: Abry, Christian: Le paysage dialectal.) Paris: Éditions Fayard.
* Dalby, David (1999/2000). ''The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities.'' (Vol. 2). (Breton, Roland, Pref.). Hebron, Wales, UK: Linguasphere Press. {{ISBN|0-9532919-2-8}} See p.&nbsp;402 for the complete list of 6 groups and 41 idioms of Franco-Provençal dialects.
* Dauzat, Albert & Rostaing, Charles (1984). ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France.'' (2nd ed.). Paris: Librairie Guénégaud. {{ISBN|2-85023-076-6}}
* Devaux, André; Duraffour, A.; Dussert, A.-S.; Gardette, P.; & Lavallée, F. (1935). ''Les patois du Dauphiné''. (2 vols.). Lyon: Bibliothèque de la Faculté catholique des lettres. Dictionary, grammar, & linguistic atlas of the Terres-Froides region.
* Duch, Célestin & Bejean, Henri (1998). ''Le patois de Tignes''. Grenoble: Ellug. {{ISBN|2-84310-011-9}}
* Dunoyer, Christiane (2016). ''Le francoprovençal. Transmission, revitalisation et normalisation. Introduction aux travaux''. "Actes de la conférence annuelle sur l’activité scientifique du Centre d’études francoprovençales René Willien de Saint-Nicolas, le 7 novembre 2015". Aosta, pp.&nbsp;11–15.
* Duraffour, Antonin; Gardette, P.; Malapert, L. & Gonon, M. (1969). ''Glossaire des patois francoprovençaux''. Paris: CNRS Éditions. {{ISBN|2-222-01226-0}}
* Elsass, Annie (Ed.) (1985). ''Jean Chapelon 1647–1694, Œuvres complètes''. Saint-Étienne: Université de Saint-Étienne.
* Escoffier, Simone (1958). La rencontre de la langue d'Oïl, de la lange d'Oc, et de francoprovençal entre Loire et Allier. ''Publications de l'Institut linguistique romane de Lyon, XI, 1958''.
* Escoffier, Simone & Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1981). ''Textes littéraires en dialecte lyonnais''. Paris: CNRS Éditions. {{ISBN|2-222-02857-4}}
* EUROPA (European Commission) (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220151/http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html Francoprovençal in Italy, ''The Euromosaic Study''.] Last update: 4 February 2005.
* Favre, Christophe & Balet, Zacharie (1960). Lexique du Parler de Savièse. ''Romanica Helvetica, Vol. 71, 1960''. Bern: Éditions A. Francke S.A.
* Gardette, l'Abbé Pierre, (1941). ''Études de géographie morphologique sur les patois du Forez''. Mâcon: Imprimerie Protat frères.
* Gex, Amélie (1986). ''Contes et chansons populaires de Savoie''. (Terreaux, Louis, Intro.). Aubenas: Curandera. {{ISBN|2-86677-036-6}}
* Gex, Amélie (1999). ''Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village''. (Bordeaux, Henry, Pref.). Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Original work published, Chambéry: Dardel, 1924). {{ISBN|2-7348-0399-2}}
* Gossen, Charles Théodore (1970). ''La scripta para-francoprovençale'', Revue de linguistique romane 34, p.&nbsp;326–348.
* Grasset, Pierre & Viret, Roger (2006). ''Joseph Béard, dit l'Eclair : Médecin des pauvres, Poète patoisant, Chansonnier savoyard''. (Terreaux, Louis, Pref.). Montmelian: La Fontaine de Siloé. {{ISBN|2-84206-338-4}}
* Grillet, Jean-Louis (1807). ''Dictionnaire historique, littéraire et statistique des départements du Mont-Blanc et du Léman''. Chambéry: Librairie J.F. Puthod.
* Joze Harietta ([[Seudónimo]] de Joseph Henriet), ''La lingua arpitana : con particolare riferimento alla lingua della Val di Aosta'', Tip. Ferrero & Cie. die Romano Canavese, 1976, 174 p.
* {{cite thesis |last=Hauff |first=Tristan |date=2016 |title=Le français régional de la Vallée d'Aoste: Aspects sociolinguistiques et phonologiques |type=Masters |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/51526 |publisher=Universitetet i Oslo |access-date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126213608/https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/51526 |url-status=live }}{{bsn|date=April 2023|reason=As per [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP]] only published PhD thesis are considered reliable sources}}
* Héran, François; Filhon, Alexandra; & Deprez, Christine (2002). Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century. ''Population & Sociétés. No. 376, February 2002''. Paris: INED-Institut national d’études démographiques. {{ISSN|0184-7783}}. Monthly newsletter in English, from [http://www.ined.fr/ INED] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522063805/http://www.ined.fr/ |date=22 May 2010 }}
* Hoyer, Gunhild & Tuaillon, Gaston (2002). ''Blanc-La-Goutte, poète de Grenoble: Œuvres complètes''. Grenoble: Centre alpin et rhodanien d'ethnologie.
* Humbert, Jean (1983). ''Nouveau glossaire genevois.'' Genève: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Geneva: 1852). {{ISBN|2-8321-0172-0}}
* Iannàccaro, Gabriele & Dell'Aquila, Vittorio (2003). [https://www.academia.edu/3178188/Investigare_la_Valle_dAosta_metodologia_di_raccolta_e_analisi_dei_dati "Investigare la Valle d’Aosta: metodologia di raccolta e analisi dei dati"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819222653/http://www.academia.edu/3178188/Investigare_la_Valle_dAosta_metodologia_di_raccolta_e_analisi_dei_dati |date=19 August 2017 }}. In: Caprini, Rita (ed.): "Parole romanze. Scritti per [[Michel Contini]]", Alessandria: Edizioni Dell'Orso
* Jochnowitz, George (1973). ''Dialect Boundaries and the Question of Franco-Provençal''. Paris & The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter & Co. {{ISBN|90-279-2480-5}}
* Kattenbusch, Dieter (1982), ''Das Frankoprovenzalische in Süditalien: Studien zur synchronischen und diachronischen Dialektologie'' (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik), Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag. {{ISBN|3-87808-997-X}}
* Kasstan, Jonathan and Naomi Nagy, eds. 2018. Special issue: "Francoprovencal: Documenting Contact Varieties in Europe and North America." ''International Journal of the Sociology of Language'' 249.
* {{cite journal |last1=Kasstan |first1=Jonathan Richard |title=Lyonnais (Francoprovençal) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 2015 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=349–355 |doi=10.1017/S0025100315000250|doi-access=free }}
* Martin, Jean-Baptiste & Tuaillon, Gaston (1999). ''Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Jura et des Alpes du nord (Francoprovençal Central) : La maison, l'homme, la morphologie''. (Vol. 3). Paris: CNRS Éditions. {{ISBN|2-222-02192-8}} (cf. [[Savoyard dialect]]).
* Martin, Jean-Baptiste (2005). ''Le Francoprovençal de poche''. Chennevières-sur-Marne: Assimil. {{ISBN|2-7005-0351-1}}
* Martinet, André (1956). ''La Description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d'Hauteville (Savoie)''. Genève: Librairie Droz / M.J. Minard.
* Marzys, Zygmunt (Ed.) (1971). ''Colloque de dialectologie francoprovençale. Actes''. Neuchâtel & Genève: Faculté des Lettres, Droz.
* Melillo, Michele (1974), ''Donde e quando vennero i francoprovenzali di Capitanata'', "Lingua e storia in Puglia"; Siponto, Italy: Centro di Studi pugliesi. pp.&nbsp;80–95
* Meune, Manuel (2007). ''Le franco(-)provençal entre morcellement et quête d’unité : histoire et état des lieux''. Québec: Laval University. Article in French from [http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/monde/franco-provencal.htm TLFQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607062922/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/franco-provencal.htm |date=7 June 2012 }}
* Minichelli, Vincenzo (1994). ''Dizionario francoprovenzale di Celle di San Vito e Faeto''. (2nd ed.). (Telmon, Tullio, Intro.). Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. {{ISBN|88-7694-166-5}}
* Morosi, Giacomo (1890–92), ''Il dialetto franco-provenzale di Faeto e Celle, nell'Italia meridionale'', "Archivio Glottologico Italiano", XII. pp.&nbsp;33–75
* Nagy, Naomi (2000). ''Faetar''. Munich: Lincom Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-548-6}}
* Nelde, Peter H. (1996). ''Euromosaic: The production and reproduction of the minority language groups in the European Union''. Luxembourg: European Commission. {{ISBN|92-827-5512-6}} See: EUROPA, 2005.
* Nizier du Puitspelu (pen name of Tisseur, Clair) (2008). ''Le Littré de la Grand'Côte : à l'usage de ceux qui veulent parler et écrire correctement''. Lyon: Éditions Lyonnaises d'Art et d'Histoire. {{ISBN|2-84147-196-9}} (Original work published, Lyon: Juré de l'Académie/Académie du Gourguillon, 1894, reprint 1903). Lyonnaise dialect dictionary and encyclopedia of anecdotes and idiomatic expressions, pp.&nbsp;353.
* Pierrehumbert, William (1926). ''Dictionnaire historique du parler neuchâtelois et suisse romand''. Neuchâtel: Éditions Victor Attinger.
* Price, Glanville (1998). ''Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. {{ISBN|0-631-19286-7}}
* [[Ursula Reutner]]: 'Minor' Gallo-Romance Languages. In: Lebsanft, Franz/Tacke, Felix: ''Manual of Standardization in the Romance Languages.'' Berlin: de Gruyter (Manuals of Romance Linguistics 24), 773–807, ISBN 9783110455731.
* Ruhlen, Merritt (1987). ''A Guide to the World's Languages''. (Vol. 1: ''Classification''). Stanford: Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-1250-6}} Author of numerous articles on language and linguistics; Language Universals Project, Stanford University.
* Schüle, Ernest (1978), ''Histoire et évolution des parler francoprovençaux d'Italie'', in: AA. VV, "Lingue e dialetti nell'arco alpino occidentale; Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Torino", Torino, Italy: Centro Studi Piemontesi.
* {{Cite thesis |last=Stich |first=Dominique |title=Francoprovençal: Proposition d'une orthographe supra-dialectale standardisée |date=2001 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Paris |url=http://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/These_Stich_2001.pdf}}
* Stich, Dominique (2003). ''Dictionnaire francoprovençal / français, français / francoprovençal : Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal : Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée''. (Walter, Henriette, Preface). Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré. {{ISBN|2-908150-15-8}} This work includes the current orthographic standard for the language.
* {{cite book |last1=Stich |first1=Dominique |title=Parlons francoprovençal : une langue méconnue |date=1998 |publisher=L'Harmattan |location=Paris |isbn=2-7384-7203-6}} This work includes the former orthographic standard, ''Orthographe de référence A (ORA)''.
* Tuaillon, Gaston (1988). Le Franco-provençal, Langue oubliée. in: Vermes, Geneviève (Dir.). ''Vingt-cinq communautés linguistiques de la France''. (Vol. 1: ''Langues régionales et langues non territorialisées''). Paris: Éditions l’Harmattan. pp.&nbsp;188–207.
* Tuallion, Gaston (2002). ''La littérature en francoprovençal avant 1700''. Grenoble: Ellug. {{ISBN|2-84310-029-1}}
* Villefranche, Jacques Melchior (1891). ''Essai de grammaire du patois Lyonnais''. Bourg: Imprimerie J. M. Villefranche.
* {{cite book |last1=Viret |first1=Roger |title=Patois du pays de l'Albanais : Dictionnaire savoyard-français |date=2001 |publisher=L'Echevé du Val-de-Fier |location=Cran-Gevrier |isbn=2-9512146-2-6 |edition=2e éd}} Dictionary and grammar for the dialect in the Albanais region, which includes Annecy and Aix-les-Bains.
* {{cite web |last=Viret |first=Roger |date=2021 |title=Dictionnaire Français - Savoyard: Comportant plusieurs variantes de la langue savoyarde |url=https://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/Dictionnaire_Viret_Francais_Savoyard.pdf |access-date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406110710/https://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/Dictionnaire_Viret_Francais_Savoyard.pdf |url-status=live }}
* Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1993). ''Le Parler lyonnais''. (Martin, Jean-Baptiste, Intro.) Paris: Éditions Payot & Rivages. {{ISBN|2-86930-701-2}}
* Wartburg, Walter von (1928–2003). ''{{Lang|de|[[Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch]]}}. ("FEW")''. (25 vol.). Bonn, Basel & Nancy: Klopp, Helbing & Lichtenhahn, INaLF/ATILF. Etymological dictionary of Gallo-Roman languages and dialects.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{interwiki|code=frp}}
{{Commons category}}
* ''[http://www.arpitania.eu/ Arpitan Cultural Alliance], International Federation''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160422195616/http://francoprovencal.org/ Francoprovencal.org] Le site du francoprovençal
* [http://www.centre-etudes-francoprovencales.eu/ Centre d'Études Francoprovençales] of [[Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley]]
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011043911/https://sites.google.com/site/lengouaarpitana2/loslimsarpitans ''On-line directory regularly updated'']
* [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115570914925694292683.00047f42f7c6fad6365ff Google Maps], Precise Map of Arpitania
* [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115570914925694292683.00047ce9d35f29abcf6f0] Precise Map of Arpitania and Occitania in Italy and Switzerland
* [http://w3.u-grenoble3.fr/almura/ ALMURA: Atlas linguistique multimédia de la région Rhône-Alpes et des régions limitrophes] — Multimedia website from [[Stendhal University|Stendhal University-Grenoble 3]] with MP3 audio clips of more than 700 words and expressions by native speakers grouped in 15 themes by village. The linguistic atlas demonstrates the transition from Franco-Provençal [[phonology]] in the north to Occitan phonology in the south. (select: ATLAS)
* [http://alaval.unine.ch: L'Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du Valais romand] — Multimedia website from the [[University of Neuchâtel]] with audio and video clips of Franco-Provençal speakers from the canton of [[Valais]], Switzerland.
* [http://www.languesdefranceenchansons.com/ Les Langues de France en chansons: ''N'tra Linga e Chanfon''] — Multimedia website with numerous audio clips of native Franco-Provençal speakers singing traditional songs. Select: ''TRAINS DIRECTS'' → scroll to: ''Francoprovençal''.

{{Languages of France}}
{{Languages of Italy}}
{{Languages of Switzerland}}
{{Gallo-Romance languages and dialects}}
{{Romance languages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Franco-Provencal Language}}
[[Category:Franco-Provençal language| ]]
[[Category:Definitely endangered languages]]
[[Category:Endangered Romance languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Aosta Valley]]
[[Category:Languages of France]]
[[Category:Languages of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Synthetic languages]]