View source for Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan

{{Short description|Neighborhood in New York City}}
{{Redirect|Hell's Kitchen}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hell's Kitchen
| native_name             =
| native_name_lang        =
| settlement_type         = [[List of Manhattan neighborhoods|Neighborhood]]
| image_skyline           = Ninth-ave-at-49th-st-facing-south.jpg
| imagesize               = 300px
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           = Looking south on [[Ninth Avenue (Manhattan)|Ninth Avenue]] from 49th Street
| image_flag              =
| flag_alt                =
| image_seal              =
| seal_alt                =
| image_shield            =
| shield_alt              =
| nickname                = HK, Clinton
| motto                   =
| image_map               = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=y|frame-align=center|zoom=12|type=shape|from=Neighbourhoods/New York City/Hell's Kitchen.map}}
| map_alt                 =
| map_caption             =
| pushpin_map             = <!--United States Manhattan-->
| pushpin_label_position  =
| pushpin_map_alt         = <!--Map of Manhattan, with the dot showing the position of Hell's Kitchen-->
| pushpin_map_caption     = <!--Static map (location in Manhattan)-->
| coordinates             = {{coord|40|45|51|N|73|59|32|W|region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           =
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| subdivision_type        = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|United States}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|New York}}
| subdivision_type2       = [[City]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[New York City]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Boroughs of New York City|Borough]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Manhattan]]
| subdivision_type4       = [[Community boards of Manhattan|Community District]]
| subdivision_name4       = [[Manhattan Community Board 4|Manhattan 4]]<ref name="NYCPlanning">{{cite web |title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles |url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/4 |website=communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning |access-date=March 18, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024312/https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| established_title       =
| established_date        =
| founder                 =
| seat_type               =
| seat                    =
| government_footnotes    =
| leader_party            =
| leader_title            =
| leader_name             =
| unit_pref               = US
| area_footnotes          =
| area_urban_footnotes    = 
| area_rural_footnotes    = 
| area_metro_footnotes    = 
| area_magnitude          = 
| area_note               =
| area_water_percent      =
| area_rank               =
| area_blank1_title       =
| area_blank2_title       =
| area_total_sq_mi        = 0.841
| area_land_sq_mi         =
| area_water_sq_mi        =
| area_urban_sq_mi        =
| area_rural_sq_mi        =
| area_metro_sq_mi        =
| area_blank1_sq_mi       =
| area_blank2_sq_mi       =
| area_total_acre         =
| area_land_acre          =
| area_water_acre         =
| area_urban_acre         =
| area_rural_acre         =
| area_metro_acre         =
| area_blank1_acre        =
| area_blank2_acre        =
| length_mi               =
| width_mi                =
| dimensions_footnotes    =
| elevation_footnotes     =
| elevation_ft            =
| population_footnotes    = <ref name=PLP5/>
| population_total        = 49,758
| population_as_of        = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_density_sq_mi= auto
| population_demonym      =
| population_note         =
| demographics_type1      = Ethnicity
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="PLP3A">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610170733/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.</ref>
| demographics1_title1    = White
| demographics1_info1     = 56.4%
| demographics1_title2    = Asian or Pacific Islander
| demographics1_info2     = 15.0%
| demographics1_title3    = Hispanic
| demographics1_info3     = 19.3%
| demographics1_title4    = Black
| demographics1_info4     = 6.3%
| demographics1_title5    = Other
| demographics1_info5     = 3.0%
| demographics_type2      = Economics
| demographics2_footnotes = 
| demographics2_title1    = [[Median income]]
| demographics2_info1     = $98,727
| timezone1               = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset1             = −05:00
| timezone1_DST           = EDT
| utc_offset1_DST         = −04:00
| postal_code_type        = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code             = 10018, 10019, 10036
| area_code_type          = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]]
| area_code               = [[Area codes 212, 646, and 332|212, 332, 646]], and [[Area code 917|917]]
}}
'''Hell's Kitchen''', also known as '''Clinton''', or '''Midtown West''' on [[Real estate|real estate listings]], is a neighborhood on the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] of [[Midtown Manhattan]] in [[New York City]], New York. It is considered to be bordered by [[34th Street (Manhattan)|34th Street]] (or 41st Street) to the south, [[59th Street (Manhattan)|59th Street]] to the north, [[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|Eighth Avenue]] to the east, and the [[Hudson River]] to the west.

Hell's Kitchen had long been a bastion of poor and working-class [[Irish Americans]], and its gritty reputation has long held real-estate prices below those of most other areas of Manhattan. But by 1969, the City Planning Commission's ''Plan for New York City'' reported that development pressures related to its Midtown location were [[Gentrification in the United States#New York City|driving people of modest means]] from the area. [[Gentrification of New York City|Gentrification]] has accelerated since the early 1980s, and rents have risen rapidly.

In addition to its long-established Irish-American and Hispanic-American populations, Hell's Kitchen has a large [[LGBT|LGBTQ]] population and is home to many [[Gay bar|LGBTQ bar]]s and businesses.<ref>[https://www.nycgo.com/articles/hells-kitchen-dining-and-nightlife/ "Hell's Kitchen LGBTQ+ Nightlife and Dining"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195142/https://www.nycgo.com/articles/hells-kitchen-dining-and-nightlife |date=April 8, 2023 }}, nycgo.com, April 4, 2017</ref> The neighborhood has long been a home to fledgling and working actors; it is the home of the [[Actors Studio]] training school and sits near [[Broadway theatre]]s.

Hell's Kitchen is part of [[Manhattan Community Board 4|Manhattan Community District 4]].<ref name="NYCPlanning"/> It is patrolled by the 10th and Midtown North Precincts of the [[New York City Police Department]]. The area provides transport, medical, and warehouse-infrastructure support to the business district of Manhattan. It is known for its extensive selection of multiethnic, small, and relatively inexpensive restaurants, delicatessens, [[Bodega (store)|bodegas]], bars, and associated nightlife.

==Boundaries==
[[File:Hell's Kitchen NYC-Map.png|thumb|A general map of the Hell's Kitchen area, including the northern part of [[Hudson Yards, Manhattan|Hudson Yards]] to the south, but excluding the [[Columbus Circle]] transition area to the north]]
The name "Hell's Kitchen" generally refers to the area between [[34th Street (Manhattan)|34th]] to the south and [[59th Street (Manhattan)|59th Street]] to the north. Starting west of [[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|Eighth Avenue]] and the north side of 43rd Street, city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories. As a result, most of the buildings are older, and are often [[wikt:walk-up|walk-up]] [[apartment]]s. For the most part, the neighborhood encompasses the [[ZIP Code]]s 10019 and 10036. The post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station, the original name for [[Rockefeller Center]] on [[Sixth Avenue]].<ref name="nyt19851222">Benson, Michael R. [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/22/realestate/clinton-frets-over-that-gleam-in-developers-eyes.html "Clinton frets over that gleam in developers' eyes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513031136/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/22/realestate/clinton-frets-over-that-gleam-in-developers-eyes.html |date=May 13, 2019 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 22, 1985. Accessed May 23, 2020. "Hell's Kitchen, which stretched from 40th to 59th Streets and from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson, is now called Clinton. The modern district reaches south to 34th Street."</ref><ref>Jacobson, Aileen. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/realestate/living-in-hells-kitchen.html "Living In Hell's Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195303/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/realestate/living-in-hells-kitchen.html |date=April 8, 2023 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 11, 2020. Accessed November 15, 2020. "Stretching from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson River (busy commercial thoroughfare to sublime park) and from West 59th to West 41st Streets (sleek Time Warner Center to scruffy Port Authority bus terminal), Hell's Kitchen is a jumble of contrasts."</ref>

The neighborhood overlaps [[Times Square]] and the [[Theater District, Manhattan|Theater District]] to the east at Eighth Avenue. On its southeast border, it overlaps the [[Garment District, Manhattan|Garment District]] also on Eighth Avenue. Two landmarks are located here – the [[New Yorker Hotel]] at 481 Eighth Avenue, and the [[Manhattan Center]] building at the northwest corner of 34th Street and Eighth Avenue. Included in the transition area on Eighth Avenue are the [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]] at [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]], the Pride of Midtown fire station (from which an entire shift, 15 firefighters, died at the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]), several theatres including [[Studio 54]], the original soup stand of ''[[Seinfeld]]''{{-'}}s "[[The Soup Nazi]]", and the [[Hearst Tower (Manhattan)|Hearst Tower]].<ref name="nyt19851222" />

The northern edge of Hell's Kitchen borders the southern edge of the [[Upper West Side]], though the section west of [[Ninth Avenue (Manhattan)|Ninth Avenue]] and south of [[57th Street (Manhattan)|57th Street]] is also part of the [[Columbus Circle]] neighborhood. 57th Street was traditionally the boundary between the Upper West Side and Hell's Kitchen, but another interpretation puts the northern border at 59th Street, where the names of the north–south avenues change. Included between 57th and 59th Streets the [[Time Warner Center]] at Columbus Circle; [[Hudson Hotel]]; [[Mount Sinai West (hospital)|Mount Sinai West]], where [[John Lennon]] died in 1980 after being shot; and [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice|John Jay College]].<ref name="nyt19851222" />

Beyond the southern boundary is [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]]. The [[Hudson Yards, Manhattan|Hudson Yards]] neighborhood overlaps with Hell's Kitchen, and the areas are often lumped together as "West Midtown", given their proximity to the [[Midtown Manhattan]] business district. The traditional dividing line with Chelsea is 34th Street.<ref name="nyt19851222" /> The area between the rail corridor at [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]] and the [[West Side Yard]] and 42nd Street, and east of the [[Jacob K. Javits Convention Center]], is also known as Hell's Kitchen South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Jacobs (journalist) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/17/nyregion/stadium-shops-condos-calamari-development-fantasies-for-hell-s-kitchen-south.html |title=Stadium, Shops, Condos and Calamari: Development Fantasies for Hell's Kitchen South |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 17, 2000 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126045855/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/17/nyregion/stadium-shops-condos-calamari-development-fantasies-for-hell-s-kitchen-south.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hkscnyc.org/ |title=Hell's Kitchen South Coalition |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610044414/https://www.hkscnyc.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The western border of the neighborhood is the [[Hudson River]] at the [[Hudson River Park]] and [[West Side Highway]].<ref name="nyt19851222" />

==<span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span> Name ==
[[File:Eighth Avenue 46th Street jeh.JPG|thumb|Looking south from Eighth Avenue and [[46th Street (Manhattan)|46th Street]]]]
[[File:Ninth-north.jpg|thumb|View from between 47th and 48th Streets on [[Ninth Avenue (Manhattan)|Ninth Avenue]] looking northeast toward [[Time Warner Center]] and [[Hearst Tower (New York City)|Hearst Tower]]]]
Several explanations exist for the origin of the neighborhood's current name. An early use of the phrase appears in a comment [[Davy Crockett]] made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan, [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]]. According to the Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area:
{{Blockquote|When, in 1835, Davy Crockett said, "In my part of the country, when you meet an Irishman, you find a first-rate gentleman; but these are worse than savages; they are too mean to swab hell's kitchen", he was referring to the Five Points.<ref name="5 Points">{{cite web |url=http://www.irish-society.org/home/hedgemaster-archives-2/places-artifacts/the-five-points |title=The Five Points |last=Walsh |first=John |date=September 1994 |publisher=Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=March 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324073900/https://www.irish-society.org/home/hedgemaster-archives-2/places-artifacts/the-five-points |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

According to an article by Kirkley Greenwell, published online by the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association:
{{Blockquote|No one can pin down the exact origin of the label, but some refer to a [[tenement]] on [[54th Street (Manhattan)|54th Street]] as the first "Hell's Kitchen". Another explanation points to an infamous building at 39th as the true origin. A gang and a local [[Dive_bar|dive]] took the name as well.<ref name="HKNA Official site">{{cite web |url=http://hknanyc.org/aboutus/history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221013615/http://hknanyc.org/aboutus/history.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 21, 2010 |title=Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association |last=Greenwell |first=Kirkley |work=HKNA Official website |publisher=World Wide Vibe.com |access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref>}}

Local historian Mary Clark explained the name thus:
{{Blockquote|...first appeared in print on September 22, 1881 when a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' reporter went to the West 30s with a police guide to get details of a multiple murder there. He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street and [[Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)|Tenth Avenue]] as "Hell's Kitchen" and said that the entire section was "probably the lowest and filthiest in the city." According to this version, 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hell's Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets. Another version ascribes the name's origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heil's Kitchen, after its proprietors.<ref>Lambert, Bruce. [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/04/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chelsea-clinton-hell-s-kitchen-hotter-with-revivalist-fans.html "Neighborhood Report: Chelsea/Clinton; Hell's Kitchen Hotter With Revivalist Fans"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220030026/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/04/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chelsea-clinton-hell-s-kitchen-hotter-with-revivalist-fans.html |date=December 20, 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 4, 1994. Accessed March 31, 2017. "Among the theories on the name is that it derived from a restaurant called Heil's Kitchen."</ref> But the most common version traces it to the story of "Dutch Fred the Cop", a veteran policeman, who with his rookie partner, was watching a small riot on West 39th Street near Tenth Avenue. The rookie is supposed to have said, "This place is hell itself", to which Fred replied, "Hell's a mild climate. This is Hell's Kitchen."<ref name="hells-kitchen-park"/>}}

The 1929 book ''Manna-Hatin: The Story of New York'' states that the [[Panic of 1857]] led to the formation of gangs "in the notorious '[[Gas House District]]' at Twenty-First Street and the East River, or in 'Hell's Kitchen', in the West Thirties."<ref>{{cite book |author=Bank of the Manhattan Company |author2=Brearley Service Organization |title="Manna-hatin": the story of New York |publisher=[[The Manhattan Company]] |series=Henry Ford Estate collection |year=1929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwMAAAAYAAJ |access-date=October 16, 2018 |page=160 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195142/https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwMAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hell's Kitchen is frequently used to name the neighborhood, although real estate developers designate the area as 'Clinton' and 'Midtown West'. The 'Clinton name', used by the municipality of New York City, originated in 1959 in an attempt to change the image of the neighborhood by linking the area to [[DeWitt Clinton Park]] at 52nd and [[Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Eleventh Avenue]], named after the 19th century [[DeWitt Clinton|New York governor]], though ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted that those who live in the area "prefer Hell's Kitchen" as the name for the neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/realestate/a-place-of-contrasts-and-even-an-alias-living-in-hells-kitchen-north.html |title=A Place of Contrasts, and Even an Alias – Living In {{!}} Hell's Kitchen North |last=Gill |first=John Freeman |date=September 23, 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 31, 2017 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514100714/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/realestate/a-place-of-contrasts-and-even-an-alias-living-in-hells-kitchen-north.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Jscobson, Aileen. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/realestate/living-in-hells-kitchen.html "Hell’s Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 11, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2024. "By the 1960s, civic leaders seeking to improve the area’s image began referring to it as Clinton, after a family that owned property there in the 19th century. Most residents, however, prefer Hell's Kitchen."</ref>

==History==

===Early history and development===
{{Redirect|Great Kill|the neighborhood in Staten Island|Great Kills, Staten Island}}
[[File:West-side-ship.jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan Cruise Terminal]] in Hell's Kitchen at 52nd Street]]

On the island of Manhattan when Europeans first saw it, the Great [[Kill (body of water)|Kill]] formed from three small streams that united near present-day Tenth Avenue and 40th Street, and then wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, renowned for fish and waterfowl,<ref>[[Gerard T. Koeppel]], ''Water for Gotham: A History'', 2001:10. {{ISBN|0-691-01139-7}}</ref> emptying into the [[Hudson River]] at a deep bay on the river at the present [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]].<ref>Eric W. Sanderson, ''Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City'', 2009: Appendix A, p. 253 {{ISBN|978-0-8109-9633-5}}; refs. G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr, "Old wells and water-courses on the isle of Manhattan", in ''Historic New York'', M.W. Goodwin, A.C. Royce, and R. Putnam, 1897; and others.</ref> The name was retained in a tiny hamlet called Great Kill, which became a center for carriage-making. The upland to the south and east became known as Longacre, the predecessor of [[Longacre Square]], now [[Times Square]].<ref>Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, ''Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898'', 1999:721. {{ISBN|0-19-511634-8}}</ref>

One of the large farms of the colonial era in this neighborhood was that of Andreas Hopper and his descendants, extending from today's 48th Street nearly to 59th Street and from the river east to what is now [[Sixth Avenue]]. One of the Hopper farmhouses, built in 1752 for John Hopper the younger, stood near [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|53rd Street]] and Eleventh Avenue. Christened "Rosevale" for its extensive gardens, it was the home of the War of 1812 veteran, Gen. Garrit Hopper Striker, and lasted until 1896, when it was demolished.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Hospital Home on Old Hopper Farm; Elegant Country Mansion for Over a Century on Block Bought by the New York Hospital. |work=The New York Times |date=March 12, 1911 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The site was purchased for the city and naturalistically landscaped by Samuel Parsons Jr. as [[DeWitt Clinton Park]]. In 1911, [[Weill Cornell Medical Center|New York Hospital]] bought a full city block largely of the Hopper property, between 54th and 55th Streets, Eleventh and [[Twelfth Avenue (Manhattan)|Twelfth Avenues]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New Hospital Home on Old Hopper Farm; Elegant Country Mansion for Over a Century on Block Bought by the New York Hospital. |work=The New York Times |date=March 12, 1911 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Beyond the railroad track, projecting into the river at 54th Street, was Mott's Point, with an 18th-century Mott family house surrounded by gardens, that was inhabited by members of the family until 1884 and survived until 1895.<ref name="NYT1902">{{cite news |title=New York's New Up-town Centre; Long Acre Square of To-day and Yesterday – Scenes Witnessed in the Neighborhood "During Revolutionary Times – Property Owners Whose Gardens and Farms Once Made the District Attractive – Washington's Connection with the Place – A Famous Road House and the Civil War. |work=The New York Times |date=September 21, 1902 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E1D91E3BE733A25752C2A96F9C946397D6CF |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195144/https://www.nytimes.com/1902/09/21/archives/new-yorks-new-uptown-centre-long-acre-square-of-today-and-yesterday.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Harbor View Terrace NYCHA jeh.jpg|thumb|Harborview Terrace public housing buildings between West 54th and West 56th Streets, and Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, part of the [[New York City Housing Authority]]<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/manharborview.shtml "Profile: Harborview Terrace"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307031614/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/manharborview.shtml |date=March 7, 2014 }}, NYCHA website</ref>]]

A lone surviving structure from the time this area was open farmland and suburban villas is a pre-1800s carriage house that once belonged to a villa owned by former Vice President and New York State governor [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], now in a narrow court behind 422 West 46th Street.<ref>Kevin Walsh, [https://archive.org/details/forgottennewyork00wals ''Forgotten New York: The Ultimate Urban Explorer's Guide to All Five Boroughs''] (2006), p. 176.</ref> From 1811 until it was officially de-mapped in 1857, the diminutive Bloomingdale Square was part of the city's intended future. It extended from 53rd to 57th Streets between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It was eliminated after the establishment of Central Park,<ref>[http://www.oldstreets.com/index.asp?letter=B Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York": "B" Streets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714234946/http://www.oldstreets.com/index.asp?letter=B |date=July 14, 2011 }}.</ref> and the name shifted to the junction of Broadway, [[West End Avenue]], and 106th Street, now [[Straus Park]].<ref>Ken Bloom, ''Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia'', "Introduction", 2004, p. xiii.</ref>

In 1825, the City purchased for $10 clear title to a right-of-way through John Leake Norton's{{efn|Norton, the great-nephew of John Leake, founder of [[Leake and Watts Children's Home]], is listed among early 19th-century owners of considerable tracts in what is now Hell's Kitchen, with [[John Jacob Astor]], William Cutting, Thomas Addis Emmet, Andrew Hopper, John Horn and William Wright.<ref name=NYT1902 />}} farm, "The Hermitage", to lay out [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] clear to the river. Before long, cattle ferried from [[Weehawken]] were being driven along the unpaved route to slaughterhouses on the East Side.<ref>Ken Bloom, ''Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia'', "Introduction", 2004, p. xiii.</ref> Seventy acres of the Leakes', later the Nortons' property, extending north from 42nd to 46th Street and from Broadway to the river, were purchased before 1807 by [[John Jacob Astor]] and [[William Cutting]], who held it before dividing it into building lots as the district became more suburban.

The West Side later had its own slaughterhouses, which went out of business in the middle 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cow Tunnels – 99% Invisible |work=99% Invisible |url=https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/cow-tunnels/ |access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195146/https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/cow-tunnels/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Unity with the city and deterioration===
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Jacob Riis - Hells Kitchen and Sebastopol - photograph.jpg|thumb|''Hell's Kitchen and Sebastopol'', c.&nbsp;1890, photographed by [[Jacob Riis]]]]
There were multiple changes that helped Hell's Kitchen integrate with New York City proper. The first was construction of the [[West Side Line|Hudson River Railroad]], whose initial leg&nbsp;– the {{cvt|40|mi|km}} to [[Peekskill, New York|Peekskill]]&nbsp;– was completed on September 29, 1849, By the end of 1849, it stretched to [[Poughkeepsie, New York|Poughkeepsie]] and in 1851 it extended to [[Albany, New York|Albany]]. The track ran at a steep grade up Eleventh Avenue, as far as [[60th Street (Manhattan)|60th Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnyh.Html |title=Bradbury and Guild, ''The Hudson River and the Hudson River Railroad'', 1851. |access-date=March 19, 2010 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195142/http://www.catskillarchive.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |url-status=live }}</ref>

The formerly rural riverfront was industrialized by businesses, such as tanneries, that used the river for shipping products and dumping waste.
The neighborhood that would later be known as Hell's Kitchen started forming in the southern part of the 22nd Ward in the mid-19th century. Irish immigrants&nbsp;– mostly refugees from the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]]&nbsp;– found work on the docks and railroad along the [[Hudson River]] and established [[shanty town|shantytowns]] there.

[[File:782 8th Ave NYC 1915 where Elsie Sigel was murdered.jpg|thumb|Mission House, Hell's Kitchen, c.&nbsp;1915]]

After the [[American Civil War]], there was an influx of people who moved to New York City. The tenements that were built became overcrowded quickly. Many who lived in this congested, poverty-stricken area turned to gang life. Following [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], implemented in 1919, the district's many warehouses were ideal locations for bootleg distilleries for the [[rum-running|rumrunners]] who controlled illicit liquor. At the start of the 20th century, the neighborhood was controlled by gangs, including the violent [[Gopher Gang]] led by One Lung Curran and later by [[Owney Madden]].<ref>Bayor, Ronald H. and Meagher, Timothy J. (1997). ''The New York Irish'', pp. 217–18. JHU Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-5764-3}}.</ref>

Early gangs, like the Hell's Kitchen Gang, transformed into organized crime entities, around the same time that Owney Madden became one of the most powerful mobsters in New York. It became known as the "most dangerous area on the American Continent".

By the 1930s, when the [[330 West 42nd Street|McGraw-Hill Building]] was constructed in Hell's Kitchen, the surrounding area was still largely tenements.<ref>{{cite NY1930|page=580}}</ref> After the [[repeal of Prohibition]], many of the organized crime elements moved into other rackets, such as illegal gambling and union shakedowns. The postwar era was characterized by a flourishing waterfront, and longshoreman work was plentiful.<ref>English, T.J. (2006). ''The Westies: Inside New York's Irish Mob'', p. 39. Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-312-36284-6}}.</ref>

By the end of the 1970s, the implementation of [[containerization|containerized]] shipping led to the decline of the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work. In addition, construction of the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] in the 1930s, Lincoln Tunnel access roads, and the [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]] and ramps starting in 1950 destroyed much of Hell's Kitchen south of 41st Street.<ref>English, T.J. (2006). ''The Westies: Inside New York's Irish Mob'', p. 39. Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-312-36284-6}}.</ref>

In 1959, an aborted rumble between rival Irish and Puerto Rican gangs led to the notorious "[[Salvador Agron|Capeman]]" murders in which two innocent teenagers, mistaken for rival gang members, were killed.<ref>Hinckley, David. [https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cape-man-murders-shook-new-york-city-article-1.821121 "https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cape-man-murders-shook-new-york-city-article-1.821121"], ''[[New York Daily News]]'', August 14, 2017. Accessed April 26, 2023. "There were 390 murders tallied by New York City police in 1959, and the Cape Man did only two of them. But these two shook loose the city's worst nightmares."</ref> By 1965, Hell's Kitchen was the home base of the [[Westies]], an [[Irish mob]] aligned with the [[Gambino crime family]]. In the early 1980s widespread [[gentrification]] began to alter the demographics of the longtime working-class [[Irish American]] neighborhood. The 1980s saw an end to the Westies' reign of terror, when the gang lost all of its power after the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act|RICO]] convictions of most of its principals in 1986.

===First wave of gentrification===

====Special Clinton zoning district====

[[File:NYC-play-pen.jpg|thumb|Eighth Avenue was once lined with porn stores and theaters. The stores have mostly gone since the late 1990s, but this particular store, which was highlighted in the 2003 film ''[[Phone Booth (film)|Phone Booth]],'' remained until 2007.]]

Although the neighborhood is immediately west of New York's main business district, large-scale redevelopment has been kept in check for more than 40 years by strict zoning rules in a Special Clinton District<ref>Department of City Planning, [https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/zoning/zoning-text/art09c06.pdf?r=091416 Special Clinton District zoning text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042915/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/zoning/zoning-text/art09c06.pdf?r=091416 |date=February 2, 2017 }}.</ref> designed to protect the neighborhood's residents and its low-rise character.

In part to qualify for federal aid, New York developed a comprehensive ''Plan for New York City'' in 1969–70. While for almost all neighborhoods, the master plan contained few proposals, it was very explicit about the bright future of Hell's Kitchen. The plan called for 2,000 to 3,000 new hotel rooms, 25,000 apartments, {{cvt|25|e6sqft|m2}} of office space, a new super liner terminal, a subway along 48th Street, and a convention center to replace what the plan described as "blocks of antiquated and deteriorating structures of every sort."<ref>{{cite news |title=New Exhibit Hall Planned Here |first=Edward C. |last=Burks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/25/archives/new-exhibit-hall-planned-here.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 25, 1970 |access-date=July 26, 2018 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195143/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/25/archives/new-exhibit-hall-planned-here.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stern |first=Michael |title=6th And Last Part of Master Plan on City Released; Volume on Manhattan Urges Building of Offices Along 48th St. Transit Line Westward Pattern Set Condemnation of Big Tracts Intended to Insure Public Use of Some of Area |work=The New York Times |date=December 8, 1970 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/08/archives/6th-and-last-part-of-master-plan-on-city-released-volume-on.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114349/http://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/08/archives/6th-and-last-part-of-master-plan-on-city-released-volume-on.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, outrage at the massive residential displacement that this development project would have caused,<ref>{{cite news |last=Blumenthal |first=Ralph |title=Elliott Assailed at Plan Hearing; Clinton-Chelsea Residents Denounce Proposals |work=The New York Times |date=March 7, 1972 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/07/archives/elliott-assailed-at-plan-hearing-clintonchelsea-residents-denounce.html |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195143/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/07/archives/elliott-assailed-at-plan-hearing-clintonchelsea-residents-denounce.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the failure of the City to complete any replacement housing, led to opposition to the first project – a new convention center to replace the [[New York Coliseum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=City Planning Convention Center |first=Edward C. |last=Burks |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D10F73B5F127A93C6AB1789D85F458785F9 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 24, 1971 |access-date=February 8, 2017 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195200/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/24/archives/city-planning-convention-center-city-is-planning-convention-area.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

To prevent the convention center from sparking a development boom that would beget the rest of the master plan with its consequent displacement, the Clinton Planning Council and Daniel Gutman, their environmental planner, proposed that the convention center and all major development be located south of 42nd Street, where public policy had already left tracts of vacant land.<ref>{{cite news |last=Darnton |first=John |title=Convention Center Model Unveiled Here With Pride; A Dissenting View |work=The New York Times |date=February 14, 1973 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/14/archives/convention-center-model-unveiled-here-with-pride-a-4level-building.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107113931/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/14/archives/convention-center-model-unveiled-here-with-pride-a-4level-building.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nevertheless, in 1973, the [[Jacob K. Javits Convention Center]] was approved for a 44th Street site that would replace piers 84 and 86. But in exchange, and after the defeat of a bond issue that would have funded a 48th Street "people mover",<ref>Richard Witkin, [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/04/archives/state-will-cancel-some-road-projects.html "State Will Cancel Some Road Projects,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030135/http://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/04/archives/state-will-cancel-some-road-projects.html |date=November 7, 2017 }} ''The New York Times'', November 4, 1971.</ref> the City first abandoned the rest of the 1969–70 master plan<ref>{{cite news |last=Tomasson |first=Robert E. |title=Developers Turning to West Midtown |work=The New York Times |date=February 18, 1973 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/18/archives/developers-turning-to-west-midtown-developers-turn-to-west-side.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002072601/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/18/archives/developers-turning-to-west-midtown-developers-turn-to-west-side.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and then gave the neighborhood a special zoning district to restrict further redevelopment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |title=City Is Limiting Clinton Building; Board of Estimate Enacts Special Zoning Controls on Runaway Development |work=The New York Times |date=November 22, 1974 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/22/archives/city-is-limiting-clinton-building-board-of-estimate-enacts-special.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002072655/http://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/22/archives/city-is-limiting-clinton-building-board-of-estimate-enacts-special.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since then, limited new development has filled in the many empty lots and rejuvenated existing buildings. Later, in 1978, when the city could not afford the higher cost of constructing the 44th Street convention center over water, the Mayor and Governor chose the rail yard site originally proposed by the local community.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaiser |first=Charles |title=Convention Site at West 34th St. Chosen by Koch; He and Carey Outline Plans for Center |work=The New York Times |date=April 29, 1978 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/29/archives/new-jersey-pages-convention-site-at-west-34th-st-chosen-by-koch-he.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022829/http://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/29/archives/new-jersey-pages-convention-site-at-west-34th-st-chosen-by-koch-he.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The SCD was originally split into four areas:
*'''Preservation Area:''' 43rd to 56th Streets between Eighth and Tenth Avenues. R-7 density, 6-story height limit on new buildings, suggested average apartment size of two bedrooms. This was a response to the fact that between 1960 and 1970 developers had torn down 2,300 family-sized units and replaced them with 1,500 smaller units.
*'''Perimeter Area:''' Eighth Avenue, 42nd and 57th Streets. Bulkier development permitted to counterbalance the downzoning in the preservation area.
*'''Mixed Use Area:''' Tenth and Eleventh Avenues between 43rd and 50th Streets. Mixed residential and manufacturing. New residential development only permitted in conjunction with manufacturing areas. Later combined into "Other Areas".
*'''Other Areas:''' West of Eleventh Avenue. Industrial and waterfront uses. Later combined with "Mixed Use Area"

Special permits are required for all demolition and construction in the SCD, including demolition of "any sound housing in the District" and any rehabilitation that increases the number of dwellings in a structure. In the original provisions, no building could be demolished unless it was unsound. New developments, conversions, or alterations that create new units or zero bedroom units must contain at least 20% two bedroom apartments with a minimum room size of {{cvt|168|sqft|m2|0}}.

Alterations that reduce the percentage of two-bedroom units are not permitted unless the resulting building meets the 20% two-bedroom requirement. Building height in the Preservation Area cannot exceed {{cvt|66|ft|m}} or seven stories, whichever is less.

====Windermere====
[[File:Windermere-apartment.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The Windermere Apartments at Ninth Avenue and 57th Street]]
As the gentrification pace increased, there were numerous reports of problems between landlords and tenants. The most extreme example was the eight-story Windermere Apartments complex at the southwest corner of Ninth Avenue and 57th Street. Built in 1881, it is the second-oldest large apartment house in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2171.pdf |title=The Windermere |date=June 28, 2005 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195147/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2171.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1980, the owner, Alan B. Weissman, tried to empty the building of its tenants. According to former tenants and court papers, rooms were ransacked, doors were ripped out, prostitutes were moved in, and tenants received death threats in the campaign to empty the building. All the major New York newspapers covered the trials that sent the Windermere's managers to jail. Although Weissman was never linked to the harassment, he and his wife made top billing in the 1985 edition of ''[[The Village Voice]]''{{'s}} annual list, "The Dirty Dozen: New York's Worst Landlords."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/nyregion/ninth-avenue-noir.html?pagewanted=all "Ninth Avenue Noir"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195144/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/nyregion/ninth-avenue-noir.html?pagewanted=all |date=April 8, 2023 }} by Elias Wolfberg, ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 20, 2002</ref>

Most of the tenants eventually settled and moved out of the building. In May 2006, seven tenants remained<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/nyregion/22windermere.html?_r=0&ref=nyregion&pagewanted=all "An Epic Landlord-Tenant Fight, Crossing Years and Continents"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195146/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/nyregion/22windermere.html?_r=0&ref=nyregion&pagewanted=all |date=April 8, 2023 }} by Anthony Ramirez, ''The New York Times'', October 22, 2007</ref> and court orders protecting the tenants and the building allowed it to remain in a derelict condition even as the surrounding neighborhood was experiencing a dramatic burst of demolition and redevelopment. In September 2007, the fire department evacuated the remaining seven residents from the building, citing dangerous conditions, and padlocked the front door.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9805E1D8123AF931A1575AC0A9619C8B63 "Fire Dept. Orders Windermere Tenants Out"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195150/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/22/nyregion/22windemere.html |date=April 8, 2023 }} by Anthony Ramirez, ''The New York Times'', September 22, 2007</ref> In 2008, the [[New York Supreme Court]] ruled that the owners of the building, who include the [[TOA Construction Corporation]] of Japan, must repair it.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/10/nyregion/10windermere.html |title=Repairs Ordered at Windermere |last=Associated Press |date=May 10, 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 25, 2009 |archive-date=January 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107161436/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/10/nyregion/10windermere.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

====Failed rezoning attempts====
[[File:10th-ave.jpg|thumb|Looking south on Tenth Avenue from 59th Street]]

By the 1980s, the area south of 42nd Street was in decline. Both the state and the city hoped that the [[Jacob K. Javits Convention Center]] would renew the area.<ref name="olympic2012-won">{{cite web |url=http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/faculty/publications/Olympics_in_NYC_2012_REPORT_110711.pdf |title=How New York City Won the Olympics |publisher=[[New York University]] |work=Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service |date=November 2011 |access-date=September 11, 2015 |author=Mitchell L. Moss |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926234053/http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/faculty/publications/Olympics_in_NYC_2012_REPORT_110711.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Hotels, restaurants, apartment buildings, and television studios were proposed.<ref name="nyt19860406">Lyons, Richard. [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/06/realestate/glittering-javits-center-kindles-dreams-for-west-side.html "Glittering Javits Center Kindles Dreams For West Side."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801052908/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/06/realestate/glittering-javits-center-kindles-dreams-for-west-side.html |date=August 1, 2016 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. April 6, 1986. Section B, page 7, column 1.</ref> One proposal included apartments and hotels on a {{cvt|30|acre}} pier jutting out onto Hudson River, which included a [[marina]], [[ferry slip]], stores, restaurants, and a [[performing arts center]].<ref>Finder, Alan. [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/11/nyregion/developers-named-for-hudson-complex.html "Developers Named For Hudson Complex."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801052845/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/11/nyregion/developers-named-for-hudson-complex.html |date=August 1, 2016 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. February 11, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.</ref> At Ninth Avenue and 33rd Street, a 32-story office tower would be built.<ref>Scardino, Albert. [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/22/nyregion/project-would-extend-office-towers-to-ninth-avenue.html "Project Would Extend Office Towers To Ninth Avenue."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801053125/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/22/nyregion/project-would-extend-office-towers-to-ninth-avenue.html |date=August 1, 2016 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. April 22, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.</ref> Hotels, apartment buildings, and a [[Madison Square Garden]] would be built over the tracks west of [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]].<ref>Gottlieb, Martin. [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/26/nyregion/new-sports-arena-planned-for-site-west-of-10th-ave.html "New Sports Arena Planned For Site West Of 10th Ave."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801053302/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/26/nyregion/new-sports-arena-planned-for-site-west-of-10th-ave.html |date=August 1, 2016 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. April 26, 1986. Section 1, page 1, column 1.</ref><ref>Scardino, Albert. [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/06/nyregion/12-block-office-entertainment-center-planned-on-west-side.html "12-Block Office-Entertainment Center Planned On West Side."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801052835/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/06/nyregion/12-block-office-entertainment-center-planned-on-west-side.html |date=August 1, 2016 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. April 6, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.</ref> North of the Javits Center, a "Television City" would be developed by [[Larry Silverstein]] in conjunction with [[NBC]].<ref name=nyt19860406/>

One impediment to development was the lack of mass transit in the area, which is far from Penn Station, and none of the proposals for a link to Penn Station was pursued successfully, for example, the ill-fated West Side Transitway.<ref>Gregory P. Benz, et al., [http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/sr/sr221/221-018.pdf "West Side Manhattan Transitway Study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022108/http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/sr/sr221/221-018.pdf |date=November 7, 2017 }}," Transportation Research Board, Special Report No. 221, May 8–11, 1988.</ref> No changes to the zoning policy happened until 1990, when the city rezoned a small segment of 11th Avenue near the Javits Center.<ref>Oser, Alan. [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/04/realestate/perspectives-the-west-30-s-land-uses-near-the-convention-center.html "Perspectives: The West 30's; Land Uses Near the Convention Center."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107120226/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/04/realestate/perspectives-the-west-30-s-land-uses-near-the-convention-center.html |date=November 7, 2017 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. February 4, 1990. Section 10, page 9, column 2.</ref><ref>Buder, Leonard. [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/24/nyregion/area-near-javits-center-is-rezoned.html "Area Near Javits Center Is Rezoned."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107120605/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/24/nyregion/area-near-javits-center-is-rezoned.html |date=November 7, 2017 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. February 24, 1990. Section 1, page 29, column 2.</ref> In 1993, part of 9th Avenue between 35th and 41st Streets was also rezoned.<ref>Howe, Marvine. [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/24/nyregion/neighborhood-report-midtown-after-30-years-it-s-ciao-giordano.html "Neighborhood Report: Midtown; After 30 Years It's Ciao, Giordano."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801053236/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/24/nyregion/neighborhood-report-midtown-after-30-years-it-s-ciao-giordano.html |date=August 1, 2016 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. October 24, 1993. Section 13, page 6, column 1.</ref><ref>Lambert, Bruce. [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/10/nyregion/neighborhood-report-clinton-on-ninth-ave-a-new-call-for-help.html "Neighborhood Report: Clinton; On Ninth Ave., A New Call For Help..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801052858/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/10/nyregion/neighborhood-report-clinton-on-ninth-ave-a-new-call-for-help.html |date=August 1, 2016 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. July 10, 1994. Section 13, page 6, column 4.</ref> However, neither of these rezonings was particularly significant, as most of the area was still zoned as a manufacturing district with low-rise apartment buildings.<ref>Lyons, Richard. [https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/02/realestate/postings-for-pioneers-housing-near-javits-center.html "Postings: For Pioneers?; Housing Near Javits Center."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107120751/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/02/realestate/postings-for-pioneers-housing-near-javits-center.html |date=November 7, 2017 }} ''The New York Times''. New York. July 2, 1989. Section 10, page 1, column 4.</ref>

By the early 1990s, there was [[Early 1990s recession in the United States|a recession]], which scuttled plans for rezoning and severely reduced the amount of development in the area.<ref>Rozhon, Tracie. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/09/realestate/80-s-giant-dreams-facing-90-s-economic-realities.html "80's Giant Dreams Facing 90's Economic Realities."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801053247/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/09/realestate/80-s-giant-dreams-facing-90-s-economic-realities.html |date=August 1, 2016 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 9, 1996. Section 9, page 1, column 4.</ref> After the recession was over, developers invested in areas like [[Times Square]], eastern Hell's Kitchen, and [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]], but mostly skipped the Far West Side.<ref>[[David W. Dunlap|Dunlap, David]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/24/realestate/the-taming-of-the-wild-west.html "The Taming Of the 'Wild West'."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801053210/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/24/realestate/the-taming-of-the-wild-west.html |date=August 1, 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 24, 1997. Accessed December 1, 2016.</ref>

===September 11, 2001===
[[File:Engine54-memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial to 15 firefighters from Engine Co. 54/Ladder Co. 4/Battalion 9 who died on September 11, 2001]]
While most fire stations in Manhattan lost firefighters in the [[September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks]], the station with the greatest loss of firefighters was Engine Co. 54/Ladder Co. 4/Battalion 9 at 48th Street and Eighth Avenue, which lost 15 firefighters, an entire shift on duty.<ref>[http://abc7ny.com/archive/8349429/ "Hardest Hit Firehouse Still Recovering 10 Years Later] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623173721/http://abc7ny.com/archive/8349429/ |date=June 23, 2016 }}, [[WABC-TV]], September 11, 2011. Accessed June 6, 2016. "No firehouse was hit harder than the one in Midtown Manhattan. Fifteen members of Engine 54, Ladder 4, Battalion 9 were killed."</ref> Given its proximity to Midtown, the station specializes in skyscraper fires and rescues. In 2007, it was the second-busiest firehouse in New York City, with 9,685 runs between the two companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdnewyork.com/randw_07.asp |title=Runs and Workers – 2007 |website=www.fdnewyork.com |access-date=February 18, 2009 |archive-date=December 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205232445/http://www.fdnewyork.com/randw_07.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

Its patch reads "Pride of Midtown" and "Never Missed a Performance". Memorials dot the station's exterior walls and a granite memorial is in a park to its north. Ladder 21, the "Pride of Hell's Kitchen", located on 38th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and stationed with Engine Co. 34, lost seven firefighters on September 11.<ref>Fertig, Beth. [http://www.wnyc.org/story/85579-firemen-on-september-11th/ "Firemen on September 11th"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828181809/http://www.wnyc.org/story/85579-firemen-on-september-11th/ |date=August 28, 2016 }}, [[WNYC]], September 12, 2002. Accessed June 6, 2016. "But all seven members of Ladder Company 21 who raced downtown on the big truck that morning perished. None of the bodies was ever recovered."</ref> In addition, on September 11, Engine Co. 26 was temporarily stationed with Engine Co. 34/Ladder Co. 21 and lost many firefighters themselves.
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===Redevelopment and second wave of gentrification===
[[File:8th Avenue looking northeast from 42nd Street.jpg|thumb|upright|Looking north on 8th Avenue from 42nd Street]]
Hell's Kitchen has become an increasingly upscale neighborhood of affluent young professionals as well as residents from the "old days",<ref>Berger, Joseph.[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/19/nyregion/19hell.html "Hell's Kitchen, Swept Out and Remodeled"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731131659/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/19/nyregion/19hell.html |date=July 31, 2015 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 19, 2006. Accessed December 1, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercedeshouseny.com/blog/hells-kitchen-nycs-gentrified-yet-homey-neighborhood/ |title=Hell's Kitchen: NYC's gentrified, yet homey neighborhood |publisher=Mercedeshouseny.com |access-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506172434/http://www.mercedeshouseny.com/blog/hells-kitchen-nycs-gentrified-yet-homey-neighborhood/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Critchlow |first=Katharine |url=https://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/hells-kitchen-44364/ |title=Hell's Kitchen – April 29, 2013 |publisher=NewYork.com |date=April 29, 2013 |access-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506181402/https://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/hells-kitchen-44364/ |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with rents in the neighborhood having increased dramatically above the average in Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manhattan Rental Market Report |url=http://www.mns.com/manhattan_rental_market_report#midtown-west |date=April 2014 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702160849/http://www.mns.com/manhattan_rental_market_report#midtown-west |url-status=live }}</ref> It has also acquired a large and diverse community as residents have moved north from [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]]. [[Zoning in the United States|Zoning]] has long restricted the extension of [[Midtown Manhattan]]'s skyscraper development into Hell's Kitchen, at least north of 42nd Street.<ref>Joseph J. Varga, ''Hell's Kitchen and the Battle for Urban Space: Class Struggle and Progressive Reform in New York City, 1894–1914.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 2013.</ref>

In 1989, the [[David Childs]]- and [[Frank Williams (architect)|Frank Williams]]-designed [[One Worldwide Plaza|Worldwide Plaza]] established a beachhead when it was built at the former [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]] site, a full city block between 49th and 50th Streets and between Eighth and Ninth Avenues that was exempt from special district zoning rules. This project led a real-estate building boom on Eighth Avenue, including the [[Hearst Tower (Manhattan)|Hearst Tower]] at 56th Street and Eighth Avenue.

An indication of how fast real estate prices rose in the neighborhood was a 2004 transaction involving the [[Howard Johnson's]] Motel at 52nd Street and Eighth Avenue. In June, Vikram Chatwal's Hampshire Hotel Group bought the motel and adjoining Studio Instrument Rental building for $9 million. In August, they sold the property to [[El-Ad Group|Elad Properties]] for about $43 million. Elad, which formerly owned the [[Plaza Hotel]], built The Link, a luxury 44-story building, at that location.<ref>{{cite web |title=Developments |url=https://www.eladgroup.com/NewDevelopments.htm |publisher=EL AD Group |access-date=25 July 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918104015/https://www.eladgroup.com/NewDevelopments.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Silverstein Properties]] and Greenwood Gaming & Entertainment are bidding for a downstate New York casino license and hope to develop a resort and casino in the neighborhood if they secure a license. They have proposed [[The Avenir]], which would be a resort with 1,000 hotel rooms, an eight story casino and a 1,000 seat performance venue. 100 affordable housing units would also be built.<ref>{{cite news |last=Short |first=Aaron |date=February 10, 2025 |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2025/02/breaking-down-every-2025-new-york-casino-licenses-bid/402815/ |title=Breaking down every 2025 New York casino license bid |work=City & State New York |access-date=February 19, 2025}}</ref>

====Hudson Yards====
{{main article|Hudson Yards, Manhattan}}

In 2003, the [[New York City Department of City Planning]] issued a master plan that envisioned the creation of {{cvt|40,000,000|ft2|m2}} of commercial and residential development, two corridors of open space.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hudson Yards Master Plan: Preferred Direction |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/hudson-yards/prefdir.pdf |date=February 2003 |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning |access-date=August 10, 2009 |archive-date=February 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228022559/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/hudson-yards/prefdir.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Dubbed the Hudson Yards Master Plan, the area covered is bordered on the east by Seventh and Eighth Avenues, on the south by West 28th and 30th Streets, on the north by West 43rd Street, and on the west by [[Hudson River Park]] and the [[Hudson River]]. The City's plan was similar to a neighborhood plan produced by architect Meta Brunzema and environmental planner Daniel Gutman for the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association (HKNA). The main concept of the HKNA plan was to allow major new development while protecting the existing residential core area between Ninth and Tenth avenues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/mancb4/downloads/pdf/hkna_plan_executive_summary_(3).pdf |title=HKNA plan summary |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-date=February 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208154051/http://www.nyc.gov/html/mancb4/downloads/pdf/hkna_plan_executive_summary_(3).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160422042404/http://www.home.earthlink.net/~hkna2/ Full HKNA Plan]</ref>

As plans developed, they included a mixed-use real estate development by [[Related Companies]] and [[Oxford Properties]] over the MTA's [[West Side Yard]];<ref name="engadget">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/05/07/hudson-yards-smart-neighborhood/ |title=New York's next big neighborhood is its smartest |author=Volpe, Joseph |date=May 7, 2014 |work=[[Engadget]] |access-date=May 9, 2014 |archive-date=May 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508005336/http://www.engadget.com/2014/05/07/hudson-yards-smart-neighborhood/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a renovation of the [[Javits Center|Javits Convention Center]];<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/nyregion/cuomo-announces-1-billion-expansion-for-javits-center.html |title=Cuomo Announces $1 Billion Expansion for Javits Center |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=January 7, 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713124338/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/nyregion/cuomo-announces-1-billion-expansion-for-javits-center.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[7 Subway Extension]] to the [[34th Street–Hudson Yards (IRT Flushing Line)|34th Street–Hudson Yards]] station at [[34th Street (Manhattan)|34th Street]] and [[Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)|11th Avenue]], which opened on September 13, 2015.<ref name="nyt20150913" /><ref name="wsj20150913" /> The first phase of the Related project, completed in March 2019, comprises [[The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards]], a public space centered around the [[Vessel (structure)|''Vessel'']] structure, [[The Shed (arts center)|the Shed]] arts center, and several skyscrapers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highly-Anticipated Hudson Yards Development Officially Opens To The Public |website=CBS New York |date=March 15, 2019 |url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/03/15/hudson-yards-grand-opening/ |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402221701/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/03/15/hudson-yards-grand-opening/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 2010s, the neighborhood had become home to young [[Wall Street]] financiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-03/wall-street-comes-to-hell-s-kitchen-with-ackman-s-office-project |title=Wall Street Comes to Hell's Kitchen With Ackman's Office Project |last=Levitt |first=David M. |date=August 3, 2018 |website=Bloomberg.com |access-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-date=April 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416011746/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-03/wall-street-comes-to-hell-s-kitchen-with-ackman-s-office-project |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:435 West 43rd Street.jpg|thumb|upright|West 43rd Street]]
Based on data from the [[2020 United States census]], the population of Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) was 49,758, an increase of 3,874 (8.4%) from the 45,884 counted in [[2010 United States census|2010]]. Covering an area of 0.841 sq mi (2.18 km2), the neighborhood had a population density of 59,165/sq. mi (22,825/sq. km).<ref name="PLP5">[https://www.nyc.gov/assets/dfta/downloads/pdf/reports/Demographics_by_NTA.pdf Demographics by Neighborhood Tabulation Area (NTA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331161803/https://www.nyc.gov/assets/dfta/downloads/pdf/reports/Demographics_by_NTA.pdf |date=March 31, 2023 }}, New York City Department for the Aging, November 2020. Accessed February 28, 2023.</ref> The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|racial makeup]] of the neighborhood was 52.8% [[White Americans|White]], 5.5% [[African Americans|African American]], 21.1% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]], 17.5% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], and 3.2% from other races.<ref name=PLP5/>

The entirety of Community District 4, which comprises Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, had 122,119 inhabitants as of [[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|NYC Health]]'s 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 83.1 years.<ref name="CHP2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn4.pdf |title=Clinton and Chelsea (Including Chelsea, Clinton and Hudson Yards) – Community Health Profiles |department=[[Manhattan Community District 4]] |date=2018 |website=nyc.gov |publisher=[[NYC Health]] |access-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024312/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|2, 20}} This was higher than the 2016 median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf |title=2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020 |date=2016 |website=[[government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]] |access-date=September 8, 2017 |archive-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909004755/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives |website=New York Post | last=Short | first=Aaron |date=June 4, 2017 |url=https://nypost.com/2017/06/04/new-yorkers-are-living-longer-happier-and-healthier-lives/ |access-date=March 1, 2019 |archive-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024959/https://nypost.com/2017/06/04/new-yorkers-are-living-longer-happier-and-healthier-lives/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, most inhabitants were adults: a plurality (45%) were between the ages of 25–44. 26% were aged between 45–64, and 13% were 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 9% and 8% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|2}}

In 2017, the median [[household income]] in Community Districts 4 and 5 was $101,981.<ref name="CB4_5PUMA">{{cite web |url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603807-nyc-manhattan-community-district-4-5-chelsea-clinton-midtown-business-district-puma-ny/ |title=NYC-Manhattan Community District 4 & 5--Chelsea, Clinton & Midtown Business District PUMA, NY |access-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024312/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603807-nyc-manhattan-community-district-4-5-chelsea-clinton-midtown-business-district-puma-ny/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, an estimated 11% of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty residents (5%) was unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 41% in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not [[gentrification|gentrifying]].<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|7}}
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==Culture==

===Entertainment industry===
[[File:Hells-kitchen-gear.jpg|thumb|Hell's Kitchen gear for sale in the Video Cafe on Ninth Avenue (shop closed in January 2014)<ref>[http://vanishingnewyork.blogspot.com/2014/01/sweet-gifts-at-video-cafe.html Sweet Gifts at Video Cafe – Vanishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508062515/http://vanishingnewyork.blogspot.com/2014/01/sweet-gifts-at-video-cafe.html |date=May 8, 2016 }}, January 23, 2014</ref>]]
[[File:Manhattan Plaza Ninth Avenue and 43rd.JPG|thumb|Manhattan Plaza, performing artists' residence, Ninth Avenue/43rd Street]]

Hell's Kitchen's gritty reputation had made its housing prices lower than elsewhere in Manhattan. Given the lower costs in the past and its proximity to [[Broadway theatre]]s, the neighborhood is a haven for aspiring actors.<ref>[https://liquidspace.com/us/ny/new-york/hells-kitchen "Hell's Kitchen at a Glance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730171502/https://liquidspace.com/us/ny/new-york/hells-kitchen |date=July 30, 2021 }}, [[LiquidSpace]] {{Retrieved |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://www.actoraesthetic.com/blog/nyc-for-actors "Top 7 Best Neighborhoods In NYC to Live For Actors"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725050908/https://www.actoraesthetic.com/blog/nyc-for-actors |date=July 25, 2021 }} by Maggie Bera, actoraesthetic.com {{Retrieved |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> Many famous actors and entertainers have resided there, including [[Burt Reynolds]], [[Rip Torn]], [[Timothée Chalamet]], [[Bob Hope]], [[Charlton Heston]], [[James Dean]], [[Madonna]], [[Jerry Seinfeld]], [[Larry David]], [[Alicia Keys]], and [[Sylvester Stallone]]. This is due in large part to the [[Actors Studio]] on West 44th at which [[Lee Strasberg]] taught and developed [[method acting]].<ref>Hirsch, Foster (1984) ''A Method to their Madness: The History of the Actors Studio''. New York: W. W. Norton. {{ISBN|0-393-01783-4}}</ref>

With the opening of the original [[The Improv|Improv]] by [[Budd Friedman]] in 1963, the club became a hangout for singers to perform and quickly attracted comedians as well, turning it into the reigning comedy club of its time. Once located at 358 West 44th Street and Ninth Avenue, it has since closed.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/19/nyregion/improv-in-chapter-11-protection-is-still-joking.html "Improv, in Chapter 11 Protection, Is Still Joking"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106183407/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/19/nyregion/improv-in-chapter-11-protection-is-still-joking.html |date=January 6, 2020 }} by Dennis Hevesi, ''The New York Times'', March 19, 1992</ref>

[[Manhattan Plaza]] at 43rd Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues was built in the 1970s to house artists. It consists of two 46-story towers with 70% of the apartments set aside for rent discounts for those who work in the arts.<ref>Bagli, Charles V. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/13/nyregion/developer-signs-deal-for-complex.html?_r=0 "Developer Signs Deal For Complex"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114939/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/13/nyregion/developer-signs-deal-for-complex.html?_r=0 |date=November 7, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 13, 2004. Accessed June 6, 2016. "The Department of Housing and Urban Development agreed to steep rent subsidies for about 70 percent of the apartments for tenants working as film or television actors, singers, dancers, stagehands or musicians, if they met certain income limits."</ref> [[The Actors' Temple]] and [[St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church]] with its Actors' Chapel also testify to the long-time presence of show business people.

The neighborhood is also home to a number of broadcast and [[recording studio|music-recording studios]], including the [[CBS Broadcast Center]] at 524 West 57th Street, where the [[CBS]] television network records many of its news and sports programs such as ''[[60 Minutes]]'' and ''[[The NFL Today]]''; the former [[Sony Music Studios]] at 460 West 54th Street, which closed in 2007; [[Manhattan Center|Manhattan Center Studios]] at 311 West 34th Street; and [[Right Track Recording]]'s Studio A509 orchestral recording facility at West 38th Street and Tenth Avenue.

The syndicated ''[[The Montel Williams Show|Montel Williams Show]]'' was taped at the Unitel Studios, 433 West 53rd Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. The [[Power Station (recording studio)|Power Station]] recording studios are located near the intersection of 57th Street and Ninth Avenue in Hell's Kitchen. In 2016, singer and [[songwriter]] [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] recorded his album entitled ''[[57th & 9th]]'' there.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/arts/music/sting-57th-and-9th-interview.html?contentCollection=weekendreads&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=c-column-middle-span-region&region=c-column-middle-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-middle-span-region |title=With ''57th and 9th'', Sting Changes His Mind About Rock |author=[[Jon Pareles]] |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 8, 2016 |access-date=November 13, 2016 |archive-date=November 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117215641/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/arts/music/sting-57th-and-9th-interview.html?contentCollection=weekendreads&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=c-column-middle-span-region&region=c-column-middle-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-middle-span-region |url-status=live }}</ref> The progressive metal band [[Dream Theater]] recorded their fourth studio album [[Falling into Infinity]] at the studio. Their song "Hell's Kitchen" is named after this area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-03 |title=What is Hell's Kitchen? |url=https://dreamtheater.club/questions/question/what-is-hells-kitchen/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Dream Theater World |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026021508/https://dreamtheater.club/questions/question/what-is-hells-kitchen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Comedy Central]] satirical news program ''[[The Daily Show]]'' was taped in Hell's Kitchen since its debut until late 2021 when it moved to [[Times Square]]. In 2005, it moved from its quarters at 54th Street and Tenth Avenue to a new studio in the neighborhood, at 733 Eleventh Avenue, between [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st]] and 52nd Streets. The 54th and 10th location was used for ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' throughout its entire run from 2005 until 2014. Until its cancellation, the studio was used for ''[[The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore]]'', following [[Stephen Colbert]]'s departure from Comedy Central. The studio was later used for ''[[Tha God's Honest Truth]]'', produced by Colbert. Next door at 511 West 54th Street is [[Ars Nova (theater)|Ars Nova]] theater, home to emerging artists [[Joe Iconis]] and breakout star [[Jesse Eisenberg]], among others.

The headquarters of [[Troma Entertainment|Troma]] studios was located in Hell's Kitchen before their move to [[Long Island City]] in [[Queens]]. The [[Baryshnikov Arts Center]] opened at 37 Arts on 37th Street in 2005, the [[Orchestra of St. Luke's]] opened the DiMenna Center for Classical Music in the same building in 2011. The [[Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater]] opened at 55th Street and Ninth Avenue in 2006. The [[Metropolitan Community Church of New York]], geared toward an [[LGBTQ culture in New York City#Hell's Kitchen|LGBTQ membership]], is located in Hell's Kitchen.

===Food===
[[File:Restaurant-row.jpg|thumb|[[Restaurant Row (Manhattan)|Restaurant Row]] on West 46th Street]]
Ninth Avenue is noted for its many ethnic restaurants. The Ninth Avenue Association's International Food Festival stretches through Hell's Kitchen from 42nd to 57th Streets every May, usually on the third weekend of the month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ninthavenuefoodfestival.com/home |title=Ninth Avenue International Food Festival – The 9th Avenue International Food Festival |website=www.ninthavenuefoodfestival.com |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308223040/http://www.ninthavenuefoodfestival.com/home |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been going on since 1974 and is one of the oldest street fairs in the city. There are [[Caribbean cuisine|Caribbean]], [[American Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[French cuisine|French]], [[German cuisine|German]], [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Irish cuisine|Irish]], [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]], and [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] restaurants as well as multiple [[Afghan cuisine|Afghan]], [[Argentine cuisine|Argentine]], [[Ethiopian cuisine|Ethiopian]], [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian]], [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani]], and [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]] restaurants.

[[Restaurant Row (Manhattan)|Restaurant Row]], so-called because of the abundance of restaurants, is located on West 46th Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. There are more restaurants and [[food cart]]s and [[Food truck|trucks]] on Tenth Avenue between 43rd and 47th Streets.
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===USS ''Intrepid'' Museum===
The [[Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum|''Intrepid'' Sea, Air & Space Museum]] is located at Hudson River Pier 86, 46th Street. Besides the [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Intrepid|CV-11|6}}, the museum exhibits the [[cruise missile submarine]] {{USS|Growler|SSG-577|6}}, a [[Concorde]] [[Supersonic transport|SST]], a [[Lockheed A-12]] supersonic reconnaissance plane, the [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Space Shuttle ''Enterprise'']], a [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] descent module, and other items.
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==Parks and recreation==
[[File:Hells Kitchen 1453.JPG|thumb|Hell's Kitchen Park]]

Hell's Kitchen's side streets are mostly lined with trees. The neighborhood does not have many parks or recreational areas, though smaller plots have been converted into green spaces.

One such park is [[DeWitt Clinton Park]] on Eleventh Avenue between 52nd and 54th Streets.<ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/de-witt-clinton-park De Witt Clinton Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225010717/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/de-witt-clinton-park |date=February 25, 2016 }}, [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. Accessed June 6, 2016.</ref> It is across the West Side Highway from [[Hudson River Park#Amenities|Clinton Cove Park]]. Another is [[Hell's Kitchen Park]], built in the 1970s on a former parking lot on 10th Avenue between 47th and 48th Streets.<ref name="hells-kitchen-park">{{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/hells-kitchen-park/history |title=Hell's Kitchen Park Highlights |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=October 23, 2011 |archive-date=December 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207072901/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/hells-kitchen-park/history |url-status=live }}</ref>

A newer park in Hell's Kitchen is the [[Hudson Park and Boulevard]], which is part of the [[Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogan |first=Gwynne |title=New Park Begins Transformation of Industrial Hudson Yards District |website=DNAinfo New York |date=August 13, 2015 |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150813/hells-kitchen-clinton/new-park-begins-transformation-of-industrial-hudson-yards-district |access-date=August 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816191648/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150813/hells-kitchen-clinton/new-park-begins-transformation-of-industrial-hudson-yards-district |archive-date=August 16, 2015 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The {{cvt|100|by|150|foot|m}} Clinton Community Garden is located on West 48th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and consists of 108 plots. Previously a haven for illegal activity, in 1978 the West 48th Street Block Association joined with the [[Green Guerillas]] to secure a lease for the site to renovate it for community use. When the city put it up for auction in 1981, residents formed the Committee to Save Clinton Community Garden, through appeals to Mayor [[Ed Koch]] and unsuccessful efforts to purchase the site.<ref>[https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness "Tales of Gardening Greatness: Hattie Carthan Community Garden"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721234252/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness |date=July 21, 2016 }}. [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. Accessed January 14, 2019.</ref>

In 1984, one month before the auction, the garden was transferred to the city's [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|Parks Department]], making it the first community garden to become parkland. It is open from dawn to dusk. Over 2,000 residents have keys to the park, which is used by an average of 500–600 people, including over 100 children, during the warm months. Recreational events include an annual Summer Solstice event, art shows, chamber music picnics, gardening seminars, and dance recitals. Residents have held weddings in the park, and photographers have used it for photo shoots.<ref>[https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness "Tales of Gardening Greatness: Hattie Carthan Community Garden"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721234252/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness |date=July 21, 2016 }}. [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. Accessed January 14, 2019.</ref>

==Police and crime==
Hell's Kitchen is patrolled by two precincts of the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Find Your Precinct and Sector – NYPD |website=www.nyc.gov |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/find-your-precinct.page |access-date=March 3, 2019 |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304213813/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/find-your-precinct.page |url-status=live }}</ref> The area south of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 10th Precinct of the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]], located at 230 West 20th Street in Chelsea.<ref name="NYPD 10th Precinct">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/10th-precinct.page |title=NYPD – 10th Precinct |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=October 3, 2016 |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324105320/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/10th-precinct.page |url-status=live }}</ref> The area north of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 18th (Midtown North) Precinct, located at 306 West 54th Street.<ref name="NYPD 18th Precinct">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/midtown-north-precinct.page |title=NYPD – 18th Precinct |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=October 3, 2016 |archive-date=May 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520193229/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/midtown-north-precinct.page |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the 10th Precinct ranked 61st safest out of 69 NYC patrol areas for per-capita crime,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/chelsea/ |title=Chelsea and Hell's Kitchen – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report |website=www.dnainfo.com |access-date=October 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415065149/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/chelsea |archive-date=April 15, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> while the Midtown North and Midtown South precincts ranked 69th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/midtown/ |title=Midtown Manhattan – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report |website=www.dnainfo.com |access-date=October 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415055338/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/midtown |archive-date=April 15, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, with a non-fatal assault rate was 34 per 100,000 people, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate of [[violent crime]]s per capita was less than the city average. The incarceration rate of 313 per 100,000 people was lower than the city average.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|8}}

The 10th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 69.3% between 1990 and 2023. The precinct reported no murders, 9 rapes, 135 robberies, 159 felony assaults, 137 burglaries, 759 grand larcenies, and 77 grand larcenies auto in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-010pct.pdf |title=10th Precinct CompStat Report |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=July 22, 2018 |archive-date=April 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413201333/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-010pct.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The 18th Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 83.6% between 1990 and 2023. The precinct reported 3 murders, 9 rapes, 137 robberies, 184 felony assaults, 130 burglaries, 1,979 grand larcenies, and 83 grand larcenies auto in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-018pct.pdf |title=18th Precinct CompStat Report |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=July 22, 2018 |archive-date=March 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328191549/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-018pct.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Fire safety==
[[File:Rescue Company 1.jpg|thumb|Quarters of New York City Fire Department Rescue 1]]
Hell's Kitchen is served by four [[New York City Fire Department]] (FDNY) fire stations:<ref>{{Cite FDNY locations}}</ref>
*Rescue 1 – 530 West 43rd Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Rescue Company 1 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/r1.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023063833/http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/r1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Engine Company 26 – 222 West 37th Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 26 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e26.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020100539/http://fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e26.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Engine Company 34/Ladder Company 21 – 440 West 38th Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 34/Ladder Company 21 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e34.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023073812/http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e34.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Engine Company 54/Ladder Company 4/Battalion 9 – 782 8th Avenue<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 54/Ladder Company 4/Battalion 9 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e54.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020100629/http://fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e54.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Health==
{{As of|2018}}, [[preterm birth]]s in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are the same as the city average, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there were 87 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 9.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|11}} Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea have a low population of residents who are [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|uninsured]]. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|14}}

In 2018, the concentration of [[particulates|fine particulate matter]], the deadliest type of [[air pollution|air pollutant]], in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea is {{cvt|0.0098|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, was more than the city average.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|9}} Eleven percent of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents were [[Smoking|smokers]] in 2018, less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 10% of residents were [[Obesity|obese]] in 2018, 5% were [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetic]], and 18% had [[hypertension|high blood pressure]]—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|16}} In 2018, 14% of children were obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|12}}

Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 86% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there are 7 [[convenience store|bodegas]].<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|10}}

The nearest major hospitals are [[Mount Sinai West]] in Hell's Kitchen, [[Bellevue Hospital Center]] and [[NYU Langone Medical Center]] in [[Kips Bay, Manhattan|Kips Bay]], and [[NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital]] on the [[Upper East Side]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Manhattan Hospital Listings |website=New York Hospitals |url=http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html |access-date=March 20, 2019 |archive-date=November 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115151717/http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y. |website=U.S. News & World Report |date=July 26, 2011 |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny |access-date=March 20, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529091928/https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Post offices and ZIP Codes==
Hell's Kitchen is located within three primary [[ZIP Code]]s. From north to south they are 10018 between 34th and 41st Streets, 10036 between 41st and 48th Streets, and 10019 between 48th and 59th Streets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clinton, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) |website=United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA) |url=https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Clinton.htm |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411152339/https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Clinton.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[United States Postal Service]] operates three post offices in Hell's Kitchen:
*Radio City Station – 322 West 52nd Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Radio City |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10036&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1378686&locationName=RADIO+CITY&address2=&address1=322+W+52ND+ST |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*RCU Annex Station – 340 West 42nd Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: RCU Annex |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10036&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1432987&locationName=RCU+ANNEX&address2=&address1=340+W+42ND+ST+FL+3 |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307053300/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Midtown Station – 223 West 38th Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Midtown |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10036&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1373016&locationName=MIDTOWN&address2=&address1=223+W+38TH+ST |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[James A. Farley Building|James A. Farley Station]], the main post office for New York City, is located at 421 8th Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: James A Farley |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10036&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1433785&locationName=JAMES+A+FARLEY&address2=&address1=421+8TH+AVE |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307035840/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:NYPL Columbus Branch, Manhattan crop.jpg|thumb|New York Public Library, Columbus branch]]

In 2018, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea generally had a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. In 2018, a majority of residents age 25 and older (78%) had a college education or higher, while 6% had less than a high school education. 17% were high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, in 2018, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents had a college education or higher.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |url=http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_04_11.pdf |title=Clinton / Chelsea – MN 04 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy]] |access-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-date=September 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918163019/http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_04_11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate of elementary school student absenteeism was lower than the rest of New York City. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 16% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per [[school year]], less than the citywide average of 20%.<ref name=":21" />{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} In 2018, 81% of high school students in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea graduated on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}}

===Schools===
The [[New York City Department of Education]] operates the following public elementary schools in Hell's Kitchen as part of Community School District 2:<ref name="Zillow">{{cite web |title=Hell's Kitchen New York School Ratings and Reviews |website=Zillow |url=https://www.zillow.com/hells-kitchen-new-york-ny/schools/ |access-date=March 17, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024314/https://www.zillow.com/hells-kitchen-new-york-ny/schools/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*P.S. 35 (grades K, 2-12)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 035 |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M035 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024316/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M035 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*P.S. 51 Elias Howe (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 051 Elias Howe |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M051 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024314/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M051 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*P.S. 111 Adolph S Ochs (grades PK-5, 7-8)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 111 Adolph S. Ochs |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M111 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024309/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M111 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The following high schools are located in Hell's Kitchen, serving grades 9-12 unless otherwise indicated:<ref name="Zillow"/>
*Business of Sports School<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Of Sports School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M393 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024316/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M393 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Facing History School<ref>{{cite web |title=Facing History School, The |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M303 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024318/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M303 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Food and Finance High School<ref>{{cite web |title=Food and Finance High School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M288 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024313/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M288 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[High School for Environmental Studies]]<ref>{{cite web |title=High School for Environmental Studies |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M400 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024313/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M400 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*High School of Hospitality Management<ref>{{cite web |title=High School of Hospitality Management |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M296 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024309/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M296 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Independence High School<ref>{{cite web |title=Independence High School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M544 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024311/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M544 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Manhattan Bridges High School<ref>{{cite web |title=Manhattan Bridges High School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M542 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024314/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M542 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Professional Performing Arts School]] (grades 6-12)<ref>{{cite web |title=Professional Performing Arts High School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M408 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024311/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M408 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Urban Assembly Gateway School For Technology<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Assembly Gateway School for Technology |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M507 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024313/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M507 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Urban Assembly School of Design and Construction<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Assembly School of Design and Construction, The |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M300 |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024311/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M300 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<!-- closed -- *[[High School of Graphic Communication Arts]] -->
*[[The Beacon School]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Beacon High School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=June 19, 2022 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M479 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615111625/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M479 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Success Academy Charter Schools]] group opened an elementary school,<ref name="NewChartersProposedManhattan-WSJ">{{Cite news |last=Fleisher |first=Lisa |date=2012-07-16 |title=New Charters Proposed for Manhattan |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303933704577529002194406824.html |access-date=2021-03-23 |archive-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517173254/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303933704577529002194406824.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Success Academy Hell's Kitchen,<ref>Name: [http://www.successacademies.org/page.cfm?p=739 ''Success Academy Hell's Kitchen'' (Success Academy Charter Schools) (official website)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213133011/http://www.successacademies.org/page.cfm?p=739|date=February 13, 2013 }}, as accessed December 2, 2012.</ref> in the [[High School of Graphic Communication Arts]] building in 2013.<ref name="NewChartersProposedManhattan-WSJ" />

The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York]] operates Catholic schools in Manhattan. The Holy Cross School served the Hells Kitchen/[[Times Square]] area. In 2011, it had about 300 students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.holycrossnyc.com/index.cfm?load=page&page=7 |title=Holy Cross School |publisher=Holy Cross Church |date=October 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004082858/https://www.holycrossnyc.com/index.cfm?load=page&page=7 |access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Some students originated from areas outside of New York City and outside New York State. In 2013 the archdiocese announced that the school was to close.<ref>{{cite web |last=Otterman |first=Sharon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/15/education/catholic-schools-in-new-york-await-more-closing-bells.html |title=Catholic Schools Await More Closing Bells |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 15, 2013 |access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309200135/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/15/education/catholic-schools-in-new-york-await-more-closing-bells.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The school had the possibility of remaining open if $720,000 in pledges to the school were obtained, and the school community almost got to the number. However, the school was closed anyway.<ref>{{cite web |last=Otterman |first=Sharon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/nyregion/new-york-archdiocese-to-close-24-schools.html |title=New York Archdiocese to Close 24 Schools |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 25, 2014 |archive-date=February 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206132224/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/nyregion/new-york-archdiocese-to-close-24-schools.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Library===
The [[New York Public Library]] (NYPL) operates the Columbus branch at 742 10th Avenue. The Columbus branch was founded in 1901 as the Columbus Catholic Club's collection, and it became an NYPL branch in 1905. The current [[Carnegie library]] building opened in 1909 and was renovated in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Columbus Library |website=The New York Public Library |url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/columbus |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024309/https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/columbus |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Port-authority-terminal.jpg|thumb|The Port Authority Bus Terminal at 42nd and Eighth Avenue]]
[[File:Amtrak Manhattan trench jeh.JPG|thumb|An Amtrak train in the [[Empire Connection]] trench]]

===Public transport===
Hell's Kitchen is bounded on the east by the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Eighth south}}). The [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MTA]] built the [[7 Subway Extension]] ({{NYCS trains|Flushing}}) for the aforementioned Hudson Yards development. The extension to [[34th Street–Hudson Yards (IRT Flushing Line)|34th Street–Hudson Yards]] opened on September 13, 2015,<ref name="nyt20150913">{{cite web |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |title=Subway Station for 7 Line Opens on Far West Side |work=The New York Times |date=September 10, 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/14/nyregion/no-7-subway-station-far-west-side-manhattan.html |access-date=September 13, 2015 |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914231924/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/14/nyregion/no-7-subway-station-far-west-side-manhattan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wsj20150913">{{cite web |last=Tangel |first=Andrew |title=New Subway Station Opens on NYC's Far West Side |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=September 13, 2015 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-subway-station-opens-on-nycs-far-west-side-1442171470 |access-date=September 13, 2015 |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216171800/https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-subway-station-opens-on-nycs-far-west-side-1442171470 |url-status=live }}</ref> making the [[IRT Flushing Line]] the westernmost New York City Subway line within Midtown.<ref>{{cite web |title=MTA's 469th Station is First Addition to Subway System in 26 Years |website=MTA |date=September 13, 2015 |url=http://www.mta.info/news-hudson-yards-7-subway/2015/09/13/mta%E2%80%99s-469th-station-first-addition-subway-system-26-years |access-date=September 13, 2015 |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914203834/http://www.mta.info/news-hudson-yards-7-subway/2015/09/13/mta%E2%80%99s-469th-station-first-addition-subway-system-26-years |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several [[New York City Bus]] [[List of bus routes in Manhattan|routes]], namely the {{NYC bus link|M11|M12|M31|M34 SBS|M42|M50|prose=y}}, as well as express bus routes, service the area.<ref>{{cite NYC bus map|M}}</ref>

Ferry operations in the neighborhood include [[Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises]] at West 42nd Street.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hudsonriverpark.org/explore-the-park/locations/pier-83 |title=Pier 83 |website=Hudson River Park |access-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195146/https://hudsonriverpark.org/locations/pier-83/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[NY Waterway]] service is available at the [[West Midtown Ferry Terminal]] at 38th Street.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/21/nyregion/new-and-flashy-big-and-glassy.html |title=New and Flashy, Big and Glassy |last=McGeehan |first=Patrick |date=October 21, 2005 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016013250/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/21/nyregion/new-and-flashy-big-and-glassy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Service on the St. George route of the [[NYC Ferry]] system will also begin serving 38th Street in 2020.<ref name=":29">{{cite web |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/nyc-ferry-routes-1.25782023 |title=NYC Ferry is adding 2 new routes |date=January 10, 2019 |website=am New York |access-date=January 11, 2019 |archive-date=January 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111042323/https://www.amny.com/transit/nyc-ferry-routes-1.25782023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Plitt 2019">{{cite web |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/1/10/18177078/nyc-ferry-transportation-staten-island-coney-island |title=NYC Ferry will launch service to Staten Island, Coney Island |last=Plitt |first=Amy |date=January 10, 2019 |website=Curbed NY |access-date=January 11, 2019 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112044224/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/1/10/18177078/nyc-ferry-transportation-staten-island-coney-island |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYC Ferry Expansion 2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.ferry.nyc/nycferry-2020-2021-service-route-expansion/ |title=2020-2021 Expansion |website=New York City Ferry Service |access-date=January 11, 2019 |archive-date=January 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111232547/https://www.ferry.nyc/nycferry-2020-2021-service-route-expansion/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Private transport===
The [[Lincoln Tunnel]] connects New York City to [[New Jersey]]. The tunnel consists of three vehicular tubes of varying lengths, with two traffic lanes in each tube. The center tube contains [[reversible lane]]s.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jox4CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT168 |title=Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads and Other Structures |last=Berlow |first=L. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-135-93261-9 |page=168 |access-date=April 12, 2018 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195652/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jox4CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT168 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |url=https://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/lincoln-tunnel-facts-info.html |title=Facts & Info: Lincoln Tunnel |publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] |access-date=March 27, 2018 |archive-date=March 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041645/https://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/lincoln-tunnel-facts-info.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Parking lots dot the neighborhood, but are dwindling in quantity as developments are being built. [[Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Eleventh Avenue]] is lined with car dealerships, many of which claim to have the highest volume among all dealerships for their brands in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/automobiles/24LOTS.html |title=On 11th Avenue, an Car Dealer Boomtown |last=Sederstrom |first=Jotham |date=April 22, 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016013248/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/automobiles/24LOTS.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many of the horse-drawn carriages from [[Central Park]] stay in stables just off the [[West Side Highway]]. It is not uncommon to hear the sound of horses in the neighborhood. There have been calls for banning horse-drawn carriages, especially from [[Mayor of New York City]] [[Bill de Blasio]] following a handful of collisions between cars and carriages.<ref>Michael M. Grynbaum, [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/nyregion/for-de-blasio-carriage-horse-ban-is-no-walk-in-the-park.html "For de Blasio, Carriage Horse Ban Is No Walk in the Park"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002171629/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/nyregion/for-de-blasio-carriage-horse-ban-is-no-walk-in-the-park.html |date=October 2, 2017 }}, ''The New York Times'', April 4, 2014</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/30/us/new-york-horse-drawn-carriage-ban/ |title=Bill de Blasio: Central Park's horse-drawn carriages should ride into history |last=Malloy |first=Allie |date=January 1, 2014 |work=CNN |access-date=December 31, 2013 |archive-date=December 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231214022/http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/30/us/new-york-horse-drawn-carriage-ban/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/liam-neeson-blasts-mayor-de-blasio-skipping-horse-stable-tour-article-1.1716111 |title=Liam Neeson blasts Mayor de Blasio for skipping carriage horse stable tour: 'He should have manned up and come' |date=March 9, 2014 |work=New York Daily News |access-date=May 26, 2014 |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629134330/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/liam-neeson-blasts-mayor-de-blasio-skipping-horse-stable-tour-article-1.1716111 |url-status=live }}</ref> The carriage horses live in stables originally built in the 19th century, but today contain modern design features such as fans, misting systems, box stalls, and sprinkler systems. The carriage horses live upstairs in their stables while the carriages are parked below on the ground floor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://untappedcities.com/2014/01/16/behind-the-scenes-in-the-clinton-park-horse-stables-for-the-central-park-carriages/ |title=Behind the Scenes in the Clinton Park Horse Stables for the Central Park Carriages |date=April 28, 2014 |publisher=Untapped Cities |access-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506165602/http://untappedcities.com/2014/01/16/behind-the-scenes-in-the-clinton-park-horse-stables-for-the-central-park-carriages/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-stables-where-central-park-carriage-horses-live-2012-4#!Jw |title=The Stables Where Central Park Carriage Horses Live |date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=Business Insider |access-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506170019/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-stables-where-central-park-carriage-horses-live-2012-4#!Jw |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Intercity and long-distance transport===
The massive [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]] is between 40th and 42nd Streets and Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It serves numerous commuter and intercity routes, as well as airport shuttles and tour buses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carriers & Routes – Port Authority Bus Terminal |website=The Port Authority of NY & NJ |date=July 28, 2018 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/bus-terminals/pabt-carriers-routes.html |access-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211213826/http://www.panynj.gov/bus-terminals/pabt-carriers-routes.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Cruise ship]]s frequently dock at the [[New York Passenger Ship Terminal]] in the 48th to 52nd Street piers, respectively numbered Piers 88, 90, and 92.<ref name="MaritimeHistoryNY-2004">{{cite book |url=http://www.goingcoastal.org/img/mhpdf/Ch%2012%20Epilogue%201941-Present.pdf |title=A maritime history of New York |last1=Brouwer |first1=Norman |last2=La Rocco |first2=Barbara |date=2004 |publisher=Going Coastal |isbn=978-0972980319 |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |pages=262–295 |chapter=Epilogue |access-date=May 25, 2016 |archive-date=June 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615070835/http://www.goingcoastal.org/img/mhpdf/Ch%2012%20Epilogue%201941-Present.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The piers originally built in 1930 are now considered small, and some cruise traffic uses other locations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/nyregion/thecity/sailing-away.html |title=Sailing Away |last=Maxtone-Graham |first=John |author-link=John Maxtone-Graham |date=March 12, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=September 19, 2017 |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920100516/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/nyregion/thecity/sailing-away.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Located just southeast of Hell's Kitchen is [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]]. It is the busiest railroad station in North America,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/nyregion/old-penn-station-pictures-new-york.html |author=Michael Kimmelman |author-link=Michael Kimmelman |title=When the Old Penn Station Was Demolished, New York Lost Its Faith |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 24, 2019 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |archive-date=April 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430025213/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/nyregion/old-penn-station-pictures-new-york.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-01-10/the-most-awful-transit-center-in-america-could-get-unimaginably-worse |title=The Most Awful Transit Center in America Could Get Unimaginably Worse |author=Devin Leonard |publisher=Bloomberg L.P |date=January 10, 2018 |access-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215044304/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-01-10/the-most-awful-transit-center-in-america-could-get-unimaginably-worse |url-status=live }}</ref> with 600,000 [[Long Island Rail Road]], [[NJ Transit Rail Operations|NJ Transit Rail]], and [[Amtrak]] passengers using the station on an average weekday {{as of|2013|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Randolph |first=Eleanor |title=Transplanting Madison Square Garden |website=Taking Note |date=March 28, 2013 |url=http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/transplanting-madison-square-garden/ |access-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125032120/http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/transplanting-madison-square-garden/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Robert Sciarrino |title=How to squeeze 1,200 trains a day into America's busiest transit hub |website=The Star-Ledger |date=December 26, 2013 |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/11/how_to_squeeze_1200_trains_a_day_into_americas_busiest_transit_hub.html |access-date=January 8, 2016 |quote=...a transit hub that handles 650,000 people a day&nbsp;– twice as busy as America's most-used airport in Atlanta and busier than Newark, LaGuardia and JFK airports combined. |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228114059/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/11/how_to_squeeze_1200_trains_a_day_into_americas_busiest_transit_hub.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One railroad line to Penn Station runs through the neighborhood, the [[Empire Connection]], which is located in the sunken [[West Side Line]] west of Tenth Avenue. Parts of the trench have been covered over.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303411604575168253383408586 |title=Secret Gardens Grow in Hell's Kitchen |last=Barbanel |first=Josh |date=April 30, 2010 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016013248/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303411604575168253383408586 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==

===Comics===
*''The Kitchen'', an eight-issue [[Vertigo Comics]] miniseries, is a female-driven crime drama set in Hell's Kitchen.<ref>{{cite web |title='The Kitchen' revisits 1970s 'gangster Wild West' |website=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2014/11/10/the-kitchen-comic-book-exclusive-preview/18785841/ |access-date=May 8, 2018 |archive-date=May 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508191207/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2014/11/10/the-kitchen-comic-book-exclusive-preview/18785841/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*The [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] superhero [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)|Matt Murdock / Daredevil]] was born and raised in Hell's Kitchen; further, most of the comic's run takes place in the area.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Cavanaugh |first=Patrick |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Return to Hell's Kitchen in Exclusive ''Marvel's Daredevil'' Poster & Photos |url=http://marvel.com/news/tv/25608/return_to_hells_kitchen_in_exclusive_marvels_daredevil_poster_photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113232704/http://marvel.com/news/tv/25608/return_to_hells_kitchen_in_exclusive_marvels_daredevil_poster_photos |archive-date=January 13, 2016 |access-date=June 28, 2016 |publisher=Marvel Comics |df=mdy}}</ref>

===Books===
*The character [[The Fountainhead#Gail Wynand|Gail Wynand]] in [[Ayn Rand]]'s 1943 novel ''[[The Fountainhead]]'' grew up in Hell's Kitchen. Several chapters in the book are extensive flashbacks to his childhood and youth there. At the end of the book, he buys up several blocks of Hell's Kitchen, in which to build the world's tallest skyscraper.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
*Apollo, the protagonist from [[Rick Riordan]]'s 2016 novel ''[[The Hidden Oracle]]'', crashes in a Hell's Kitchen dumpster after being turned mortal, and meets and is saved from muggers by his companion Meg McCaffrey there.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
*The titular character in [[Taylor Jenkins Reid]]'s 2017 novel ''[[The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo]]'' was born in Hell's Kitchen.<ref>[https://www.libraryjournal.com/review/the-seven-husbands-of-evelyn-hugo "Review: ''The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124001700/https://www.libraryjournal.com/review/the-seven-husbands-of-evelyn-hugo |date=January 24, 2022 }} by Jennifer Mills, ''[[Library Journal]]'', 1 April 2017</ref>
*''City of Girls'' (2019) by [[Elizabeth Gilbert]] is set in Hell's Kitchen in the 1940s.<ref>Thomas-Kennedy, Jackie. [https://www.startribune.com/review-city-of-girls-by-elizabeth-gilbert/510930352/ "Review: ''City of Girls,'' by Elizabeth Gilbert; Fiction: Elizabeth Gilbert's chatty, freewheeling narrator overcomes most obstacles easily in this love song to Manhattan."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923222138/https://www.startribune.com/review-city-of-girls-by-elizabeth-gilbert/510930352/ |date=September 23, 2020 }}, ''[[Star Tribune]]'', June 7, 2019. Accessed August 10, 2020. "She begins in 1940, when, after being 'excused' from Vassar 'on account of never having attended classes,' she moves to Hell's Kitchen and into the Lily Playhouse with her Aunt Peg and Peg's partner, Olive, a woman billed in public and in fact as Peg's 'secretary'."</ref>
*Patrick Bateman in Bret Easton Ellis' ''[[American Psycho]]'' (1991) regularly disposed of his victims in Hell's Kitchen, as well as picking up several prostitutes, such as the returning character Christie.

===Television===
*''[[Route 66 (TV series)|Route 66]]'' (1960–63), TV show&nbsp;– [[Buz Murdock]], one of the lead characters, grew up in Hell's Kitchen.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Kmizuhifw4C&pg=PA273 |page=273 |title=Route 66 Still Kicks: Driving America's Main Street |first=Rick |last=Antonson |publisher=[[Dundurn Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=9781459704374}}</ref>
*''[[Daredevil (TV series)|Daredevil]]'' and ''[[Daredevil: Born Again]]'', adaptations of the [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)|comic series and character of the same name]], are set in Hell's Kitchen. [[Matt Murdock (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Matt Murdock]]'s alter ego as a secretive and intimidating vigilante is first known to the public and various crime organizations as "The Man in Black" and later "The Devil of Hell's Kitchen" before his official branding as "Daredevil".<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Criminal Minds]]'', In season one, episode 17, a victim of the latest Unsub was found dead in his art studio in Hell's Kitchen.

===Film===
*''[[The Devil's Party]]'' (1938), a film by [[Ray McCarey]] based on the novel ''Hell's Kitchen Has a Pantry'' by [[Borden Chase]], is set in Hell's Kitchen.<ref>{{Internet Archive film|id=the_devils_party|name=The Devil's Party}}, [[intertitle]] at 1m10s</ref>
*''[[Fail Safe (1964 film)|Fail Safe]]'' (1964), film by [[Sidney Lumet]].<ref>{{cite book |title=New York Times Book of New York: Stories of the People, the Streets, and the Life of the City Past and Present |date=May 20, 2009 |publisher=Running Press |isbn=9781603763691 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abTfAgAAQBAJ |access-date=May 8, 2018 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195653/https://books.google.com/books?id=abTfAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976), film by [[Martin Scorsese]], filmed and set largely in Hell's Kitchen.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Taxi Driver'' Movie Review & Film Summary (1976) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-taxi-driver-1976 |access-date=May 8, 2018 |first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |archive-date=December 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230080324/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-taxi-driver-1976 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[State of Grace (1990 film)|State of Grace]]'' (1990), film by [[Phil Joanou]] set in Hell's Kitchen<ref>[https://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/wild-irish-bloodbath-hells-kitchen "A wild Irish bloodbath in Hell's Kitchen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007155015/https://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/wild-irish-bloodbath-hells-kitchen |date=October 7, 2020 }}, review bt Don Groves, [[SBS World Movies]], January 1, 2009</ref>
*''[[Sleepers (film)|Sleepers]]'' (1996), film by [[Barry Levinson]] based on Lorenzo Carcaterra's 1995 novel of the same name.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Sleepers'' Debate Renewed: How True Is a 'True Story'? |author=[[Bernard Weinraub]] |website=The New York Times |date=October 22, 1996 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/22/movies/sleepers-debate-renewed-how-true-is-a-true-story.html |access-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504032951/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/22/movies/sleepers-debate-renewed-how-true-is-a-true-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[In America (film)|In America]]'' (2002), film by [[Jim Sheridan]], set in 1985. The family settles in Hell's Kitchen.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McGarrity |first=Maria |title=Hell's Kitchen as Contact Zone: The Essentialized African in Jim Sheridan's ''In America'' |journal=CLA Journal |volume=51 |number=3 |date=March 2008 |pages=304–323 |jstor=44325430}}</ref>
*''[[Ash Wednesday (2002 film)|Ash Wednesday]]'' (2002), by [[Edward Burns]], set in the Hell's Kitchen of the early 1980s<ref>{{cite web |title=''Ash Wednesday'' (2002) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1119133_ash_wednesday |access-date=May 8, 2018 |archive-date=December 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202235532/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1119133_ash_wednesday |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[The Kitchen (2019 film)|The Kitchen]]'' (2019), by [[Andrea Berloff]], set in the Hell's Kitchen of the late 1970s.

===Video games===
*''[[Deus Ex (video game)|Deus Ex]]'' (2000) features a level set in Hell's Kitchen.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/revisiting-deus-ex-ion-storms-classic-cyberpunk-rpg/ |title=Revisiting ''Deus Ex'', Ion Storm's classic cyberpunk RPG |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=June 22, 2020 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future US]] |access-date=February 1, 2022 |quote=A great example of the game's reactivity can be found in the Hell's Kitchen level. |archive-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215143712/https://www.pcgamer.com/revisiting-deus-ex-ion-storms-classic-cyberpunk-rpg/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Music===
*The album ''[[Falling into Infinity]]'' by [[Dream Theater]] contains an instrumental named "Hell's Kitchen".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dreamtheater.net/discography/falling-into-infinity/ | title=Falling into Infinity | access-date=June 10, 2022 | archive-date=May 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523231543/https://dreamtheater.net/discography/falling-into-infinity/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable residents==
{{See also|Manhattan Plaza#Notable people}}
Notable current and former residents of Hell's Kitchen include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}

* [[Michael Alig]] (1966–2020), founder of the [[Club Kids]], lived at Riverbank West,<ref>{{cite web |website=The Smoking Gun |title=Longhand Of The Law: Club Kids Kill An Angel (Handwritten confession of Robert Riggs) |page=1 |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/club-kids-kill-angel |date=December 1996 |author=Riggs, Robert |access-date=February 21, 2017 |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426160204/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/club-kids-kill-angel |url-status=live }}</ref> at 11th Avenue, which he described as "the place where I lived as part of my salary at [[The Limelight|Limelight]]"; it was the address where he and his roommate, Robert "Freeze" Riggs, killed [[Andre Melendez|Andre "Angel" Melendez]]<ref>{{cite news |work=[[New York Post]] |last=Alig |first=Michael |url=https://nypost.com/2014/05/12/party-monster-relives-catfight-that-ended-in-murder/ |title=Club Kid killer relives bloody crime |date=May 12, 2014 |access-date=December 11, 2017 |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205083807/https://nypost.com/2014/05/12/party-monster-relives-catfight-that-ended-in-murder/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Carmelo Anthony]] (born 1984), basketball player<ref>Barbara K. [https://nypost.com/2012/04/19/la-la-anthony-dishes-on-her-hells-kitchen-crib/ "La La Anthony dishes on her Hell's Kitchen crib"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023401/http://nypost.com/2012/04/19/la-la-anthony-dishes-on-her-hells-kitchen-crib/ |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[New York Post]]'', April 19, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016.</ref>
* [[Benjamin Appel]] (1907–1977), crime novelist<ref>Jamieson, Wendell. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE4DF1030F932A35752C0A9609C8B63 "City Lore; Hard-Boiled Tales, Told by a Gentleman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106071241/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE4DF1030F932A35752C0A9609C8B63 |date=January 6, 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 1, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "Benjamin Appel was an author of more than 25 novels from 1934 to 1977, many of them set in New York. He was raised in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan and lived much of his life in Roosevelt, N.J., but after he moved he still came back to New York often."</ref>
* [[Lewis Black]] (born 1948), comedian<ref>Friend, Tad. [http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/lewis-black-playwright "Lewis Black, Playwright"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907100717/http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/lewis-black-playwright |date=September 7, 2014 }}, ''[[The New Yorker]]'', June 5, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016. "In his living room high up in Hell's Kitchen, the comedian Lewis Black sat on a sofa with three throw pillows tucked around him, as if he'd had a bad breakup and needed a hug and some Häagen-Dazs."</ref>
* [[Anthony Bourdain]] (1956–2018), chef and author<ref>"Disappearing Manhattan." ''[[Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations]]''. Travel Channel. February 23, 2009.</ref>
* [[James J. Braddock]] ("[[Cinderella Man]]"), boxer, lived on West 48th Street<ref>[[Manohla Dargis|Dargis, Manohla]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/03/movies/roll-the-fairy-tale-fade-to-the-fists.html "Roll the Fairy Tale, Fade to the Fists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922064607/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/03/movies/roll-the-fairy-tale-fade-to-the-fists.html |date=September 22, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 3, 2005. Accessed July 8, 2016. "On June 13, 1935, the boxer James J. Braddock fought the fight of a lifetime. Born in Hell's Kitchen when that New York neighborhood still warranted that rough-and-tumble epithet, the 30-year-old heavyweight was the son of immigrants whose bloodlines and hardscrabble woes traced back to Ireland."</ref>
* [[James Cagney]] (1899–1986), actor<ref>Eldridge, David. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uN2qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 ''American Culture in the 1930s''], p. 74. [[Edinburgh University Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|9780748629770}}. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Born in New York City's Hell's Kitchen, Cagney brought something 'fresh' to the movie, a machismo that was natural, uncontrolled and seemingly spontaneous (as when he spits beer into someone's face), and imbued with a wise-guy wit."</ref>
* [[George Cain]] (1943–2010), author of ''Blueschild Baby''<ref>Grimes, William. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/arts/29cain.html "George Cain, Writer of ''Blueschild Baby'', Dies at 66"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702013024/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/arts/29cain.html |date=July 2, 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 29, 2010. Accessed October 31, 2010.</ref>
* [[Yvette Calderon]], Professor of Emergency Medicine<ref>Gilbey, Ryan. [https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/podcasts/road-resilience/shot-arm" A Shot in the Arm"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024120059/https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/podcasts/road-resilience/shot-arm |date=October 24, 2022 }}, ''[[Mount Sinair]]'', March 2, 2021. Accessed October 25, 2022. "A Shot in the Arm."</ref>
* [[Lorenzo Carcaterra]] (born 1954), author, born and raised in Hell's Kitchen, which is featured in his autobiographical story "A Safe Place" as well as the novel and later film ''[[Sleepers (film)|Sleepers]]''<ref>Lambert, Bruce. [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/15/nyregion/neighborhood-report-point-counterpoint-a-church-vs-sleepers.html "Neighborhood Report: Point-Counterpoint; A Church vs. ''Sleepers''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003722/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/15/nyregion/neighborhood-report-point-counterpoint-a-church-vs-sleepers.html |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 15, 1995. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Sacred Heart of Jesus Church and its elementary school on West 51st Street are focal elements in the current best seller ''Sleepers,'' which the author, Lorenzo Carcaterra, presents as a true story drawn from his Hell's Kitchen boyhood."</ref>
* [[Vanessa Carlton]] (born 1980), singer-songwriter<ref>Staff. [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/second-cup-cafe-vanessa-carlton-15-11-2007/ "Second Cup Cafe: Vanessa Carlton"], ''[[CBS News]]'', November 17, 2007. Accessed August 10, 2009. "A few years ago, this three-time Grammy nominee was living in New York's Hell's Kitchen and working as a waitress in Lower Manhattan between performances at open mic nights in the city's clubs."</ref>
* [[Paul Cavonis]] (born 1937), actor<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRQbAQAAIAAJ&q=%22paul+cavonis%22+%22born%22+%22hell%27s+kitchen%22 |title=Television Guest Stars: An Illustrated Career Chronicle for 678 Performers of the Sixties and Seventies |first=Jack |last=Ward |date=April 26, 1993 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=9780899508078 |via=Google Books |access-date=April 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195653/https://books.google.com/books?id=GRQbAQAAIAAJ&q=%22paul+cavonis%22+%22born%22+%22hell%27s+kitchen%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Timothée Chalamet]] (born 1995), actor, born and raised in Hell's Kitchen<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/184066/prodigal-son-playwright-john-patrick-shanley-star-timothee-chalamet-on-the-pain-poetry-pride-of-revisiting-15/ |title=Prodigal Son Playwright John Patrick Shanley & Star Timothee Chalamet on the Pain, Poetry & Pride of Revisiting 15 |work=[[Broadway.com]] |first=Kathy |last=Henderson |date=March 7, 2016 |access-date=August 21, 2017 |archive-date=August 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822012725/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/184066/prodigal-son-playwright-john-patrick-shanley-star-timothee-chalamet-on-the-pain-poetry-pride-of-revisiting-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Richard Christy]] (born 1974), comedian, radio personality, and musician<ref>Krawitz, Alan. [http://www.qchron.com/qboro/stories/richard-christy-queens-quirky-caller/article_0359a6e0-4529-53df-b667-5f68318e0a71.html "Richard Christy: Queens' quirky caller"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127181046/http://www.qchron.com/qboro/stories/richard-christy-queens-quirky-caller/article_0359a6e0-4529-53df-b667-5f68318e0a71.html |date=January 27, 2018 }}, ''[[Queens Chronicle]]'', January 21, 2010. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Formerly a resident of Hell's Kitchen, Christy moved to LIC in 2008 and says he's been pleasantly surprised."</ref>
* [[James Coonan]] (born 1946), mobster<ref>[[James Traub|Traub, James]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/05/magazine/the-lord-s-of-hell-s-kitchen.html?pagewanted=all "The Lords of Hell's Kitchen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002710/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/05/magazine/the-lord-s-of-hell-s-kitchen.html?pagewanted=all |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 5, 1987. Accessed July 9, 2016.</ref>
* [[Marlon Craft]] (born 1993), rapper<ref>Marantz, Andrew. [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/08/05/marlon-crafts-halal-cart-listening-party "Marlon Craft's Halal-Craft Listening Party"], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', July 29, 2019. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Marlon Craft, who is twenty-six, lives with his parents and his sister in Manhattan Plaza, the Section 8 apartment complex in Hell’s Kitchen."</ref>
* [[Larry David]] (born 1947), actor, producer of ''[[Seinfeld]]'' and ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]''<ref name=Kramer>McShane, Larry. [http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/people/149555,CST-NWS-kramer26.article "The real Kramer says actor no racist: But Richards is 'paranoid,' 'very wound-up'"]{{dead link|date=November 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', November 26, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "The real Kramer lived for 10 years in a Hell's Kitchen apartment across the hall from ''Seinfeld'' co-creator Larry David, and his life became the framework for Richards' quirky, bumbling Seinfeld sidekick."</ref>
* [[Marcelo Gomes (dancer)|Marcelo Gomes]] (born 1979), Brazilian ballet dancer<ref>Kaufman, Joanne. [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/realestate/marcelo-gomes-the-dancer-at-home-in-hells-kitchen.html "Marcelo Gomes, the Dancer at Home in Hell's Kitchen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915080535/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/realestate/marcelo-gomes-the-dancer-at-home-in-hells-kitchen.html |date=September 15, 2015 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 11, 2014. Accessed July 4, 2016. "Not long after Marcelo Gomes moved with his dachshund, Lua, into a subcompact (475 square feet) condo in Hell's Kitchen two and a half years ago, he gave a housewarming party."</ref>
* [[Tom Gorman (umpire)|Tom Gorman]] (1919–1986), [[Major League Baseball]] umpire<ref>[[Ira Berkow|Berkow, Ira]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/17/sports/sports-of-the-times-tom-gorman-s-final-call.html "Sports of the Times; Tom Gorman's Final Call"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002540/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/17/sports/sports-of-the-times-tom-gorman-s-final-call.html |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 17, 1986. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Yesterday, in a cemetery in Paramus, N.J., Thomas David Gorman, born in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, was laid to rest."</ref>
* [[Charlton Heston]], (1923-2008), Academy Award Winning Actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton Heston |url=http://www.hollywoodsgoldenage.com/actors/charlton-heston.html |access-date=2021-03-23 |website=www.hollywoodsgoldenage.com |archive-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025015352/http://www.hollywoodsgoldenage.com/actors/charlton-heston.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Alicia Keys]] (born 1981), singer and pianist<ref>Mervis, Scott. [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08108/873962-42.stm "Music Preview: Through her first several records, Alicia Keys has a golden touch"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529050433/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08108/873962-42.stm |date=May 29, 2010 }}, ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'', April 17, 2008. Accessed August 10, 2009. "Keys, a classically trained pianist raised in Hell's Kitchen by her Italian-Scottish mother, spent a few years after she dropped out of Columbia University trying to launch her pop career with songs on soundtracks."</ref>
* [[Mako Komuro]] and Kei, former [[Japanese Imperial family]] and her husband<ref>[https://nypost.com/2021/11/15/japans-former-princess-mako-arrives-at-nyc-apartment/ "Princess Mako, new husband move into one-bedroom in Hell's Kitchen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124053328/https://nypost.com/2021/11/15/japans-former-princess-mako-arrives-at-nyc-apartment/ |date=November 24, 2021 }} by Emily Crane, ''[[New York Post]]'', November 15, 2021</ref>
* [[Kenny Kramer]] (born 1943), comedian, lived in a Hell's Kitchen apartment across the hall from [[Larry David]] and became the inspiration for the [[Cosmo Kramer]] character on ''[[Seinfeld]]''.<ref name=Kramer/>
* [[Stanley Kramer]] (1913–2001), film director and producer<ref>Lyman, Rick. [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/21/movies/stanley-kramer-filmmaker-with-social-bent-dies-at-87.html?pagewanted=all "Stanley Kramer, Filmmaker With Social Bent, Dies at 87"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003715/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/21/movies/stanley-kramer-filmmaker-with-social-bent-dies-at-87.html?pagewanted=all |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 21, 2001. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Stanley Earl Kramer was born in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, the only child of a divorced mother who worked as a secretary for Paramount."</ref>
* [[Hasan Minhaj]] (born 1985) comedian, writer, and political commentator<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/realestate/a-daily-show-correspondent-adjusts-to-life-new-york.html "A ''Daily Show'' Correspondent Adjusts to Life in New York"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923154701/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/realestate/a-daily-show-correspondent-adjusts-to-life-new-york.html |date=September 23, 2018 }} by Joanne Kaufman, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 16, 2016</ref>
* [[Robert Mitchum]] (1917–1997),  actor<ref>Gene Freese (2019). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Western_Films_of_Robert_Mitchum/nEK9DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22robert+mitchum%22+%22hell%27s+kitchen%22&pg=PA10&printsec=frontcover ''The Western Films of Robert Mitchum; Hollywood's Cowboy Rebel'']</ref>
* [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] (1927–2003), politician, sociologist, and diplomat<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/opinion/the-city-life-recalling-a-complicated-man.html |title=The City Life; Recalling a Complicated Man |first=Francis X. |last=Clines |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 15, 2004 |access-date=April 6, 2018 |archive-date=April 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054254/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/opinion/the-city-life-recalling-a-complicated-man.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Brian Mullen]] (born 1962), NHL hockey player<ref name=Mullen>Allen, Kevin. [https://archive.today/20130104133550/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55900749.html?dids=55900749:55900749&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+07,+1989&author=Kevin+Allen&pub=USA+TODAY+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Mullen+brothers+come+long+way+from+Hell's+Kitchen&pqatl=google "Mullen brothers come long way from Hell's Kitchen"], ''[[USA Today]]'', February 7, 1989. Accessed August 11, 2009.</ref>
* [[Joe Mullen]] (born 1957), NHL hockey player<ref name=Mullen />
* [[Joakim Noah]] (born 1985), NBA basketball player<ref>Kussoy, Howie. [https://nypost.com/2016/10/28/thrives-in-madness-joakim-noahs-nyc-homecoming/ "You can't understand Joakim Noah until you know where he came from"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030234501/http://nypost.com/2016/10/28/thrives-in-madness-joakim-noahs-nyc-homecoming/ |date=October 30, 2017 }}, ''[[New York Post]]'', October 28, 2016. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A life set up to be overshadowed started in Manhattan, but Noah grew up in one of Paris' wealthiest suburbs, splitting time between his divorced parents. When he was 12, he moved to New York, living with his mother – who had moved to New York as a teenager – and younger sister, Yelena, near the corner of 51st Street and 10th Avenue. In Hell's Kitchen, he was no longer the child of France's favorite son."</ref>
* [[Trevor Noah]] (born 1984), comedian & actor<ref>Staff. [http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/trevor-noah-new-york-city-penthouse "Trevor Noah Bought a $10 Million New York City Penthouse; The comedian upgraded to the best apartment in his building"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304113655/http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/trevor-noah-new-york-city-penthouse |date=March 4, 2017 }}, ''[[Architectural Digest]]'', March 1, 2017. Accessed March 3, 2017. "After taking the helm of ''The Daily Show'', Trevor Noah's hard work has clearly paid off. The comedian just purchased a $10 million penthouse apartment in the same building where he's been renting for the past six months, reports StreetEasy. The duplex is located in Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen, which is conveniently close to where ''The Daily Show'' films."</ref>
* [[Paul O'Neill (producer)|Paul O'Neill]] (1956–2017), producer and founder of [[Trans-Siberian Orchestra]]<ref>Mervis, Scott. [http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2015/12/24/Music-Preview-Trans-Siberian-Orchestra-tour-leans-on-old-special-and-new-album/stories/201512240019 "Music Preview: Trans-Siberian Orchestra tour leans on old special and new album"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304035648/http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2015/12/24/Music-Preview-Trans-Siberian-Orchestra-tour-leans-on-old-special-and-new-album/stories/201512240019 |date=March 4, 2017 }}, ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'', December 24, 2015. Accessed March 3, 2017. {{"'}}I've always been fascinated by night', Mr. O'Neill says. 'Night is where the fringes of society can feel safe. At one point of my life I used to live in Hell's Kitchen, when I was younger, and at night you would see the winos, the schizophrenics, the drug addicts.{{'"}}</ref>
* [[Jerry Orbach]] (1935–2004), actor. Kept an apartment on Eighth Avenue between 53rd and 54th Streets<ref>[[Ben Brantley|Brantley, Ben]]; Severo, Richard. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E1DA1739F933A05751C1A9629C8B63 "Jerry Orbach, Stage and TV Actor, Is Dead at 69"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701022129/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E1DA1739F933A05751C1A9629C8B63 |date=July 1, 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 30, 2004. Accessed August 11, 2009.</ref>
* [[Tony Orlando]] (born 1944), singer<ref>Van Matre, Lynn. [http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/07/02/page/33/article/tony-orlando-fame-dawns-the-second-time-around "Tony Orlando: Fame dawns the second time around"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034335/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/07/02/page/33/article/tony-orlando-fame-dawns-the-second-time-around/ |date=March 5, 2017 }}, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', July 2, 1975. Accessed March 3, 2017. "Raised in Manhattan's tough 'Hells' Kitchen' area (most of the people he grew up with, Orlando says, 'are either dead or in jail'), Tony attended high school only one week before dropping out."</ref>
* [[Ilka Tanya Payán]] (1943–1996), actress and AIDS activist<ref>Mason, Kiki. [https://www.poz.com/article/The-Lady-Is-a-Champ-1843-4155 "The Lady Is a Champ; Actress/Lawyer/Activist Ilka Tanya Payán fights for the glamorous life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304041040/https://www.poz.com/article/The-Lady-Is-a-Champ-1843-4155 |date=March 4, 2017 }} ''[[POZ (magazine)]]'', August 1, 1995. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A homecare worker with a ring through her nose greets me at the door to Ilka Tanya Payán's high-rise apartment in Manhattan's West Fifties."</ref>
* [[Josh Peck]] (born 1986), actor, was born and raised in Hell's Kitchen<ref>via [[Associated Press]]. [http://www.today.com/popculture/josh-peck-leaves-drake-josh-behind-wbna25575638 "Josh Peck leaves ''Drake & Josh'' behind"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304035550/http://www.today.com/popculture/josh-peck-leaves-drake-josh-behind-wbna25575638 |date=March 4, 2017 }}, ''[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]'', July 7, 2008. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A shy, overweight kid growing up in New York's Hell's Kitchen, Peck says he got into standup comedy as young as he did simply because it was the only thing he was good at."</ref>
* [[Mario Puzo]] (1920–1999), author of ''[[The Godfather (novel)|The Godfather]]''<ref>Homberger, Eric. [https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/jul/05/guardianobituaries "Mario Puzo: The author of the Godfather, the book the Mafia loved"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20210623224958/https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/jul/05/guardianobituaries |date=June 23, 2021 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', July 5, 1999. Accessed August 10, 2009. "Born the son of illiterate Neapolitan immigrants, and one of 12 children, Puzo grew up in Hell's Kitchen on the west side of Manhattan."</ref><ref>[[Mel Gussow|Gussow, Mel]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/03/movies/mario-puzo-author-who-made-the-godfather-a-world-addiction-is-dead-at-78.html "Mario Puzo, Author Who Made 'The Godfather' a World Addiction, Is Dead at 78"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20210623225604/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/03/movies/mario-puzo-author-who-made-the-godfather-a-world-addiction-is-dead-at-78.html |date=June 23, 2021 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 3, 1999. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Mario Puzo was born in Hell's Kitchen on the west side of Manhattan. His parents were poor Italian-American immigrants from Naples (not, like the Corleones, from Sicily)."</ref>
* [[George Raft]] (1901–1980), actor<ref>via ''[[Associated Press]]'', [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hdQVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GBIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=george-raft%20hell's-kitchen&pg=4923%2C4855479 "'Tough guy' George raft dies of emphysema at 85"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403085611/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hdQVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GBIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=george-raft%20hell%27s-kitchen&pg=4923%2C4855479 |date=April 3, 2016 }}, ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|The Milwaukee Sentinel]]'', November 25, 1980. Accessed August 10, 2009. "After growing up in New York's tough Hell's Kitchen area, Raft was a boxer, electrician and baseball player before landing a job as a dancer in nightclubs in the 1920s."</ref>
* [[John Reed (novelist)|John Reed]] (born 1969), author<ref>[http://www.penparentis.org/portfolio/john-reed/ John Reed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195653/https://www.penparentis.org/portfolio/john-reed/ |date=April 8, 2023 }}, Pen Parentis, October 5, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2017. "I live with my wife and two young children in Hell's Kitchen."</ref>
* [[Mickey Rourke]] (born 1953), actor<ref>Frankel, Bruce. [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/56194355.html?dids=56194355:56194355&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+17%2C+1992&author=Bruce+Frankel&pub=USA+TODAY+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Rourke+sits+in+on+trial+of+pal+Gotti&pqatl=google "Rourke sits in on trial of pal Gotti"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021215450/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/56194355.html?dids=56194355:56194355&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+17,+1992&author=Bruce+Frankel&pub=USA+TODAY+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Rourke+sits+in+on+trial+of+pal+Gotti&pqatl=google |date=October 21, 2012 }}, ''[[USA Today]]'', March 17, 1992. Accessed August 10, 2009. "The bad-boy actor, who grew up in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, spent the morning in court on a 'family' – the Gotti family – pass, following transcripts of conversations between Gotti, Salvatore 'Sammy Bull' Gravano and others."</ref>
*[[Richie Scheinblum]] (1942–2021),  Major League Baseball player<ref>Hillel Kuttler (August 22, 2016). [https://jewishbaseballmuseum.com/spotlight-story/qa-richie-scheinblum-star-royals-lessons-playing-ted-williams/ "Q/A with Richie Scheinblum: All-Star with Royals; lessons from playing for Ted Williams,"] Jewish Baseball Museum.</ref> 
* [[Max Schneider]] (born 1992), singer-songwriter and actor<ref>[https://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/max-hells-kitchen-angel "MAX"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413180939/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/max-hells-kitchen-angel |date=April 13, 2016 }}, ''Interview Magazine'', April 10, 2016.</ref>
* [[Kevin Spacey]] (born 1959), actor<ref>{{YouTube|9PEz8PQ5YPE|Guest Kevin Spacey}}, ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]'', May 2, 2014</ref>
* [[Vincent Speranza]] (1925–2023), WW2 veteran and hero of the [[siege of Bastogne]], born and raised in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofsandiego.com/military/2022/09/24/you-could-see-forever-wwii-veterans-parachute-to-coronado-during-force-con/ | title='You Could See Forever': WWII Veteran Parachutes to Coronado During Force-Con | date=September 25, 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Mickey Spillane (mobster)|Mickey Spillane]] (1933–1977), mobster<ref>[[James Traub|Traub, James]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/05/magazine/the-lord-s-of-hell-s-kitchen.html?pagewanted=all "The Lord's of Hell's Kitchen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002710/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/05/magazine/the-lord-s-of-hell-s-kitchen.html?pagewanted=all |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 5, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2017. "By the Mid-1970s, Control over Hell's Kitchen crime had passed to the mythically named Michael (Mickey) Spillane. A bookmaker, loan shark and murderer, Spillane was one of the last of the old-fashioned gangsters, handing out turkeys at Thanksgiving and paying visits to the elderly."</ref>
* [[Sylvester Stallone]] (born 1946), actor who was born and raised in the area<ref>Gilbey, Ryan. [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/feb/24/sylvester-stallone-profile-creed-rocky " Sylvester Stallone: the wacky people's champ who battled his own ego; Leading the race for best supporting actor Oscar for his comeback in Creed, this self-made star's creative fortunes have been inseparably bound to his most famous creation, Rocky Balboa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195719/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/feb/24/sylvester-stallone-profile-creed-rocky |date=April 8, 2023 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', February 24, 2016. Accessed March 3, 2017. "He was born in Hell's Kitchen, New York City, to an astrologer mother and a father whom Stallone claimed ate raw sparrows and rabbit entrails."</ref>
* [[Lisa Velez]] (born 1966), singer of Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam<ref>Hunt, Denis. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-05-ca-2229-story.html "Lisa Lisa Is Cookin' In Hell's Kitchen"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', July 5, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2017. "To hear Lisa Velez talk, you'd think New York City's infamous Hell's Kitchen—a dangerous, drug-infested slum—was paradise.... Usually kids grow up in Hell's Kitchen with one thought: escaping as soon as they are able. But Velez, the youngest of 10 children, had a different goal. She wanted to be a singer."</ref>
* [[Bruce Willis]] (born 1955), actor, lived at West 49th Street and Tenth Avenue as a struggling actor<ref>[[Kenneth Turan|Turan, Kenneth]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/01/movies/motion-pictures-bruce-willis-looks-for-the-man-within-the-icon.html?pagewanted=all "Motion Pictures; Bruce Willis Looks for the Man Within the Icon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195659/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/01/movies/motion-pictures-bruce-willis-looks-for-the-man-within-the-icon.html?pagewanted=all |date=April 8, 2023 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 1, 1990. Accessed August 15, 2017. "Somewhere in Hell's Kitchen, hard by West 49th Street and 10th Avenue in Manhattan, there is an apartment with Bruce Willis's name on it. A railroad flat where, for $175 a month, he bivouacked as one of New York's small army of aspiring actors, it still remains, and not by accident, in the man's family."</ref>
* [[Andrew Yang]] (born 1975), businessman, attorney, lobbyist, 2020 Democratic Party presidential and 2021 New York City Democratic mayoral candidate<ref>{{cite web|last=Balk|first=Tim|date=March 30, 2021|title=Mayoral candidate Andrew Yang says woman attacked in Hell's Kitchen 'could easily have been my mother'|website=[[New York Daily News]] |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/nyc-elections-2021/ny-nyc-mayoral-candidate-andrew-yang-anti-asian-attacks-20210330-cwtbrt3aanffvcsrhgr762mewm-story.html|access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref>{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://hknc.nyc/ Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Coalition]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041214092307/http://www.hknanyc.org/hood.html Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association]
*[https://www.hkscnyc.org/ Hell's Kitchen South Coalition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610044414/https://www.hkscnyc.org/ |date=June 10, 2020 }}
*[http://nymag.com/realestate/articles/neighborhoods/hellskitchen.htm ''New York'' magazine neighborhood profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909234247/http://nymag.com/realestate/articles/neighborhoods/hellskitchen.htm |date=September 9, 2017 }}
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/17/arts/17hell.html "Turf of Gangs and Gangsters"] by [[John Strausbaugh]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 17, 2007
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190503061239/http://hellskitchen.bz/ Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Business and Services Directory]

{{Manhattan|state=collapsed}}
{{Hudson Yards}}
{{Portal bar|New York City}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic enclaves in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Gay villages in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Irish-American culture in New York City]]
[[Category:Irish-American neighborhoods]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Manhattan]]