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{{short description|1922 silent film by F. W. Murnau}}
{{Redirect|Nosferatu the Vampire |the 1979 film|Nosferatu the Vampyre|the 2024 film| Nosferatu (2024 film)|other uses|Nosferatu (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror
| image          = Nosferatu poster (Albin Grau, 1922) 1.jpg
| alt            = 
| caption        = German magazine ad
| director       = [[F. W. Murnau]]<ref name="BrentonFilm">{{cite web|url=https://www.brentonfilm.com/articles/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide|title=Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide|website=Brenton Film|date=18 November 2015 }}</ref>
| producer       = {{plainlist|
* Enrico Dieckmann
* [[Albin Grau]]
}}
| screenplay     = [[Henrik Galeen]]
| based_on       = {{based on|''[[Dracula]]''|[[Bram Stoker]]}}
| starring       = {{plainlist|
* [[Max Schreck]]
* [[Gustav von Wangenheim]]
* [[Greta Schröder]]
* [[Alexander Granach]]
}}
| music          = [[Hans Erdmann]] (1922 premiere)<ref name=BrentonFilm/>
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* [[Fritz Arno Wagner]]
* [[Günther Krampf]] (uncredited)
}}
| studio         = Prana Film
| distributor    = Film Arts Guild
| released       = {{film date|df=yes|1922|3|4|Germany}}<ref name="BrentonFilm 1920s Screenings">{{cite web |url=https://www.brentonfilm.com/articles/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide-part-2 |title=''Nosferatu'': History and Home Video Guide, Part 2: 1920s Screenings |website=Brenton Film |date=30 November 2016 }}</ref>
| runtime        = 63–94 minutes, depending on version and transfer speed<ref name=BrentonFilm/>
| country        = [[Weimar Republic]]
| language       = {{plainlist|
* [[Silent film]]
* German [[intertitles]]
}}
}}
'''''Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror''''' ({{langx|de|Nosferatu – Eine Symphonie des Grauens}}) is a 1922 [[silent film|silent]] [[German Expressionism (cinema)|German Expressionist]] [[vampire film]] directed by [[F. W. Murnau]] from a screenplay by [[Henrik Galeen]]. It stars [[Max Schreck]] as [[Count Orlok]], a [[vampire]] who preys on the wife ([[Greta Schröder]]) of his [[estate agent]] ([[Gustav von Wangenheim]]) and brings the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] to their town.

''Nosferatu'' was produced by Prana Film and is an unauthorized adaptation of [[Bram Stoker]]'s 1897 novel ''[[Dracula]]''. Various names and other details were changed from the novel, including [[Count Dracula]] being renamed [[Count Orlok]]. Although those changes are often represented as a defense against [[copyright infringement]] accusations,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/04/05/all-copies-of-the-cult-classic-nosferatu-were-ordered-to-be-destroyed-after-bram-stokers-widow-had-sued-the-makers-of-the-film-for-copyright-infringement/ |title=All copies of the cult classic ''Nosferatu'' were ordered to be destroyed |date=5 April 2017 }}</ref> the original German [[intertitles]] acknowledged ''Dracula'' as the source. Film historian David Kalat states in his commentary track that since the film was "a low-budget film made by Germans for German audiences... setting it in Germany with German-named characters makes the story more tangible and immediate for German-speaking viewers".<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |title=Nosferatu |last=Kalat |first=David |type=Blu-ray audio commentary to the film |publisher=Eureka Entertainment |year=2013 }}</ref>

Even with several details altered, [[Florence Balcombe|Stoker's widow]] sued over the adaptation's copyright violation, and a court ruling ordered all copies of the film to be [[lost film|destroyed]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keatley |first=Avery |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Try as she might, Bram Stoker's widow couldn't kill 'Nosferatu' |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/15/1086605684/try-as-she-might-bram-stokers-widow-couldnt-kill-nosferatu |website=NPR |access-date=January 5, 2025}}</ref> However, several prints of ''Nosferatu'' survived,<ref name=BrentonFilm/> and the film came to be regarded as an influential masterpiece of cinema and the horror genre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=21 |title=The 100 Best Films of World Cinema |access-date=2 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.film.com/movies/whats-the-big-deal-nosferatu-1922#fbid=cLMo8e-acRk |title=What's the Big Deal?: ''Nosferatu'' (1922) (archived October 13, 2011) |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013085354/http://www.film.com/movies/whats-the-big-deal-nosferatu-1922#fbid=cLMo8e-acRk |archive-date=13 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Critic and historian [[Kim Newman]] declared it as a film that set the template for the genre of horror film.{{sfn|Marriott|Newman|2018|p=20}}

==Plot==
<!-- keep between 400 to 700 words per MOS:FILMPLOT. -->
[[File:Nosferatu (1922).webm|thumb|thumbtime=0|''Nosferatu'' (1922)]]
In 1838, in the fictional [[German Confederation|German]] town of Wisburg,<ref name=BrentonFilm/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Klinowski|first1=Jacek|last2=Garbicz|first2=Adam|title=Feature Cinema in the 20th Century: Volume One: 1913–1950: a Comprehensive Guide|date=2012|publisher=Planet RGB Limited|page=1920|isbn=9781624075643|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpp93FevM2cC&pg=PA1920-IA11|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> [[Thomas Hutter]] is sent to [[Transylvania]] by his employer, the eccentric estate agent Herr Knock, to visit a new client, [[Count Orlok]], who is planning on buying a house across from Hutter's own residence. As Hutter studies the route on a map, Knock secretly studies a mysterious correspondence in [[Mysticism|cabalistic]] symbols. While embarking on his journey, Hutter stops at an inn in which the locals are terrified by the mere mention of Orlok's name. In his room, he finds a book about [[vampire]]s, which he initially scoffs at but puts in his baggage.

After his carriage refuses to take him further than the entrance to the mountain pass, Hutter travels on foot until after sunset, when he is met on the road by a coach and rides to Orlok's castle in the [[Carpathian Mountains]], where he is welcomed by Orlok himself. While Hutter is eating supper, he accidentally cuts his thumb; Orlok tries to suck the blood out, but his repulsed guest pulls his hand away. Hutter wakes up the next morning to find fresh punctures on his neck, which he attributes to mosquitoes. That night, Orlok signs the documents to purchase the house and notices on the table a miniature portrait of Hutter's wife, Ellen, an image that the young man carries with him in a small circular frame. Admiring the portrait, the count remarks that she has a "lovely neck." 
[[File:Max Schreck as Count Orlok in Nosferatu – Eine Symphonie des Grauens (1922).jpg|thumb|[[Max Schreck]] as [[Count Orlok]] in ''Nosferatu – Eine Symphonie des Grauens'' (1922)]]
Reading the book that he took from the inn, Hutter begins to suspect that Orlok is indeed a vampire. With no way to bar the door to his bedroom, Hutter desperately tries to hide as midnight approaches. Suddenly, the door begins to slowly open by itself and, as Orlok enters, a terrified Hutter hides under the bedcovers and falls unconscious. Meanwhile, back in Wisburg, Ellen arises from her own bed and [[Sleepwalking|sleepwalks]] to the railing of her bedroom's balcony. She starts walking on top of the railing, which gets the attention of Thomas' friend Harding in the adjacent room. When the doctor arrives, Ellen envisions Orlok in his castle threatening her unconscious husband and shouts Hutter's name, which somehow Orlok is able to hear, causing him to withdraw.

On the next day, Hutter explores the castle. In a vault, he finds the coffin in which Orlok is resting dormant in the crypt and flees back to his room. Hours later, as Hutter watches, Orlok piles up coffins on a coach and climbs into the last one before the coach departs. Hutter manages to escape from the castle, injuring himself in the process, and after a period of recovery, he rushes home. Orlok's coffins are taken aboard a [[schooner]], which the sailors open only to discover rats. All of the crewmen later die, and Orlok takes control of the vessel. Not long after Hutter returns home, the ship arrives in Wisburg; Orlok leaves unobserved, carrying one of his coffins, and moves into the house that he purchased.

Many deaths in the town follow Orlok's arrival, which the local doctors attribute to an unspecified [[Plague (disease)|plague]] caused by the rats from the ship. Knock, who has gone completely insane, is confined to a mental asylum, but escapes after strangling one of the wardens. Against Hutter's wishes, Ellen reads the book that he found on his journey; it claims that a vampire can be destroyed if a pure-hearted woman distracts the vampire from the approaching dawn with her beauty and by offering him her blood of her own free will; Ellen decides to sacrifice herself to stop Orlok. Knock, whom the villagers blame for the plague, is eventually re-captured and returned to the asylum. Ellen opens her window to invite Orlok in and pretends to fall ill so that she can send Hutter to fetch Professor Bulwer, a physician. After he leaves, Orlok enters and drinks her blood, but the sun rises and its rays cause Orlok to vanish in a puff of smoke, which Knock in his asylum cell senses and is shattered by. Ellen lives just long enough to be embraced by her grief-stricken husband.

The film's final image is that of Orlok's castle, destroyed.

==Cast==
[[File:Schreck.jpg|thumb|right|[[Max Schreck]] in a promotional still for the film]]
* [[Max Schreck]] as [[Count Orlok]], a Transylvanian noble and vampire. In the public domain version, he is referred to as [[Count Dracula]].
* [[Gustav von Wangenheim]] as [[Thomas Hutter]], a young estate agent. In the public domain version, he is referred to as [[Jonathan Harker|Jonathon Harker]].<!-- The public domain version spells the character's name as "Jonathon", not "Jonathan". -->
* [[Greta Schröder]] as Ellen, Hutter's wife. In the public domain version, she is referred to as [[Mina Harker|Nina]].<!-- The public domain version spells the character's name as "Nina", not "Mina". -->
* [[Georg H. Schnell]] as Harding, a wealthy shipowner and Hutter's friend. In the public domain version, he is referred to as [[Arthur Holmwood|Westenra]].
* [[Ruth Landshoff]] as Ruth, Harding's sister. In the public domain version, she is referred to as [[Lucy Westenra|Lucy]] and said to be his wife.
* [[Gustav Botz]] as Professor Sievers, Wisburg's doctor. In the public domain version, he is referred to as the [[John Seward|town doctor]].
* [[Alexander Granach]] as Knock, an estate broker and Hutter's employer. In the public domain version, he is referred to as [[Renfield]].
* [[John Gottowt]] as Professor Bulwer, a physician. In the public domain version, he is referred to as [[Abraham Van Helsing|Dr. Van Helsing]].
* [[Max Nemetz]] as the ''Empusa'' captain. In the public domain version, he is referred to as the captain of the ''Demeter''.
* [[Wolfgang Heinz (actor)|Wolfgang Heinz]] as the ''Empusa'' first mate
* {{ill|Albert Venohr|de}} as the ''Empusa'' sailor

Making uncredited appearances are [[Karl Etlinger]] as one of Bulwer's students, {{ill|Hardy von Francois|de}} as a doctor at a mental hospital, [[Guido Herzfeld]] as an innkeeper, and [[Fanny Schreck]] as a hospital nurse.

==Themes==
===The Other===
''Nosferatu'' has been noted for its themes regarding fear of [[Other (philosophy)|the Other]], as well as for possible [[antisemitic]] undertones,<ref name=BrentonFilm /> both of which may have been partially derived from the [[Bram Stoker]] novel ''[[Dracula]]'', upon which the film was based.<ref name="Giesen 109">[[#Giesen|Giesen 2019 page 109]]</ref> The physical appearance of Count Orlok, with his [[aquiline nose|hooked nose]], long claw-like fingernails, and large bald head, has been compared to [[Stereotypes of Jews|stereotypical caricatures of Jewish people]] from the time in which ''Nosferatu'' was produced.<ref name="Giesen 108">[[#Giesen|Giesen 2019 page 108]]</ref> His features have also been compared to those of a rat or a mouse, the former of which Jews were often equated with.<ref name="Giesen 108–109">[[#Giesen|Giesen 2019 pages 108–109]]</ref><ref name="Magistrale 25–26">[[#Magistrale|Magistrale 2005 page 25–26]]</ref> Orlok's interest in acquiring property in the German town of Wisburg, a shift in locale from the Stoker novel's [[London]], has also been analyzed as preying on the fears and anxieties of the German public at the time.<ref name="Magistrale 25">[[#Magistrale|Magistrale 2005 page 25]]</ref> Professor [[Tony Magistrale]] wrote that the film's depiction of an "invasion of the [[Weimar Republic|German homeland]] by an outside force [...] poses disquieting parallels to the anti-Semitic atmosphere festering in [[Northern Europe]] in 1922."<ref name="Magistrale 25" />

When the foreign Orlok arrives in Wisburg by ship, he brings with him a swarm of rats which, in a deviation from the source novel, spread the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] throughout the town.<ref name="Magistrale 25–26" /><ref name="Joslin 15">[[#Joslin|Joslin 2017 page 15]]</ref> This plot element further associates Orlok with rodents and the idea of the "Jew as disease-causing agent".<ref name="Giesen 108" /><ref name="Magistrale 25–26" /> It is also notable that Orlok's accomplice in conspiracy Knock is a Jewish realtor, who acts as the vampire's [[fifth column]] in the [[Biedermeier]] town of Wisburg.<ref>''Golem, Caligari, Nosferatu – A Chronicle of German Film Fantasy'' (2022) by Rolf Giesen</ref>

There were other views – writer [[Kevin Jackson (writer)|Kevin Jackson]] has noted that director [[F. W. Murnau]] "was friendly with and protective of a number of Jewish men and women" throughout his life, including Jewish actor [[Alexander Granach]], who plays Knock in ''Nosferatu''.<ref name="Jackson 20">[[#Jackson|Jackson 2013 page 20]]</ref> Additionally, Magistrale wrote that Murnau, being a [[Gay men|homosexual]], would have been "presumably more sensitive to the persecution of a subgroup inside the larger German society".<ref name="Magistrale 25–26" /> As such, it has been said that perceived associations between Orlok and antisemitic stereotypes are unlikely to have been conscious decisions on the part of Murnau.<ref name="Magistrale 25–26" /><ref name="Jackson 20" />

===Occultism===
[[File:Nosferatu (1922) Knock-Orlok contract.jpg|thumb|A contract between Orlok and Knock]]
Murnau and Grau gave Orlok in the film a demonic lineage and an occult origin: Orlok is the creation of [[Belial]], one of the Satanic [[archdemon]]s. Belial in [[Psalm 41|Psalm]] 41:8–10 is also associated with pestilence, with Orlok in film being a manifestation of contagion, rats pouring out of his coffins onto the streets of Wisburg, spreading [[Plague (disease)|Black Death]]. Orlok's link to Belial is also significant because Belial is "one of the demons traditionally summoned by [[Goetic]] magicians" – making Orlok someone who practiced [[Black magic|dark sorcery]] before becoming a vampire.<ref name="annwnjones">Annwn Jones, David (2023), ''Vampires on the Silent Screen: Cinema’s First Age of Vampires 1897–1922'', pp. 169, 184</ref>

Orlok and his servant Knock are communicating in occult language – the documents between Orlok and Knock are written in [[Enochian]], a constructed language said to be that of the angels, which was recorded in the private journals of English occultist [[John Dee]] and his colleague English [[Alchemy|alchemist]] [[Edward Kelley]] in late 16th-century [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] England.<ref name="annwnjones"/><ref name="Movie Magick 2018 p. 52">''Movie Magick: The Occult in Film'' (2018) by David Huckvale, p. 52</ref>

The character of Professor Bulwer in the film is named in reference to English occult novelist [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]].<ref name="Movie Magick 2018 p. 52"/> The idea of astral entities, arising from the dark thoughts of human beings, responsible for epidemics that call for blood sacrifices in order to prevent them, is also closely linked to that of the alchemist [[Paracelsus]], whose figure is partly embodied in the film in the character of Professor Bulwer (who is mentioned in the film to be [[Paracelsianism|Paracelsian]] himself). This is made concrete in the film in the plague epidemic that spreads through the town of Wisburg, which cannot be remedied by scientific methods, but by the blood sacrifice of a woman, thus destroying forever the dark being responsible for this catastrophic situation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elhype.com/en/nosferatu-esotericism-and-terror/ |title='Nosferatu': A Century of Esotericism and Terror |date=30 October 2022 }}</ref>

===World War I===
The idea for making this vampire film saw its genesis in the war-time experience of producer Albin Grau. Grau served in the German army during [[World War I]] on the [[Serbian campaign|Serbian front]]. While in Serbia, Grau encountered a local farmer who told him of his father, who the farmer believed had become an undead vampire. F. W. Murnau, director of the film, also saw considerable action in World War I – not only as a company commander in the trenches of the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]], but also later in the air after he transferred to the [[Luftstreitkräfte|German air service]]. He survived at least eight crashes. [[Max Schreck]] who portrayed Count Orlok also served in the trenches with the German army. Little is known of his war-time experience, but there are some signs he may have dealt with some form of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]. Colleagues commented that he preferred to keep to himself. He was known to take long walks in the forest alone, oftentimes disappearing for hours at a time. He once stated that he lived in "a remote and incorporeal world". Thus it is considered that the turmoil of 1920s Germany and the war-time experiences of those who produced the film left their marks on the production of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alexanderandsonsrestorations.com/vampires-great-war/ |title=Of Vampires and the Great War |date=30 October 2014 |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212104436/https://alexanderandsonsrestorations.com/vampires-great-war/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As [[Lotte H. Eisner|Lotte Eisner]], a dedicated occultist, wrote: "Mysticism and magic, the dark forces to which Germans have always been more than willing to commit themselves, had flourished in the face of death on the battlefields" – these forces were intrinsic to the shaping of cinema's first vampires. Albin Grau himself also linked the war and vampires: "this monstrous [[World War I|event]] that is unleashed across the earth like a cosmic vampire to drink the blood of millions and millions of men". Belial as well is the link between war and contagion, as Orlok is linked directly to the Black Death and many critics have linked ''Nosferatu''{{'}}s disease-bearing rodents to the transmissible sickness associated with [[trench warfare]] in which rats flourished. As noted by [[Ernest Jones]] in his psychoanalytic study of nightmares, vampire legends proliferate in periods of mass contagion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vampires on the Silent Screen: Cinema's First Age of Vampires 1897–1922 |date=2023 |author=David Annwn Jones |pages=169, 183 }}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:Prana-Film 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Prana Film logo]]

The studio behind ''Nosferatu'', Prana Film, was a short-lived [[Silent film|silent]]-era German [[film studio]] founded in 1921 by Enrico Dieckmann and occultist artist [[Albin Grau]],<ref name=BrentonFilm/> named after a [[Theosophy|Theosophical]] journal which was itself named for the [[Hindu]] concept of {{lang|sa-Latn|[[prana]]}} (life force).<ref name=":0" /> Although the studio's intent was to produce [[occult]]- and [[supernatural]]-themed films, ''Nosferatu'' was its only production,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Elsaesser|first=Thomas|title=Six Degrees Of Nosferatu|journal=Sight and Sound|date=February 2001|url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/92|access-date=31 May 2013|issn=0037-4806|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210223826/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/92|archive-date=10 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> as it declared [[bankruptcy]] shortly after the film's release.

{{multiple image
 | align = right
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 | image1 = Nosferatu poster (Albin Grau, 1922) 3.jpg
 | image2 = Nosferatu poster (Albin Grau, 1922) 2.png
 | footer = Original promotional art by [[Albin Grau]]
}}
Grau claimed he was inspired to shoot a vampire film by a war experience: in Grau's [[apocrypha]]l tale, during the winter of 1916, a [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbian]] farmer told him that his father was a vampire and one of the [[Undeath|undead]].<ref>{{citation |first=Christiane |last=Mückenberger |editor1-first=Günther |editor1-last=Dahlke |editor2-first=Günter |editor2-last=Karl |chapter=Nosferatu |title=Deutsche Spielfilme von den Anfängen bis 1933 |publisher=Henschel Verlag |location=Berlin |date=1993 |isbn=3-89487-009-5 |page=71 |language=de}}</ref> As a lifelong student of the occult and member of {{lang|la|[[Fraternitas Saturni]]}}, under the magical name of Master Pacitius, Grau was able to imbue Nosferatu with [[Hermeticism|hermetic]] and mystical undertones. One example in particular was the cryptic contract that Count Orlok and Knock exchanged, which was filled in [[Enochian]], hermetic and [[Alchemy|alchemical]] symbols. Grau was also a strong influence on Orlok's verminous and emaciated look<ref>Tobias Churton. ''The Beast in Berlin: Art, Sex and Magick in the Weimar Republic''. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions,2014, p. 68</ref> and he also designed the film's sets, costumes, make-up and the letter with the Enochian symbols. He also was responsible for film's advertising campaign, creating movie posters and advertisements. Grau's visual style was also deeply influenced by work of the artist Hugo Steiner-Prag who had illustrated other texts with esoteric subjects, such as [[Gustav Meyrink]]’s ''[[The Golem (Meyrink novel)|Golem]]'' and [[E. T. A. Hoffmann]]’s {{lang|de|[[The Devil's Elixirs|Die Elixiere des Teufels]]}} (1907).<ref name="Silent Screen 2023 p.184">''Vampires on the Silent Screen: Cinema’s First Age of Vampires 1897–1922'' (2023) by David Annwn Jones, p. 184</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J0710-0303-004, Wismar, Heiliggeistkirche.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Hutter's departure from Wisburg was filmed in the yard of {{Ill|Heiligen-Geist-Kirche, Wismar|lt=Heiligen-Geist-Kirche|de|Heiligen-Geist-Kirche (Wismar)}} in [[Wismar]]. (1970 photograph)]]

Diekmann and Grau gave [[Henrik Galeen]], a disciple of [[Hanns Heinz Ewers]], the task to write a screenplay inspired by the ''Dracula'' novel, although Prana Film had not obtained the [[film rights]]. Galeen was an experienced specialist in [[dark romanticism]]; he had already worked on ''[[The Student of Prague (1913 film)|The Student of Prague]]'' (1913), and the screenplay for ''[[The Golem: How He Came into the World]]'' (1920). Galeen set the story in the fictional north German harbour town of Wisburg. He changed the characters' names and added the idea of the vampire bringing the plague to Wisburg via rats on the ship. Galeen's [[German Expressionism (cinema)|Expressionist style]] screenplay was poetically rhythmic, without being so dismembered as other books influenced by [[expressionism in literature|literary Expressionism]], such as those by [[Carl Mayer]]. [[Lotte Eisner]] described Galeen's screenplay as "{{lang|de|voll Poesie, voll Rhythmus}}" ("full of poetry, full of rhythm").<ref name="Eisner67-27">[[#Eisner67|Eisner 1967 page 27]]</ref><!-- to add: Dieckmann and Grau get director Murnau; Grau does art direction, sets and costume; music by Hans Erdmann; lead the unknown Max Schreck; other cast from actors schooled by Max Reinhardt ... -->

[[File:HL Damals – Johannes Maass – Salzspeicher.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|The {{lang|de|[[Salzspeicher]]|italic=no}} in [[Lübeck]] served as the set for Orlok's manor in Wisburg.]]

Actor [[Conrad Veidt]] was offered the role of Count Orlok, having previously worked with Murnau, but had to decline for scheduling reasons. In the search for an alternative the choice finally fell on the then-still-unknown actor [[Max Schreck]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Conrad Veidt, Demon of the Silver Screen: His Life and Works in Context |date=2023 |author=Sabine Schwientek |page=63 }}</ref>

Filming began in July 1921, with exterior [[shot (filmmaking)|shot]]s in [[Wismar]]. A [[take]] from {{lang|de|Marienkirche|italic=no}}'s tower over Wismar marketplace with the {{ill|Wasserkunst Wismar|de}} served as the [[establishing shot]] for the Wisburg scene. Other locations were the {{ill|Wismar Wassertor|de|Wassertor (Wismar)|lt=Wassertor}}, the {{lang|de|Heiligen-Geist-Kirche|italic=no}} yard and the harbour. In [[Lübeck]], the abandoned {{lang|de|[[Salzspeicher]]|italic=no}} served as Nosferatu's new Wisburg manor, the churchyard of the {{lang|de|[[Aegidienkirche (Lübeck)|Aegidienkirche]]|italic=no}} served as Hutter's, and down the {{lang|de|Depenau|italic=no}} a procession of coffin bearers bore [[coffin]]s of supposed plague victims. Many scenes of Lübeck appear in the hunt for Knock, who ordered Hutter in the ''Yard of {{lang|de|Füchting|italic=unset}}'' to meet Count Orlok. Further exterior shots followed in [[Lauenburg/Elbe|Lauenburg]], [[Rostock]] and on [[Sylt]]. The exteriors of the film set in [[Transylvania]] were actually shot on location in northern [[Slovakia]], including the [[High Tatras]], [[Vrátna dolina]], [[Orava Castle]], the [[Váh]] River, and {{interlanguage link|Starý Castle|sk|Starý hrad (hrad)}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/sstopics/movieclips/slovakianosferatulocations.html |title=Nosferatu (1922) Slovak Locations |last=Votruba |first=Martin |work=Slovak Studies Program |publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> The team filmed interior shots at the [[Johannisthal Studios|JOFA studio]] in Berlin's [[Johannisthal (Berlin)|Johannisthal]] locality and further exteriors in the [[Tegel]] Forest.<ref name=BrentonFilm />

{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | total_width = 300
 | image1 = Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - Wassertor (Zeno Ansichtskarten).jpg
 | image2 = Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - Marktplatz (Zeno Ansichtskarten).jpg
 | footer = The {{ill|Wismar Wassertor|de|Wassertor (Wismar)}} (left, 1907) and the {{ill|Wasserkunst Wismar|de|lt=Wismar Wasserkunst}} (right, {{Circa|1909}})
}}
[[File:Starhrad.jpg|thumb|Starý hrad castle ruins as Orlok's destroyed castle at the end of the film]]
For cost reasons, cameraman [[Fritz Arno Wagner]] only had one camera available, and therefore there was only one original negative.<ref>[[#Prinzler|Prinzler page 222]]: Luciano Berriatúa and Camille Blot in section: {{lang|de|Zur Überlieferung der Filme}}. Then it was usual to use at least two cameras in parallel to maximize the number of copies for distribution. One negative would serve for local use and another for foreign distribution.</ref> The director followed Galeen's screenplay carefully, following handwritten instructions on camera positioning, lighting, and related matters.<ref name="Eisner67-27"/> Nevertheless, Murnau completely rewrote 12 pages of the script, as Galeen's text was missing from the director's working script. This concerned the last scene of the film, in which Ellen sacrifices herself and the vampire dies in the first rays of the sun.<ref>[[#Eisner67|Eisner 1967 page 28]] Since vampires dying in daylight appears neither in Stoker's work nor in Galeen's script, this concept has been solely attributed to Murnau.</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Michael Koller |date=July 2000 |title=Nosferatu |url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/00/8/nosferatu.html |work=Issue 8, July–Aug 2000 |publisher=Senses of Cinema |access-date=23 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705132857/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/00/8/nosferatu.html |archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> Murnau prepared carefully; there were sketches that were to correspond exactly to each filmed scene, and he used a [[metronome]] to control the pace of the acting.<ref>[[#Grafe|Grafe page 117]]</ref> 

The films traveled to English speaking countries and film production companies who received the original German or translations of translations would have to splice in their own English intertitles. Decades later, there were multiple restoration projects to save the degrading footage. An example of the accumulating difficulties is summarized by Brent Reid of silent film website Brenton Film: 

{{blockquote|
The first decent quality, widely distributed copy of the MoMA (New York Museum of Modern Art) print came courtesy of German distributors Atlas Film in 1965. They legitimately acquired their own print directly from MoMA and as well as retaining its English intertitles, translated them yet again, back into both German and French. In case you’ve lost track, that means at minimum, they’d now gone from original German–Czech–German–French–English to German and French, with each step being a translation of the one before. Incroyable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Brent |title=Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide, Part 3 |url=https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide-part-3 |website=brentonfilm.com|date=7 June 2018 }}</ref>}} 

In the Inn scene, the title of the bedside book that Hutter briefly flips through in the German language film versions is "von Vampyren Erschröfflichten Geistern Zaubereien und Den Sieben Todsünden", which according to Google Translate is "of Vampires, Terrifying Spirits, Sorcery and the Seven Deadly Sins"... except it had trouble recognizing Erschröfflichten, and there appears to be no other online reference to the word. Review of some of the many film copies available online resulted in some of the variations listed below. 

Of Vampyres Gastlie Spirits, Bewitchments and the Seven Deadlie Sins

Of Vampires, Mounstrous Ghosts, Sorcery and the Seven Deadly Sins 

Of Vampyres, Terrible Phantoms, Magicke and The Seven Deadly Sins 

Of Vampires, Terrible Ghosts, Magic and The Seven Deadly Sins

Of Vampyres Terrible Phantoms and The Seven Deadly Sins 

Le Livre des Vampires (French for The Book of the Vampires)

The Book of the Vampires (for other English versions as well)

The opening intertitle provides a brief introduction as an excerpt from a book in the German version titled "Aufzeichnung über das große Sterben in Wisborg anno Domini 1838 von" that Google translates as, "Record of the Great Death in Wisborg anno Domini 1838 by". The title ends with the preposition "by" then the first page or chapter of the book is titled "Nosferatu" as if to also complete the cover title. The intro book English translation titles that were actually used included, 

A Chronicle of the Great Death in Wisborg anno Domini 1838 by

A Chronicle of the Great Plague in Wisborg Anno Domini 1838 

An Account of the Great Death in Wisborg anno Domini 1838

The next page, titled Nosferatu, associates the sound of the word with the call of the deathbird, death bird, or Bird of Death and writes of not saying the word aloud or, "haunting dreams will feed on your blood".  And then this entirely different version intro book title, 

From the diary of Johann Cavallius, able historian of his native city of Bremen 

And addressed here by Brent Reid: 

{{blockquote|
Nosferatu’s many versions and restorations are particularly notable for their plethora of distinct intertitles, which largely reflect the epistolic nature of Stoker’s novel. Now, throughout this series of articles, they’re all detailed and illustrated for the first time. To represent them, I’ve chosen perhaps the single most memorable one – and my favourite. It’s the first page of the unknown narrator’s journal, which appears just after the opening credits. Note that the corresponding intertitle from MoMA’s 1947 print, and the translations it spawned, uniquely conflate the first two original German titles, and he is identified as "Johann Cavallius".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Brent |title=Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide, Part 3 |url=https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide-part-3 |website=brentonfilm.com|date=7 June 2018 }}</ref>}}

The MoMA 1981 restoration used a good condition B&W French print. The French intertitles were the source of the diary author's name Johann Carvallius or Cavallius and also the changing of character names from the original German film to the Bram Stoker Dracula book character names.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Brent |title=Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide, Part 3 |url=https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide-part-3 |website=brentonfilm.com|date=7 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Brent |title=Nosferatu: Chronicles from the Vaults |url=https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-chronicles-from-the-vaults |website=Brenton Film|date=2 December 2016 }}</ref> 

==Music==
The original score was composed by [[Hans Erdmann]] and performed by an orchestra at the film's Berlin premiere. However, most of the score has been lost, and what remains is only a partial adapted suite.<ref name=BrentonFilm/> Thus, throughout the history of ''Nosferatu'' screenings, many composers and musicians have written or improvised their own soundtrack to accompany the film. For example, [[James Bernard (composer)|James Bernard]], composer of the soundtracks of many [[Hammer Film Productions|Hammer]] horror films in the late 1950s and 1960s, wrote a score for a reissue.<ref name=BrentonFilm/><ref>{{Cite journal |first=Randall D. |last=Larson |date=1996 |title=An Interview with James Bernard |journal=Soundtrack Magazine |volume=15 |issue=58 |url=http://www.runmovies.eu/?p=6789 |archive-date=14 January 2015 |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150114010054/http://www.runmovies.eu/?p=6789 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bernard's score was released in 1997 by Silva Screen Records. A version of Erdmann's original score reconstructed by musicologists and composers Gillian Anderson and James Kessler was released in 1995 by [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG Classics]], with multiple missing sequences composed anew, in an attempt to match Erdmann's style. An earlier reconstruction by German composer Berndt Heller has many additions of unrelated classical works.<ref name=BrentonFilm/> In 1998, [[Arrow Films]] released a version on VHS of the film scored by songs from doom metal band [[Type O Negative]], which also featured an introduction with actor [[David Carradine]]. In 2022, the New York Times wrote about Dutch composer [[Jozef van Wissem]]'s new score and record release for ''Nosferatu''. Beginning with a solo played on the lute, his performance incorporates electric guitar and distorted recordings of extinct birds, graduating from subtlety to gothic horror. "My soundtrack goes from silence to noise over the course of 90 minutes," he said, culminating in "dense, slow death metal."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/24/movies/nosferatu-100-robert-eggers-remake.html |title=100 Years of 'Nosferatu,' the Vampire Movie That Won't Die |date=2022-03-24|website=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=}}</ref> A new score for full orchestra and piano was commissioned by the Louisville Orchestra from its former composer-in-residence Sebastian Chang. It premiered, playing live with the film, in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sebastianchang.com/nosferatu-new-film-score-world-premiere/|title=Nosferatu – new film score world premiere - Sebastian Chang|date=16 September 2023|website=sebastianchang.com}}</ref>

==Release==
[[File:Zoologischer Garten Berlin - Marmorsaal im Zoo.jpg|thumb|''Nosferatu'' premiered at the ''{{lang|de|Marmorsaal}}'' in the [[Berlin Zoological Garden]]. (1900 postcard)]]Shortly before the premiere, an advertisement campaign was placed in issue #21 of the magazine ''{{lang|de|Bühne und Film}}'', with a summary, scene and work photographs, production reports, and essays, including a treatment on vampirism by [[Albin Grau]].<ref>[[#Eisner|Eisner page 60]]</ref> ''Nosferatu'' opened in the Netherlands on 16 February 1922 at the Hague Flora and Olympia cinemas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 16, 1922 |title=ADVERTENTIEN |pages=3 |work=[[Haagsche Courant]]}}</ref> ''Nosferatu'' premiered in Germany on 4 March 1922 in the ''Marmorsaal'' of the [[Berlin Zoological Garden]]. This was planned as a large society evening entitled ''{{lang|de|Das Fest des Nosferatu}}'' (Festival of Nosferatu), and guests were asked to arrive dressed in [[Biedermeier]] costume.<!-- a topic completely missing from the English wikipedia article --><!-- to add: prolog inspired by [[Goethe]]'s [[Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy#The Prologue in the Theatre|''{{lang|de|Vorspiel auf dem Theater}}'']] presented to musical accompaniment; Erdmann's "serenade" music and solo dancer from the state opera house; costume ball; prominent Berliners --> The German cinema premiere itself took place on 15 March 1922 at Berlin's {{lang|de|Primus-Palast}}.<ref name=BrentonFilm/>

The 1930s sound version ''Die zwölfte Stunde – Eine Nacht des Grauens'' (''The Twelfth Hour: A Night of Horror''), which is less commonly known, was a completely unauthorized and re-edited version of the film. It was released in [[Vienna, Austria]] on 16 May 1930 with sound-on-disc accompaniment and a recomposition of [[Hans Erdmann]]'s original score by Georg Fiebiger, a German production manager and composer of film music. It had an alternative ending lighter than the original and the characters were renamed again; Count Orlok's name was changed to Prince Wolkoff, Knock became Karsten, Hutter and Ellen became Kundberg and Margitta, and Annie was changed to Maria.<ref name=BrentonFilm/> This version, of which Murnau was unaware, contained many scenes filmed by Murnau but not previously released. It also contained additional footage not filmed by Murnau but by a cameraman, [[Günther Krampf]], under the direction of {{ill|Waldemar Roger|de}} (also known as Waldemar Ronger).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmportal.de/person/waldemar-ronger_3a62870302144e28b1c4503c95b7d46e|title=Waldemar Ronger|website=www.filmportal.de|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref> The name of director F. W. Murnau is no longer mentioned in the credits.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} This version, lasting approximately 80 minutes, was presented on 5 June 1981 at the [[Cinémathèque Française]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Brent |title=Nosferatu: Chronicles from the Vaults |url=https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-chronicles-from-the-vaults |website=brentonfilm.com |date=2 December 2016 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Nosferatu'' brought Murnau into the public eye, especially when his film ''Der brennende Acker'' (''[[The Burning Soil]]'') was released a few days later. The press reported extensively on ''Nosferatu'' and its premiere, with the movie receiving positive reviews. With these laudatory votes, however, there was also occasional criticism, with the ''Filmkurier'' of 6 March 1922 saying that the vampire appeared too corporeal and brightly lit to appear genuinely scary. Hans Wollenberg described the film in ''photo-Stage'' No. 11 of 11 March 1922 as a "sensation" and praised Murnau's nature shots as "mood-creating elements."<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Hans Helmut |editor-last=Prinzler |year=2003 |title=Murnau – Ein Melancholiker des Films |location=Berlin |publisher=Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek. Bertz |page=129 |isbn=3-929470-25-X}}</ref> In the ''Vossische Zeitung'' of 7 March 1922, ''Nosferatu'' was praised for its visual style.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nosferatu |url=http://www.filmhistoriker.de/films/nosferatu.htm |website=www.filmhistoriker.de |access-date=9 December 2018 |language=de |quote=Murnau, sein Bildlenker, stellt die Bildchen, sorglich durchgearbeitet, in sich abgeschlossen. Das Schloß des Entsetzens, das Haus des Nosferatu sind packende Leistungen. Ein Motiv-Museum. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007145641/http://www.filmhistoriker.de/films/nosferatu.htm |archive-date=7 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Nosferatu'' was also the first film to show a vampire dying from exposure to sunlight. Previous vampire novels such as ''Dracula'' had shown them being uncomfortable with sunlight, but not mortally susceptible.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scivally |first1=Bruce |title=Dracula FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Count from Transylvania |date=2015-09-01 |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |isbn=978-1-61713-636-8 |page=111 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:NosferatuShadow.jpg|thumb|right|An iconic shot of the shadow of Count Orlok ascending a staircase]]
The film has continued to receive overwhelmingly positive reviews. On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 97% based on 72 reviews, with an average rating of 9.05/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "One of the silent era's most influential masterpieces, ''Nosferatu''{{'}}s eerie, gothic feel – and a chilling performance from Max Schreck as the vampire – set the template for the horror films that followed."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nosferatu/|title=Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror (Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens) (Nosferatu the Vampire) (1922)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> In 1995, the [[Holy See|Vatican]] included ''Nosferatu'' on a [[Vatican's list of films|list of 45 important films]] that people should watch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://decentfilms.com/articles/vaticanfilmlist|title=The Vatican Film List|website=Decent Films|publisher=SDQ reviews|access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> It was ranked twenty-first in ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 100 Best Films of World Cinema: 21 Nosferatu |url=https://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=21 |work=Empire}}</ref>

In 1997, critic [[Roger Ebert]] added ''Nosferatu'' to his list of ''[[The Great Movies]]'', writing:

{{blockquote|
Here is the story of Dracula before it was buried alive in clichés, jokes, TV skits, cartoons and more than 30 other films. The film is in awe of its material. It seems to really believe in vampires. ...Is Murnau's ''Nosferatu'' scary in the modern sense? Not for me. I admire it more for its artistry and ideas, its atmosphere and images, than for its ability to manipulate my emotions like a skillful modern horror film. It knows none of the later tricks of the trade, like [[Jump scare|sudden threats that pop in from the side of the screen]]. But ''Nosferatu'' remains effective: It doesn't scare us, but it haunts us.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|title=Nosferatu Movie Review & Film Summary (1922)|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-nosferatu-1922|date=28 September 1997|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref>}}

==Home media and copyright status==
[[File:Nosferatu (1922, English titles 1947).webm|thumb|right|''Nosferatu'' scoreless [[public domain]] version from 1947 with English intertitles, using the original character names from Bram Stoker's novel (the vampire is named Count Dracula as well as Nosferatu in this version)]]''Nosferatu'' only entered the [[public domain]] worldwide by the end of 2019. Despite this, the film had already been subject to widespread circulation via a sped-up, unrestored black and white [[Bootleg recording|bootleg]] copy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Brent |date=2018-06-07 |title=Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide, Part 3 |url=https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide-part-3 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Brenton Film |language=en-GB}}</ref> Beginning in 1981, the film has had various different official restorations, several of which have been issued on home video in the U.S., Europe and Australia. These versions, which are all [[Film tinting|tinted]], speed-corrected and have specially recorded scores, are separately copyrighted with respect to new copyrightable elements.<ref name="BrentonFilm" /> The most recent restoration, completed in 2005/2006, has been released on DVD and Blu-ray throughout the world, and features a reconstruction of Hans Erdmann's original score by Berndt Heller.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Brent |date=2018-06-07 |title=Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide, Part 6 |url=https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide-part-6 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Brenton Film |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Remakes==
In 1977, Spanish amateur filmmaker José Ernesto Díaz Noriega added humorous and iconoclastic dialogues to the film. His adaptation or [[détournement]], titled ''Manuscrito encontrato en Zarazwela or Nos fera tu la pugnete'', was based on a S8 mm print of the English version. "Observing the curious coincidence of the fiction that is related in the film with history",<ref>Cuesta, Xoán; Folgar; Xosé Mª (1983, abril-maio-xuño). "José Ernesto Díaz Noriega, cineasta". ''Grial'', Tomo XXI. Vigo: Galaxia, p. 152.</ref> Díaz Noriega adapted ''Nosferatu''<nowiki/>'s plot to the years of the [[Spanish transition to democracy]]: Prime Minister [[Carlos Arias Navarro|Arias Navarro]] becomes Draculas Navarro and [[Juan Carlos I|Juan Carlos de Borbón]] becomes Jonathan Carolus (prince of Franconia). The original Transylvania becomes Galitzia and the Pazo de Meirás becomes the vampire's castle. All Murnau's characters find equivalence in the political actors of the Spanish transition to democracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Piñuel |first=Enrique |date=March 23, 2019 |title=Los vampiros de la transición |url=https://www.elsaltodiario.com/cine/vampiros-transicion-jose-ernesto-diaz-noriega-nosferatu |website=El Salto}}</ref>

''[[Nosferatu the Vampyre]]'', a 1979 remake of the film was directed and written by [[Werner Herzog]] and starred [[Klaus Kinski]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/Nosferatu-the-Vampyr-v127854|title=Nosferatu the Vampyre|last=Erickson|first=Hal|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717093933/http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/Nosferatu-the-Vampyr-v127854|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|work=Allrovi|access-date=6 September 2011}}</ref> Although based on the 1922 film, the characters' names are faithful to Bram Stoker novel.

A [[Nosferatu (2023 film)|remake]] by director David Lee Fisher, starring [[Doug Jones (actor)|Doug Jones]] as Count Orlok, premiered in November 2023 at the Emagine Theater in [[Novi, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.candgnews.com/news/nosferatu-remake-premieres-in-novi-4013|title='Nosferatu' remake premieres in Novi|date=17 November 2023|work=C&G Newspaper|access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> The film uses green screen to insert colorized backgrounds from the original film atop live-action, a process Fisher previously used for his remake ''[[The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (2005 film)|The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/doug-jones-nosferatu-remake-1201753137/|title=Doug Jones to Star in 'Nosferatu' Remake|date=13 April 2016|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="BrentonFilm" /> It was later released on [[video on demand]] via [[Amazon Prime Video]] in September 2024 and on streaming though [[Apple TV+]] on 18 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3833987/nosferatu-a-symphony-of-horror-starring-doug-jones-as-count-orlok-releasing-this-month/|title='Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror' Starring Doug Jones as Count Orlok Releasing This Month|first=John|last=Squires|website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|date=October 2, 2024|access-date=October 4, 2024}}</ref>

In July 2015, [[Nosferatu (2024 film)|a remake]] was announced with [[Robert Eggers]] writing and directing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=Studio 8 Sets ''Nosferatu'' Remake; ''The Witch''{{'}}s Robert Eggers to Write & Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2015/07/nosferatu-the-witch-robert-eggers-studio-8-1201486438/|date=28 July 2015|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> It was reported in September 2022 that Eggers' remake would be distributed by [[Focus Features]], with [[Bill Skarsgård]] set to star as Orlok and [[Lily-Rose Depp]] as Ellen Hutter. [[Willem Dafoe]], [[Nicholas Hoult]], and [[Emma Corrin]] also appear.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=September 30, 2022|url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/bill-skarsgard-lily-rose-depp-robert-eggers-nosferatu-focus-1235131507/|title=Bill Skarsgard & Lily-Rose Depp To Star In 'Nosferatu', Robert Eggers' Follow-Up To 'Northman' For Focus|publisher=[[Deadline (website)|Deadline]]|accessdate=October 1, 2022}}</ref> The film wrapped [[principal photography]] on 19 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Squires |first=John |date=2023-05-30 |title=Filming on the Robert Eggers 'Nosferatu' Remake Has Reportedly Wrapped in Prague |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3764003/filming-on-the-robert-eggers-nosferatu-remake-has-reportedly-wrapped-in-prague/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Bloody Disgusting! |language=en-US}}</ref> The film's first teaser trailer was released on 24 June 2024, and the film itself later released on 25 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vito |first=Jo |date=2024-06-24 |title=Robert Eggers Offers First Look at Nosferatu in New Teaser Trailer: Watch |url=https://consequence.net/2024/06/bill-skarsgard-nosferatu-trailer-watch/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3BXDp1PBdxadzu1CKKPgELyZVxByb3YDm7nV-KxPzizfQxtBfZ97HkKFA_aem_CcX0LXLs5fLUGg3_dv9hxg |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Consequence |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|1920s|Germany}}
* [[List of cult films]]
* [[List of German films of 1919–1932]]
* [[Gothic film]]
* [[List of films considered the best]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last=Brill |first=Olaf |title=Film Nosferatu, Eine Symphonie des Grauens (GER 1922) |url=http://www.filmhistoriker.de/films/nosferatu.htm |language=de |access-date=11 June 2009 |ref=filmhistoriker.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819140316/http://www.filmhistoriker.de/films/nosferatu.htm |archive-date=19 August 2009 |url-status=dead}} (1921-1922 reports and reviews)
* {{cite book |last=Eisner |first=Lotte H. |year=1967 |title=Murnau. Der Klassiker des deutschen Films |language=de |location=Velber/Hannover |publisher=Friedrich Verlag |ref=Eisner67}}
* {{cite book |last=Eisner |first=Lotte H. |editor1-last=Hoffmann |editor1-first=Hilmar |editor-link=Hilmar Hoffmann |editor2-first=Walter |editor2-last=Schobert |year=1980 |title=Die dämonische Leinwand |language=de |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=3-596-23660-6 |ref=Eisner80}}
* {{cite book |last=Giesen |first=Rolf |year=2019 |title=The Nosferatu Story: The Seminal Horror Film, Its Predecessors and Its Enduring Legacy |language=en |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |isbn=978-1476672984 |ref=Giesen}}
* {{cite book |last=Grafe |first=Frieda |editor-last=Patalas |editor-first=Enno |editor-link=Enno Patalas |year=2003 |title=Licht aus Berlin: Lang/Lubitsch/Murnau |language=de |location=Berlin |publisher=Verlag Brinkmann & Bose |isbn=978-3922660811 |ref=Grafe}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Jackson (writer) |year=2013 |title=Nosferatu eine Symphonie des Grauens |language=en |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |isbn=978-1844576500 |ref=Jackson}}
* {{cite book |last=Joslin |first=Lyndon W. |year=2017 |title=Count Dracula Goes to the Movies: Stoker's Novel Adapted |language=en |edition=3rd |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |isbn=978-1476669878 |ref=Joslin}}
* {{cite book |last=Magistrale |first=Tony |year=2005 |title=Abject Terrors: Surveying the Modern and Postmodern Horror Film |language=en |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-0820470566 |ref=Magistrale}}
* {{cite book|title=The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies|last1=Marriott|first1=James|last2=Newman|first2=Kim|author-link1=James Marriott (author)|author-link2=Kim Newman|year=2018|orig-year=1st pub. 2006|publisher=[[Carlton Publishing Group|Carlton Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-1-78739-139-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Meßlinger |first1=Karin |last2=Thomas |first2=Vera |editor-last=Prinzler |editor-first=Hans Helmut |year=2003 |title=Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau: ein Melancholiker des Films |language=de |location=Berlin |publisher=Bertz Verlag GbR |isbn=3-929470-25-X |ref=Prinzler}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0013442|Nosferatu}}
* {{rottentomatoes|nosferatu|Nosferatu}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=5893}}
* [https://www.brentonfilm.com/articles/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide ''Nosferatu'': History and Home Video Guide] at Brenton Film
* {{Internet Archive film|id=Nosferatu_DVD_quality/nosferatu-1of5.mpg}}
* [https://www.weimarcinema.org/page/nosferatu-dossier ''Nosferatu''] at [https://WeimarCinema.org WeimarCinema.org]

{{Nosferatu}}
{{Dracula}}
{{F. W. Murnau}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1922 films]]
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[[Category:Gothic horror films]]
[[Category:Films adapted into operas]]
[[Category:Films directed by F. W. Murnau]]
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[[Category:Films set in castles]]
[[Category:Films set in Europe]]
[[Category:Films set in Germany]]
[[Category:Films set in Transylvania]]
[[Category:Films set on ships]]
[[Category:Films shot at Johannisthal Studios]]
[[Category:Films shot in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Judaism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Nosferatu| ]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]
[[Category:Silent German adventure films]]
[[Category:Silent German horror films]]
[[Category:Surviving silent films]]
[[Category:1920s German films]]
[[Category:1920s German-language films]]
[[Category:Nosferatu films]]