View source for Brian Wilson

{{Short description|American musician (1942–2025)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image             = Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys in West Los Angeles 1990 photographed by Ithaka Darin Pappas.jpg
| caption           = Wilson in 1990
| alt               = 
| birth_name        = Brian Douglas Wilson
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1942|06|20}}
| birth_place       = [[Inglewood, California]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{death date and age|2025|06|11|1942|06|20}}
| death_place       = [[Beverly Hills, California]], U.S. 
| occupation        = {{hlist|Musician|singer|songwriter|record producer}}
| years_active      = 1961–2024
| spouse            = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Marilyn Rovell]]|December 7, 1964|1979|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Melinda Ledbetter]]|February 6, 1995|January 30, 2024|reason=died}}}}
| father            = [[Murry Wilson]]
| relatives         = {{Unbulleted list|[[Dennis Wilson]] (brother)|[[Carl Wilson]] (brother)|[[Mike Love]] (cousin)|[[Stan Love (basketball)|Stan Love]] (cousin)|[[Kevin Love]] (first cousin once removed)}}
| children          = {{hlist|[[Carnie Wilson|Carnie]]|[[Wendy Wilson|Wendy]]|5 adopted}}
| website           = {{URL|brianwilson.com}}
| signature         = Brian Wilson signature.svg
| module            = {{Infobox musical artist| embed=yes
| origin            = [[Hawthorne, California]], U.S.
| genre             = {{hlist|Rock|pop}}<!-- Do not add unsourced genres -->
| works             = {{hlist|[[Brian Wilson discography|Discography]]|[[List of songs recorded by Brian Wilson|songs]]}}
| instrument        = {{hlist|Vocals|keyboards|bass guitar}}
| label             = {{hlist|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Brother Records|Brother]]|[[Reprise Records|Reprise]]|[[Caribou Records|Caribou]]|[[Sony Music|CBS]]|[[Sire Records|Sire]]|[[Giant Records (Warner)|Giant]]|[[Nonesuch Records|Nonesuch]]|[[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]]}}
| current_member_of = 
| past_member_of    = {{hlist|
| [[The Beach Boys]]
| [[California Music]]
| [[Hale & the Hushabyes]]
| [[Kenny & the Cadets]]
| The Survivors
}}
}}
}}

'''Brian Douglas Wilson''' (June 20, 1942 – June 11, 2025) was an American musician, songwriter, singer and record producer who co-founded <!-- DO NOT CAPITALIZE --> [[the Beach Boys]]. Often [[Brian Wilson is a genius|called a genius]] for his novel approaches to pop composition and mastery of recording techniques, he is widely acknowledged as one of the most innovative and significant songwriters and composers of all time. His best-known work is distinguished for its high production values, complex [[harmonies]] and orchestrations, [[vocal harmony|vocal layering]], and introspective or ingenuous themes. He was also known for his versatile [[head voice]] and ''[[falsetto]]''.

Wilson's formative influences included [[George Gershwin]], [[the Four Freshmen]], [[Phil Spector]], and [[Burt Bacharach]]. In 1961, he began his professional career as a member of the Beach Boys, serving as the band's songwriter, producer, co-lead vocalist, [[bassist]], keyboardist, and ''de facto'' leader. After signing with [[Capitol Records]] in 1962, he became the first pop musician credited for writing, arranging, producing, and performing his own material. He also produced acts such as [[the Honeys]] and [[American Spring]]. By the mid-1960s he had written or co-written more than two dozen U.S. [[Top 40]] hits, including the number-ones "[[Surf City (song)|Surf City]]" (1963), "[[I Get Around]]" (1964), "[[Help Me, Rhonda]]" (1965), and "[[Good Vibrations]]" (1966). He is considered among the first [[Music auteur|music producer ''auteurs'']] and the first rock producers to [[Recording studio as an instrument|apply the studio as an instrument]].

Facing lifelong struggles with [[mental illness]], Wilson had a [[nervous breakdown]] in late 1964 and resigned from regular concert touring to focus on songwriting and production, leading to works such as the Beach Boys' ''[[Pet Sounds]]'' and his first credited solo release, "[[Caroline, No]]" (both 1966), as well as the unfinished album ''[[Smile (The Beach Boys album)|Smile]]''. By the late 1960s, his productivity and mental health had significantly declined, leading to periods marked by reclusion, overeating, and substance abuse. His first professional comeback yielded the almost solo effort ''[[The Beach Boys Love You]]'' (1977). In the 1980s, he formed a controversial creative and business partnership with his psychologist, [[Eugene Landy]], and relaunched his solo career with the album ''[[Brian Wilson (album)|Brian Wilson]]'' (1988). Wilson dissociated from Landy in 1991 and toured regularly from 1999 to 2022. He [[Brian Wilson Presents Smile|completed a version of ''Smile'' in 2004]], earning him his greatest acclaim as a solo artist.

Heralding popular music's [[Classificatory disputes about art|recognition as an art form]], Wilson's accomplishments as a producer helped initiate an era of unprecedented creative autonomy for label-signed acts. He is regarded as an important figure to many music genres and movements, including the [[California sound]], [[art pop]], [[psychedelic music|psychedelia]], [[chamber pop]], [[progressive music]], [[punk rock|punk]], [[outsider music|outsider]], and [[sunshine pop]]. Since the 1980s, his influence has extended to styles such as [[post-punk]], [[indie rock]], [[emo]], [[dream pop]], ''[[Shibuya-kei]]'', and [[chillwave]]. He received numerous industry awards, including two [[Grammy Awards]] and [[Kennedy Center Honors]], as well as nominations for a [[Golden Globe Award]] and [[Primetime Emmy Award]]. He was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 1988 and the [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]] in 2000. His life and career were dramatized in the 2014 biopic ''[[Love and Mercy (film)|Love and Mercy]]''. He died in 2025 of respiratory arrest.

==Early life and musical training==
Brian Douglas Wilson was born on June 20, 1942, at [[Centinela Hospital Medical Center]] in [[Inglewood, California]], the first child of Audree Neva (née Korthof) and [[Murry Wilson]], a machinist who later pursued songwriting part-time.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=27}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=40}} Wilson's two younger brothers, [[Dennis Wilson|Dennis]] and [[Carl Wilson|Carl]], were born in 1944 and 1946.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=10}} Shortly after Dennis's birth, the family moved from Inglewood to 3701 West 119th Street in nearby [[Hawthorne, California]].{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=14}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=10}} Wilson, along with his siblings, suffered psychological and sporadic physical maltreatment from their father.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=21}} His 2016 memoir characterizes his father as "violent" and "cruel"; however, it also suggests that certain narratives about the mistreatment had been overstated or unfounded.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|pp=136–137}}

{{Quote box
|align=right
|quote=I got so into [[The Four Freshmen]]. I could identify with [[Bob Flanigan (singer)|Bob Flanigan]]'s high voice. He taught me how to sing high. I worked for a year on The Four Freshmen with my hi-fi set. I eventually learned every song they did.
|source=—Brian Wilson, 1998{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=11}}
|width = 20%
}}
From an early age, Wilson exhibited an aptitude for [[playing by ear|learning by ear]].{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=2, 8}} His father remembered how, after hearing only a few verses of "[[The Army Goes Rolling Along|When the Caissons Go Rolling Along]]", the infant Wilson was able to reproduce its melody.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=11}}{{refn|group=nb|Some sources indicate the tune was the "[[Marine Corps Hymn]]".{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=2}}}} Murry was a driving force in cultivating his children's musical talents.{{sfn|Leaf|1978|pp=17–18}} Wilson undertook six weeks of accordion lessons, and by ages seven and eight, he performed choir solos at church.{{sfn|Leaf|1978|pp=15–17}}{{refn|group=nb|According to his mother, "The [accordion instructor] said, 'I don't think he's reading. He hears it just once and plays the whole thing perfectly.'"{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=2}}}} His choir director declared him to have [[perfect pitch]].{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=22}}{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=2}} Wilson owned an educational record titled ''The Instruments of the Orchestra''{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=xv}} and was a regular listener of [[KFWB]], his favorite radio station at the time.{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=19–20}} Carl introduced him to [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], and their uncle Charlie taught him [[boogie-woogie]] piano. Both brothers would frequently stay up listening to [[Johnny Otis]]'s [[KFRN|KFOX]] radio show, incorporating its R&B tracks into their musical lexicon.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=3–4}}{{refn|group=nb|Carl remarked that by the age of 10, his brother "could play great boogie-woogie piano!"{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=22}}{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=69}}}}

One of Wilson's first forays into songwriting, penned when he was nine, was a reinterpretation of the lyrics to [[Stephen Foster]]'s "[[Oh! Susannah]]".{{sfn|White|1996|p=88}}{{refn|group=nb|In his 1991 memoir, he recalls writing his first song for a fourth-grade school project concerning [[Paul Bunyan]].{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=4}} In a 2005 interview, he said that he began composing original music at age twelve, in 1955.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bartlett |first1=Thomas |title="I try to write songs and stuff" |url=https://www.salon.com/2005/06/22/wilson_15/ |website=Salon |date=June 22, 2005}}</ref>}} When he was 12, his family acquired an upright piano, and he began teaching himself to play piano by spending hours mastering his favorite songs.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=23}} He learned how to write manuscript music through a friend of his father.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=78}} Wilson sang with peers at school functions, as well as with family and friends at home, and guided his two brothers in learning harmony parts, which they would rehearse together. He also played piano obsessively after school, deconstructing the harmonies of [[the Four Freshmen]] by listening to short segments of their songs on a [[phonograph]], then working to recreate the blended sounds note by note on the keyboard.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=11}}

[[File:Brian Wilson 1960 yearbook.png|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Wilson's senior yearbook photo, June 1960{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=10}}]]

In high school, Wilson played [[quarterback]] for [[Hawthorne High School (Hawthorne, California)|Hawthorne High]]'s football team,{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=15}} played [[American Legion Baseball]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Michael Thomas Meggison |url=http://www.americanancestors.org/ancestry-beach-boys/ |title=#71 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources: The Immediate New England and Royal Ancestry of the Beach Boys |website=American Ancestors |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823011549/http://www.americanancestors.org/ancestry-beach-boys/ |archive-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2025}}, and ran cross-country in his senior year.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=15}} At 15, he briefly worked part-time sweeping at a jewelry store, his only paid employment before his success in music.{{sfn|White|1996|p=144}}{{refn|group=nb|His 2016 memoir says his "first real job" was at a lumberyard.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=139}}}} He also cleaned for his father's machining company, ABLE, on weekends.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=136}} He auditioned to sing for the Original Sound Record Company's inaugural record release, but was deemed too young.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=45}}

For his 16th birthday, Wilson received a portable two-track{{sfn|White|1996|p=98}} [[Wollensak]] tape recorder, allowing him to experiment with recording songs, group vocals, and rudimentary production techniques.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=22}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=14}} He involved his friends around the piano and would most frequently harmonize with those from his senior class in these recordings.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=23}} Fred Morgan, his high school music teacher, recalled his aptitude for learning [[Bach]] and [[Beethoven]] at 17.{{sfn|White|1996|p=1}} For his Senior Problems course in October 1959, he submitted an essay, "My Philosophy", in which he stated that his ambitions were to "make a name for myself [...] in music".{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=15}} 

One of Wilson's earliest public performances was at a fall arts program at his high school. He enlisted his cousin and frequent singing partner [[Mike Love]] and, to entice Carl into the group, named the newly formed membership "Carl and the Passions". They performed songs by [[Dion and the Belmonts]] and the Four Freshmen, impressing classmate and musician, [[Al Jardine]].{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=24}} 

In September 1960, Wilson enrolled as a psychology major at [[El Camino College]] in Los Angeles, also pursuing music.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=15}} Disappointed by his teachers' disdain for pop music, he withdrew from college after about 18 months.{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=27}} By his account, he crafted his first entirely original melody, "[[Surfer Girl (song)|Surfer Girl]]", in 1961, inspired by a Dion and the Belmonts rendition of "[[When You Wish Upon a Star]]". However, his close high school friends disputed his claim, recalling earlier original compositions.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=135}}

==Career==

===1961–1962: Formation of the Beach Boys===
{{Quote box
|align=
|quote=I wasn't aware those early songs defined California so well until much later in my career. I certainly didn't set out to do it. I wasn't into surfing at all. My brother Dennis gave me all the jargon I needed to write
the songs. He was the surfer and I was the songwriter.
|source=—Brian Wilson{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=240}}
|width = 25%
}}

The three Wilson brothers, Love, and Jardine debuted their first music group together, called "the Pendletones", in the autumn of 1961. At Dennis's suggestion, Brian and Love co-wrote the group's first song, "[[Surfin' (song)|Surfin{{'-}}]]".{{sfn|Murphy|2015|pp=84–86}} Murry became their manager.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|pp=84–90}} 

Produced by Hite and Dorinda Morgan on [[Candix Records]], "Surfin{{' "}} became a hit in Los Angeles and reached 75 on the national [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']] sales charts.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=30–31}} The group's name was changed by Candix Records to [[the Beach Boys]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=16–17}} Their major live debut was at the [[Ritchie Valens]] Memorial Dance on New Year's Eve, 1961. Just days earlier, Wilson had received an electric bass from his father and quickly learned to play, prompting Jardine to switch to rhythm guitar.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=19}} 

When Candix Records faced financial difficulties and sold the Beach Boys' master recordings to another label, Murry ended their contract. As "Surfin{{' "}} faded from the charts, Wilson collaborated with local musician [[Gary Usher]] to produce demo recordings for new tracks, including "[[409 (song)|409]]" and "[[Surfin' Safari (song)|Surfin' Safari]]". Capitol Records were persuaded to release the demos as a single, achieving a double-sided national hit.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=22–23}}

===1962–1963: Early productions and freelancing===
{{Quote box
|align=left
|quote=Brian Wilson ''is'' the Beach Boys. He is the band. We're his fucking messengers. He is all of it. Period. We're nothing. He's everything.
|source=—Dennis Wilson{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=316}}
|width = 25%
}}

In 1962, Wilson and the Beach Boys signed a seven-year contract with Capitol Records under producer [[Nick Venet]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=24, 28}}{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=206}} During sessions for their debut album, ''[[Surfin' Safari]]'', Wilson negotiated with Capitol to record the band outside the label's [[Capitol Studios|basement studios]], which he deemed ill-suited for his group.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=26}}{{refn|group=nb|Their rooms had been designed for large orchestras and ensembles of the 1950s, not small rock groups.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=26}}}} At Wilson's insistence, Capitol permitted the Beach Boys to fund their own external sessions while retaining all rights to the recordings.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=26}} He also secured production control over the album, though he was not credited for this role in the [[liner notes]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=26}}{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=300}}

Inspired by producer [[Phil Spector]], whose work with [[the Teddy Bears]] he admired, Wilson sought to emulate Spector's career path.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=43}}{{sfn|White|1996|pp=111, 172}} Wilson reflected, "I've always felt I was a behind-the-scenes man, rather than an entertainer."{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=286}} Collaborating with songwriter [[Gary Usher]], he composed numerous songs patterned after the Teddy Bears' style and produced records for local talent, though without commercial breakthrough.{{sfn|White|1996|pp=146, 161}} His first uncredited production outside the Beach Boys was Rachel and the Revolvers' "The Revo-Lution", co-written with Usher and released by [[Dot Records]] in September.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|pp=227–228}} Interference from Wilson's father eventually led to the dissolution of his partnership with Usher.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=20}}{{sfn|Murphy|2015|pp=215, 217–218, 254–255, 300}} By mid-1962, Wilson was writing with disc jockey [[Roger Christian (songwriter)|Roger Christian]],{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=24}} whom he met via Murry or Usher,{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=199}} and with guitarist [[Bob Norberg (songwriter)|Bob Norberg]], who later became his roommate.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|pp=216–218}} In October 1962, Safari Records—a short-lived label founded by Murry{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=243}}—released the single "[[The Surfer Moon]]" by [[Bob & Sheri (band)|Bob & Sheri]], the first record to credit Brian as producer.{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=26}}{{sfn|Murphy|2015|pp=228, 243}} The label's only other release was Bob & Sheri's "Humpty Dumpty",{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=27}} with both songs written by Wilson.{{sfn|White|1996|p=161}}

[[File:The WIlson Brothers 1962.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Wilson (top) with his brothers [[Carl Wilson|Carl]] (middle) and [[Dennis Wilson|Dennis]] (bottom) at a Beach Boys photoshoot, early 1963{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=271}}]]
From January to March 1963, Wilson produced the Beach Boys' second album, ''[[Surfin' U.S.A. (album)|Surfin' U.S.A.]]'', limiting his public appearances with the group to television gigs and local shows to prioritize studio work.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=32–34}} [[David Marks (musician)|David Marks]] substituted for him on vocals during other performances.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=34}} In March, Capitol released  "[[Surfin' U.S.A. (song)|Surfin' U.S.A.]]", the Beach Boys' first top-ten single.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=32}} The accompanying album peaked at number two on the ''Billboard'' charts by July, cementing the Beach Boys as a major commercial act.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=40}} Against Venet's wishes, Wilson collaborated with artists outside Capitol, including the [[Liberty Records]] duo [[Jan and Dean]].{{sfn|White|1996|p=172}} Wilson co-wrote "[[Surf City (song)|Surf City]]" with [[Jan Berry]], which topped U.S. charts in July 1963, his first composition to do so.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=34, 37, 39}} The song's success revitalized Jan and Dean's faltering career.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=322}} Capitol and Wilson's father disapproved of the collaboration; Murry demanded his son cease working with the duo, though they continued to appear on each other's recordings.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=34, 37, 39}}

Around this time, Wilson began producing [[the Honeys|the Rovell Sisters]], a girl group consisting of sisters [[Marilyn Wilson-Rutherford|Marilyn]] and Diane Rovell and their cousin Ginger Blake, whom he met at a Beach Boys concert the previous August.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=275}} Wilson pitched the group to Capitol as "the Honeys", a female counterpart to the Beach Boys. The company released several Honeys records as singles, though they sold poorly.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=98–99}} He grew close to the Rovell family and resided primarily at their home through 1963 and 1964.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=99, 119}} The group's fourth single "[[He's a Doll]]", released in April 1964,{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=52}} exemplified his attempts to become an entrepreneurial producer like Spector.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=149}}

Wilson was first officially credited as the Beach Boys' producer on their album ''[[Surfer Girl]]'', recorded in June and July 1963 and released that September.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=37–41}} This LP reached number seven on the national charts, with similarly successful singles.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=40–41}} He also produced the car-themed album ''[[Little Deuce Coupe]]'', released just three weeks after ''Surfer Girl''.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=39–42}} Still resistant to touring, Jardine was his live substitute. By late 1963, Marks' departure necessitated Wilson's return to the touring lineup.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=39–42}}{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=315}} By the end of the year, Wilson had written, arranged, or produced 42 songs for other acts.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=322}}{{refn|group=nb|This includes records by the Honeys, Jan and Dean, the Survivors, Sharon Marie, the Timers, the Castells ("[[I Do (The Castells song)|I Do]]"), Bob Norberg, Vickie Kocher, Gary Usher, Christian, [[Paul Petersen]] ("She Rides with Me"), and Larry Denton ("[[Endless Sleep]]").{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=322}} He also founded Brian Wilson Productions, a record production company with offices on Sunset Boulevard, and Ocean Music, a publishing entity for his work with artists outside the Beach Boys.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=318}}}}
===1964–1965: International success and withdrawal from touring===

[[File:Brian Wilson (1965) (cropped).png|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Wilson at a Beach Boys photoshoot, 1964]]

Throughout 1964, Wilson toured internationally with the Beach Boys while writing and producing their albums ''[[Shut Down Volume 2]]'' (March), ''[[All Summer Long (album)|All Summer Long]]'' (June), and ''[[The Beach Boys' Christmas Album]]'' (November).{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=46–72}} Following a particularly stressful Australasian tour in early 1964, the group dismissed Murry as their manager.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=51}} Murry maintained occasional contact with Wilson, offering unsolicited advice on the group's business decisions.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=113}}{{refn|group=nb|Brian also continued to solicit his father's opinions on musical matters.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=54}}}}

In February, [[Beatlemania]] swept the U.S., a development that deeply concerned Wilson, who felt the Beach Boys' supremacy had been threatened by the [[British Invasion]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=51–52}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=114}} Reflecting in 1966, he said, "[[The Beatles]] invasion shook me up a lot. [...] So we stepped on the gas a little bit."{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=52}} The Beach Boys' May 1964 single "[[I Get Around]]", their first U.S. number-one hit, is identified by scholar James Perone as representing both a successful response to the British Invasion and the beginning of an unofficial rivalry between Wilson and the Beatles, principally [[Paul McCartney]].{{sfn|Perone|2015|pp=42, 47}} The B-side, "[[Don't Worry Baby]]", was cited by Wilson in a 1970 interview as "Probably the best record we've done".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=273}} 

By late 1964, Wilson had faced mounting psychological strain from career pressures.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=63, 73–74}} He began distancing himself from the Beach Boys' surf-themed material, which had ceased following the ''All Summer Long'' track "[[Don't Back Down]]".{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=51}} During the group's first major European tour, a reporter asked how he had felt about originating the surfing sound, to which he responded by saying he had aimed to "produce a sound that teens dig, and that can be applied to any theme."{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=71}} Exhausted by his self-described "Mr Everything" role, he later expressed feeling mentally drained and unable to rest.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=74}} Adding to his concerns were the group's "business operations" and the quality of their records, which he believed suffered from this arrangement.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=77}}

[[File:The Beach Boys TV (cropped Brian).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Wilson performing "[[Dance, Dance, Dance (The Beach Boys song)|Dance, Dance, Dance]]" with the Beach Boys at [[NBC]] TV studio, December 18, 1964{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=75–77}}]]

On December 23, 1964, Wilson was to accompany his bandmates for a two-week U.S. tour, but during a flight from Los Angeles to Houston, he experienced a breakdown, sobbing uncontrollably due to stress over his recent marriage to Marilyn Rovell.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=75}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=127}} Jardine recalled, "None of us had ever witnessed something like that."{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=75}} Wilson played the show in Houston later that day, but was replaced by session musician [[Glen Campbell]] for the rest of the tour.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=75, 77}}{{refn|group=nb|This was the first time Wilson had skipped concert dates with the Beach Boys since 1963.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=77}} Although he continued to make sporadic appearances at gigs, the Houston show marked his last as a regular member of the touring group until 1976.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=75}}}} Wilson, speaking in 1966, described it as "the first of a series of three breakdowns".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=77}} When the group resumed recording their next album in January 1965, Wilson declared that he would be withdrawing from future tours.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=59}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=83}} Wilson attributed his decision partly to a "fucked up" jealousy of Spector and the Beatles.{{sfn|Love|2016|p=107}}{{refn|group=nb|Songwriters [[Barry Mann]] and [[Cynthia Weil]] recalled that Wilson had confided in them about considering retirement from the music industry, changing his mind after hearing Spector's latest hit record, "[[You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin']]."{{sfn|Jackson|2015|p=40}}<!--- Original source: <ref name="yl">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303343404577519042622092010 |title=The Song That Conquered Radio |work=The Wall Street Journal |first=Marc|last=Myers|date=July 12, 2012 }}</ref>---> In an interview from August 1966, Wilson states, "I never wanted to quit the music business. I just wanted to get off the road, which I did."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Moses |first1=Ann |title=? Time with Beach Boy Brian Wilson |url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/question-time-with-beach-boy-brian-wilson |magazine=[[NME]] |date=August 5, 1966 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Photographer Ed Roach said that Brian had felt overshadowed by the audience's enthusiastic response to his brother Dennis during live performances.{{sfn|Stebbins|2000|p=55}}}}

Campbell continued substituting for Wilson on tour until February 1965, after which Wilson produced Campbell's solo single, "[[Guess I'm Dumb]]", as a gesture of appreciation. [[Columbia Records]] staff producer [[Bruce Johnston]] was subsequently hired as Wilson's permanent touring replacement.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=83, 86, 89}}{{refn|group=nb|Wilson rejoined the live group for one-off occasions in February, March, July, and October 1965.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=84, 86, 102}}}}

===1965–1966: Artistic growth and ''Pet Sounds''===

With his bandmates frequently touring, Wilson grew socially distant from the Beach Boys.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=125, 147, 158}} By late 1964, he had relocated to an apartment at 7235 [[Hollywood Boulevard]], where he had begun cultivating a new social circle through music industry connections.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=119, 124}} Biographer [[Steven Gaines]] writes that this period marked Wilson's first independence from familial oversight, allowing friendships without "parental interference".{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=124}} Wilson befriended talent agent [[Loren Schwartz]], whom he met at a Hollywood studio.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=124}} Through Schwartz, Wilson engaged with literature on philosophy and world religions, sparking his interest in mystical topics.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=125}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=64–65}} Schwartz also introduced Wilson to [[marijuana]] and [[hashish]]; his habitual use of these substances, combined with his frequent visits to Schwartz's apartment, contributed to marital tensions with his wife Marilyn.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=125–126}} His first song composed under the influence of marijuana was "[[Please Let Me Wonder]]" (1965).{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|pp=88, 191}}

{{Quote box
|align=left
|quote= [In 1965] I had what I consider to be a very [[religious experience]]. I took [[LSD]], a full dose of LSD, and later, another time, I took a smaller dose. And I learned a lot of things, like patience, understanding. I can't teach you, or tell you what I learned from taking it.
|source=—Brian Wilson, 1966{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=136}}{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=33}}
|width = 25%
}}
Throughout 1965, Wilson's musical ambitions progressed significantly with the albums ''[[The Beach Boys Today!]]'' (March) and ''[[Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)]]'' (June).{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=59–61, 66–67}} Weeks after relocating to an apartment on [[West Hollywood]]'s Gardner Street with his wife early in the year, Wilson took [[LSD]] for the first time under Schwartz's supervision.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=133}} Wilson later said of the experience, "it just tore my head off. [...] You just come to grips with what you are, what you can do [and] can't do, and learn to face it."{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=77}} During the experience, he composed portions of the Beach Boys' single "[[California Girls]]".<ref name="Boucher2007">{{cite news |last=Boucher |first=Geoff |title='California Girls' The Beach Boys – 1965 |pages=F–4 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=August 12, 2007 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-socalsong12aug12-story.html |access-date=August 17, 2008}}</ref> He later described the session for the song's backing track, held on April 6, as his "favorite", and the opening orchestral section as "the greatest piece of music that I've ever written".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=89}} However, he attributed persistent [[paranoia]] later that year to his LSD use.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=48}}
[[File:From The Hills (246346499).jpeg|thumb|A view of Los Angeles from [[Beverly Hills]], where Wilson took residence in late 1965]]

After unsuccessful efforts to distance Wilson from Schwartz, Marilyn temporarily separated from him.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=89}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=134–135}} She later reflected on the strain caused by his drug-associated social circle, stating, "He was not the same Brian... These people were very hurtful, and I tried to get that through to Brian."{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=134}} The couple soon reconciled,{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=135}} and, in late 1965, moved into a newly purchased home at 1448 Laurel Way in [[Beverly Hills]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=101}}{{refn|group=nb|Sources differ on the move-in date: White cites December,{{sfn|White|1996|p=248}} while Badman specifies October.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=101}} }} Wilson recalled that after relocating to his Beverly Hills home, he experienced an unexpected surge of creativity, working for hours to develop new musical ideas. He acknowledged heavy drug use, stating, "I was taking [...] a lot of pills, and it fouled me up for a while. It got me really introspective".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=102}} Over five months, he planned an album that would elevate his music to "a spiritual level".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=102}}

[[File:Pet Sounds Mixing.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Wilson with engineer [[Chuck Britz]] recording ''[[Pet Sounds]]'', early 1966]]

In December 1965, Wilson enlisted jingle writer [[Tony Asher]] as his lyricist for the Beach Boys' next album, ''Pet Sounds'' (May 1966).{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=104}} He produced most of the album between January and April 1966 across multiple [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] studios, mainly employing his bandmates for singing vocal parts and session musicians for the backing tracks.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=108}} Reflecting on the album, Wilson highlighted the instrumental "[[Let's Go Away for Awhile]]" as his "most satisfying piece of music" at the time and "[[I Just Wasn't Made for These Times]]" as a partially autobiographical song "about a guy who was crying because he thought he was too advanced".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=111}}{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=108}} In a 1995 interview, he called "[[Caroline, No]]" "probably the best [song] I've ever written".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=108}}

{{Quote box
|align=
|quote= The thing that I remember the most is that when ''Pet Sounds'' wasn't as quickly a hit or as huge or an immediate success, it really destroyed Brian.  He just lost a lot of faith in people and music.
|source=—Wilson's first wife [[Marilyn Wilson-Rutherford|Marilyn]]<ref name="Marilyn1997">{{cite AV media notes |chapter=The Observers: Marilyn Wilson |title=The Pet Sounds Sessions |others=[[The Beach Boys]] |year=1997 |publisher=[[Capitol Records]] |type=Booklet|chapter-url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Marilyn_Wilson_Comments.html}}</ref>
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The album's lead single, "Caroline, No", released in March 1966, became Wilson's first solo credit,{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=121}} sparking speculation about his potential departure from the Beach Boys.{{sfn|Kent|2009|p=23}} Wilson later said, "I explained to [the group], 'It's OK. It is only a temporary rift […] I wanted to step out a little bit.{{' "}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=121}} The single peaked at number 32, while ''Pet Sounds'' reached number 10.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=121, 134}} Wilson was "mortified" that his artistic growth had failed to translate into a number-one album.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=134}} Marilyn stated, "When it wasn't received by the public the way he thought it would be received, it made him hold back. ... but he didn't stop. He couldn't stop. He needed to create more."<ref name="Marilyn1997"/>

===1966–1968: "Good Vibrations", ''Smile'', and home studio transition===

Wilson met [[Derek Taylor]], the Beatles' former press officer, who became the Beach Boys' publicist in 1966. At Wilson's request, Taylor launched a media campaign to elevate his public image, [[Brian Wilson is a genius|promoting him as a "genius"]].{{sfn|Sanchez|2014|pp=91–93}}{{sfn|Kent|2009|p=27}} Taylor's reputation and outreach bolstered the critical success of ''Pet Sounds'' in the UK.{{sfn|Sanchez|2014|pp=91–93}}{{sfn|Kent|2009|p=27}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=152}} However, Wilson later expressed resentment toward the "genius" label, which he felt heightened unrealistic expectations for his work.<ref name="MF1976">{{cite magazine|title=The Beach Boys|magazine=Music Favorites|volume=1|issue=2|date=1976}}</ref><ref name="Harrington91" /> Bandmates including Mike Love and Carl Wilson also grew frustrated as media coverage increasingly centered on Wilson, overshadowing the group's collaborative efforts.{{sfn|Love|2016|pp=145–147}}

Through late 1966, Wilson worked extensively on the Beach Boys' single "[[Good Vibrations]]", which topped the U.S. charts in December, and began collaborating with session musician [[Van Dyke Parks]] on ''[[Smile (The Beach Boys album)|Smile]]'', the  planned follow-up to ''Pet Sounds''.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=131}} Wilson touted ''Smile'' as a "teenage symphony to God"{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=204}} and his expanding circle increasingly influenced his business and creative affairs.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=147, 158}} Parks said that, eventually, "it wasn't just Brian and me in a room; it was Brian and me ... and all kinds of self-interested people pulling him in various directions."{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=117}}  Television producer [[David Oppenheim (clarinetist)|David Oppenheim]], who visited Wilson's home while filming the 1967 documentary ''[[Inside Pop: The Rock Revolution]]'', characterized the environment as "a playpen of irresponsible people".{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=171}}

[[File:EastGateBelAir.JPG|thumb|left|[[Bel Air, Los Angeles]], to which Wilson relocated in April 1967 and [[Beach Boys Studio|set up a home studio]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=180}}]]
''Smile'' was never finished, due in large part to Wilson's worsening mental condition and exhaustion.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=204}} Associates often cite late 1966 as a turning point, coinciding with erratic behavior during sessions for the track "[[The Elements: Fire|Fire]]" (or "Mrs. O'Leary's Cow").{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=163}} In April 1967, Wilson and his wife relocated to a newly purchased mansion on 10452 Bellagio Road in [[Bel Air, Los Angeles|Bel Air]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=180}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=180}}{{refn|group=nb|Marilyn cited Wilson's desire for a larger home,{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=180}} while Badman writes that the move aimed to distance them from his entourage of "hanger-ons".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=180}} Marilyn later installed security measures, including a brick wall and electronic gate.{{sfn|White|1996|p=270}} }} There, Wilson began constructing [[Beach Boys Studio|a personal home studio]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=180}} By this time, most of his recent associates had departed or been excluded from his life.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=153–180}}

{{Quote box|align=|quote= When I was younger, I was a real competitor. Then as I got older, I said, "Is it worth the bullshit? To compete like that?" And I said, "Nah." For a while there, I just said, "Hey, I'm going to coast. I'm going to make real nice music. Nothing competitive."|source=—Brian Wilson, 1994<ref name="IJWMFTT"/> |width = 25% }}

In May, Derek Taylor announced that ''Smile'' had been "scrapped".{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=165, 185}} Wilson explained in a 1968 interview, "We pulled out [...] because I was about ready to die. I was trying so hard. So, all of a sudden I decided not to try any more."{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=134}} That July, the Beach Boys released "[[Heroes and Villains]]" as a single; its mixed critical and commercial reception further strained Wilson's morale, with biographers citing it as a factor in his professional and psychological decline.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=291}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=122}} He later acknowledged that upholding his industry reputation "was a really big thing for me" and that he had grown weary of demands to produce "great orchestral stuff all the time".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Hughes|first=Rob|title=Brian Wilson – Album By Album|url=https://www.uncut.co.uk/features/brian-wilson-album-by-album-28238/|magazine=Uncut|date=November 22, 2012}}</ref>

Beginning with ''[[Smiley Smile]]'' (September 1967), the band shifted recording operations to Wilson's studio, where they worked intermittently until 1972. The album marked the first time production was credited to the group collectively instead of Wilson alone.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=200}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=124}} Producer [[Terry Melcher]] attributed this change to Wilson's reluctance to risk individual scrutiny, saying he no longer wanted to "put his stamp on records".{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=169}} In August 1967, Wilson briefly rejoined the band for two live performances in Honolulu, recorded for an unfinished live album titled ''[[Lei'd in Hawaii]]''.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=198}}

[[File:Three Dog Night 1969.JPG|thumb|Wilson produced recordings for the band Redwood, later known as [[Three Dog Night]] (pictured 1969).]]

During sessions for ''[[Wild Honey (album)|Wild Honey]]'' (December 1967), Wilson encouraged his brother Carl to contribute more to the record-making process.<ref name="MF1976"/> He also began producing tracks for [[Danny Hutton]]'s group [[Three Dog Night|Redwood]], recording three songs including "[[Time to Get Alone]]" and "[[Darlin' (The Beach Boys song)|Darlin{{'-}}]]", but the project was halted by Carl and Mike Love, who urged Brian to prioritize Beach Boys commitments.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=130}} The band's June 1968 album ''[[Friends (The Beach Boys album)|Friends]]'' was recorded during a period of emotional recovery for Wilson.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=210}} While the album featured increased contributions from other members, Wilson remained central, even on tracks he did not write.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hermes |first1=Will |author-link=Will Hermes|title=How the Beach Boys' Lost Late-Sixties Gems Got a Second Life |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/how-the-beach-boys-lost-late-sixties-gems-got-a-second-life-779012/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=January 16, 2019 |date=January 15, 2019}}</ref> He later described ''Friends'' as his second "solo album" (after ''Pet Sounds'')<ref name="Oui"/> and his favorite Beach Boys album.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|pp=159–168}}{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=210}}

===1968–1975: Reduced activity and professional decline{{anchor|Bedroom Tapes}}===
====Diminished involvement with the Beach Boys and "Bedroom Tapes"====

For the remainder of 1968, Wilson's songwriting output declined substantially, as did his emotional state, leading him to self-medicate with overconsumption of food, alcohol, and drugs.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|pp=xxi–xxii, 83, 113}} As the Beach Boys faced impending financial collapse, he began to supplement his regular [[amphetamines]] and marijuana with [[cocaine]],{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=139}} to which Hutton had introduced him.{{sfn|Kent|2009|p=44}} Hutton later stated that Wilson expressed suicidal ideation during this period, describing it as the onset of Wilson's "real decline".{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=139}}

In mid-1968, Wilson was admitted to a psychiatric hospital, possibly voluntarily.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=141}} His hospitalization was kept private, and his bandmates proceeded with recording sessions for ''[[20/20 (The Beach Boys album)|20/20]]'' (February 1969).{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=141}} Once discharged later in the year, Wilson rarely finished any tracks for the band, leaving much of his subsequent output for Carl to complete.<ref name=Bedroom2014 /> Journalist [[Nik Cohn]] wrote in 1968 that Wilson had become the subject of rumors describing him as "increasingly withdrawn", "brooding", and "hermitic" {{sic}}, with occasional sightings of him "in the back of some limousine, cruising around Hollywood, bleary and unshaven, huddled way tight into himself".{{sfn|Cohn|1970|pp=103–104}} 

{{Quote box
|align=left
|quote=Brian went through a period where he would write songs and play them for a few people in his living room, and that's the last you'd hear of them. He would disappear back up to his bedroom and the song with him.
|source=—[[Bruce Johnston]]<ref name=Chidester2014>{{cite magazine|last1=Chidester|first1=Brian|title=Busy Doin' Somethin': Uncovering Brian Wilson's Lost Bedroom Tapes|url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/03/busy-doin-somethin-uncovering-brian-wilsons-lost-b.html?a=1|magazine=[[Paste magazine|Paste]]|access-date=December 11, 2014|date=March 7, 2014|archive-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211033306/http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/03/busy-doin-somethin-uncovering-brian-wilsons-lost-b.html?a=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bedroom2014" />
|width=25%}}

Wilson typically stayed secluded upstairs while the group recorded below, joining sessions only to suggest revisions to music he had overheard.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=221}} He occasionally emerged from his bedroom to preview new songs for the group. Melcher likened these appearances to [[Aesop]] delivering a [[Aesop's Fables|new fable]].<ref name="Chidester2014" /><ref name="Bedroom2014" /> Journalist Brian Chidester later coined the term "Bedroom Tapes" to refer to Wilson's unreleased output between 1968 and 1975, most of which remains unheard publicly.<ref name=Bedroom2014>{{cite news|last=Chidester|first=Brian |title=Brian Wilson's Secret Bedroom Tapes|url=http://www.laweekly.com/2014-01-30/music/brian-wilsons-secret-bedroom-tapes/|access-date=February 1, 2014|newspaper=LA Weekly|date=January 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302064422/http://www.laweekly.com/2014-01-30/music/brian-wilsons-secret-bedroom-tapes/?showFullText=true|archive-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> 

According to Mike Love, Wilson had "lost interest in the mechanical aspect" of recording, deferring technical work to Carl.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=300}} Band engineer [[Stephen Desper]] said that Brian remained "indirectly involved" with the group's productions through Carl<ref name="songwriter">{{cite AV media|title=Brian Wilson – Songwriter – 1969–1982 – The Next Stage|type=Documentary}}</ref> and that Brian's reduced contributions stemmed from "limited hours in the day", as well as his aversion to confrontation: "Brian [...] doesn't like to hurt anyone's feelings, so if someone's working on something else, he wasn't going to jump in there and say, 'Look, this is my production and my house, so get outta here!{{' "}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=151}} Conversely, Dennis stated that Brian had "no involvement at all" with the band beginning with the ''20/20'' sessions, forcing them to salvage and assemble fragments of his earlier work.<ref name="DW76"/>{{refn|group=nb|Dennis also refuted claims that the Beach Boys excluded Brian, explaining that he repeatedly visited Brian's home to prioritize his health over recording.<ref name="DW76">{{cite interview |subject=Wilson, Dennis|interviewer=Pete Fornatale |title=WNEW-FM |type=Interview: Audio |location=New York City |date=November 1976}}; {{YouTube|cVItbEJBkJM|Dennis Wilson – Pete Fornatale Interview 1976}}</ref>}} Marilyn recalled that her husband withdrew because of perceived resentment from the group: "It was like, 'OK, you assholes, you think you can do as good as me or whatever—go ahead—''you'' do it. You think it's so easy? You do it.{{' "}}<ref name="IJWMFTT">{{cite AV media notes|title=[[Brian Wilson: I Just Wasn't Made for These Times]]|year=1995|last=Was|first=Don|author-link=Don Was|type=Documentary film}}</ref>

Early in 1969, the Beach Boys commenced recording ''[[Sunflower (The Beach Boys album)|Sunflower]]'' (August 1970).{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=240}} Wilson contributed numerous songs, though most were excluded from the final track selection.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=151}} He co-wrote and produced the single "[[Break Away (The Beach Boys song)|Break Away]]" with his father in early 1969, after which he largely withdrew from studio work until August.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|p=93}} The group faced difficulties securing a new record deal, attributed by Gaines to Wilson's diminished standing in the industry.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=221–222}} In May 1969, Wilson disclosed the band's near-bankruptcy to reporters, which derailed negotiations with [[Deutsche Grammophon]] and nearly jeopardized their upcoming European tour.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=243–244}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=222}} That July, he opened a short-lived health food store, the [[Radiant Radish]], with cousin Steve Korthof and associate Arny Geller.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=252}}

In August, the Beach Boys' publishing company, [[Sea of Tunes]], sold their song catalog to Irving Almo Music for $700,000 (${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|700000|1969|end_year={{Inflation-year|US}}}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}}).{{sfn|Love|2016|p=226}} Wilson signed the consent form under pressure from his father.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=145}} Marilyn later stated that the sale emotionally devastated him: "It killed him. ''Killed'' him. I don't think he talked for days. [...] Brian took it as Murry not believing in him anymore."{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=224–225}} During this period, Wilson reportedly engaged in self-destructive behavior, including an attempt to drive off a cliff and a demand to be buried in a backyard grave he had dug.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=288}}{{refn|group=nb|David Leaf, writing in his 1978 biography of the band, said that Wilson's family and friends had dismissed these incidents as jokes.{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=147}}}} He channeled his despondence into writing "[['Til I Die|{{-'}}Til I Die]]", later calling the song a summation of "everything I had to say at the time".{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=257, 288}}

====Unreleased album productions, ''Spring'', and ''Mount Vernon and Fairway''====

Later in 1969, Wilson produced poet [[Stephen Kalinich]]'s spoken-word album ''[[A World of Peace Must Come]]''.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=253}}{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|p=93}} That November, the Beach Boys signed to [[Reprise Records]], a subsidiary of [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]],{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=258}} with contractual terms requiring Wilson's active participation in their albums.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=150}}{{refn|group=nb|Though Wilson never personally signed the agreement, the band's corporate structure allowed it to pass with three of five member votes.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=233}} }} In March 1970, Wilson briefly substituted for Mike Love on tour.{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=132}} In April, he attempted to produce a [[country and western]] album for co-manager Fred Vail, later known as ''[[Cows in the Pasture]]''.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=266}}

[[File:Brian Wilson 1971.png|thumb|left|Wilson in a 1971 ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' advertisement for ''[[Surf's Up (album)|Surf's Up]]'']]

Wilson's disappointment over the poor commercial reception of ''Sunflower''{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=135}} led him to reduce his contributions to subsequent Beach Boys recordings.{{sfn|White|1996|p=286}} Bruce Johnston described his involvement in the ''[[Surf's Up (album)|Surf's Up]]'' sessions (August 1971) as that of "a visitor".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=298}} In November 1970, Wilson performed with the band at the [[Whisky a Go Go]] for one-and-a-half dates. Intense discomfort forced him to leave mid-performance during the second show.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=278–279}}{{refn|group=nb|Wilson recalled, "On the second night, I started [...] feeling dizzy and I told the guys I had to stop. It felt like I was killing myself."{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=279}}}} Following this experience, he told ''[[Melody Maker]]'' that although he was "quite happy living at home", he felt less creative and less engaged with the band. He described himself as "a kind of drop-out".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=279}} In September 1971, Wilson told a reporter he had recently returned to arranging rather than writing.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=209}} In December, at a [[Long Beach]] concert, manager [[Jack Rieley]] persuaded Wilson to perform with the Beach Boys, though his appearance lasted only minutes.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=301}}

From late 1971 to early 1972, Wilson and musician David Sandler collaborated on ''[[Spring (American Spring album)|Spring]]'', the first album by Marilyn Wilson and Diane Rovell's new group, [[American Spring]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=300}} As with much of his work in this period, the extent of his contributions varied,{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=176}} but it was his most involved production effort since ''Friends'' in 1968.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=321}} <!--- Released in July 1972, ''Spring'' was critically acclaimed but failed to chart.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=321}} ---> During the recording of ''[[Carl and the Passions]]'' (April 1972), Wilson rarely left his bedroom, though [[Blondie Chaplin]] recalled, "when he came down his contribution was amazing".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=308}} Wilson's unavailability was such that his image had to be superimposed into the group portrait included in the record sleeve.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=174}}{{refn|group=nb|Bruce Johnston left the band during these sessions partly due to his unhappiness with Wilson's creative withdrawal.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=308}}}}

During the summer of 1972, Wilson joined his bandmates when they temporarily relocated to Holland after persistent persuasion.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=317}} Residing in a Dutch house known as "Flowers" and repeatedly listening to [[Randy Newman]]'s album ''[[Sail Away (Randy Newman album)|Sail Away]]'', he was inspired to write a fairy tale, ''[[Mount Vernon and Fairway]]'', drawing on memories of listening to the radio at Mike Love's family home in his youth.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=317, 326}} The group declined to include the fairy tale on their next album, ''[[Holland (album)|Holland]]'' (January 1973), and instead released it as a bonus EP packaged with the album.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=254}} That April, Wilson briefly joined his bandmates onstage during an encore at the [[Hollywood Palladium]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=328}}

==== Recluse period====
{{Quote box|align=left|quote= I was taking some drugs and I experimented myself right out of action. [...] I'd sometimes go and record. But basically I just stayed in my bedroom. I was under the sheets and I watched television.|source=—Brian Wilson{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=330}} |width = 25% }}

After his father's death in June 1973, Wilson secluded himself in the chauffeur's quarters of his home, where he spent his time sleeping, abusing drugs and alcohol, overeating, and exhibiting [[self-destructive behavior]].{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=198}} He rarely ventured outside wearing anything but [[pajamas]] and later said that his father's death "had a lot to do with my retreating".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=212}} Wilson's family were eventually forced to take control of his financial affairs due to his irresponsible drug expenditures.{{sfn|White|1996|p=290}}{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=213}}{{refn|group=nb|Carl explained, "There was a thing where Brian kept on giving people money to 'score'. Not for himself but for themselves. It's like he was giving a guy every week a few hundred bucks, and a very well-known guy at that."{{sfn|White|1996|p=290}}}} This led Wilson to occasionally wander the city, begging for rides, drugs, and alcohol.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=213}}

According to Wilson, from 1974 to 1975, his output was confined to minimal, fragmentary recordings, due to a diminished capacity for sustained concentration.{{sfn|White|1996|p=296}} He elaborated that he had been preoccupied with snorting cocaine, reading magazines such as ''[[Playboy]]'' and ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Brown|first=Ethan|title=Influences: Brian Wilson|magazine=New York Mag|date=August 15, 2005|url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/music/pop/12377/}}</ref> and "hanging out with Danny Hutton", whose [[Laurel Canyon]] house had become the center of Wilson's social life.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=265}} Although increasingly reclusive during the day, Wilson spent many nights at Hutton's house fraternizing with colleagues such as [[Alice Cooper]] and [[Iggy Pop]].{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=172}}{{sfn|Wilson|Gold|1991|p=194}}{{refn|group=nb|In the 1970s, Wilson developed a longtime obsession with the folk standard "Shortnin' Bread", recording numerous unreleased variations of the song.<ref name="Bedroom2014" /><ref name="Chidester2014" /> According to Cooper, Wilson had proclaimed that it was "the greatest song ever written".{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=20}}}} Other visitors of Hutton's home included [[Harry Nilsson]], [[John Lennon]], [[Ringo Starr]], and [[Keith Moon]].{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=172}}{{refn|group=nb|Wilson stated in a 2001 interview that he had never met Lennon.<ref name="B&N01">{{cite web |author1=Barnes & Noble.com |title=Interview: Brian Wilson: A Pop Genius Speaks of Love, Mercy, and Melody |url=http://video.barnesandnoble.com/search/interview.asp?z=y&CTR=662203 |website=Barnes & Noble |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231041958/http://video.barnesandnoble.com/search/interview.asp?z=y&CTR=662203 |date=November 6, 2001|archive-date=December 31, 2006}}</ref> However, Cooper told another story in which he had witnessed Wilson at a party, with Lennon, repeatedly asking fellow attendees to introduce him to the Beatle, one after another.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=21}}}} On several occasions, Marilyn Wilson sent her friends to climb Hutton's fence and retrieve her husband.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=265}} In 1974, Wilson interrupted a set by jazz musician [[Larry Coryell]] at [[Troubadour (West Hollywood, California)|The Troubadour]] by leaping on stage and singing "[[Be-Bop-a-Lula]]" while wearing slippers and a bathrobe.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Brian's Back |magazine=Newsweek|date=July 19, 1976 |page=79 |url= http://i1188.photobucket.com/albums/z405/smayo1953/scan6.jpg |access-date=July 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726051823/http://i1188.photobucket.com/albums/z405/smayo1953/scan6.jpg|archive-date=July 26, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 

Many reported anecdotes involving Wilson in the early 1970s, though frequently of questionable veracity, attained a legendary status.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=213}} Recalling Wilson's wellbeing at the time, [[John Sebastian]] said, "It wasn't all grimness."{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=38}} [[Jeff Foskett]], then a Beach Boys fan who had visited Wilson's home unannounced, similarly commented that Wilson had responded cordially to the visit and had belied the popular myths surrounding him.<ref name="AstonishingGenius2011">{{cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|author-link=Alexis Petridis|title=The astonishing genius of Brian Wilson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/24/brian-wilson-interview|access-date=June 30, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 24, 2011}}</ref> Wilson also participated in some recording sessions for Nilsson's "[[Duit on Mon Dei|Salmon Falls]]"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shipton|first1=Alyn|title=Nilsson: The Life of a Singer-Songwriter|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19975-657-5|page=189}}</ref> and Keith Moon's solo album, ''[[Two Sides of the Moon]]''.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=340}}

The Beach Boys' greatest hits compilation ''[[Endless Summer (The Beach Boys album)|Endless Summer]]'' was a surprise success, becoming the band's second number-one U.S. album in October 1974. To take advantage of their sudden resurgence in popularity, Wilson agreed to join his bandmates in Colorado for the recording of a new album at [[James William Guercio]]'s [[Caribou Ranch]] studio.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=217}} The group completed a few tracks, including "[[Child of Winter (Christmas Song)]]", but ultimately abandoned the project.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=218}} Released as a single at the end of December 1974, "Child of Winter" was their first record that displayed the credit "Produced by Brian Wilson" since 1966.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=343}}

Early in 1975, while still under contract with Warner Bros., Wilson signed a short-lived sideline production deal with Bruce Johnston and Terry Melcher's Equinox Records. Together, they founded the loose-knit supergroup known as [[California Music]], which also involved Gary Usher, [[Curt Boettcher]], and other Los Angeles musicians.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=198}} Along with his guest appearances on [[Johnny Rivers]]'s rendition of "[[Help Me, Rhonda]]" and [[Jackie DeShannon]]'s "[[New Arrangement|Boat to Sail]]", Wilson's production of California Music's single "[[Why Do Fools Fall in Love (song)|Why Do Fools Fall in Love]]" represents his only "serious" work throughout this period.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=351}}

===1975–1982: First Landy intervention, "Brian's Back!", and regression===
====''15 Big Ones'' and ''Love You''====

Wilson's increased consumption of food, cigarettes, alcohol, and other drugs—including heroin—strained his marriage to Marilyn, who threatened divorce or institutionalization.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=198}} His weight reached {{convert|240|lb|kg}}.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=277}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=360}} In 1975, to address his declining health, band manager Stephen Love appointed his brother [[Stan Love (basketball)|Stan]], a professional basketball player, as Wilson's bodyguard, trainer, and caretaker.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=199}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=347}} A family intervention involving the band's lawyers and accountants was arranged to remind Wilson of his contractual obligation to write and produce for the Beach Boys.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=199}} According to Stan, Wilson's growing resentment had led him to frequently announce his withdrawal from the Beach Boys, but his bandmates persisted.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=199}} Although Stan improved Wilson's health over several months, he soon returned to his [[NBA]] commitments.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=199}} Wilson entered psychologist [[Eugene Landy]]'s intensive 24-hour therapy program in October.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=198–199}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=284}}

[[File:Brian Wilson 1976 crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Wilson producing ''[[15 Big Ones]]'' in early 1976]]
Under Landy's care, Wilson stabilized and became more socially engaged, renewing his productivity.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=201}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=286}} In 1976, the slogan "[[Brian's Back]]!" was widely used to promote the Beach Boys' concert tours and the July release of ''[[15 Big Ones]]'', the first album since ''Pet Sounds'' to list Wilson as the sole producer.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=202, 215}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=358, 364}} Recording sessions were tense, as his bandmates opposed his proposal for a covers album and questioned his readiness to lead studio proceedings.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=358}} The album ultimately featured a mix of covers and original material.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=358}}

Beginning on July 2, 1976, Wilson resumed regular performances with the band for the first time since 1964, singing and alternating between bass guitar and piano.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=363}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=215}}{{refn|group=nb|Some reports erroneously state that this was his first appearance since 1964.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=363}}}} In August, he toured outside California for the first time since 1970.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=366}} [[NBC]] premiered a [[Lorne Michaels]]–produced television special, titled ''[[The Beach Boys: Good Vibrations Tour|The Beach Boys]]'', featuring recent concert footage, interviews, and a comedy sketch with Wilson alongside ''[[Saturday Night Live|NBC's Saturday Night]]'' cast members [[Dan Aykroyd]] and [[John Belushi]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=365}}{{refn|group=nb|Other television appearances included a September guest-presenter role on [[Don Kirshner]]'s ''Annual Rock Music Awards'', where he was nominated for the Hall of Fame category but lost to the Beatles, and a November feature on ''[[The Mike Douglas Show]]'' and ''NBC's Saturday Night'', marking his first solo TV appearances since the ''Inside Pop'' special in 1966.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=367}}}} Despite the promotional success of "Brian's Back!", the campaign was controversial. Wilson's remarks in interviews implied he had not fully recovered from his addictions; on one occasion, he remarked that he "felt like a prisoner".<ref name="AstonishingGenius2011"/> A concert reviewer noted that he "seemed uncomfortable on stage" and contributed "nil".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=364}}

{{Quote box|align=
|quote= That's when it all happened for me. That's where my heart lies. ''[[The Beach Boys Love You|Love You]]'', Jesus, that's the best album we ever made.
|source=—Brian Wilson, 1998{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=290}}
|width = 25% }}

From October 1976 to January 1977, Wilson produced a collection of recordings largely on his own while his bandmates pursued other creative and personal endeavors.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=367–371}} Released in April 1977, ''[[The Beach Boys Love You]]'' was the band's first album to feature Wilson as the primary composer since ''Wild Honey'' in 1967.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|pp=83, 85}} Originally titled ''Brian Loves You'',{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=182}} the album showcased Wilson playing nearly every instrument.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=368}} Band engineer [[Earle Mankey]] described it as Wilson's effort to create a "serious, autobiographical" work.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=213}} In a 1998 interview, Wilson listed ''15 Big Ones'' and ''Love You'' as his two favorite Beach Boys albums.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=290}}

====Hospitalizations and "cocaine sessions"====

At the end of 1976, Wilson's family and management dismissed Landy after he raised his monthly fee to $20,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|20000|1976|r=-3}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}}).{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=290}} Shortly afterward, Wilson told a journalist he considered the treatment successful.{{sfn|White|1996|p=319}} Landy's role was immediately assumed by his cousins, Steve Korthof and Stan Love, and professional model [[Rocky Pamplin]]—a college friend of Stan.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=291–293}} Under their supervision, Wilson maintained a healthy, drug-free lifestyle for several months.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=311}}

In early 1977, Wilson produced ''[[Adult/Child]]'', intended as the follow-up to ''Love You'', but some bandmates voiced concerns about the work, leading to its non-release.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=222–223}} In March, the Beach Boys signed with [[Sony Music|CBS Records]], whose contract required Wilson to compose most of the material for all subsequent albums. According to Gaines, Wilson was distraught at the prospect.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=295}} In reference to the sessions for ''[[M.I.U. Album]]'' (October 1978), Wilson described experiencing a "mental blank-out".<ref name="Benci">{{cite magazine|first=Jacopo|last=Benci|title=Brian Wilson interview|magazine=Record Collector|date=January 1995|issue=185|location=UK}}</ref> He was credited as the album's "executive producer".{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=225}} Stan noted that Wilson was "depressed"{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=305}} and reluctant to write with Mike Love, though Mike persisted.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=223–224}} Around this time, Wilson attempted to produce an album for Pamplin that would have featured the Honeys as backing vocalists.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=317}}

[[File:Brian Wilson 1977<!--- Possibly not actually a photo from 1977, but one from 1978--->.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Wilson in a late-1970s publicity shot]]
After a disastrous Australian tour in 1978, Wilson regressed and began secretly acquiring cocaine and [[barbiturates]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=370}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=317}} In mid-1978, following an overdose, he hitchhiked in [[West Hollywood]], eventually arriving at a gay bar where he played piano for drinks.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=317–318}} A bar patron then drove him to Mexico, after which he hitchhiked to San Diego.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=318}} Days later, police found him in [[Balboa Park (San Diego)|Balboa Park]] without shoes, money, or a wallet, and he was taken to [[Alvarado Hospital]] to detox from alcohol poisoning.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sanford|first1=Jay Allen|title=The Day Beach Boy Brian Wilson Got Busted in Balboa Park|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2007/sep/18/the-day-beach-boy-brian-wilson-got-busted/|newspaper=San Diego Reader|date=September 18, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sanford|first1=Jay Allen|title=Will Brian Wilson Film Depict 1978 Balboa Park Vagrancy Bust?|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/big-screen/2011/jun/26/will-brian-wilson-film-depict-1978-balboa-park-vag/|newspaper=San Diego Reader|date=June 26, 2011}}</ref> Wilson rejoined his bandmates for the recording of ''[[L.A. (Light Album)]]'' (March 1979), but after producing demos and early recordings, he asked that Bruce Johnston take over the project.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=319–320}}

With his marriage unraveling, Wilson left his mansion in Beverly Hills for a modest home on [[Sunset Boulevard]], where his alcoholism worsened.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=321}} After attacking his doctor, he was institutionalized at Brotzman Memorial Hospital{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=322}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=228}}—initially admitted in November 1978 for three months, discharged for one month, then readmitted.{{sfn|Love|2016|p=443}} In January 1979, while hospitalized, his caregivers Stan Love and Rocky Pamplin were dismissed.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=323}} Wilson was released in March.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=17}} He rented a house in [[Santa Monica]] and was cared for by a "round-the-clock" psychiatric nursing team.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=330}} Later, he purchased a home in [[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]].{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=332}} Although his bandmates urged him to produce their next album, ''[[Keepin' the Summer Alive]]'' (March 1980), he was unable or unwilling to do so.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=337}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=231–232}}

[[File:Dennis Wilson 1983.png|thumb|left|Dennis (pictured) collaborated with Brian on unreleased material in the early 1980s]]

Wilson continued his overeating and drug habits.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=331}} To motivate Wilson in his musical endeavors, Dennis occasionally provided him with [[McDonald's]] hamburgers and cocaine.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=331}}{{sfn|Stebbins|2000|p=209}} [[Jon Stebbins]]'s biography of Dennis describes clandestine recording sessions between the brothers, which were hidden due to efforts by "certain members of the Beach Boys clan" to keep them apart. Discovering their collaboration often led to a halt in the proceedings.{{sfn|Stebbins|2000|pp=208–210}} Bootlegged tapes of the brothers' collaborations—produced in 1980 and 1981 at the [[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice Beach]] home studio of musicologist and film executive Garby Leon—later became known among fans as the "[[The Cocaine Sessions|cocaine sessions]]" or "hamburger sessions".{{sfn|Stebbins|2011|p=221}}

In early 1981, Pamplin and Stan Love were convicted of assaulting Dennis after learning he had been providing Wilson with drugs.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=333–334}} In early 1982, Wilson signed a trust document granting Carl control of his finances and voting power in the band's corporate structure, and he was involuntarily admitted for a three-day stay at [[Saint John's Health Center|St. John's Hospital]] in Santa Monica.{{sfn|Wilson|Gold|1991|p=268}} By the end of the year, his weight exceeded {{convert|340|lb|kg}}.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=242}}

===1982–1991: Second Landy intervention, ''Brian Wilson'', and first memoir===
[[File:Brian Wilson 1983.png|thumb|Wilson performing with the Beach Boys in 1983]]

In 1982, after Wilson overdosed on alcohol, cocaine, and other drugs,<ref name="TelegraphObit">{{cite news|title=Obituary: Eugene Landy |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/03/31/db3102.xml&sSheet=/portal/2006/03/31/ixportal.html |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=March 31, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225202250/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F03%2F31%2Fdb3102.xml&sSheet=%2Fportal%2F2006%2F03%2F31%2Fixportal.html |archive-date=February 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> his family and management staged an elaborate ruse to persuade him to reenter Landy's program.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=338–339}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=243}} On November 5, the group falsely informed Wilson that he was destitute and no longer a Beach Boy, insisting he reenlist Landy as his caretaker to continue receiving his touring income.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=338–339}} Landy had agreed to resume treatment only if granted complete control over Wilson's affairs and promised rehabilitation within two years.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=243,255}} Wilson acquiesced and was taken to [[Hawaii]], where he was isolated from friends and family and placed on a strict diet and health regimen.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=243–244}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=339–340}} Combined with counseling sessions that retaught him basic social etiquette, the treatment restored his physical health.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=340–342}} By March 1983, he had returned to Los Angeles and was moved, under Landy's direction, to a [[Malibu, California|Malibu]] home where he lived with several of Landy's aides and was cut off from many of his own friends and family.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=342}}

Between 1983 and 1986, Landy charged approximately $430,000 annually (${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|430000|1983|end_year={{Inflation-year|US}}}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}}). When he requested additional funds, Carl Wilson was obliged to allocate a quarter of Brian's publishing royalties.<ref name="TelegraphObit"/> Landy gradually assumed the role of Wilson's creative and financial partner, eventually representing him at [[Brother Records|Brother Records, Inc.]] corporate meetings.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=256}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=272}} Landy was accused of creating a [[Svengali]]-like environment by controlling every aspect of Wilson's life—including his musical direction.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=254–258}} Wilson countered these claims, stating, "People say that Dr. Landy runs my life, but the truth is, I'm in charge."{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=257}} He later claimed that in mid-1985 he attempted suicide by swimming as far out to sea as possible before one of Landy's aides retrieved him.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=259}}

As Wilson's recovery consolidated, he participated in recording ''[[The Beach Boys (album)|The Beach Boys]]'' (June 1985),{{sfn|White|1996|p=338}} a release touted as his "comeback".{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=249}} He then curtailed regular collaborations with the band to pursue a solo career under Landy's guidance.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=257}} In 1986, he worked with former collaborator Gary Usher at Usher's studio, producing roughly a dozen songs—most unreleased{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=374}}—with one track, "[[Let's Go to Heaven in My Car]]", appearing on the ''[[Police Academy 3]]'' (1986) soundtrack.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=259}} This body of work became known as "[[the Wilson Project]]".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=374}}

{{listen|pos=left
|filename=Love and Mercy.ogg
|title= "Love and Mercy" from ''Brian Wilson'' (1988)
|description=Wilson described "[[Love and Mercy]]" as a "personal message from me to people".<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Brian Wilson|others=Brian Wilson|year=2000|first=David|last=Leaf|author-link=David Leaf|publisher=[[Rhino Records]]|type=CD Liner|url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Brian_Wilson__Reissue_.html}}</ref>
}}
Wilson occasionally rejoined his bandmates on stage and performed his first ever solo gigs at several charity concerts around Los Angeles.<ref name="MakingTheAlbum">{{cite press release |date=1988|title= Making the Album|url= http://albumlinernotes.com/Making_The_Album.html|location= |publisher= [[Sire Records]]|agency= |access-date=}}</ref> In January 1987, he accepted a solo contract from [[Sire Records]] president [[Seymour Stein]], who mandated co-production by multi-instrumentalist [[Andy Paley]] to keep Wilson focused.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=259}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=374}} In return, Landy was allowed to serve as executive producer.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=259}} Other producers, including [[Russ Titelman]] and [[Lenny Waronker]], soon joined the project, and conflicts with Landy emerged.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=260–262}} Released in July 1988, ''[[Brian Wilson (album)|Brian Wilson]]'' received favorable reviews and moderate sales, peaking at number 52 in the U.S.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=374}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=262–264, 266}} The album featured "[[Rio Grande (song)|Rio Grande]]", an eight-minute [[Western music (North America)|Western]] suite reminiscent of songs from ''Smile''.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=265}} Its release was largely overshadowed by the controversy surrounding Landy and the success of the Beach Boys' "[[Kokomo (song)|Kokomo]]", their first number-one hit since "Good Vibrations" and the first without Wilson's involvement.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=262–263, 266–267}} By 1990, Wilson was estranged from the Beach Boys, with his bandmates scheduling recording sessions without him and twice rejecting his offers to produce an album, according to Brother Records president Elliot Lott.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=268}}

In 1989, Wilson and Landy formed the company Brains and Genius. By then, Landy was no longer legally recognized as Wilson's therapist and had surrendered his California [[psychology]] license.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=269}} Together, they worked on Wilson's second solo album, ''[[Sweet Insanity]]'', with Landy co-writing nearly all the material.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=269–270}} Sire rejected the album due to Landy's lyrics and the inclusion of Wilson's rap song "[[Smart Girls]]".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=374}} In May 1989, Wilson recorded "Daddy's Little Girl" for the film ''[[She's Out of Control]]'', and in June, he was among the featured guests on the charity single "The Spirit of the Forest".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=374}}

In October 1991, Wilson published his first memoir, ''[[Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story]]''.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=273}} Biographer [[Peter Ames Carlin]] noted that the book plagiarized excerpts from earlier biographies and ranged from harsh criticisms of his bandmates to passages resembling legal depositions.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=273}} The memoir prompted defamation lawsuits from Mike Love, Al Jardine, Carl Wilson, and his mother, Audree Wilson.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=375}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=278}} After a conservatorship suit filed by his family in May 1991, Wilson and Landy's partnership was dissolved in December, followed by a [[restraining order]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=375}}

===1992–2011: Career resurgence and first solo tours===
====Lawsuits, documentary, and collaborative albums====
Throughout the 1990s, Wilson was embroiled in numerous lawsuits.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=375}} In August 1989, he had filed a $100 million suit against Irving Music to reclaim song publishing rights sold by his father decades earlier.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=374}} He did not regain the rights, but secured a $10 million (${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|10000000|1995|end_year={{Inflation-year|US}}}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}}) out-of-court settlement in April 1992.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=375}} The next month, Wilson was [[Love v. Wilson|sued by Mike Love]] over long-neglected royalties and songwriting credits. In December 1994, a jury ruled in favor of Love, awarding him $5 million (${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|5000000|1994|end_year={{Inflation-year|US}}}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}}) and a share of future royalties from Wilson.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=270}} In September 1995, Wilson sued his former conservator, Jerome Billet, seeking $10 million for alleged failures in supervising the lawyers handling the Irving Music and Love lawsuits.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sandler |first1=Adam |title=Beach Boy Wilson sues former conservator |url=https://variety.com/1995/film/features/beach-boy-wilson-sues-former-conservator-99129088/ |website=Variety |access-date=November 30, 2021 |date=September 25, 1995}}</ref> According to his second wife [[Melinda Ledbetter|Melinda]], when they married in 1995, Wilson was entangled in nine separate lawsuits, many unresolved until the early 2000s.<ref name="LK2004">{{cite web |author1=n.a. |title=Larry King Live |url=http://www.brianwilson.com/media/words/larry_king.html |website=brianwilson.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080711152541/http://www.brianwilson.com/media/words/larry_king.html |archive-date=July 11, 2008 |date=August 20, 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Wilson's productivity had increased significantly after his disassociation from Landy.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=215}} He and Andy Paley composed and recorded a [[Andy Paley sessions|substantial body of material]] intended for a proposed Beach Boys album throughout the early to mid-1990s.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=274, 281}} Concurrently, Wilson collaborated with musician [[Don Was]] on the documentary ''[[Brian Wilson: I Just Wasn't Made for These Times]]'' (1995), whose soundtrack—comprising rerecorded Beach Boys songs—was released in August as [[I Just Wasn't Made for These Times (album)|his second solo album]].{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=282}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=376}}

In 1993, Wilson agreed to record an album of songs by [[Van Dyke Parks]],{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=216}} which was credited to the duo and released as ''[[Orange Crate Art]]'' in October 1995.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=376}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=282–283}} In the late 1990s, Wilson and Tony Asher rekindled their writing partnership,{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=324}} and one of their songs, "Everything I Need", appeared on ''[[The Wilsons (album)|The Wilsons]]'' (1997)—a project by his daughters Carnie and Wendy that included select contributions from Wilson.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=324}}

====''Imagination'' and formation of the Brian Wilson Band====
[[File:Joe Thomas Headshot.jpg|thumb|upright|left|At his wife's behest, Wilson worked on [[adult contemporary music]] projects with producer [[Joe Thomas (producer)|Joe Thomas]] (pictured 2017)<ref name="Lester98"/>]]
Although some recordings with the Beach Boys were completed, the Wilson–Paley project was eventually abandoned.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=284}} Instead, Wilson co-produced the band's 1996 album ''[[Stars and Stripes Vol. 1]]'' with [[Joe Thomas (producer)|Joe Thomas]], owner of [[River North Records]].{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=285, 291}} In 1997, Wilson relocated to [[St. Charles, Illinois]], to work on a solo project with Thomas.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=291}} His third solo album, ''[[Imagination (Brian Wilson album)|Imagination]]'' (June 1998)—which he described as "really a Brian Wilson/Joe Thomas album"—peaked at number 88 in the U.S. and received criticism for its homogenized radio pop sound.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=292–293}} Shortly before the album's release, Wilson lost his brother Carl and their mother Audree.{{sfn|Stebbins|2000|p=233}}

Some reports from this period suggested that Wilson was exploited by those close to him, including Melinda.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=293}} His daughter Carnie nicknamed Ledbetter "Melandy",<ref name="Lester98">{{cite magazine |last1=Lester |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Lester |title=Brain Wilson: Endless Bummer |url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/brain-wilson-endless-bummer |magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]] |date=June 1998 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>  while family friend Ginger Blake described Wilson as "complacent and basically surrendered".<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Neville, Morgan (Director)|date=1999|title=Brian Wilson: A Beach Boy's Tale|time=1:28:34|medium=Video}}</ref> Mike Love stated his willingness to reunite the Beach Boys with Wilson but remarked that "Brian usually has someone in his life who tells him what to do. And now that person kinda wants to keep him away from us. I don't know why. You'd have to ask her, I guess."{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=293}} When asked if he still considered himself a Beach Boy, Wilson responded, "No. Maybe a little bit."{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=293}} Debate persisted among fans over whether Wilson fully consented to his semi-regular touring schedule through the 2010s.{{sfn|Stebbins|2011|p={{page needed|date=July 2020}}}}{{refn|group=nb|Jeff Foskett rebutted such claims in a 2011 interview.<ref name="AstonishingGenius2011"/> Although Wilson often stated that he enjoyed live performances, Jon Stebbins argued in his 2011 biography that his handlers, managers, and wife compelled him to work. Stebbins cited an interview in which, after Wilson admitted disliking touring, his handler promptly reminded him that he loved performing.{{sfn|Stebbins|2011|p={{pages needed|date=July 2020}}}} }}

From March to July 1999, Wilson embarked on his first solo tour, playing about a dozen dates in the U.S. and Japan.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=376, 379}} His supporting band included former Beach Boys touring musician Jeff Foskett (guitar), [[Wondermints]] members [[Darian Sahanaja]] (keyboards), Nick Walusko (guitar), Mike D'Amico (percussion, drums), and Probyn Gregory (guitar, horns); along with Chicago-based session musicians Scott Bennett (various), Paul Mertens (woodwinds), Bob Lizik (bass), Todd Sucherman (drums), and Taylor Mills (backing vocals).{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=275}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=294–295}} He toured the U.S. again in October.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=379}} In 2000, he stated, "I feel much more comfortable on stage now. I have a good band behind me. It's a much better band than the Beach Boys were."{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=229}}

In August 1999, Wilson filed suit against Thomas, seeking damages and a declaration that he could work on his next album without Thomas's involvement.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Bad Vibrations: Brian Wilson Sues Collaborator|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bad-vibrations-brian-wilson-sues-collaborator-19990824|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=August 24, 1999}}</ref> Thomas counter-sued, alleging that Wilson's wife had "schemed against and manipulated" him and Wilson; the case was settled out of court.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Brian Wilson Settles Suit With Former Partner|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/brian-wilson-settles-suit-with-former-partner-20000718|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=July 18, 2000}}</ref>

====Live albums and ''Brian Wilson Presents Smile''====
Early in 2000, Wilson released his first live album, ''[[Live at the Roxy Theatre]]''.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=377}} Later that year, he embarked on U.S. tour dates featuring the first full live performances of ''Pet Sounds'', with Wilson backed by a 55-piece orchestra. Van Dyke Parks was commissioned to write an [[overture]] arrangement of Wilson's songs.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=230}} Although critics praised the tour, it was poorly attended and resulted in hundreds of thousands of dollars in losses.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=377}} In March 2001, Wilson attended a [[An All-Star Tribute to Brian Wilson|tribute show held in his honor]] at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York, where he performed "Heroes and Villains" publicly for the first time in decades.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=301}}{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=125}}

The ''Pet Sounds'' tour was followed by one in Europe in 2002, with a sold-out four-night residency at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in London.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=298}} Recordings from these concerts were issued as the live album ''[[Brian Wilson Presents Pet Sounds Live]]'' (June 2002).{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=233}} Over the next year, Wilson continued sporadic recording sessions for his fourth solo album, ''[[Gettin' In over My Head]]''.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=276}} Released in June 2004, the record featured guest appearances from Parks, Paul McCartney, [[Eric Clapton]], and [[Elton John]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=378}} Some of the songs were leftovers from Wilson's collaborations with Paley and Thomas.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=205}}

[[File:WilsonParksSmilePremiere.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|alt=|''[[Brian Wilson Presents Smile]]'' at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in London on February 21, 2004]]
To the surprise of his associates, Wilson agreed to follow the ''Pet Sounds'' tours with concert dates featuring songs from the unfinished ''Smile'' album.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=301, 303}} Sahanaja assisted with sequencing and Parks contributed additional lyrics.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=304–305}} ''[[Brian Wilson Presents Smile]]'' (''BWPS'') premiered at the Royal Festival Hall in London in February 2004{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=309}} and its positive reception led to a subsequent studio album adaptation.{{sfn|Priore|2005|pp=176–178}} Released in September, ''BWPS'' debuted at number 13 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], the highest chart position for any album by the Beach Boys or Wilson since 1976's ''15 Big Ones''{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=176}} and the highest ever debut for a Beach Boys-related album.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=262}} It was later certified platinum.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=311}}

In support of ''BWPS'', Wilson embarked on a tour covering the U.S., Europe, and Japan.{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=178}} Sahanaja told ''Australian Musician'', "In six years of touring this is the happiest we've ever seen Brian".<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Phillips|first1=Greg|title=Smile – It's Vindication Day!|url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/smile--its-vindication-day|magazine=Australian Musician|date=March 2005|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In July 2005, Wilson performed at the [[Live 8 concert, Berlin|Live 8 in Berlin]], an event watched by about three million viewers on television.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=283}} In September, he organized a charity drive for [[Hurricane Katrina]] victims, raising over $250,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-09-24-brian-wilson-website_x.htm|title=Donate to hurricane relief and Brian Wilson will say hi|work=USA Today|date=September 24, 2005|access-date=September 14, 2011}}</ref> In November, Mike Love filed a lawsuit alleging that Wilson misappropriated his songs, likeness, the Beach Boys trademark, and the ''Smile'' album in connection with ''BWPS''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60785/mike-love-sues-brian-wilson-over-smile|title=Mike Love Sues Brian Wilson Over 'Smile'|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=November 5, 2005|access-date=March 30, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=316}} The suit was dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wcbsfm.cbslocal.com/2012/10/04/is-beach-boy-mike-love-musics-biggest-villain/|title=Is Beach Boy Mike Love Music's Biggest Villain?|publisher=WCBSFM|date=October 4, 2012|access-date=March 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103730/http://wcbsfm.cbslocal.com/2012/10/04/is-beach-boy-mike-love-musics-biggest-villain/|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Covers albums and ''That Lucky Old Sun''====
In October 2005, [[Arista Records]] released Wilson's album ''[[What I Really Want for Christmas]]'', featuring two new originals by Wilson.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=328}} To celebrate the 40th anniversary of ''[[Pet Sounds]]'', he toured the album briefly in November 2006 with Al Jardine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.usatoday.com/listenup/2006/09/two_beach_boys_.html|work=USA Today|title=Two Beach Boys to reunite – Listen Up|date=September 24, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220033634/http://blogs.usatoday.com/listenup/2006/09/two_beach_boys_.html|archive-date=December 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/23/arts/music/23wils.html|title=Wouldn't It Be Nice Not to Fuss Over Significance or Perfection?|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 23, 2006|access-date=March 30, 2015}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Southbank Centre]] in London commissioned Wilson to create a new [[song cycle]] in the style of ''Smile''. Collaborating with Scott Bennett, Wilson reconfigured a collection of recently written songs into ''[[That Lucky Old Sun (album)|That Lucky Old Sun]]'', a semi-autobiographical conceptual piece about California.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|pp=294–295}} A studio-recorded version of the work was released as his seventh solo album in September 2008 and received generally favorable reviews.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|pp=297–298}}{{refn|group=nb|Around this time, Wilson announced he was developing a new concept album titled ''Pleasure Island: A Rock Fantasy''. He explained that the project centers on a group of men who discover a place called Pleasure Island, where they encounter various women and attractions. Although the concept was not yet fully developed, he expressed optimism about its potential, suggesting it might become his finest work.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Dylan|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Popular Music: From Adele to Ziggy, the Real A to Z of Rock and Pop|date=2012|publisher=Picador |isbn=978-1-25003-188-4}}</ref>}}

In 2009, Wilson was approached by [[Walt Disney Records]] to record a Disney songs album, agreeing only if he could also record an album of [[George Gershwin]] songs.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=289}} The Gershwin project, ''[[Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin]]'', was released in August 2010, reaching number 26 on the ''Billboard'' 200 and topping its Jazz Albums chart. Wilson then toured, performing the album in its entirety.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|pp=289, 291–292}} In October 2011, he released ''[[In the Key of Disney]]'', which peaked at number 83 in the U.S. This release was soon overshadowed by ''[[The Smile Sessions]]'', issued one week later.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=293}}

===2011–2025: Continued touring and final years===
====Beach Boys reunion, ''No Pier Pressure'', and biopic====
[[File:Brian Wilson (7314673472) (tall).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Wilson performing with the Beach Boys during [[The 50th Reunion Tour|their brief 2012 reunion]]]]

In mid-2011, Wilson reunited with Mike Love, Al Jardine, David Marks, and Bruce Johnston to re-record "[[Do It Again (The Beach Boys song)|Do It Again]]" in secret for a potential 50th anniversary album.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=294}} Rumors soon circulated in the music press about a world tour by the group. In a September report, Wilson said he was not participating in the tour with his bandmates, remarking, "I don't really like working with the guys, but it all depends on how we feel and how much money's involved. Money's not the only reason I made records, but it does hold a place in our lives."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Michaels |first1=Sean |title=Brian Wilson rules out reunion with the Beach Boys |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/sep/29/brian-wilson-beach-boys |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Ultimately, Wilson agreed to the tour—which lasted until September 2012—and to record the album ''[[That's Why God Made the Radio]]'', released in June 2012.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|pp=xv, 160}} By that time, Wilson had renewed his creative partnership with Joe Thomas. Although Wilson was listed as the album's producer, Thomas was credited with "recording" and Love with "executive producer".{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|p=160}}

In June 2013, Wilson's website announced that he was recording and self-producing new material with Don Was, Al Jardine, David Marks, [[Blondie Chaplin]], and [[Jeff Beck]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brianwilson.com/news/2013/6/6/brian-wilson-returns-to-capitol-music-group-currently-recording-and-self-producing-his-11th-solo-studio-album|title=Brian Wilson Returns to Capitol Music Group; Currently Recording and Self-Producing New Solo Studio Album|website=BrianWilson.com|date=June 6, 2013|access-date=May 23, 2014|archive-date=June 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609144416/http://www.brianwilson.com/news/2013/6/6/brian-wilson-returns-to-capitol-music-group-currently-recording-and-self-producing-his-11th-solo-studio-album|url-status=dead}}</ref> It stated that the material might be split into three albums: one of new pop songs, another of mostly instrumental tracks with Beck, and another of interwoven tracks dubbed "the suite" which initially began form as the closing four tracks of ''That's Why God Made the Radio''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rolling Stone: Brian Wilson Rocks With Jeff Beck, Plans New LPs|url=http://www.brianwilson.com/news/2013/6/20/brian-wilson-rocks-with-jeff-beck-plans-new-lps|website=BrianWilson.com|access-date=August 8, 2013|date=June 20, 2013|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729141434/https://www.brianwilson.com/news/2013/6/20/brian-wilson-rocks-with-jeff-beck-plans-new-lps|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2014, Wilson declared in an interview that the Beck collaborations would not be released.<ref name="Somethingelse">{{cite web|url=http://somethingelsereviews.com/2014/01/28/it-stopped-working-for-the-beach-boys-brian-wilson-its-about-new-music-not-meditation/|title='It stopped working': For the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson, it's about new music not meditation|website=Something Else!|date=January 28, 2014|access-date=May 23, 2014}}</ref><ref name="DesertSun">{{cite news|last1=Fessier|first1=Bruce|title=Beach Boys' Brian Wilson talks Robin Williams|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/music/2014/08/27/beach-boys-brian-wilson/14716185/|access-date=August 28, 2014|agency=The Desert Sun|date=August 28, 2014}}</ref>

In September 2014, Wilson attended the premiere of [[Bill Pohlad]]'s  biopic ''[[Love & Mercy (film)|Love & Mercy]]'' at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref name=biff>{{cite web|last1=Burns|first1=Andy|title=TIFF 2014: Love And Mercy Reviewed|url=http://biffbampop.com/2014/09/08/tiff-2014-love-and-mercy-reviewed/|publisher=Biff Bam Pop!|access-date=September 8, 2014|date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> He had contributed "[[One Kind of Love]]" to the film, which later received a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] nomination for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Merry|first1=Stephanie|last2=Yahr|first2=Emily|title=Golden Globes nominations 2016: Complete list|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/12/10/golden-globes-nominations-2016-complete-coverage/|access-date=December 10, 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 10, 2015}}</ref> In October, [[BBC]] released a re-recorded version of "[[God Only Knows]]" —featuring Wilson, [[Brian May]], [[Elton John]], [[Jake Bugg]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Lorde]], and others—to commemorate the launch of [[BBC Music]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC unveil all-star version of God Only Knows, 17 years after Perfect Day|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/oct/07/bbc-god-only-knows-pharrell-stevie-wonder-chris-martin-lorde|last=Hann|first=Michael|work=The Guardian|date=October 7, 2014}}</ref> A week later, he was featured as a guest vocalist on [[Emile Haynie]]'s single "[[We Fall|Falling Apart]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Emile Haynie ft. Andrew Wyatt and Brian Wilson - "Falling Apart"|website=Pigeons & Planes|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/2014/10/emile-haynie-ft-andrew-wyatt-and-brian-wilson-falling-apart/|date=October 13, 2014}}</ref> His cover of Paul McCartney's "[[Tug of War (Paul McCartney album)|Wanderlust]]" was included on the tribute album ''[[The Art of McCartney]]'' in November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://somethingelsereviews.com/2014/10/01/brian-wilson-wanderlust/|title=Brian Wilson, "Wanderlust": Something Else! sneak peek|website=Somethingelsereviews.com|date=October 1, 2014}}</ref>

Released in April 2015, ''[[No Pier Pressure]]'' marked another collaboration between Wilson and Joe Thomas, featuring guest appearances from Jardine, Marks, Chaplin, and others.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|pp=164–166}} Fans had reacted negatively to the announcement that Wilson would be recording a duets album, prompting a [[Facebook]] post—attributed to Wilson—that said, "In my life in music, I've been told too many times not to fuck with the formula, but as an artist it's my job to do that."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Michaels|first1=Sean|title=Brian Wilson fans furious at Frank Ocean and Lana Del Rey collaborations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jun/12/brian-wilson-new-album-frank-ocean-lana-del-rey|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 12, 2014}}</ref> The album reached the U.S. top 30, but critical reaction was mixed due to its adult contemporary arrangements and extensive use of [[autotune]].{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|p=164}} Later that year, Sahanaja was asked if Wilson was reaching the end of his career as a performing artist, responding, "I gotta be honest. Each of the past five years I thought to myself, 'Well, this is probably going to be it.{{' "}}<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Greene|first1=Andy|title=Meet Brian Wilson's Secret Weapon: Darian Sahanaja|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=June 30, 2015|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/meet-brian-wilsons-secret-weapon-darian-sahanaja-20150630}}</ref>

====''Pet Sounds'' world tours, ''At My Piano'', and UMPG sale====
[[File:Brian Wilson 20160328 185747 Byron Bay (26182663245).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Wilson's large band onstage in front of an LED screen showing photos from the Pet Sounds era|Wilson performing ''Pet Sounds'' at [[Byron Bay Bluesfest]], 2016]]

In March 2016, Wilson and Al Jardine began the [[Pet Sounds 50th Anniversary World Tour]], billed as his final performances of the album.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|pp=169–170}} In October, his second memoir, ''[[I Am Brian Wilson]]'', written by journalist [[Ben Greenman]] after several months of interviews, was published.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Sanjiv|title=Brian Wilson: What I've Learned|url=http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/interviews/a10139/brian-wilson-beach-boys-what-ive-learned/|website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=June 15, 2016}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|That same month, Wilson announced a new album, ''Sensitive Music for Sensitive People'', comprising originals and [[rock and roll]] cover songs.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Slate|first1=Jeff|title=How Brian Wilson Found Inspiration in the Artists Working Beside Him |url=http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/q-and-a/a49469/brian-wilson-memoir-i-am-brian-wilson-interview/|magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=October 11, 2016}}</ref> He said the name as a "working title" and that recording would begin in December.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Grow|first1=Kory|title=Brian Wilson Talks Mental Illness, Drugs and Life After Beach Boys|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=October 11, 2016 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/brian-wilson-talks-mental-illness-drugs-and-beach-boys-w443076}}</ref>}} Asked about negative remarks in Wilson's book, Love refuted that his printed statements were spoken and argued that Wilson was "not in charge of his life, like I am mine", adding that he preferred to avoid pressuring Wilson "because I know he has a lot of issues".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fessier|first1=Bruce|title=Beach Boys seek to overcome discord with new wave of Love|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/music/2016/11/16/beach-boys-seek-overcome-discord-new-wave-love/93977562/|work=[[The Desert Sun]]|date=November 17, 2016}}</ref> In the late 2010s, Wilson remarked to a journalist that he had not "had a friend to talk to in three years".<ref>{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|title=Brian Wilson's Survival Story Told in New Documentary 'Long Promised Road' |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/movies/9587909/brian-wilson-documentary-long-promised-road/ |magazine=Billboard |date=June 16, 2021}}</ref> In a 2016 ''Rolling Stone'' interview, he responded to a retirement question by stating he would rather continue touring than sit idle.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Grow |first1=Kory |title=Brian Wilson Talks Mental Illness, Drugs and Life After Beach Boys |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/brian-wilson-talks-mental-illness-drugs-and-life-after-beach-boys-103541/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=October 11, 2016}}</ref>

In 2019, Wilson embarked on a co-headlining tour with [[the Zombies]], performing selections from ''Friends'' and ''Surf's Up''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://liveforlivemusic.com/news/beach-boys-brian-wilson-zombies-tour-2019/|title=Beach Boys' Brian Wilson, The Zombies Announce 'Something Great From '68' Co-Headlining Tour|date=May 7, 2019|website=Liveforlivemusic.com|access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> Around this time, he had had two back surgeries that left him reliant on a [[Walker (mobility)|walker]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grieving |first1=Tim |title=Brian Wilson doesn't say much. Until you listen to his music. |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2021-12-01/beach-boys-brian-wilson-documentary-long-promised-road |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 1, 2021}}</ref> Later in the year, he postponed some concert dates due to worsening mental health.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Grow |first1=Kory |title=Brian Wilson Postpones Tour Saying He Feels 'Mentally Insecure' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/brian-wilson-tour-postponed-845180/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=June 6, 2019}}</ref> The next month, his social media declared that he had recovered and would resume touring.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Legaspi |first1=Althea |title=Brian Wilson 'Feeling Much Better,' Looks Forward to Tour |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/brian-wilson-feeling-much-better-resumes-tour-865134/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=July 30, 2019}}</ref> Pausing his tours due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Doyle |first1=Patrick |title=Flashback: Brian Wilson Brings 'Pet Sounds' to the Stage in London |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/brian-wilson-pet-sounds-live-london-1117627/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=January 22, 2021}}</ref> he resumed touring in August 2021.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Greene |first1=Andy |title=Watch Brian Wilson Perform 'God Only Knows' at First Pandemic-Era Concert |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/brian-wilson-perform-god-only-knows-first-pandemic-era-concert-1219583/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=September 24, 2021 |date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> In November, two releases followed: ''[[At My Piano]]'', featuring new instrumental piano recordings of his songs,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monroe |first1=Jazz |title=Brian Wilson Recreates Beach Boys Classics on New Album At My Piano: Listen to "God Only Knows" |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/brian-wilson-recreates-beach-boys-classics-on-new-album-at-my-piano-listen-to-god-only-knows/ |website=Pitchfork |access-date=September 24, 2021 |date=September 17, 2021}}</ref> and the soundtrack to ''[[Brian Wilson: Long Promised Road]]'', which includes both new and previously unreleased recordings.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Abby|title=Brian Wilson Announces Long Promised Road Soundtrack, Shares "Right Where I Belong" with Jim James: Stream|url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/brian-wilson-announces-long-promised-193604271.html|website=Yahoo|date=November 23, 2021}}</ref>

At the end of 2021, Wilson sold his publishing rights to [[Universal Music Publishing Group]] for $50&nbsp;million. Wilson was paid almost $32&nbsp;million for his songwriter share plus $19&nbsp;million for his reversion rights (his ability to reclaim his song rights within a time period after signing them away under the [[Copyright Act of 1976]]).<ref name=rolling/> In 2022, his ex-wife Marilyn, who had been awarded half of his songwriting royalties, sued Wilson for $6.7&nbsp;million.<ref name=rolling>{{cite magazine |last1=Millman |first1=Ethan |title=Brian Wilson's Ex-Wife Sues Beach Boys Founder After $50&nbsp;Million UMG Publishing Deal |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/brian-wilson-beach-boys-marilyn-wilson-rutherford-universal-music-publishing-lawsuit-1330232/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=May 11, 2023|date=March 30, 2022}}</ref>

On July 26, 2022, Wilson played his last concert, as part of a joint tour with [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]] at the Pine Knob Music Theatre in Clarkston, Michigan, where he was reported to have "sat rigid and expressionless" throughout the performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Graff |first1=Gary |title=Chicago, Brian Wilson celebrate 'Old Days' at Pine Knob |url=https://www.theoaklandpress.com/2022/07/27/chicago-brian-wilson-celebrate-old-days-at-pine-knob/ |work=Oakland Press |date=July 27, 2022}}</ref> Days later, he cancelled his remaining tour dates for that year, with his management citing "unforeseen health reasons".<ref>{{cite web |author1=Music Staff |title=Brian Wilson Scraps All Upcoming Dates |url=https://nowdecatur.com/2022/08/01/brian-wilson-scraps-all-upcoming-dates/ |website=Now Decatur |date=August 1, 2022}}</ref> During a January 2023 appearance on a Beach Boys fan [[podcast]], Wilson's daughter Carnie reported that her father was "probably not going to tour anymore, which is heartbreaking".<ref>{{cite web |author1=BeachBoys Talk |title=S3 E1: Carnie Wilson! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPym7_515Yk |website=YouTube |date=January 31, 2023|time=1:37:58}}</ref>

In January 2024, Melinda Ledbetter died at their home.<ref name="melindadeath"/> The following month, it was announced that Wilson had [[dementia]] and entered into another conservatorship, which began in May 2024.<ref name="conserve">{{Cite news |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |department=Music |accessdate=February 16, 2024 |date=February 16, 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/feb/16/brian-wilson-dementia-conservatorship-filing |title=Beach Boys star Brian Wilson has dementia |first=Ben |last=Beaumont-Thomas}}</ref><ref name="conserve2">{{Cite news |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |department=Music |accessdate=May 9, 2024 |date=May 9, 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/article/2024/may/09/beach-boys-brian-wilson-conservatorship |title=Judge places Beach Boys' Brian Wilson in conservatorship |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> He had completed two tracks as part of a forthcoming solo album produced by Joe Thomas and [[Jonathan Wilson (musician)|Jonathan Wilson]] (no relation) before the project was abandoned following Thomas' death that April.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Farrell |first1=Margaret |title=Brian Wilson's Last-Recorded, Previously Unreleased Solo Music Shared By Jonathan Wilson |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2311715/brian-wilsons-last-recorded-previously-unreleased-solo-music-shared-by-jonathan-wilson/music/ |website=Stereogum |language=en |date=June 13, 2025}}</ref>

== Death, tributes, and posthumous releases ==
Wilson died in his sleep in his Beverly Hills home on June 11, 2025, at the age of 82.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Richard |date=June 11, 2025 |title=Brian Wilson obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/jun/11/brian-wilson-obituary |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://people.com/brian-wilson-dead-82-beach-boys-singer-co-founder-8548234|title = Brian Wilson, The Beach Boys Co-Founder and Singer, Dies at 82|date = June 11, 2025|accessdate = June 13, 2025|work = [[People (magazine)|People]]|last1 = Lambe|first1 = Stacey|last2 = DeSantis|first2 = Rachel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=June 11, 2025 |title=Brian Wilson, Beach Boys Co-Founder, Dies at 82 |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/brian-wilson-dead-beach-boys-1236428336/ |access-date=June 11, 2025 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Beach Boys co-founder Brian Wilson dies |url=https://news.sky.com/story/beach-boys-co-founder-brian-wilson-dies-13382290 |access-date=June 11, 2025 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> Al Jardine later reported that Wilson had been struggling with long-term effects of COVID-19 since his last tour: "That was the end of it. He never came back after that."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hiatt |first1=Brian |title=Beach Boys' Al Jardine: My Final Meeting with Brian Wilson |url=https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/al-jardine-brian-wilson-obituary-interview-78163/ |website=Rolling Stone Australia |language=en-AU |date=June 12, 2025}}</ref> His primary cause of death was declared as [[respiratory arrest]] amid [[sepsis]], [[cystitis]], and other associated factors.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://people.com/brian-wilson-cause-of-death-revealed-11752840|title = Brian Wilson's Cause of Death Revealed 2 Weeks After Beach Boys Co-Founder Died at 82|date = June 26, 2025|accessdate = June 26, 2025|work = [[People (magazine)|People]]|last1 = Watts|first1 = Marina}}</ref> 

Family and associates, including Jardine and Mike Love, paid tribute to Wilson on social media,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-11 |title=Beach Boys' Mike Love And Al Jardine Share Eulogies For Brian Wilson |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2311457/beach-boys-mike-love-and-al-jardine-share-eulogies-for-brian-wilson/news/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Stereogum |language=en}}</ref> while media outlets published eulogies written by Van Dyke Parks,<ref>{{cite news |last=Parks |first=Van Dyke |title='His music documented an America that no longer exists': Brian Wilson's brilliance, by key collaborator Van Dyke Parks |newspaper=The Guardian |date=June 17, 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/jun/17/his-music-documented-an-america-that-no-longer-exists-brian-wilsons-brilliance-by-key-collaborator-van-dyke-parks |access-date=June 17, 2025}}</ref> Darian Sahanaja,<ref>{{cite news |last=Sahanaja |first=Darian |authorlink=yes |title="A Salute to Brian Wilson: Darian Sahanaja on the solo band Beach Boys" |newspaper=Variety |date=June 17, 2025 |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/brian-wilson-darian-sahanaja-salute-solo-band-beach-boys-1236432399/ |access-date=June 17, 2025}}</ref> and biographer [[David Leaf]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Leaf |first=David |authorlink=yes |title="I gave Brian Wilson pizza and a bed. We were friends for 50 years" |newspaper=The Times |date=June 14, 2025 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/i-gave-brian-wilson-pizza-and-a-bed-we-were-friends-for-50-years-z5fmlqs9w?region=global |access-date=June 17, 2025}}</ref> Many other musicians, artists, and celebrities offered public acknowledgements.<ref name="BillboardTributes"/><ref name="APTributes"/>{{refn|group=nb|This included Paul McCartney, Bruce Springsteen, [[James Hetfield]], Bob Dylan, Elton John, [[Carole King]], Questlove, Keith Richards, [[Ronnie Wood]], [[Mick Fleetwood]], [[Maggie Rogers]], [[Ringo Starr]], [[Sean Lennon]], [[Dewey Bunnell]], [[Gerry Beckley]], [[Nancy Sinatra]], John Cale, [[Micky Dolenz]], [[Randy Bachman]], [[Gene Simmons]], [[Paul Stanley]], [[David Paich]], [[Christopher Cross]], [[John Cusack]],<ref name="APTributes">{{cite web |title=Carole King, Keith Richard[s], John Cusack and more celebs react to the death of Brian Wilson |url=https://apnews.com/article/brian-wilson-death-reaction-3c8a918c60dfb8b528b81f3e8a445989 |accessdate=June 11, 2025 |website=[[The Associated Press]]}}</ref> [[Graham Nash]], [[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]], [[Carter Faith]], [[Gavin DeGraw]], [[John Stamos]], [[Zooey Deschanel]], [[Peter Rosenberg]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Elton John, Carole King, More Remember Brian Wilson: 'His Cherished Music Will Live Forever' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/brian-wilson-dead-celebs-pay-tribute-1235361859/ |accessdate=June 11, 2025 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> [[Diane Warren]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrities remember Beach Boys' Brian Wilson |url=https://ktla.com/entertainment/celebrities-remember-beach-boys-brian-wilson/ |accessdate=June 11, 2025 |website=KTLA}}</ref> [[Clairo]], [[Gracie Abrams]], Bill Pohlad, [[Elizabeth Banks]], [[Margo Price]], [[Brian Ray]], [[Dave Davies]], [[Low Cut Connie]], [[Rick Springfield]], and [[Peter Gabriel]].<ref name="BillboardTributes">{{cite magazine |title=Gracie Abrams, Clairo, Questlove & More Remember Brian Wilson: 'Hero In Every Sense of the Word' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/brian-wilson-death-tributes-beach-boys-legend-1235996526/ |accessdate=June 11, 2025 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> In addition, [[Dave Matthews]], [[Sting]], and [[Guster]] performed separate impromptu renditions of "God Only Knows" at their concerts.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.stereogum.com/2311505/dave-matthews-sting-guster-cover-god-only-knows-in-tribute-to-brian-wilson/news/|title= Dave Matthews, Sting, Guster Cover "God Only Knows" In Tribute To Brian Wilson|website= Stereogum|accessdate= June 13, 2025}}</ref>}} 

At the time of his death, Wilson had left behind a substantial body of unreleased work, including the albums ''Adult/Child'' and ''Sweet Insanity'', a large collection of 1980s demos, and recordings created with Dennis Wilson, Gary Usher, Andy Paley, and Joe Thomas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehr |first1=Bob |title=The Musical Mysteries Brian Wilson Left Behind |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/13/arts/music/brian-wilson-beach-boys-unreleased-albums.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 13, 2025}}</ref> ''Cows in the Pasture'', the unfinished album he had produced for Fred Vail in 1970, is to be released in 2025, accompanied by a docuseries about Vail and the album's making.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Greene|first=Andy|date=February 13, 2024 |title=Brian Wilson Began Work on a Country Album in 1970. It's Finally Coming Out |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/brian-wilson-country-album-cows-in-the-pasture-fred-vail-1234951531/ |access-date=February 13, 2024 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref>

==Musical influences==
===Early influences===
[[File:Portrait of George Gershwin LCCN2004662906.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[George Gershwin]] was one of Wilson's main formative influences.]]
Wilson's chordal vocabulary derived primarily from [[rock and roll]], [[doo-wop]], and vocal [[jazz]].{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=65}} At age two, he heard [[Glenn Miller]]'s 1943 rendition of Gershwin's ''[[Rhapsody in Blue]]'', an experience that left a lasting emotional impact{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=10}}{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=20}}—later saying, "It sort of became a general life theme".{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=17}} As a child, his favorite artists included [[Roy Rogers]], [[Carl Perkins]], [[Bill Haley]], [[Elvis Presley]], [[Henry Mancini]], and [[Rosemary Clooney]].{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=23}} He recalled Haley's "[[Rock Around the Clock]]" (1954) as the first music he felt compelled to learn and sing.<ref name="B&N01" /> His education in music composition and [[jazz harmony]] largely came from deconstructing the vocal harmonies of the Four Freshmen, whose repertoire included works by Gershwin, [[Jerome Kern]], and [[Cole Porter]].{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=5–6}}{{refn|group=nb|Lambert noted that if Four Freshmen singer [[Bob Flanigan (singer)|Bob Flanigan]] "helped teach Brian how to sing, then Gershwin, Kern, Porter, and the other members of this pantheon helped him learn how to craft a song".{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=6}} Tony Asher recalled that Wilson had minimal familiarity with [[Tin Pan Alley]] songs beyond the Four Freshmen's repertoire during the creation of ''Pet Sounds''.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=93}}}}

Wilson credited his mother with introducing him to the Four Freshmen,{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=59}} attributing his love for [[harmonies]] and the human voice to their "groovy sectional sound".<ref name="PopGenius">{{cite magazine|title=Brian Pop Genius!|magazine=Melody Maker|date=May 21, 1966|url=http://i1218.photobucket.com/albums/dd420/kwan_dk/MMMay211966.jpg}}</ref> Their 1956 album ''Freshmen Favorites'' was the first pop album that Wilson listened to in its entirety{{sfn|White|1996|p=93}} and he regarded ''[[Voices in Love]]'' (1958) as "probably the greatest single vocal album I've ever heard".{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=5}} He greatly admired the group's arrangers, [[Pete Rugolo]] and [[Dick Reynolds (musician)|Dick Reynolds]],{{sfn|Love|2016|p=55}} the latter's services he later employed for the Beach Boys' Christmas album and ''Adult/Child''.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=8, 148, 314}} It is likely that Wilson learned nearly the entirety of the Four Freshmen's recorded repertoire through 1961, after which his obsession with the group diminished.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=6}} In addition to the Four Freshmen, Mike Love recalled Wilson "playing and studying a lot of [[Ricky Nelson]], [[the Four Preps]], and [[the Hi-Los]]".{{sfn|Love|2016|p=55}}{{refn|group=nb|The Four Preps' influence has been "largely underappreciated" by journalists and historians, according to Murphy.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=20}}}}

Inquired for his music tastes in 1961, Wilson replied, "[[top 40|top 10]]".{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=11}} Particular favorites included [[Chuck Berry]], [[the Coasters]], and [[the Everly Brothers]].{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=11–13}} He particularly admired Berry's "rhythm and lyrical thoughts".<ref name="Sharp09" /> Carl said that he and his brother "were total Chuck Berry freaks" and together sang Coasters songs with Four Freshmen-style arrangements before the Beach Boys formed.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=11–12}}

Wilson disliked surf music. In the estimation of biographer [[Timothy White (writer)|Timothy White]], he instead sought a "new plateau midway between Gershwin and the best Four Freshmen material" when forming his band.{{sfn|White|1996|p=162}} Gershwin's influence became more pronounced later in his career, particularly after the 1970s when he dedicated himself to learning the violin parts from ''Rhapsody in Blue''.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=290}} In 1994, he recorded a choral version of the piece with Van Dyke Parks.{{sfn|White|1996|p=357}}

===Spector and Bacharach===
[[File:Phil Spector.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Wilson said of [[Phil Spector]], "I really respect him as a producer—so I just copied him."<ref name="Oui" />]]
[[Phil Spector]]'s influence on Wilson is widely acknowledged.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=36}}{{sfn|Sanchez|2014|pp=52–53}} In 1966, he referred to Spector as "the single most influential producer",<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Grevatt|first=Ron|title=Beach Boys' Blast|magazine=Melody Maker|date=March 19, 1966|url=http://i1218.photobucket.com/albums/dd420/kwan_dk/MMMarch191966.jpg}}</ref> and in 2000, "probably the biggest influence of all", noting, "Anybody with a good ear can hear that I was influenced by Spector."{{sfn|Thompson|2004|p=103}} He particularly admired his method of treating "the song as one giant instrument", valuing the enormous, spacious sound, with "the best drums I ever heard".{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=73}} Upon hearing [[the Ronettes]]' 1963 hit "[[Be My Baby]]" on his car radio, he immediately pulled over and declared it the greatest record he had ever heard.{{sfn|Howard|2004|pp=56–57}}{{refn|group=nb|Carlin describes the song as having become "a spiritual touchstone" for Wilson,{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=44}} while music historian Luis Sanchez states that it formed an enduring part of Wilson's mythology, being the Spector record that "etched itself the deepest into Brian's mind [...] it comes up again and again in interviews and biographies, variably calling up themes of deep admiration, a source of consolation, and a baleful haunting of the spirit."{{sfn|Sanchez|2014|pp=52–53}} Spector acknowledged, "I'd like to have a nickel for every joint he smoked trying to figure out how I got the 'Be My Baby' sound."<ref>{{cite web|date=October 25, 2008|title=First major TV interview with legendary Phil Spector screened on BBC Two|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/10_october/25/spector.shtml|website=BBC|access-date=June 2, 2011}}</ref>}} Record producer [[Lou Adler]] personally introduced them only a few days later.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=77}}{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=294}} 

Contrary to many accounts,{{sfn|MacLeod|2017|pp=138–139}} Spector's engineer, [[Larry Levine]], recalled that Spector held Wilson in high regard and was openly effusive in his praise.<ref name="Levine1997">{{cite AV media notes|chapter=Musician Comments: Larry Levine|title=The Pet Sounds Sessions|others=The Beach Boys|year=1997|publisher=[[Capitol Records]]|type=Booklet|chapter-url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Larry_Levine.html}}</ref> Levine said that the two producers "had a good rapport", with Wilson often attending Spector's recording sessions and consulting him about his production methods.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=120}}{{refn|group=nb|Wilson played piano at a recording session for Spector's [[A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector|1963 Christmas album]], often cited as Wilson's favorite album of all time.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Legacy Recordings |title=A Christmas Gift For You From Phil Spector Marks Its 50th Anniversary |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/a-christmas-gift-for-you-from-phil-spector-marks-its-50th-anniversary-232906421.html |date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> }} After Spector's "[[You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'|You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin{{'-}}]]" (1964) became a hit for [[the Righteous Brothers]], Wilson called co-writers [[Barry Mann]] and [[Cynthia Weil]] to laud the record as the greatest ever and expressed his desire to work with them in the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303343404577519042622092010 |title=The Song That Conquered Radio |work=The Wall Street Journal |first=Marc|last=Myers|date=July 12, 2012|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He submitted "[[Don't Worry Baby]]" and "[[Don't Hurt My Little Sister]]", both written with the Ronettes in mind, but Spector declined.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=45}}

[[File:Burt Bacharach 1972.JPG|thumb|upright|Wilson cited [[Burt Bacharach]] as "probably the greatest songwriting genius of the 20th century, and that includes...even better than George Gershwin."<ref name="Lester98" />  ]]
Asked for songs that he wished he had written, Wilson listed three: "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin{{' "}}, "Be My Baby", and [[Burt Bacharach]]'s "[[Here I Am (Dionne Warwick album)|Here I Am]]",<ref name="Sharp09" />{{refn|group=nb|Wilson said that [[Dionne Warwick]]'s singing on "Here I Am" was like "the voice of God".<ref>{{cite book|last=Dominic|first=Serene|title=Burt Bacharach, Song by Song: The Ultimate Burt Bacharach Reference for Fans, Serious Record Collectors, and Music Critics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cz5bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT397|year=2003|publisher=Music Sales Group|isbn=978-0-8256-7280-4}}</ref>}} the latter composer being often overlooked by scholars as an influence.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|p=37}} Wilson named Bacharach, alongside Spector and Chuck Berry, as his main chordal influences,<ref name="Sharp09">{{cite news |last1=Sharp |first1=Ken |title=Brian Wilson: God's Messenger |url=https://americansongwriter.com/brian-wilson-gods-messenger/2/ |website=[[American Songwriter]] |date=January 2, 2009}}</ref> and said that Bacharach had a "profound" influence that "got me going in a direction".<ref name="BrianWilson1997" />{{refn|group=nb|In 1966, he said, "Burt Bacharach and [[Hal David]] are more like me. They're also the best pop team—per se—today. As a producer, Bacharach has a very fresh, new approach."{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=64}}}} Wilson produced renditions of Bacharach's "[[My Little Red Book]]" and "[[Walk on By (song)|Walk On By]]" in 1967 and 1968, respectively, but left the recordings unreleased.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=284, 352, 354–355}}{{refn|group=nb|Music journalist [[Domenic Priore]] believed that Bacharach's "Walk on By" was possibly as influential to Wilson as "Be My Baby".{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=29}} Wilson said that Bacharach was a direct influence on "[[She Knows Me Too Well]]",<ref name="Benci"/> "[[Let's Go Away for Awhile]]",<ref name=BrianWilson1997>{{cite AV media notes|chapter=Interview with Brian Wilson|title=The Pet Sounds Sessions|others=[[The Beach Boys]]|year=1997|publisher=[[Capitol Records]]|type=Booklet|chapter-url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Interview_w_Brian_Wilson.html}}</ref> and "[[Love and Mercy]]".<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=Brian Wilson |others=Brian Wilson |year=2000 |first=David |last=Leaf |author-link=David Leaf|type=[[Liner notes]]|url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Brian_Wilson__Reissue_.html|publisher=[[Rhino Entertainment|Rhino]]/Atlantic}}</ref> Writers have variously attributed Bacharach influence on Wilson's "[[Guess I'm Dumb]]",{{Sfn|Howard|2004|p=59}} "[[Let Him Run Wild]],{{sfn|Hoskyns|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Kent|2009|p=14}} and "[[The Little Girl I Once Knew]]".<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=Today/Summer Days |others=[[The Beach Boys]] |year=1990 |first=David |last=Leaf|author-link=David Leaf|publisher=[[Capitol Records]]|type=CD Liner|url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Today_Summer_Days.html}}</ref> }}

===Others===
Wilson's other significant musical influences include [[Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons]],{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=36}} [[Nelson Riddle]],{{sfn|Toop|1999|p=134}} the [[Motown sound]],<ref name="Sharp09" />{{refn|group=nb|Regarding his increasingly melodic bass lines in the mid-1960s, Granata speculated that Wilson "may have taken a cue" from Motown's [[James Jamerson]].{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=65}}}} [[Disney]] film soundtracks such as ''[[Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964),{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=148}} and [[soul music|soul]] musicians such as [[Smokey Robinson]] and [[Stevie Wonder]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title='Head' Games With Brian Wilson|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/67452/head-games-with-brian-wilson|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=July 8, 2004}}</ref> [[Wendy Carlos]]'s 1969 album ''[[Switched-On Bach]]'', described by Wilson as "one of the most electrifying records" he had ever heard,{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=79}} influenced his use of [[synthesizers]].<ref name="Caroline" />

{{Quote box
| align = left
| quote = The Beatles ''inspired'' me. They didn't influence me.
| source = —Brian Wilson, 2015<ref name="beatlesinfluence"/>
| width = 25%
}}

It is often reported that the Beach Boys and the Beatles influenced each other,{{sfn|Jones|2008|p=56}} although Wilson rejected the notion.<ref name="beatlesinfluence">{{cite web|last1=Mettler|first1=Mike|title=Brian Wilson Feels No Pressure When Creating His Sonically Beautiful Pocket Symphonies|work=Sound Bard|date=May 13, 2015|url=http://www.soundbard.com/soundbard/brian-wilson-feels-no-pressure-when-creating-his-sonically-beautiful-pocket-symphonies/}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Carl supported that Brian had preferred Spector over the Beatles, although his brother "loved the Beatles' later music when they evolved and started making intelligent, masterful music".<ref name=HimesSurf/> Mike Love remarked of the Beatles' influence on Wilson in 1969, "Brian was in his own world, believe me."<ref>{{Gilliland |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19796/m1/ |title=Show 37 – The Rubberization of Soul: The great pop music renaissance. [Part 3] }}</ref>}} He acknowledged that he had felt threatened by the Beatles' success{{sfn|Love|2016|p=107}} and that this awareness drove him to concentrate his efforts on trying to outdo them in the studio.<ref name="MSLE">{{cite book |year=2002 |title=Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days That Shook the World (The Psychedelic Beatles – April 1, 1965 to December 26, 1967)|location=London |publisher=Emap|page=4}}</ref> He praised Paul McCartney's stylistic versatility and commended his bass playing as "technically fantastic".{{sfn|Barrow|Bextor|2004|p=72}}

In 1976, Wilson commented that he felt contemporary popular music had lacked the artistic integrity it once had,<ref name="Oui" /> with [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" (1975) being one exception.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Cromelin|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Cromelin|title=''Pet Sounds'' & The California Consciousness|magazine=Sounds|date=August 8, 1976|url=http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/brian-wilson-part-2|url-access=subscription|via=[[Rock's Backpages]]}}</ref> In a 1988 interview, he named the 1982 compilation ''[[Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I]]'' and [[Paul Simon]]'s 1986 release ''[[Graceland (album)|Graceland]]'' among his ten favorite albums of all time.<ref name="Contrast88" /> In 2007, he cited [[Billy Joel]] as his favorite pianist.<ref name="Kub07">{{cite web |last1=Kubernik |first1=Harvey |author1-link=Harvey Kubernik |date=July 2, 2021|title=Beach Boys "Feel Flows" Box Set |url=https://www.musicconnection.com/kubernik-beach-boys-feel-flows-box-set/ |website=Music Connection |access-date=April 25, 2022}}</ref> By 2015, Wilson maintained that he does not listen to modern music, only "oldies but goodies".<ref name="LVRJ">{{cite news|last1=Herrera|first1=Dave|title=A Q&A with Brian Wilson|work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]|date=July 10, 2015|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/music/qa-brian-wilson}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Charlton|first1=Lauretta|title=Brian Wilson on His New Album and Biopic|magazine=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=March 26, 2015|url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/03/brian-wilson-interview.html}}</ref>

==Artistry==
===Compositional style===
{{Listen
| pos          = right
| filename     = Don't Talk piano demo.ogg
| title        = Wilson's early piano sketch of "Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)"
| description  = Home recording of Wilson performing the basic chord patterns of "[[Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)]]".
}}

Wilson's writing process, as he described in 1966, started with finding a basic chord pattern and rhythm that he termed "feels", or "brief note sequences, fragments of ideas". He explained, "Once they're out of my head and into the open air, I can see them and touch them firmly."{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=73}}{{sfn|White|1996|p=251}} He wrote later that he aspired to write songs that appear "simple, no matter how complex it really is".<ref>{{cite AV media notes| title = Friends / 20/20 | others= [[The Beach Boys]]| year = 1990| first = David| last = Leaf|author-link=David Leaf|publisher=[[Capitol Records]]|type=CD Liner|url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Friends___20_20.html}}</ref>

Common devices in Wilson's musical structures include [[jazz chord]]s, such as [[seventh chord|sevenths]] and [[ninth chord|ninths]].{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=68}} Wilson attributed his use of [[minor seventh chord]]s to his affinity for the music of Bacharach.<ref name="Caroline">{{cite AV media notes|title=Caroline Now!|chapter=Brian Wilson&nbsp;— Caroline Now! Interview|chapter-url=http://www.marinarecords.com/brian.htm|publisher=Marina Records|type=CD Liner|date=April 21, 2000|access-date=August 30, 2021|archive-date=December 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228001005/http://www.marinarecords.com/brian.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Inversion (music)|Chord inversions]], particularly those featuring a tonic with a fifth in the bass, are also prevalent in his work,{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=80}} again influenced by Bacharach.<ref name="Sharp09" /> The flattened subtonic, which is common in the music of the Four Freshmen and popular music in general, is the nondiatonic chord that appears the most in Wilson's compositions.{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=84}} Sudden breaks into ''[[a cappella]]'' segments, again borrowed from the Four Freshmen, are another feature of his music, having been employed in "[[Salt Lake City (song)|Salt Lake City]]" (1965) and "[[Sloop John B]]" (1966).{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=89}}

[[File:God Only Knows diagram.png|thumb|upright=1.35|left|A visual representation of the functionally ambiguous harmonic structure of "[[God Only Knows]]".]]
Many of Wilson's compositions are marked by destabilized tonal centers.{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=82}} He frequently used key changes within verses and choruses, including "[[modulation (music)|truck driver's modulations]]", to create dynamic shifts.{{sfn|Lambert|2016|pp=68–69}} [[Tertian]] movement is another recurring technique.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=66}}

Wilson's [[bassline|bass parts]] are often melodic and given prominent focus in his arrangements.{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=80}} He also applied [[chromaticism]] in his musical structures.{{sfn|Lambert|2016|pp=83–84}} His use of chromatic bass descents are most notably displayed in "[[Our Prayer]]" (1969).{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=90}} Other songs are characterized by "[[syncopation|syncopated exercises]] and [[counterpoint]]s piled on top of jittery eighth-note clusters and loping [[Swing (jazz performance style)|shuffle grooves]]", features that producer [[Alan Boyd]] said took "an almost manic edge" in Wilson's work during the 1970s.<ref name="Bedroom2014" />

Some of Wilson's songs incorporate a I – IV – I – V pattern, a formula derived from "[[Da Doo Ron Ron]]",{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=71}} as well as a [[circle of fifths]] sequence that begins with the mediant (iii), inspired by 
"[[Be My Baby]]".{{sfn|Lambert|2016|pp=77–79}} He frequently uses stepwise-falling melodic lines,{{sfn|Perone|2012|pp=28, 30}} stepwise diatonic rises,{{sfn|Lambert|2016|pp=79–80}} and whole-step root movements.{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=86}} Numerous songs alternate between supertonic and dominant chords or tonic and flattened subtonic chords, the latter featuring in the verses of "Guess I'm Dumb" and the intro to "California Girls".{{sfn|Lambert|2016|pp=74–76, 84}}

===Lyrics===
{{quote box
| align = 
| width = 25%
| quote = I don't carry a notebook or use a tape player. I like to tell a story in the songs with as few words as possible. I sort of tend to write what I've been through and look inside myself. Some of the songs are messages.
| source = —Brian Wilson, 1977<ref name="Kub07"/>
}}

Wilson generally collaborated with another lyricist,{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=73}} although he occasionally composed both words and music alone.<ref name="Kub07" /> Most of his songs explore introspective themes,{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=61}} and several portray the male object or narrator as a "loser", evident on "[[She Knows Me Too Well]]", "[[Don't Hurt My Little Sister]]", "[[Merry Christmas, Baby]]", and "[[All Dressed Up for School]]".{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=176–177}} Other recurring themes in Wilson's songs include feminine objectification,{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=176}}{{refn|group=nb|Songs centered on feminine objectification include "[[Surfin' Safari|The Shift]]", "[[Pom, Pom Play Girl]]", "[[Girls on the Beach]]", "All Dressed Up for School".{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=176}}}} youthful innocence,{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=235, 268, 272, 277, 321}}{{refn|group=nb|Songs centered on youthful innocence include "[[The Little Girl I Once Knew]]", "[[Caroline, No]]", "[[Wonderful (The Beach Boys song)|Wonderful]]", "[[Look (Song for Children)|Song for Children]]", "[[Surf's Up (song)|Surf's Up]]", "[[Little Children (Brian Wilson song)|Little Children]]".{{sfn|Lambert|2007|pp=235, 268, 272, 277, 321}}}} [[slice of life]] stories,{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=299}}{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|pp=xxii, 84, 86, 90}}{{Refn|group=nb|His slice of life songs include "[[Time to Get Alone]]", "[[I'd Love Just Once to See You]]", "[[Wake the World]]",  "[[Busy Doin' Nothin'|Busy Doin' Nothin{{'-}}]]", and "[[I Went to Sleep]]".{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|pp=xxii, 84, 86, 90}}}} and health and fitness.<ref name="LeafBW00" />{{refn|group=nb|Songs centered on health and fitness include "[[Vegetables (song)|Vegetables]]", "[[H.E.L.P. Is On the Way]]", "[[Life Is for the Living]]", "[[He Couldn't Get His Poor Old Body to Move]]", and "[[Too Much Sugar]]".<ref name="LeafBW00">{{cite AV media notes| title = Brian Wilson | others= Brian Wilson| year = 2000| first = David| last = Leaf | author-link=David Leaf|type=Liner notes|url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Brian_Wilson__Reissue_.html|publisher=[[Rhino Records|Rhino]]/Atlantic}}</ref>}}

Although the Beach Boys became known for surfing imagery, his compositions with collaborators outside the band typically avoided this subject matter.{{sfn|Sanchez|2014|p=27}} Unlike his contemporaries, social issues were never referenced in his lyrics.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=61}}{{refn|group=nb|Wilson acknowledged that he had "never been the type" to preach social messages in his songs.<ref name=Sheridan2015>{{cite news|last1=Sheridan|first1=Peter|title=Beach Boys frontman Brian Wilson opens up about drugs, film about his life and new album|url=http://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/569981/Beach-Boys-Brian-Wilson-drugs-Love-Mercy-film-new-album|work=[[Sunday Express]]|date=April 13, 2015}}</ref>}} In his 2008 book ''Dark Mirror: The Pathology of the Singer-Songwriter'', Donald Brackett identifies Wilson as "the [[Carl Sandburg]] and [[Robert Frost]] of popular music—deceptively simple, colloquial in phrasing, with a spare and evocative lyrical style embedded in the culture that created it".{{sfn|Brackett|2008|p=28}} Brackett opined that Wilson expressed "intense fragility" and "emotional vulnerability" to degrees that few other singer-songwriters had.{{sfn|Brackett|2008|p=31}} 

===Studios and musicians===
Wilson said, "I was unable to really think as a producer up until the time where I really got familiar with Phil Spector's work. That was when I started to design the experience to be a record rather than just a song."{{sfn|Sanchez|2014|p=47}} He frequently attended Spector's recording sessions, observing his arranging and recording techniques, and adopted Spector's choice of studios and session musicians, later known as [[the Wrecking Crew (music)|the Wrecking Crew]].{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=44}}{{refn|group=nb|[[Dean Torrence]] stated that Wilson learned much about studio technology from Jan Berry, who advised him to use session musicians to expedite recording instead of waiting for the Beach Boys to finish touring.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=43}}}} Wilson established approximately one-third of a song's final arrangement during the writing process, with the remainder developed in the studio.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Schneider|first1=Robert|author-link1=Robert Schneider|title=Smiles Away|url=http://www.westword.com/issues/2004-10-21/music/music.print|magazine=[[Westword]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107105755/http://www.westword.com/issues/2004-10-21/music/music.print|archive-date=November 7, 2004|date=October 21, 2004}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|He elaborated in 1990, "As I write a song, I write some of the instrumental piano and pluck some of the different notes for the arrangement. It's impossible to lay the whole arrangement on the piano but you play just enough to get the overall feelin' of the record. It is an art in itself."<ref>{{cite AV media notes| title = Party/Stack-O-Tracks| others= [[The Beach Boys]]| year = 1990| first = David| last = Leaf|author-link=David Leaf|publisher=[[Capitol Records]]|type=CD Liner|url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Party_Stack-O-Tracks.html}}</ref>}}

[[File:Exterior of 6000 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles.jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|Exterior of [[United Western Recorders|Western Studio]] in Hollywood, Wilson's preferred recording facility in the mid-1960s.]]

Rather than using [[Gold Star Studios]], Spector's favored facility, Wilson chose Studio 3 at [[United Western Recorders|Western]] for its privacy and the presence of staff engineer [[Chuck Britz]],{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=131}} who served as Wilson's principal engineer from 1962 to 1967.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=37}}{{refn|group=nb|Wilson did occasionally record at Gold Star. The studio's owner, Stan Ross, commented, "Brian liked the sound Gold Star got on the instrumentation, but he did the voices elsewhere because we were limited to two or three tracks and that wasn't enough for voice overdubbing. [...] The tracks were really rhythm pads that would be sweetened after the voices were put on."<ref name="Ross1997">{{cite AV media notes|chapter=Musician Comments: Stan Ross|title=The Pet Sounds Sessions|others=The Beach Boys|year=1997|publisher=[[Capitol Records]]|type=Booklet|chapter-url=http://albumlinernotes.com/Stan_Ross.html}}</ref>}} While Britz typically handled technical tasks like level mixing and microphone placement,{{sfn|White|1996|p=162}} Wilson made extensive adjustments to the setup,{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=81}} usurping standard studio protocols of the era that limited console use to assigned engineers.{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=123–124}} Once Britz prepared an initial configuration, Wilson took control of the console, directing session musicians from the booth using an intercom or non-verbal cues alongside chord charts.{{sfn|Moorefield|2010|p=19}}  Britz recalled that Wilson would work with the players until he achieved the desired sound, a process that frequently lasted for hours.{{sfn|Cogan|Clark|2003|p=33}}

Wilson first used the Wrecking Crew for productions with the Honeys in March 1963,{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=276}} and two months later, during sessions for ''Surfer Girl'', he began gradually integrating these musicians into Beach Boys records.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=288}}{{sfn|Dillon|2012|pp=24–25}}{{refn|group=nb|Contrary to the [[list of common misconceptions|common misconception]] that these musicians completely replaced the band on backing tracks after the early 1960s, this substitution occurred primarily on most tracks of ''Pet Sounds'' and ''Smile''.{{sfn|Stebbins|2011|p={{page needed|date=May 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=25}}<ref name="wong">{{cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Grant |date=January 3, 2022 |title=Brian Wilson Isn't the Type of Genius You Think He Is |url=https://slate.com/culture/2022/01/the-beach-boys-brian-wilson-documentary-genius-pet-sounds.html |website=Slate}}</ref> }} Until 1965, the band members typically performed the instrumentation,<ref name="SlowinskiMyth" />{{sfn|Stebbins|2011|p={{page needed|date=May 2022}}}} but as Wilson's sessions came to necessitate 11 or more different players, his reliance on the Wrecking Crew increased.<ref name="HimesSurf" />  In 1966 and 1967, he almost exclusively used these musicians for the backing tracks,{{sfn|Stebbins|2011|p={{page needed|date=May 2022}}}}<ref name="SlowinskiMyth">{{cite web |last1=Slowinski |first1=Craig |title=Introduction |url=http://www.beachboysarchives.com/page2 |website=beachboysarchives.com |publisher=Endless Summer Quarterly |access-date=May 14, 2022 |date=2006}}</ref> although their involvement diminished considerably after 1967.{{sfn|Stebbins|2011|p={{page needed|date=May 2022}}}}

His musicians, many trained in [[music school|conservatories]], were impressed by his abilities.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=46}} Unlike most other producers, Wilson never required them to devise their own parts.{{sfn|Howard|2004|p=58}} Bassist [[Carol Kaye]] recounted that the group "were in awe of Brian",{{sfn|Howard|2004|p=58}} while guitarist [[Jerry Cole]] recalled that he and his fellow players "would walk out of Brian's sessions shaking our heads, saying, 'This son of a bitch is either crazy, or he's an absolute genius.{{' "}}{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=14}}{{refn|group=nb|Kaye noted of Wilson's basslines, "He took bass up another step. He saw it as integral in a symphonic orchestra. He used bass as the framework for a hit record. Very few people can write for bass, but his writing was beautiful. There are a lot of jazz musicians who admire him for it."{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=67}} Keyboardist [[Don Randi]] similarly expressed admiration for Wilson's chord choices, referring to him as "the [[Bill Evans]] of rock 'n' roll".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=141}}}} Drummer [[Hal Blaine]], however, recalled that all of the musicians "helped arrange, as far as I'm concerned".{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=82}}

===Production style===
Wilson's best-known productions typically employed instruments such as [[saxophone]]s and [[bass harmonica]]s.{{sfn|Cogan|Clark|2003|p=33}} He usually instructed his drummer to play only the [[Snare drum|snare]] and floor-tom afterbeats characteristic of Spector's records.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=27}} Reflecting further Spector influence, Wilson rarely used ride or crash cymbals{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=27}} and often combined [[tone color|color tones]] to produce novel sounds.{{sfn|Cogan|Clark|2003|pp=33–34}} Other practices he adopted from Spector included recording two [[echo chamber]]s simultaneously and having standup and Fender bass play identical parts.<ref name="Kub07" /> His bass lines were usually played with a hard [[plectrum]], which imparted a more percussive quality—a technique he adapted from Motown.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=162}}

[[File:Carl Brian Al.jpg|thumb|left|Wilson with his bandmates at a ''Pet Sounds'' vocal session, early 1966]]
His first use of a string section was on "The Surfer Moon" in mid-1963.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=289}} Before ''Pet Sounds'', he seldom used string ensembles,{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=154}} preferring to [[overdub]] them after recording the basic instrumental track,{{sfn|Cogan|Clark|2003|p=33}} which was then followed by vocal overdubs.<ref name="HimesSurf" /> Beginning with the 1963 track "Surfin' U.S.A.", he [[double tracking|double-tracked]] the vocals, resulting in a more resonant sound.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=32}}{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=260}}
[[File:Scully 280 4-track tape recorder, Ardent Studios (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=An elaborate tape deck|A [[Scully Recording Instruments|Scully]] four-track 280 tape deck, identical to the model used on many of Wilson's mid-1960s productions.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=108}}]]

Starting in 1964, Wilson performed [[tape splice]]s on his recordings, usually to allow difficult vocal sections to be performed by the group. By 1965, he had become more adventurous in his use of tape splicing. These experiments culminated with the complex editing processes adopted for "Good Vibrations" and ''Smile''. [[Mark Linett]], who engineered Wilson's recordings from the 1980s on, stated, "He certainly wasn't the first person to do edits, but it was unusual to record a song in four or five sections, and then cut it together."<ref name="SOS04">{{cite web|last=Bell|first=Matt|title=The Resurrection of Brian Wilson's ''Smile''|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Oct04/articles/smile.htm|website=Sound on Sound|access-date=July 16, 2013|date=October 2004}}</ref>

According to Wilson, after his first nervous breakdown in 1964, he had endeavored to "take the things I learned from Phil Spector" and maximize his instrumental palette.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=88}} In Priore's assessment, Wilson reconfigured Spector's [[Wall of Sound]] techniques, aiming for "audio clarity" and "a more lush, comfortable feel".{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=29}} The 2003 book ''Temples of Sound'' states that Wilson distinguished himself from Spector through the usage of certain instruments, such as [[banjo]], and by possessing a "clean muscle" missing in Spector's work.{{sfn|Cogan|Clark|2003|p=34}} Danny Hutton remarked that anyone recording immediately after Wilson's session would fail to replicate the sound he achieved. According to Hutton, "There was a lot of subtle stuff he did. [...] He was just hands-on. He would change the [[reverb]] and the echo, and all of a sudden, something just – ''whoa!'' – got twice as big and fat."{{sfn|Priore|2005|pp=55, 80}}

===Singing===
{{Listen
| pos          = 
| filename     = Don't Worry Baby.ogg
| title        = Wilson singing the chorus of "Don't Worry Baby" (1964)
| description  = Wilson's lead on "[[Don't Worry Baby]]" is regarded as one of his defining vocal performances.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=29}}
}}

Wilson's vocal style was shaped by studying the Four Freshmen, from whom he developed a versatile [[head voice]] that allowed him to hit high notes without resorting to [[falsetto]], although he did use falsetto on some Beach Boys tracks.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=5}} He recalled that he "learned how to sing falsetto" through listening to Four Freshmen renditions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharp|first=Ken|title=Brian Wilson, Mike Love and Al Jardine of the Beach Boys – Interview (Pt. 1)|url=http://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/2013/09/04/beach-boys-brian-wilson-al-jardine-mike-love-interview-made-in-california-part-1/|work=Rock Cellar Magazine|access-date=September 5, 2013|date=September 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908125140/http://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/2013/09/04/beach-boys-brian-wilson-al-jardine-mike-love-interview-made-in-california-part-1/|archive-date=September 8, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rosemary Clooney also influenced his singing; by mimicking her phrasing on recordings like  "[[Hey There]]", he learned "to sing with feeling".{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=58}}

Initially, his singing was characterized by a pure [[tenor]] voice; later in life, he employed this range only rarely.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|pp=xv, xvii, 35, 50, 127}} Fearing that a high vocal delivery might fuel perceptions of homosexuality, he avoided it.<ref name="RCMSharp">{{cite magazine|last1=Sharp|first1=Ken|title=Christmas with Brian Wilson|magazine=[[Record Collector]]|date=January 2006|pages=72–76|location=United Kingdom}}</ref> After the early 1970s, his voice degraded following heavy cigarette and cocaine use,{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=160}} with ''15 Big Ones'' marking the emergence of what biographer Peter Ames Carlin termed Wilson's "[[baritone]] croak".{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=209}} In a 1999 interview, Wilson compared his style to [[Bob Dylan]]'s "harsh, raspy voice".<ref name="CoynePart1">{{cite magazine|last1=Coyne|first1=Wayne|author-link1=Wayne Coyne|title=Playing Both Sides of the Coyne Part One|magazine=Stop Smiling|year=2000|issue=9|url=http://www.stopsmilingonline.com/story_detail.php?id=224}}</ref>

==Mental health==
===Onset of illness===
Wilson was diagnosed with [[schizoaffective disorder]] and mild [[bipolar disorder]].{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=280}} From 1965 on, he regularly experienced [[auditory hallucination]]s in the form of disembodied voices.<ref name="freedom2007">{{cite news|last=Freedom du Lac|first=J.|title=It Wasn't All Fun, Fun, Fun|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/11/30/ST2007113001361.html|date=December 2, 2007|access-date=June 30, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Wilson referred to the voices as "heroes and villains" that contributed to "a life of scare".{{sfn|Kent|2009|p=72}}

His family and associates faced challenges in discerning genuine mental health issues from potential manipulative behavior on Wilson's part.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=248}} Subsequent to his Houston flight incident from December 1964, Marilyn arranged his first [[psychiatrist]] visit, where it was ruled that Wilson's condition was due to work-related fatigue.{{sfn|Wilson|Gold|1991|pp=110–111}} Wilson typically refused counseling, and his family believed his [[idiosyncrasies]] stemmed from drug habits or were innate to his personality.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=191, 277–278}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=171}}{{refn|group=nb|Gaines goes on to write that Brian receiving "intense psychiatric care in a hospital setting" would have been perceived as "an admission of defeat and an embarrassment" to his bandmates.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=278}}  Carlin recounted an episode where a friend from Wilson's childhood days visited him and observed him as being "detached from reality". Wilson's family seemed "less sympathetic than confused and, it's hard not to conclude, resentful".{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=171}} }} Marilyn countered accusations of neglect on her part, emphasizing her repeated efforts to get him professional help.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=57}}

According to Wilson, he was introduced to recreational drugs by an acquaintance during a Beach Boys tour.<ref name="Oui" />{{refn|group=nb|In his memoir, Love wrote of an incident in which he had discovered drug paraphernalia in Wilson's hotel room during a tour stop in Texas in the early 1960s. Love was unsure of the drug contents, although it was certainly not marijuana, and he did not confront Wilson about the matter.{{sfn|Love|2016|p=105}} }} His hallucinations emerged early in 1965, about a week after his first time using [[psychedelics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brian Wilson – A Powerful Interview|url=http://abilitymagazine.com/past/brianW/brianw.html |work=Ability Magazine |first1=Chet |last1=Cooper |first2=Gillian|last2=Friedman}}</ref> Loren Schwartz, his supplier, said that Wilson's first dosage was 125 micrograms of "pure [[Owsley Stanley|Owsley]]" and resulted in "full-on [[ego death]]".{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=174–175}}{{refn|group=nb|Brian remembered taking the LSD at his home,<ref name="Boucher2007"/> but according to Marilyn, he took the drug elsewhere with Schwartz.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=133}} By her recollection, he returned home the next day and recounted his experience, telling her repeatedly that his "mind was blown" and that he had seen God.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=133–134}}}}  Mike Love observed signs of irregular behavior in Wilson by July, recalling an incident where Wilson deliberately crashed his car, an act Love deemed out of character.{{sfn|Love|2016|p=125}} His drug use was initially concealed from his bandmates and family,{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=126}} including Love, who had thought Wilson to be strictly opposed to drugs.{{sfn|Love|2016|p=105}}

{{Quote box
| align = right
| salign = left
| quote = [In mid-1965, Brian had] asked me to come down to Studio B. When we got down there, he said to me, "Let me play something that I hear when I've been on LSD." He sat down at the piano and played one note. He described what he was hearing. That's when I knew he was in trouble.
| source = —Four Freshmen manager Bill Wagner{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=56}}
| width = 25%
}}

Wilson, in 1990, attributed LSD to his developing "a [[Messiah complex|Jesus Christ complex]]" in the mid-1960s.{{sfn|Holdship|1997|p=212}} Following the advice of Four Freshmen manager Bill Wagner, Wilson consulted with a [[UCLA]] psychiatrist on the adverse effects of LSD. The psychiatrist later told Wagner, "I don't know if he is savable. He gives me the impression he's been on it for a while, and he's entirely enamored of it."{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=56}} By 1966, Wilson acknowledged using "pills" for introspection rather than leisure and viewed psychedelic usage as benign.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=55}} His 2016 memoir states that he abstained from consuming LSD for a second time until he was 23, around 1966 or 1967.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=169}} Marilyn suspected he had numerous LSD experiences in the ensuing years, although she knew of only two such incidents at the time.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=134}} Ledbetter, in 2004, claimed Wilson had taken LSD only three times in his life.<ref name="LK2004" />{{refn|group=nb|[[Micky Dolenz]] recalled an occasion in the 1970s where he took LSD with Wilson, Harry Nilsson, and John Lennon in Malibu. Dolenz said that Wilson "played just one note on a piano over and over again" for the duration.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dolenz|first1=Micky|last2=Bego|first2=Mark|title=I'm a Believer|date=2004|publisher=Cooper Square Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-81541-284-7|pages=177–178}}</ref> }}

As Wilson's condition worsened, he grew susceptible to [[paranoid delusion]]s, believing that his auditory hallucinations were [[Satan]] coming "in the form of other people that were competing with me and had ideas of killing me".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=330}} By 1968, following the birth of their first child, Marilyn's concerns about Wilson's mental health intensified.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=184}} Wilson was hospitalized later that year and prescribed [[Thorazine]] for severe [[anxiety disorder]].<ref name="Bedroom2014" /> He may have self-admitted and possibly received treatments ranging from [[talking therapies]] to doses of [[lithium (medication)|lithium]] and [[electroconvulsive therapy]] during this stay.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=141}}

===Post-Landy===
Wilson was given the later-retracted diagnosis of [[paranoid schizophrenia]],{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=280}} in addition to [[manic-depressive]] [[psychosis]], when he was a patient at Brotzman Memorial Hospital in 1978.{{sfn|Love|2016|p=443}} Landy, in 1976, had initially refuted such a diagnosis, suggesting Wilson's main issue was "being scared".{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=200}} In 1984, doctors again misdiagnosed Wilson with schizophrenia, also finding evidence of brain damage caused by drug use.<ref name="A Boy's own story">{{cite news |first=Sean|last=O'Hagan|author-link=Sean O'Hagan (journalist)|title=Feature: ''A Boy's Own Story'' |newspaper=[[The Observer]]|date=January 6, 2002|pages=1–3|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/jan/06/features.review87}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, Wilson developed facial tics ([[tardive dyskinesia]]) symptomatic of excessive [[psychotropic medication]]s.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=271–272, 280}} Therapist Peter Reum stated that Wilson would have deterioriated into a "drooling, palsied mental patient", and potentially died of heart failure had he continued this drug regimen.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=272}}{{refn|group=nb|In 1991, Wilson told reporters that his prescribed medications included [[Navane]] and [[Serentil]] (anti-psychotics), [[Cogentin]] (to mitigate the side effects of the anti-psychotics), [[Alprazolam|Xanax]] (a sedative used for anxiety), and [[Eskalith]] (for manic depression).<ref name="Harrington91">{{cite news |last1=Harrington |first1=Richard |title=Brian Wilson and the Angry Vibrations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1991/12/01/brian-wilson-and-the-angry-vibrations/17783698-814c-40fc-9a29-f0cf3fb63df3/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 1, 1991}}</ref>}} In a 2002 interview, Wilson stated, "I don't regret [the Landy program]. I loved the guy—he saved me."{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=214}} After Wilson sought medical care elsewhere, he was declared to have [[organic personality disorder]].{{sfn|Love|2016|pp=159, 367}}{{refn|group=nb|Musician Sean O'Hagan, who was invited to collaborate with Wilson in the 1990s, characterized Wilson as "totally dependent on other people", with signs reminiscent of [[autism]].<ref name="ohaganintermusic">{{cite web|title=Arranging Strings|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/295063269/Arranging-Strings|website=[[Intermusic]]|date=September 17, 2001}}</ref>}}

Wilson's mental condition improved in later years, although his auditory hallucinations persisted, especially when performing onstage.<ref name="AstonishingGenius2011" /> He credited his relationship with his second wife for allowing him to resume his career as a musician. In his own words, he said that he should have spent the early 2000s "in a [[mental institution]] under heavy sedation" due to the stresses of his condition; however, "Things have started to get a little bit easier, but I'm not always in a positive, happy place."<ref name="freedom2007" /> In 2002, he lamented that his successful treatment had [[Creativity and mental illness|inhibited his creativity and songwriting]].<ref name="A Boy's own story" />

==Personal life==

===Deafness in right ear===
At age 11, during a Christmas choir recital, it was found that Wilson had significantly diminished hearing in his right ear.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=58}} The issue was diagnosed as a nerve impingement.{{sfn|White|1996|p=78}} The exact cause remains unclear.{{sfn|White|1996|p=78}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=12}}{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=xv}}{{refn|group=nb|It is improbable that Wilson was born partially deaf as such defects generally manifest earlier.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=58}} Wilson himself believed the deafness might have resulted from his father slapping him shortly before turning three,{{sfn|White|1996|p=78}} although he also stated in a 2000 interview that his deafness had been present at birth and unrelated to his father's physical abuse.<ref>{{cite interview |interviewer=[[Joel Siegel]] |title=Act 3: Good Vibrations |work=[[20/20 Downtown]] |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |date=2000}}</ref><!--- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPRdVaSfbU0 ---> Murry commented that the deafness may have resulted from a football game injury,{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=58}} while Wilson's mother, Audree, said that Wilson believed the incident occurred when he was around 10 and a child hit his ear,{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=58}} a claim repeated in his 2016 memoir.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=138}} On another occasion, Audree attributed it to Murry hitting Wilson with an iron while he was asleep.{{sfn|Love|2016|p=24}}}}

Due to this infirmity, Wilson developed a habit of speaking from the side of his mouth,{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=vii}}{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=138}} giving the false impression that he had suffered a [[stroke]].{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=138}} He also experienced [[tinnitus]].{{sfn|White|1996|pp=78, 147, 314}} In the late 1960s, he underwent corrective surgery that was unsuccessful in restoring his hearing.{{sfn|White|1996|p=314}}

===Relationships and children===
Wilson's first serious relationship was with Judy Bowles, a high school student he had met at a baseball game in mid-1961.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|pp=76, 136}} The couple were engaged during Christmas 1963 and were to be married the following December.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|pp=255, 258}} She inspired his songs "Judy" (1962), "Surfer Girl" (1963), and, according to some accounts, "[[The Warmth of the Sun]]" (1964), the latter being written shortly after they had separated.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|pp=76, 300}} Around then, he gradually became romantically involved with singer [[Marilyn Wilson-Rutherford|Marilyn Rovell]], whom he had met in August 1962.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=82, 100}}{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=275}} Inspired by a remark from Marilyn's older sister Diane, Wilson wrote "[[Don't Hurt My Little Sister]]" (1965) about his early relationship with Marilyn.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=100}}{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=72}}

[[File:Wilson Phillips.jpg|thumb|Wilson's daughters [[Carnie Wilson|Carnie]] (right) and [[Wendy Wilson|Wendy]] (center) performing with [[Chynna Phillips]] in 2011.]]

Wilson and Marilyn were married in December 1964. They had two daughters, [[Carnie Wilson|Carnie]] and [[Wendy Wilson|Wendy]] (born 1968 and 1969, respectively), who later had musical success as two-thirds of the group [[Wilson Phillips]].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=376}} His daughters inspired his songs "[[Roller Skating Child]]" (1977)<ref name="Wilson1977">{{cite magazine|last1=Wilson|first1=Brian|title=I'm a Pooper, Not a Buzzer|magazine=[[Crawdaddy!]]|date=May 1977|page=63|url=https://40.media.tumblr.com/92589f007104051b8edbe566697d1303/tumblr_ns20qse72z1trpswuo2_1280.jpg}}</ref> and "[[Little Children (Brian Wilson song)|Little Children]]" (1988).{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2017|p=131}}

Much of the lyrical content from ''Pet Sounds'' reflected early marital strains{{sfn|White|1996|p=251}} that later intensified.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=249}} Wilson later described himself as a neglectful father and husband during his first marriage.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=194}} He had encouraged his wife to pursue extramarital affairs, including one with songwriter [[Tandyn Almer]],{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=249–250}} while he engaged in an affair with her sister,{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=249, 280}}{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=108}} the subject of his song "[[My Diane]]" (1978).{{sfn|Stebbins|2000|p=175}} Concurrently, Wilson maintained an affair with Debbie Keil,{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=249, 280}} who inspired his song "[[The Night Was So Young]]" (1977).{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=249, 280}}{{refn|group=nb|Keil later provided many anonymous quotations for [[David Leaf]]'s 1978 biography ''[[The Beach Boys and the California Myth]]''.{{sfn|Leaf|2022|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}<!-- page 598 on Kindle edition --->}} Gaines describes Keil as a Beach Boys fan who had moved from Kansas to Los Angeles when she was 19 with the purpose of getting close to Wilson.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=249}} Writing in his 2022 revision of ''California Myth'', Leaf explained, "Debbie never tried to shape the narrative. I felt her observations were insightful, very different from what I'd been reading."{{sfn|Leaf|2022|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}}<!-- page 598 on Kindle edition --->}}

In July 1978, Wilson and Marilyn separated, and he filed for divorce in January 1979.{{sfn|White|1996|p=321}} Marilyn received custody of their children{{sfn|White|1996|p=322}} and a half share of Wilson's songwriting royalties.<ref name="rolling" /> Wilson continued his relationship with Keil until 1981.{{sfn|Leaf|2022|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}<!-- page 606 on Kindle edition --->}} After the separation, Wilson dated one of his nurses, Carolyn Williams, until January 1983.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|pp=330, 341}}{{refn|group=nb|During that period, Williams had claimed that Wilson was being held captive by Landy. In response, Wilson held a press conference to announce that he was disassociating himself from her.{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=341}} Carlin described Williams as generally considered to be "a sweet, well-intentioned woman",{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=239}} while Wilson, via his 2016 memoir, attributed their split "mostly because of me", citing an incident in which he berated Williams, a black woman, with a racist remark.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|pp=199–200}}}} Singer [[Linda Ronstadt]], in her 2013 memoir ''Simple Dreams'', implied that she had briefly dated Wilson in the 1970s.{{sfn|Leaf|2022|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}<!-- page 593 on Kindle edition --->}}

Wilson initially dated [[Melinda Ledbetter|Melinda Kae Ledbetter]] from 1986 to late 1989.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|pp=286, 271}} Ledbetter attributed the premature end of their relationship to interference by Landy.{{sfn|White|1996|p=361}} After 1991, he and Ledbetter reconnected and married on February 6, 1995,{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=281}}{{refn|group=nb|Wilson chose the date because it was Marilyn's birthday, and thus easy to remember for future anniversaries.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=281}} Marilyn attended the wedding.{{sfn|White|1996|p=359}} }} Ledbetter became Wilson's manager.<ref name="Fine1999">{{cite magazine |last1=Fine|first1=Jason |title=Brian Wilson's Summer Plans|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=July 8, 1999|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/brians-summer-plans-19990708}}</ref> They adopted five children.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=O'Donnell|first=Kevin|magazine=People|title=Inside the Beautiful Mind of Brian Wilson|url=https://www.brianwilson.com/news/2012/11/30/brian-featured-in-people-magazine|date=December 10, 2012|access-date=July 9, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190718/https://www.brianwilson.com/news/2012/11/30/brian-featured-in-people-magazine|url-status=dead}}</ref> By 2012, Wilson had six grandchildren, two daughters of Carnie and four sons of Wendy.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=283}} Ledbetter died on January 30, 2024.<ref name="melindadeath">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/30/arts/music/melinda-wilson-dead.html | title=Melinda Wilson, 77, Who Helped Brian Wilson Through Mental Illness, Dies | work=The New York Times | date=January 31, 2024 | last1=Williams | first1=Alex | last2=Ives | first2=Mike }}</ref> In his social media, Wilson declared she "was my savior. She gave me the emotional security I needed to have a career. She encouraged me to make the music that was closer to my heart".<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=brianwilsonlive |postid=C2vSn-zO_32|title= My heart is broken. Melinda, my beloved wife of 28 years, passed away this morning.|date=January 30, 2024}}</ref>

===Spirituality===
Wilson was raised in a [[Presbyterian]] family.<ref name="B&N01" /> In many interviews, he emphasized the spiritual essence of his music, particularly with ''Pet Sounds''.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=244}} He was also intrigued by [[astrology]], [[numerology]], and [[the occult]], as reflected in his original concepts for ''Smile''.{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=173}} In 1966, Wilson expressed his belief that all music "starts with religion", and while he recognized a "higher being who is better than we are", he was not traditionally religious.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=73}}

In the late 1960s, Wilson and his bandmates promoted [[Transcendental Meditation]] (TM).{{sfn|Highwater|1968}} By 1968, he had equated religion and meditation,{{sfn|Highwater|1968}} though he ultimately abandoned TM.{{sfn|White|1996|p=319}} He described himself in 1976 as having over-diversified his readings,<ref name="Oui">{{cite magazine |last1=Rensin |first1=David |title=A Conversation With Brian Wilson |url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/a-conversation-with-brian-wilson |magazine=[[Oui (magazine)|Oui]] |date=December 1976 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> maintaining then that he still believed that the coming of "the great [[Messiah]] [...] came in the form of drugs" while acknowledging that his own drug experiences "really didn't work out so well".{{sfn|Love|2016|pp=150, 164}}{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=180}}{{refn|group=nb|Asked whether his music was religiously influenced in 1988, he referred to the 1962 book ''A Toehold on Zen'', explaining that he believed that he possessed what is called a "toehold", meaning that having "a good grasp" on one aspect of life can translate to others.<ref name="Jeremy Gluck 1988">{{cite web|last=Gluck|first=Jeremy|title=What A Nice Way To Turn 17: Brian Wilson by Jeremy Gluck – "Y'know what I mean ...|url=http://www.rocksbackpagesblogs.com/2011/02/what-a-nice-way-to-turn-17-brian-wilson-by-jeremy-gluck-yknow-what-i-mean/|access-date=August 13, 2013|date=February 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109130549/http://www.rocksbackpagesblogs.com/2011/02/what-a-nice-way-to-turn-17-brian-wilson-by-jeremy-gluck-yknow-what-i-mean/|archive-date=November 9, 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>}}

In 2011, he said that while he had spiritual beliefs, he did not follow any particular religion.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yakas|first1=Ben|title=Our Ten Minutes With Beach Boys Legend Brian Wilson|url=http://gothamist.com/2011/10/27/brian_wilson.php|date=October 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725054715/http://gothamist.com/2011/10/27/brian_wilson.php|archive-date=July 25, 2015}}</ref> Asked in 2004 for his favorite book, Wilson answered "[[the Bible]]", and questioned if he believed in life after death, Wilson replied "I don't".<ref name="Q&A2004">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/jul/24/popandrock |title=Q&A: Brian Wilson|last=Greenstreet |first=Rosanna |work=The Guardian |date=July 23, 2004}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = He is an artist wrapped densely in myth and enigma who, in person, in interview, creates as many questions as he answers. Is this guy crazy, or is he crazy like a fox? Missing a synapse or just as sensitive as a raw nerve ending? Startlingly honest or putting you on? Childishly naïve or a master manipulator?
| source = —Journalist [[Verlyn Klinkenborg]], 1988<ref name="Contrast88" />
| width = 25%
| align = 
}}

===Interviews===
Wilson admitted to having a poor memory and occasionally lying in interviews to "test" people.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Helen|title=Bad Vibrations: where did it all go wrong for the Beach Boys?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/bad-vibrations-where-did-it-all-go-wrong-for-the-beach-boys/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/bad-vibrations-where-did-it-all-go-wrong-for-the-beach-boys/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=October 10, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In later years, many writers found Wilson challenging to interview, as his responses were usually curt or lacking in substance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mehr|first1=Bob|title=Brian Wilson tour celebrates enduring power of 'Pet Sounds' after 50 years |url=http://archive.commercialappeal.com/entertainment/music/features/brian-wilson-tour-celebrates-enduring-power-of-pet-sounds-after-50-years-376179b5-0e8e-0c2a-e053-010-387028121.html|work=[[The Commercial Appeal]]|date=July 18, 2016}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|David Oppenheim, recalling his 1966 interview with Wilson, remembered, "we tried to talk with him but didn't get much out of him. Some guy said 'He's not verbal.{{' "}}{{sfn|Gaines|1986|p=170}}<ref name="The Charlotte Observer">{{cite news|last1=Janes|first1=Theoden|title=I'm pickin' up bad vibrations from this interview with Beach Boy Brian Wilson|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/music-news-reviews/article100338387.html|work=[[The Charlotte Observer]]|date=September 17, 2016}}</ref>}} Edgers wrote in 2000 that "no writer will ever understand Brian Wilson", highlighting his often "clipped and conflicting" responses, adding that he "generally makes it clear to interviewers that he would rather be somewhere else&nbsp;– and that's when he's feeling good".<ref name="Edgers00">{{cite web |author=Geoff Edgers |title=God only knows |url=https://www.salon.com/2000/08/02/wilson_3/ |website=Salon |access-date=March 16, 2022 |date=August 2, 2000}}</ref> ''[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]''{{'}}s Peter Gilstrap wrote in 2015 that Wilson had been known to end interviews abruptly.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gilstrap|first1=Peter|title=Inside Brian Wilson's room: The famed Beach Boy opens up about mental illness, medication, manipulation and the movie about his life|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/06/03/inside_brian_wilsons_room_the_famed_beach_boy_opens_up_about_mental_illness_medication_manipulation_and_the_movie_about_his_life/|website=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]|date=June 3, 2015}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb| ''Westword'' contributor Michael Roberts wrote in 2000 that "his public statements over time have tended to reiterate those of whoever's supervising his activities at the moment".<ref name="Westword2000">{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Michael |title=Brian's Song: Listening to the Distant Echoes of a Pop-Rock Genius |url=https://www.westword.com/music/brians-song-listening-to-the-distant-echoes-of-a-pop-rock-genius-5064279 |work=[[Westword]] |date=September 14, 2000}}</ref> In 2017, ''[[The Charlotte Observer]]''{{'}}s Theoden Janes surmised that despite Wilson's widely documented past struggles with mental illness, he appeared to be actively involved in major projects like his second memoir and a concert tour, indicating he could choose to decline interviews if he wished.<ref name="The Charlotte Observer"/>}}

==Cultural impact and influence==
===Sales achievements===
[[File:Brian Wilson 2009.png|thumb|upright=0.7|Wilson after a concert performance in London, 2009]]

From 1962 to 1979, Wilson wrote or co-wrote over two dozen U.S. top 40 hits for the Beach Boys, with eleven reaching the top 10, including the number-ones "I Get Around" (1964), "Help Me, Rhonda" (1965), and "Good Vibrations" (1966).{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=34–150}}{{refn|group=nb|The remaining eight top 10 hits were:
* 1963's "[[Surfin' U.S.A. (song)|Surfin' U.S.A.]]" (number 3), "[[Surfer Girl (song)|Surfer Girl]]" (number 7), and "[[Be True to Your School]]" (number 6)
* 1964's "[[Fun, Fun, Fun]]" (number 5), "[[When I Grow Up (To Be a Man)]]" (number 9), and "[[Dance, Dance, Dance (The Beach Boys song)|Dance, Dance, Dance]]" (number 8)
* 1965's "[[California Girls]]" (number 3)
* 1966's "[[Wouldn't It Be Nice]]" (number 8).{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=34–150}}}} Three more that he produced, but did not write, were the band's "[[Barbara Ann]]" (number 2) in 1965, "[[Sloop John B]]" (number 3) in 1966, and "[[Rock and Roll Music (song)|Rock and Roll Music]]" (number 5) in 1976.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=34–150}} Among his other top 10 hits, Wilson co-wrote Jan and Dean's "[[Surf City (song)|Surf City]]" (the first chart-topping surf song) and "[[Dead Man's Curve (song)|Dead Man's Curve]]" (number 8) in 1963, and [[the Hondells]]' "[[Little Honda]]" (number 9) in 1964.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=39, 63}}

===Popular music, industry practices, and record production===
{{See also|Recording studio as an instrument}}

Wilson is widely regarded as one of the most innovative and significant songwriters of the late 20th century.<ref name="conversation2015">{{cite news|last1=O'Shei|first1=Tim|title=A conversation with Brian Wilson|url=http://buffalo.com/2015/10/06/featured/a-conversation-with-brian-wilson/|work=[[The Buffalo News]]|date=October 6, 2015|access-date=March 15, 2016|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191251/http://buffalo.com/2015/10/06/featured/a-conversation-with-brian-wilson/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fellow composers who have acknowledged his advancements include [[Philip Glass]], [[Gustavo Dudamel]], and Burt Bacharach, the latter of whom praised Wilson as "one of the greatest innovators" in music history.<ref name="WilsonWebsiteQuotes">{{cite web |title=Quotes |url=https://www.brianwilson.com/quotes |website=brianwilson.com |access-date=July 25, 2023}}</ref> In discussing Wilson's harmonic ingenuity,  musicologist [[Philip Lambert]] states in 2016 that his harmonic approach demonstrated an exceptional mastery, leaving a lasting imprint on popular music since.{{sfn|Lambert|2016|p=93}}

The level of creative control that Wilson had asserted over his own record output was unprecedented in the music industry,{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=36}}{{sfn|Howard|2004|pp=54–55}}{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=301}} leading him to become the first pop artist credited for writing, arranging, producing, and performing his own material.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalfatovic|first=Martin R.|editor-last1=Browne|editor-first1=Ray Broadus|editor-last2=Browne|editor-first2=Pat|title=The Guide to United States Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&pg=PA70|year=2001|publisher=Popular Press|isbn=978-0-87972-821-2|page=70}}</ref> Wilson's autonomy encompassed control over recording studios and personnel, including engineers and the typically intrusive [[A&R]] representative. According to biographer James Murphy, Wilson's singular artistic freedom was pivotal in reshaping both the landscape of popular music and the music industry's perception of artistic control.{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=301}}

In addition to being one of the first [[music auteur|music producer ''auteurs'']], Wilson helped popularize the idea of the recording studio as a compositional tool,{{sfn|Edmondson|2013|p=890}} and he was the first rock producer to use the studio in this fashion.{{sfn|Cogan|Clark|2003|p=33}} Granata writes that Wilson "redefined" the role of the producer.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=115}} [[Peter Doggett]] identifies Wilson as the quintessential figure of an era marked by "some of the most notorious pop battles" between "idealistic musicians" and the executives funding their ambitious projects.{{sfn|Doggett|2016|p=372}}{{refn|group=nb|Brian's brother Carl remarked, "Record companies were used to having absolute control over their artists. [...] But what could they say? Brian made good records."<ref name="Himes1983">{{cite magazine|last1=Himes|first1=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Himes|title=The Beach Boys High Times and Ebb Tides Carl Wilson Recalls 20 Years With and Without Brian|magazine=[[Musician (magazine)|Musician]]|date=September 1983|issue=59|url=http://troun.tripod.com/carl.html}}</ref>}}

[[File:Eiga-Joho-1966-September-1.png|thumb|upright=0.85|left|[[The Beatles]] were engaged in a mutually benficial creative rivalry with Wilson during the mid-1960s.{{sfn|Starr|2007|p=254}}{{sfn|Perone|2015|pp=42, 47}}{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=150}}]]

Beatles producer [[George Martin]] said, "No one made a greater impact on the Beatles than Brian [...] the musician who challenged them most of all."{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=17}}{{sfn|Jones|2008|p=57}}{{refn|group=nb|John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and [[George Harrison]] each championed ''Pet Sounds'' when it was released.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=135}} Moreover, Harrison recalled that the group had felt threatened by the album.<ref>{{cite episode|people=Wonfor, Geoff; Smeaton, Bob (Directors)|series=[[The Beatles Anthology (documentary)|The Beatles Anthology]]|number=5|medium=Documentary series|network=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]|year=1995}}</ref> Asked in 1966 for the musical person he most admired, Lennon named Wilson.{{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=73}}}}  [[Jimmy Webb]] explained, "As far as a major, modern producer who was working right in the middle of the pop milieu, no one was doing what Brian was doing. We didn't even know that it was possible until he did it."{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=115–116}} [[David Crosby]] called Wilson "the most highly regarded pop musician in America. Hands down."{{sfn|Murphy|2015|p=300}}

His accomplishments as a producer influenced many others in his field, effectively setting a precedent that allowed subsequent bands and artists to produce their own recording sessions.{{sfn|Edmondson|2013|p=890}} Following his exercise of total creative autonomy, Wilson ignited an explosion of like-minded California producers, supplanting New York as the center of popular records.{{sfn|Howard|2004|p=54}} Wilson was also a pioneer of "project" recording, where an artist records by himself rather than at an established studio.{{sfn|Edmondson|2013|p=890}}

The 1967 [[CBS]] documentary ''[[Inside Pop: The Rock Revolution]]'' described Wilson as "one of today's most important pop musicians".{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=182}} Artists who have described Wilson as a "genius" have included George Martin, [[Leon Russell]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Pete Townshend]], [[Jimmy Page]], [[Elton John]], [[Tom Petty]], [[Henry Rollins]], and [[Questlove]].<ref name="WilsonWebsiteQuotes">{{cite web |title=Quotes |url=https://www.brianwilson.com/quotes |website=brianwilson.com |access-date=July 25, 2023}}</ref> Many other musicians have voiced admiration for Wilson's work or cited it as an influence, including [[Bob Dylan]], [[Neil Young]], [[Ray Davies]], [[John Cale]], [[David Byrne]], [[Todd Rundgren]], [[Patti Smith]], [[Mick Jagger]], [[Keith Richards]], <!--- [[Eric Clapton]], --->[[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Randy Newman]], [[Ray Charles]], and [[Chrissie Hynde]].<ref name="Contrast88">{{cite magazine|last1=Klinkenborg|first1=Verlyn |author-link=Verlyn Klinkenborg|title=Brian Wilson and the Fine Art of Surfacing|magazine=Contrast|date=1988|url=http://www.petsounds.com/contrast.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980630154133/http://www.petsounds.com/contrast.pdf|via=petsounds.com|archive-date=June 30, 1998}}</ref>

===Art pop, pop art, psychedelia, and progressive music===
{{Quote box
| quote = There is no god and Brian Wilson is his son. Brian Wilson stirred up the chords.
| source = —[[Velvet Underground]] co-founder [[Lou Reed]], 1966<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/28/lou-reed-career-being-contrary|title=Lou Reed: A career of being contrary|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 28, 2013|accessdate=January 31, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Aspen|year=1966|volume=1|issue=3|title=The View from the Bandstand|url=https://www.ubu.com/aspen/aspen3/bandstand.html|last=Reed|first=Lou|authorlink=Lou Reed}}</ref>
| width = 25%
| align =
}}

Further to his invention of new [[texture (music)|musical textures]] and his novel applications of quasi-[[symphonic orchestra]]s, Wilson helped propel the mid-1960s [[art pop]] movement,<ref>{{cite news |last=Holden |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Holden |date=February 28, 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/28/arts/music-they-re-recording-but-are-they-artists.html |title=MUSIC; They're Recording, but Are They Artists? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 17, 2013}}</ref> and, with ''Pet Sounds'', was immediately heralded as [[art rock]]'s leading figure.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nolan |first1=Tom |title=How Goes It Underground? |url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/how-goes-it-underground |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 18, 1968 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Carlin writes that Wilson had originated an "art-rock" style that merged transcendent artistic possibilities with the mainstream appeal of pop music.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carlin |first1=Peter Ames |author-link=Peter Ames Carlin |title=MUSIC; A Rock Utopian Still Chasing An American Dream |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/arts/music-a-rock-utopian-still-chasing-an-american-dream.html |date=March 25, 2001 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Academic [[Larry Starr]] writes, "In a sense, Brian Wilson was the first self-conscious second-generation rock 'n' roller" as well as "the first fully realized" example of both an innovative and majorly successful pop musician.{{sfn|Starr|2007|p=252}} Starr credits Wilson with establishing a successful career model that was then followed by the Beatles and other mid-1960s British Invasion acts.{{sfn|Starr|2007|pp=251–253}}{{refn|group=nb|In Starr's estimation, Wilson had initially demonstrated a proficiency in the fundamental styles of early rock 'n' roll, both in ballads and faster-paced songs. He then developed and evolved these styles through original compositions, and, ultimately, diverged significantly from traditional rock 'n' roll forms, sounds, and themes to forge a distinctive musical identity.{{sfn|Starr|2007|pp=251–253}}}} According to journalist [[Erik Davis]], in addition to composing "a soundtrack to the early '60s", Wilson initiated "a delicate and joyful art pop unique in music history and presaged the mellowness so fundamental to '70s California pop".<ref name="Davis1990">{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Erik|title=Look! Listen! Vibrate! SMILE! The Apollonian Shimmer of the Beach Boys|url=http://www.techgnosis.com/index_beach.html|access-date=January 14, 2014|newspaper=LA Weekly|date=November 9, 1990|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204153729/http://www.techgnosis.com/index_beach.html|archive-date=December 4, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Andy Warhol by Jack Mitchell.jpg|thumb|upright|Comparisons have been drawn between Wilson and [[pop art]] figures such as [[Andy Warhol]] (pictured 1973)]]
[[Van Dyke Parks]] stated, "Brian Wilson was not imitative, he was inventive; for people who don't write songs, it's hard to understand how inventive he really was."<ref>{{cite web|last=Dombal|first=Ryan|date=April 22, 2011|title=5–10–15–20: Van Dyke Parks The veteran songwriter and arranger on the Beach Boys, Bob Dylan, and more.|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/42269-5-10-15-20-van-dyke-parks/|work=Pitchfork|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514101025/http://pitchfork.com/news/42269-5-10-15-20-van-dyke-parks/|archive-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> Parks elaborated that "Wilson made music as accessible as a cartoon and yet rewarded repeated listening as much as [[Bach]]", also suggesting that Wilson's sensibilities overlapped with those espoused by other pop artists of the era.<ref name="HimesSurf">{{cite web|author-link=Geoffrey Himes|last1=Himes|first1=Geoffrey|title=Surf Music|url=http://teachrock.org/media/essays/surf_himes_with_maia_edits_2.pdf|website=teachrock.org|publisher=Rock and Roll: An American History|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125223127/http://teachrock.org/media/essays/surf_himes_with_maia_edits_2.pdf|archive-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Pop artist [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]], who designed the Beatles' [[List of images on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band|''Sgt. Pepper'' album cover]], said, "I've never been an enormous fan of the Beatles like I am of the Beach Boys."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Jonathan |title='The Beatles? I was more a fan of the Beach Boys': Peter Blake at 90 on pop art and clubbing with the Fab Four |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/jun/15/the-beatles-i-was-more-a-fan-of-the-beach-boys-peter-blake-at-90-on-pop-art-and-clubbing-with-the-fab-four |access-date=June 17, 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 15, 2022}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|In a 1968 article for ''[[Jazz & Pop]]'', contributor [[Gene Sculatti]] addressed popular criticisms regarding the Beach Boys openly embracing [[mass culture]] and [[commercialism]]; Sculatti argued that these associations were artistically validated by Wilson's authentic "fascination with popular culture", a preoccupation that had "served Warhol and Chuck Berry equally well".<ref name="Scalluti1968">{{cite journal|last=Sculatti|first=Gene|author-link=Gene Sculatti|url=http://www.teachrock.org/resources/article/villains-and-heroes-in-defense-of-the-beach-boys/|title=Villains and Heroes: In Defense of the Beach Boys|journal=Jazz & Pop|date=September 1968|access-date=July 10, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191639/http://www.teachrock.org/resources/article/villains-and-heroes-in-defense-of-the-beach-boys/|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref>}}

Under Wilson's creative leadership, the Beach Boys became major contributors to the development of [[psychedelic music]], although they are rarely credited for this distinction.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2020|p=27}} Christian Matijas-Mecca, in his book about [[psychedelic rock]], credits Wilson, alongside Bob Dylan and the Beatles, for establishing a creative standard that "enabled psychedelic artists to expand their sonic and compositional boundaries", yielding "entirely new" sounds and tone colors.{{sfn|Matijas-Mecca|2020|pp=14, 27}} In an editorial piece on [[sunshine pop]], ''[[The A.V. Club]]''{{'}}s Noel Murray recognized Wilson as among "studio rats [that] set the pace for how pop music could and should sound in the [[flower power|Flower Power]] era: at once starry-eyed and wistful".<ref name=AVSunshine>{{cite news|last1=Murray|first1=Noel|title=Sunshine Pop|url=https://www.avclub.com/article/sunshine-pop-54224|newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=April 7, 2011}}</ref>

Wilson's work with the Beach Boys, especially on ''Pet Sounds'', "Good Vibrations" and ''Smile'', marked the beginnings of [[progressive pop]], a genre that is distinguished by sophisticated and unorthodox approaches to pop music.<ref name="progpopguide"/> Writing in 1978, biographer [[David Leaf]] identified Wilson's 1960s productions as a chief influence on bands such as [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Electric Light Orchestra]], [[10cc]], and [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]], among others.{{sfn|Leaf|1978|p=191}}{{refn|group=nb|Many of the 1970s and 1980s acts that Wilson influenced, including ELO, [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]], [[Supertramp]], [[Kate Bush]], and [[Tears for Fears]], came to be linked under the "progressive pop" banner.<ref name="progpopguide">{{cite web |last1=Reed |first1=Ryan |title=A Guide to Progressive Pop |url=https://tidal.com/magazine/article/a-guide-to-progressive-pop/1-57187 |website=Tidal |date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>}} Musicologist [[Bill Martin (philosophy)|Bill Martin]] acknowledged Wilson's influence on [[progressive rock]], particularly through his complex songwriting and basslines.{{sfn|Martin|2015|pp=70–75, 183–185}}

Wilson's detachment from live performance—deploying bandmates as "attractive avatars"—presaged later producer-musicians like [[Max Martin]]. Writing in 2016, ''[[The Atlantic]]''{{'}}s Jason Guriel credits ''Pet Sounds'' with inventing "the modern pop album" by establishing auteur-driven production, anticipating "the rise of the producer [and] the modern pop-centric era, which privileges producer over artist and blurs the line between entertainment and art".<ref name="Guriel2016">{{cite magazine|last1=Guriel|first1=Jason|title=How Pet Sounds Invented the Modern Pop Album|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/05/how-pet-sounds-invented-the-modern-pop-album/482940/|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=May 16, 2016}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Guriel goes on to note, "In a move that would've pleased Andy Warhol, Wilson recruited an advertising copywriter to come up with the album's lyrics. In a move that would've pleased a [[Dada]]ist, he rattled listeners' sense of sonic possibility."<ref name="Guriel2016"/>}}

===Naïve art, rock/pop division, and outsider music===
{{Further|Naïve art|Rockism and poptimism}}
[[File:Brian Wilson 1963 Billboard (cropped).png|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Wilson (pictured 1962) posing with the Beach Boys.]]
Wilson's popularity and success is attributed partly to the perceived naïveté of his work and personality.{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=43}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=25–26}}<ref name="Hoskyns95"/> In music journalist [[Barney Hoskyns]]'s description, the "particular appeal of Wilson's genius" can be traced to his "singular naivety" and "ingenuousness", alongside his band being "the very obverse of hip".<ref name="Hoskyns95"/> Commenting on the seemingly "campy and corny" quality of the Beach Boys' first records, David Marks said that Wilson had been "dead serious about them all", elaborating, "It's hard to believe that anyone could be that naive and honest, but he was. That's what made those records so successful. You could feel the sincerity in them."{{sfn|Lambert|2007|p=43}}{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=25–26}}

The most culturally significant "tragedy" in 1960s rock, according to journalist [[Richard Goldstein (writer, born 1944)|Richard Goldstein]], was Wilson's failure to overcome his insecurities and realize "his full potential as a composer" after having anticipated developments such as [[electronica]] and [[Minimal music|minimalism]].<ref name=GoldsteinSalon>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Richard|authorlink=Richard Goldstein (writer born 1944)|title=I got high with the Beach Boys: "If I survive this I promise never to do drugs again"|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/04/26/i_got_high_with_the_beach_boys_if_i_survive_this_i_promise_never_to_do_drugs_again/|work=[[salon (website)|Salon]]|date=April 26, 2015}}</ref> Writing in 1981, [[Sociomusicology|sociomusicologist]] [[Simon Frith]] identified Wilson's withdrawal in 1967, along with Phil Spector's self-imposed retirement in 1966, as the catalysts for the "rock/pop split that has afflicted<!-- !  check for tone !--> American music ever since".<ref name="Frith/HistoryOfRock">{{cite magazine|first=Simon|last=Frith|title=1967: The Year It All Came Together|magazine=[[The History of Rock (magazine)|The History of Rock]]|year=1981|url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/1967-the-year-it-all-came-together|url-access=subscription|author-link=Simon Frith}}</ref>

Speaking in a 1997 interview, musician [[Sean O'Hagan]] felt that rock music's domination of mass culture following the mid-1960s had the effect of artistically stifling contemporary pop composers who, until then, had been guided by Wilson's increasingly ambitious creative advancements.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Smith|first1=Ethan|title=Do It Again|magazine=[[New York Magazine]]|date=November 10, 1997|volume=30|issue=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-gCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA98|publisher=New York Media, LLC|issn=0028-7369}}</ref> In her article which dubbed him "the godfather of sensitive pop", music journalist Patricia Cárdenas credits Wilson with ultimately inspiring many musicians to value the craft of pop songwriting as much as "the primal, hard-driving rock 'n' roll the world had come to know since then".<ref name="Cardenas20">{{cite news |last1=Patricia |first1=Cardenas |title=Brian Wilson Paved the Way for the Sensitive Pop Revolution |url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/music/things-to-do-in-miami-brian-wilson-at-magic-city-casino-january-17-2020-11437180 |work=Miami New Times |date=January 15, 2020}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|align=right
|quote="''[[I Just Wasn't Made for These Times|I guess I just wasn't made for these times]]''," he had declared on ''Pet Sounds'', and the song had become the overture for a decades-long saga that would be, in its way, just as influential as ''Pet Sounds'' had been. [...] Ultimately, Brian's public suffering had transformed him from a musical figure into a cultural one.
|source=—Biographer [[Peter Ames Carlin]]{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=277}}
|width = 25%
}}

By the mid-1970s, Wilson had tied with ex–[[Pink Floyd]] member [[Syd Barrett]] for rock music's foremost "mythical casualty".<ref name="Lester98"/> Timothy White wrote that Wilson's ensuing legend rivaled that of the [[California myth]] promoted by the Beach Boys,{{sfn|White|1996|p=289}} while Brackett characterized Wilson's "rise and fall and rise" as a "downright [[Shakespearean]]" story.{{sfn|Brackett|2008|pp=29, 39}}{{refn|group=nb|Hoskyns identified Wilson's retreat as "central to the obsession many people have with his lost greatness".<ref name="Hoskyns95">{{cite news|last1=Hoskyns|first1=Barney|title="Brian Wilson is a Genius": The Birth of a Pop Cult|url=https://barneyhoskyns.com/2016/10/13/he-is-brian-wilson/|work=[[The Independent]]|date=September 1, 1995}}</ref>}}

Ultimately, Wilson became regarded as the most famous [[outsider music]]ian.{{sfn|Chusid|2000|p=xv}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vivinetto |first1=Gina |title=The bipolar poet |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/07/19/Floridian/The_bipolar_poet.shtml |newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |date=July 19, 2003}}</ref> Author [[Irwin Chusid]], who codified the term "outsider music", noted Wilson as a potentially unconvincing example of the genre due to Wilson's commercial successes, but argued that the musician should be considered an outsider due to his "tormented" background, past issues with drug dependencies, and unorthodox songwriting.{{sfn|Chusid|2000|p=xv}}

===Alternative music and continued cultural resonance===
Wilson has also been declared the "godfather" of [[punk rock|punk]], [[indie rock]], and [[emo]].<ref name="Cardenas20"/> Principally through his early records, Wilson, alongside his collaborator Mike Love, was a key influence on the development of punk rock and the movement's evolution into indie rock.<ref name=Shoup2015>{{cite web|last1=Shoup|first1=Brad|title=How Brian Wilson Helped Spawn Punk|url=https://www.stereogum.com/1793955/how-brian-wilson-helped-spawn-punk/franchises/essay/|publisher=[[Stereogum]]|date=April 14, 2015}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|In a 2001 interview, Darian Sahanaja characterized Wilson as "more punk [than modern punk bands]. Just him on stage - you can see teenagers going 'whoahh!' as he says things off the top of his head. At Neil Young's [[Bridge School Benefit|Bridge Benefit Concert]] for disabled children he'd say - 'OK this is for all the crippled children...' [...] There's no irony there."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ridley |first1=Stephen |title=The Wondermints |url=http://cwas.hinah.com/interview/?id=70 |website=Comes with a Smile |access-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628075450/http://cwas.hinah.com/interview/?id=70 |archive-date=June 28, 2008 |date=Spring 2001}}</ref>}} According to critic [[Carl Wilson (critic)|Carl Wilson]] (no relation to the Beach Boys' Carl Wilson), "The [[Ramones]], for instance, seized on and subverted the early Wilson template: [[Be True to Your School]] became [[Rock 'n' Roll High School (song)|Rock'n'Roll High School]]."<ref name=BBCMozart/> The critic adds that Wilson's "vulnerability", "offbeat instruments", and "intricate harmonies", together with the ''Smile'' mythos, served as a "touchstone" for art-inclined [[post-punk]] and bands such as [[Pere Ubu]], [[XTC]], [[U2]], [[R.E.M.]], the [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]], and [[My Bloody Valentine (band)|My Bloody Valentine]].<ref name=BBCMozart>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Carl|title=The Beach Boys' Brian Wilson: America's Mozart?|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150608-is-this-americas-mozart|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

Later in the 20th century, Wilson was credited with "godfathering" an era of independently produced music that was heavily indebted to his melodic sensibilities, [[chamber pop]] orchestrations, and recording experiments.<ref name="Leas2016">{{cite web |last1=Leas|first1=Ryan|title=Tomorrow Never Knows: How 1966's Trilogy Of Pet Sounds, Blonde On Blonde, And Revolver Changed Everything|website=[[Stereogum]]|date=August 5, 2016|url=https://www.stereogum.com/1892600/tomorrow-never-knows-how-1966s-trilogy-of-pet-sounds-blonde-on-blonde-and-revolver-changed-everything/franchises/sounding-board/}}</ref> Author Nathan Wiseman-Trowse credits Wilson, alongside Spector, with having "arguably pioneered", in popular music, the "approach to the sheer physicality of sound", an integral characteristic of the [[dream pop]] genre.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wiseman-Trowse|first1=Nathan|title=Performing Class in British Popular Music|date=September 30, 2008|publisher=Springer|pages=148–154|isbn=9780230594975|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=egeMDAAAQBAJ&rdid=book-egeMDAAAQBAJ&rdot=1}}</ref> Newer acts who were influenced by Wilson, or that voiced their admiration, included <!--- Also mentioned in source: the Ramones, XTC, R.E.M., --->[[Robyn Hitchcock]], [[Redd Kross]], [[The Church (band)|the Church]], [[Rain Parade]], [[Big Dipper (band)|Big Dipper]], [[the Go-Betweens]], [[Psychic TV]], [[the Feelies]], and [[the dBs]].<ref name="Contrast88"/>

[[File:Barenaked Ladies performing on-board Ships and Dip III cruise in 2008.jpg|thumb|[[Barenaked Ladies]] enjoyed a top 40 hit with their tribute song, "[[Brian Wilson (song)|Brian Wilson]]", in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|magazine=Billboard|date=1998|title=Radio Leaps for Barenaked Ladies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-w0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> Wilson himself performed the song at his concerts, showcased on ''Live at the Roxy''.{{sfn|Wilson|Greenman|2016|p=93}}]]

Many of the most popular acts of the 1980s and 1990s recorded songs that celebrated or referenced Wilson's music, including R.E.M., Bruce Springsteen, [[Barenaked Ladies]], [[the Jayhawks]], and [[Wilco]].{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=276}} Simultaneously, [[the High Llamas]] inspired many American touring groups, especially around Los Angeles, to recognize Wilson as an "alternative music hero".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Woullard|first1=Clayton|title=The Goat Looks In: Interview with Sean O'Hagan of the High Llamas|url=http://claythescribe.com:80/2016/03/04/interview-with-sean-ohagan-of-the-high-llamas/|website=Clay the Scribe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305111207/http://claythescribe.com/2016/03/04/interview-with-sean-ohagan-of-the-high-llamas/|archive-date=March 5, 2017|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> [[Stereolab]] and the [[Elephant 6]] collective, whose roster included [[Apples in Stereo]], [[of Montreal]] and [[the Olivia Tremor Control]], were all heavily influenced by Wilson.<ref name="Allen21">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Jim |url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/beach-boys-godfathers-of-dream-pop/ |title=How The Beach Boys Became The Godfathers Of Dream Pop |website=UDiscover Music |access-date=July 30, 2022 |date=December 13, 2021}}</ref> In Japan, references to Wilson and his "mad boy genius" legend became a common trope among {{Nihongo|''[[Shibuya-kei]]''|渋谷系}} musicians such as [[Cornelius (musician)|Cornelius]].<ref name="Walters">{{cite web|last1=Walters|first1=Barry|title=The Roots of Shibuya-Kei|url=http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2014/11/japan-top-ten-roots-of-shibuya-kei|website=[[Red Bull Music Academy]]|date=November 6, 2014}}</ref> In 2000, [[Marina Records]] released ''[[Caroline Now!: The Songs of Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys|Caroline Now!]]'', an album of Wilson's songs recorded by artists including [[Alex Chilton]], [[Kim Fowley]], [[the Aluminum Group]], [[Eric Matthews (musician)|Eric Matthews]], [[Saint Etienne (band)|Saint Etienne]], [[Peter Thomas (composer)|Peter Thomas]], the High Llamas, and [[Jad Fair]] of [[Half Japanese]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Morris |first1=Chris |title=Select-O-Hits Celebrates Its 40th Year; Caroline Pays Tribute to the Beach Boys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |magazine=Billboard |date=July 29, 2000}}</ref>

Through acts such as [[Panda Bear (musician)|Panda Bear]], and especially his 2007 album ''[[Person Pitch]]'', Wilson began to be recognized for his continued impact on the indie music vanguard.<ref name="Allen21"/> In 2009, ''Pitchfork'' ran an editorial feature that traced the development of nascent indie music scenes, and [[chillwave]] in particular, to the themes of Wilson's songs and his reputation for being an "emotionally fragile dude with mental health problems who coped by taking drugs".<ref>{{cite web|editor-last1=Richardson|editor-first1=Mark|title=In My Room (The Best Coast Song): Nine Fragments on Lo-fi's Attraction to the Natural World|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|url=http://pitchfork.com/features/resonant-frequency/7732-resonant-frequency-65/|date=November 12, 2009}}</ref>

Wilson's influence continues to be attributed to modern dream pop acts such as [[Au Revoir Simone]], [[Wild Nothing]], [[Alvvays]], and [[Lana Del Rey]].<ref name="Allen21"/> In 2022, [[She & Him]], accompanied by the release of ''[[Melt Away: A Tribute to Brian Wilson]]'', embarked on a concert tour dedicated to renditions of Wilson's songs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Uitti |first1=Jacob |title=She & Him Demonstrate Their Joy in New LP 'Melt Away: A Tribute to Brian Wilson' |url=https://americansongwriter.com/she-him-demonstrate-their-joy-in-new-lp-melt-away-a-tribute-to-brian-wilson/ |website=American Songwriter |access-date=July 25, 2022 |date=July 20, 2022}}</ref>

==Authorized documentary films==
* ''[[Brian Wilson: I Just Wasn't Made for These Times]]'', directed by [[Don Was]], premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in January 1995.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=376}} It features new interviews with Wilson and many other musicians, including [[Linda Ronstadt]] and [[Sonic Youth]]'s [[Thurston Moore]], who discuss Wilson's life and his music achievements.{{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=283}}
* ''[[Beautiful Dreamer: Brian Wilson and the Story of Smile]]'', directed by [[David Leaf]], premiered on the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] network in October 2004.{{sfn|Priore|2005|p=177}} It includes interviews with Wilson and dozens of his associates, albeit none of his surviving bandmates from the Beach Boys, who declined to appear in the film.<ref name="Planer">{{cite web|last1=Planer|first1=Lindsey|title=CrutchfieldAdvisor Presents Brian Wilson's SMiLE|url=http://www.crutchfield.com/S-KLMubcfO47D/learn/reviews/20041102/brian_wilson_smile.html|access-date=July 1, 2014|date=November 2, 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000336/http://www.crutchfield.com/S-KLMubcfO47D/learn/reviews/20041102/brian_wilson_smile.html|archive-date=July 15, 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Brian Wilson: Long Promised Road]]'', directed by Brent Wilson (no relation), premiered at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]] in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Rock Cellar Magazine Staff |title=Beach Boys' Brian Wilson Shares Poster for 'Long Promised Road,' a New Documentary Film About His Life & Career |url=https://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/brian-wilson-documentary-long-promised-road-poster-tribeca-film-festival/|website=Rock Cellar Magazine |access-date=May 10, 2021 |date=April 27, 2021}}</ref> It is focused on the previous two decades of Wilson's life, with appearances from [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Elton John]], [[Jim James]], [[Nick Jonas]], [[Taylor Hawkins]], [[Don Was]], and [[Jakob Dylan]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Martoccio |first1=Angie |title=Brian Wilson, Ronnie Wood Documentaries Headed to 2020 Tribeca Film Festival |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/2020-tribeca-film-festival-brian-wilson-ronnie-wood-961222/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=May 10, 2021 |date=March 3, 2020}}</ref>

==Accolades==
===Awards and honors===
[[File:President George W. Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush stand in the Blue Room of the White House.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|At the [[Kennedy Center]], 2007. (From l. to r.) [[Leon Fleisher]], [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Diana Ross]], President [[George W. Bush]], Wilson, [[Laura Bush]], [[Steve Martin]].]]
* Nine-time [[Grammy Award]] nominee, two-time winner.<ref name=CNNfacts>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Brian Wilson Fast Facts|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/10/us/brian-wilson-fast-facts/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=December 10, 2015}}</ref>
{|class= "wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" 
! Organizations
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Result 
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{refh}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Grammy Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005 
| [[Best Rock Instrumental Performance]] for "[[Mrs. O'Leary's Cow (song)|Mrs. O'Leary's Cow]]"
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2005-grammy-award-winners/ |last=McDermott |first=Tricia |date=February 14, 2005 |title=2005 Grammy Award Winners |work=CBS News |access-date=April 12, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|  2013
| [[Grammy Award for Best Historical Album|Best Historical Album]] for ''[[The Smile Sessions]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://au.eonline.com/news/386489/2013-grammy-awards-winners-the-complete-list|title=2013 Grammy Awards Winners: The Complete List|date=February 10, 2013|access-date=April 12, 2013|first1=Alyssa|last1=Toomey|first2=Rosemary|last2=Brennan|work=[[E!]]}}</ref>
|- 
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1988
| As a member of the Beach Boys
| {{honored}}
| {{sfn|Badman|2004|p=374}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[Primetime Emmy Award]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1996
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live)|Outstanding Cultural Music-Dance Program]] for <br/> ''Brian Wilson: I Just Wasn't Made For These Times''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.televisionacademy.com/bios/brian-wilson|title= Brian Wilson|website= Television Academy|accessdate= June 11, 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2000
| inducted by [[Paul McCartney]]{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=236}}{{efn|who referred to him as "one of the great American geniuses"}}
| {{honored}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entitY_id=18317&source_type=A|title=Biographical information for Brian Wilson|publisher=Kennedy Center|date=June 20, 1942|access-date=September 14, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109195425/http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entitY_id=18317&source_type=A|archive-date=January 9, 2010}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"|[[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello International Award]] 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2003
| For his contributions to popular music
| {{honored}}
| {{sfn|Badman|2004|p=378}}
|- 
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[Northeastern University]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2003
| Honorary doctorate of music
| {{honored}}
| {{sfn|Badman|2004|p=378}}
|- 
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[Broadcast Music Incorporated]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2004
| [[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI]] Icon Awards{{efn|being saluted for his "unique and indelible influence on generations of music makers."}}
| {{honored}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/234056|title=BMI Plays 'The Game of Love' for Song of the Year at 52nd Annual Pop Awards|date=May 10, 2004|publisher=bmi.com|access-date=September 15, 2010}}</ref>
|- 
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[MusiCares Person of the Year]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005
| for his artistic and philanthropic accomplishments
| {{honored}}
| {{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=283}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[UK Music Hall of Fame]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2006
| Inducted by [[Pink Floyd]] guitarist [[David Gilmour]]
| {{honored}}
| <ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1350562/uk-hall-of-fame-to-induct-wilson-zeppelin |title=U.K. Hall Of Fame To Induct Wilson, Zeppelin |last=Brandle |first=Lars |date=September 11, 2006 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-date=May 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518192256/https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1350562/uk-hall-of-fame-to-induct-wilson-zeppelin |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- 
! scope="row" rowspan="1"|[[Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
| Induction
| {{honored}}
| <ref name="Kub07"/>
|- 
! scope="row" rowspan="1"|[[Kennedy Center Honors]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
| Medal{{efn|committee recognized Wilson for a lifetime of contributions to American culture through the performing arts in music}}
| {{honored}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Kennedy Center Honors for 5 |last=Metzler |first=Natasha |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/02/AR2007120200546.html |agency=Associated Press |date=December 2, 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=April 12, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"|[[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2008
| Golden Plate Award<ref>{{cite news|date=2008 |title=2008 Summit Highlights Photo | url= https://achievement.org/summit/2008/|quote= Legendary songwriter Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys receives the Golden Plate Award from actress Sally Field.}}</ref>
| {{honored}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[UCLA]] 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
| [[UCLA Spring Sing The George and Ira Gershwin Award|George and Ira Gershwin Award]] at [[UCLA Spring Sing]]
| {{honored}}
| {{sfn|Dillon|2012|p=291}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[Golden Globe Award]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "[[One Kind of Love]]" from ''[[Love & Mercy (film)|Love & Mercy]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brianwilson.com/news/2015/12/10/one-kind-of-love-and-paul-dano-score-golden-globe-nominations |title=Brian's "One Kind of Love" and Paul Dano Score Golden Globe Nominations for "Love and Mercy" |date=December 10, 2015 |website=BrianWilson.com |access-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-date=April 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413125414/http://www.brianwilson.com/news/2015/12/10/one-kind-of-love-and-paul-dano-score-golden-globe-nominations |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Polls and critics' rankings===
{|class= "wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" 
! Organizations
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{refh}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| ''[[NME Awards|NME]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1966
| Wilson was ranked number four in "World Music Personality" reader's poll.{{efn|about 1,000 votes ahead of [[Bob Dylan]] and 500 behind John Lennon}}
| {{sfn|Carlin|2006|p=106}}
|- 
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| ''[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2008
| Wilson was ranked number 52 in list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".{{efn|He was described in his entry as "the ultimate singer's songwriter" of the mid-1960s.}}
| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-19691231/brian-wilson-20101202|title=The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time|date=November 2008|magazine=Rolling Stone|page=52|access-date=December 26, 2013}}</ref>
|- 
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| ''NME''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2012
| Wilson was ranked number eight in list of the "50 Greatest Producers Ever".{{efn|elaborating "few consider quite how groundbreaking Brian Wilson's studio techniques were in the mid-60s".}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/list/50-of-the-greatest-producers-ever-1353|title=The 50 Greatest Producers Ever|year=2012|magazine=[[NME]]|page=5|access-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref>
|- 
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| ''Rolling Stone''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| Wilson was ranked number 12 in the list of the "[[Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time|100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time]]".
| <ref>{{cite magazine|title=100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=August 2015|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-songwriters#brian-wilson}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| ''Rolling Stone''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2020
| ''Brian Wilson Presents Smile'' was ranked number 399 on the list of "[[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time]]".
| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/brian-wilson-smile-2-1062834/|title=The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|date=September 22, 2020|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| ''Ultimate Classic Rock''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2022
| Wilson was ranked second in the list of the best producers in rock history.
| <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ultimate Classic Rock Staff |title=Top Rock Producers |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/top-rock-producers/ |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |access-date=September 14, 2022 |date=September 1, 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| ''Rolling Stone''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2023
| Wilson was ranked number 57 in the list of the "200 Greatest Singers of All Time".{{efn|elaborating that "he is so renowned for his producing and songwriting skills that his gifts as a vocalist are often overlooked".}}
| <ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/brian-wilson-6-123464311 | title=The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|}

'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

==Discography==
{{Main|Brian Wilson discography}}
{{See also|List of songs recorded by Brian Wilson}}
{{div col}}
* ''[[Brian Wilson (album)|Brian Wilson]]'' (1988)
* ''[[I Just Wasn't Made for These Times (album)|I Just Wasn't Made for These Times]]'' (1995) (soundtrack)
* ''[[Orange Crate Art]]'' (1995) (with [[Van Dyke Parks]])
* ''[[Imagination (Brian Wilson album)|Imagination]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Gettin' In over My Head]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Brian Wilson Presents Smile]]'' (2004)
* ''[[What I Really Want for Christmas]]'' (2005)
* ''[[That Lucky Old Sun (album)|That Lucky Old Sun]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin]]'' (2010)
* ''[[In the Key of Disney]]'' (2011)
* ''[[No Pier Pressure]]'' (2015)
* ''[[At My Piano]]'' (2021)

{{div col end}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref|References}}
|-
! colspan="5" |Film
|-
|1965 || ''[[The Girls on the Beach]]'' || himself (with the Beach Boys) || [[Beach party film|Beach comedy]] film 
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Wilson |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Person/24054-Brian-Wilson |access-date=June 11, 2025 |website=AFI Catalog}}</ref>
|-
|1965 || ''[[The Monkey's Uncle]]'' || himself (with the Beach Boys) || Beach comedy film 
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swanson |first=Dave SwansonDave |date=2013-04-09 |title=Annette Funicello Dies: Remembering Her Beach Boys and Monkees Collaborations |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/annette-funicello-dies/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1987 || ''[[The Return of Bruno (film)|The Return of Bruno]]'' || himself || [[Mockumentary]] film 
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2022 |title=MOJO Time Machine: Bruce Willis, Ringo, Elton John And Brian Wilson Introduce "Bruno" |url=https://www.mojo4music.com/time-machine/1980s/mojo-time-machine-bruce-willis-ringo-elton-john-and-brian-wilson-introduce-bruno/ |access-date=June 11, 2025 |website=Mojo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1994 || ''[[Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey]]'' || himself || Documentary 
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Brian Wilson Movies & TV Shows List |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/brian_wilson_2 |access-date=June 11, 2025 |website=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Brian Wilson. Filmography |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/207309%7C24054/Brian-Wilson#filmography |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114135943mp_/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/207309%7C24054/Brian-Wilson#filmography |archive-date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=June 11, 2025 |website=TCM |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1995 || ''[[Brian Wilson: I Just Wasn't Made for These Times]]'' || himself || Documentary 
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2004 || ''[[Beautiful Dreamer: Brian Wilson and the Story of Smile]]'' || himself || Documentary 
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2006 || ''Tales of the [[Rat Fink]]'' || The Surfite (voice) || 
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baumgarten |first=Marjorie |date=September 15, 2006 |title=Tales of the Rat Fink |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/2006-09-15/401539/ |access-date=June 11, 2025 |website=Austin Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|2018 || ''[[Echo in the Canyon]]'' || himself || Documentary 
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2021 || ''[[Brian Wilson: Long Promised Road]]'' || himself || Documentary 
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2024
|[[The Beach Boys (film)|''The Beach Boys'']]
|himself
|Documentary
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! colspan="5" | Television
|-
|1967 || ''[[Inside Pop: The Rock Revolution]]'' || himself || Television movie
|<ref name="mojo4music">{{cite web |author=Mojo staff |date=August 27, 2013 |title=Brian Wilson, Frank Zappa & Graham Nash Go Inside Pop |url=https://www.mojo4music.com/articles/6098/inside-pop-with-brian-wilson-frank-zappa-graham-nash-1967 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207074246/https://www.mojo4music.com/articles/6098/inside-pop-with-brian-wilson-frank-zappa-graham-nash-1967/ |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 19, 2017 |publisher=[[Mojo (magazine)|mojo4music]]}}</ref>
|-
|1988 || ''[[The New Leave It to Beaver]]'' || Mr. Hawthorne || Episode: "Day Dreamin{{' "}} 
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The New Leave It to Beaver. Day Dreamin |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item?item=B:12385 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Paley Archive. Paley Center}}</ref>
|- 
|1988 || ''[[Full House]]'' || himself (with the Beach Boys) || Episode: "Beach Boy Bingo" 
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Greene |first=Andy |date=2015-04-23 |title=Flashback: The 'Full House' Gang Jams With the Beach Boys |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/flashback-the-full-house-gang-jams-with-the-beach-boys-100219/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203113015/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/flashback-the-full-house-gang-jams-with-the-beach-boys-100219/ |archive-date=2020-12-03 |access-date=2025-06-11 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|1995 || ''[[Baywatch]]'' || himself (with the Beach Boys) || Episode: "Surf's Up" 
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2005 || ''[[Duck Dodgers (TV series)|Duck Dodgers]]'' || himself (voice) || Episode: "Surf the Stars" 
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Wilson |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Duck-Dodgers/Brian-Wilson/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Behind The Voice Actors |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-18 |title=68 Things You Didn't Know About Brian Wilson |url=https://www.flavorwire.com/99997/68-things-you-didnt-know-about-brian-wilson |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Flavorwire |at=#59 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|California}}
* [[List of people with absolute pitch]]
* [[List of people with bipolar disorder]]
* [[List of recluses]]
* [[List of unreleased songs recorded by the Beach Boys]]
* ''[[Pet Projects: The Brian Wilson Productions]]''
* ''[[Playback: The Brian Wilson Anthology]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Badman|first=Keith|title=The Beach Boys: The Definitive Diary of America's Greatest Band, on Stage and in the Studio|url=https://archive.org/details/beachboysdefinit0000badm|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Backbeat Books|isbn=978-0-87930-818-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Barrow|first1=Tony|last2=Bextor|first2=Robin|title=Paul McCartney: Now and Then|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuzukX6xOBIC|year=2004|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=978-0-634-06919-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brackett |first1=Donald |title=Dark Mirror: The Pathology of the Singer-Songwriter |date=2008 |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=9780275998981 |pages=27–39 |url=https://archive.org/details/darkmirrorpathol0000brac/ |chapter=The Dream Teller: Brian Wilson|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/darkmirrorpathol0000brac/page/26/|url-access=registration|chapter-url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|first=Peter Ames|last=Carlin|author-link=Peter Ames Carlin|title=Catch a Wave: The Rise, Fall, and Redemption of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYyovo_AbqAC|year=2006|publisher=Rodale|isbn=978-1-59486-320-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Chusid|first=Irwin|title=Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious Universe of Outsider Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fydjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR15|year=2000|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-55652-372-4|author-link=Irwin Chusid}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cogan|first1=Jim|last2=Clark|first2=William|title=Temples of Sound: Inside the Great Recording Studios|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO-KQ4o_B2MC|year=2003|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-0-8118-3394-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Cohn|first=Nik|author-link=Nik Cohn|title=Awopbopaloobop Alopbamboom: The Golden Age of Rock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9xtRMht6sgC&pg=PA102|year=1970|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3830-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Dillon|first=Mark|title=Fifty Sides of the Beach Boys: The Songs That Tell Their Story|url=https://archive.org/details/fiftysidesofbeac0000dill/|year=2012|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=978-1-77090-198-8|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last1=Doggett |first1=Peter |author1-link=Peter Doggett |title=Electric Shock: From the Gramophone to the iPhone: 125 years of Pop Music |date=2016 |publisher=Vintage |location=London |isbn=9780099575191 |url=https://archive.org/details/electricshockfro0000dogg_d7a6/ |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Edmondson|editor-first=Jacqueline|title=Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQPXAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39348-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Gaines|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Gaines|title=Heroes and Villains: The True Story of The Beach Boys|url=https://archive.org/details/heroesvillainsth00gain|year=1986|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=New York|isbn=0306806479|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last1=Granata|first1=Charles L.|title=Wouldn't It Be Nice: Brian Wilson and the Making of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds|date=2003|publisher=A Cappella Books |isbn=9781556525070|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/wouldntitbenice00char}}
* {{cite book |last1=Holdship |first1=Bill |orig-year=1991 |editor1-last=Abbott |editor1-first=Kingsley |title=Back to the Beach: A Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys Reader |date=1997 |publisher=Helter Skelter |location=London |isbn=978-1-900924-02-3|pages=205–212 |edition=1st |chapter=Bittersweet Insanity: The Fight for Brian Wilson's Soul |url=https://archive.org/details/backtobeachbrian0000unse|url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/backtobeachbrian0000unse/page/205/ |chapter-url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Highwater|first=Jamake|author-link=Jamake Highwater|title=Rock and Other Four Letter Words: Music of the Electric Generation.|year=1968|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=0-552-04334-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Hoskyns|first=Barney|title=Waiting for the Sun: A Rock 'n' Roll History of Los Angeles|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=w7oB2UKVxgQC}}|author-link=Barney Hoskyns|year=2009|publisher=Backbeat Books|isbn=978-0-87930-943-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Howard|first=David N.|title=Sonic Alchemy: Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings|date=2004|publisher=Hal Leonard|location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin|isbn=978-0-63405-560-7|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0VMAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Andrew Grant|title=1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QI3BAAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4668-6497-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Carys Wyn|title=The Rock Canon: Canonical Values in the Reception of Rock Albums|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=rdC3n62ArX8C}}|year=2008|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6244-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Kent|first=Nick|author-link=Nick Kent|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPMO0CtuBAsC&pg=PA12|chapter=The Last Beach Movie Revisited: The Life of Brian Wilson|title=The Dark Stuff: Selected Writings on Rock Music|year=2009|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=9780786730742}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Philip Lambert|last=Lambert|first=Philip|title=Inside the Music of Brian Wilson: the Songs, Sounds, and Influences of the Beach Boys' Founding Genius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XsZAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-1876-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Lambert|first=Philip|chapter=Brian Wilson's Harmonic Language|editor-last=Lambert|editor-first=Philip|title=Good Vibrations: Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys in Critical Perspective|url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/nv935376j|year=2016|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11995-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Leaf|first=David|author-link=David Leaf|title=The Beach Boys and the California Myth|url=https://archive.org/details/beachboyscalifor00leaf|url-access=registration|year=1978|publisher=Grosset & Dunlap|location=New York|isbn=978-0-448-14626-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Leaf |first1=David |author1-link=David Leaf |title=God Only Knows: The Story of Brian Wilson, the Beach Boys and the California Myth |date=2022 |publisher=Omnibus Press |isbn=9781913172756 |edition=3rd}}
* {{cite book |last=Love |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Love |title=Good Vibrations: My Life as a Beach Boy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioG0CwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-698-40886-9}}
* {{cite book|last=MacLeod|first=Sean|title=Phil Spector: Sound of the Sixties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFoxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|year=2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-6706-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Martin|first=Bill|title=Avant Rock: Experimental Music from the Beatles to Bjork|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCLyCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Open Court Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8126-9939-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Matijas-Mecca|first=Christian|title=The Words and Music of Brian Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmphDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|year=2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3899-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Matijas-Mecca |first1=Christian |title=Listen to Psychedelic Rock! Exploring a Musical Genre |date=2020 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781440861987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knTtDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Moorefield|first=Virgil|author-link=Virgil Moorefield|title=The Producer as Composer: Shaping the Sounds of Popular Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ0R4_Oxr-4C|year=2010|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-51405-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Murphy|first=James B.|title=Becoming the Beach Boys, 1961-1963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=273eCQAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7365-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Sanchez|first=Luis|title=The Beach Boys' Smile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC0_AwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-62356-956-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Toop|first=David|author-link=David Toop|title=Exotica: Fabricated Soundscapes in a Real World: Fabricated Soundscapes in the Real World|date=1999|publisher=Serpent's Tail|location=London|isbn=978-1852425951|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|first=James E.|last=Perone|title=The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=gzl1lBFXKhQC|page=2}}|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37907-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Perone|first=James E.|chapter=The Beach Boys|editor-last=Moskowitz|editor-first=David V.|title=The 100 Greatest Bands of All Time: A Guide to the Legends Who Rocked the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XG9CgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-0340-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Priore|first=Domenic|author-link=Domenic Priore|title=Smile: The Story of Brian Wilson's Lost Masterpiece|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=81YIAQAAMAAJ}}|year=2005|publisher=Sanctuary|location=London|isbn=1860746276}}
* {{cite book |last1=Starr |first1=Larry |author1-link=Larry Starr |title=American Popular Music: From Minstrelsy to MP3 |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195300536 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/americanpopularm0000star_k8g4/ |url-access=registration|orig-year=first published in 2006}}
* {{cite book|last=Stebbins|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Stebbins|title=Dennis Wilson: The Real Beach Boy|url=https://archive.org/details/denniswilsonreal0000steb/|year=2000|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=978-1-55022-404-7|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stebbins|first1=Jon|author-link=Jon Stebbins|title=The Beach Boys FAQ: All That's Left to Know About America's Band|date=2011|publisher=Backbeat Books |isbn=9781458429148}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Thompson (author) |title=Wall of Pain: The Biography of Phil Spector |year=2004 |edition=Paperback |publisher=Sanctuary|location=London|isbn=978-1-86074-543-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/wallofpainbiogra0000thom |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy White (writer) |title=The Nearest Faraway Place: Brian Wilson, the Beach Boys, and the Southern Californian Experience |date=1996 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0333649370 |url=https://archive.org/details/nearestfarawaypl0000whit/ |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wilson|first1=Brian|last2=Gold|first2=Todd|author-link1=Brian Wilson|title=Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story|url=https://archive.org/details/wouldntitbenicem00wils|url-access=registration|year=1991|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06018-313-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wilson|first1=Brian|author-link1=Brian Wilson|last2=Greenman|first2=Ben|author-link2=Ben Greenman|title=I Am Brian Wilson: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CmiBQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-82307-7}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
'''Books'''
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Curnutt|first=Kirk|title=Brian Wilson (Icons of Pop Music)|year=2012|publisher=Equinox Pub.|isbn=978-1-908049-91-9}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last1=Miller|first1=Jim|author-link=Jim Miller (musician)|editor1-last=DeCurtis|editor1-first=Anthony|editor2-last=Henke|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=George-Warren|editor3-first=Holly|title=The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music|date=1992|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=978-0-67973-728-5|chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ubWAht7N7zsC|page=192}}|chapter=The Beach Boys}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last1=Williams|first1=Paul|author-link=Paul Williams (Crawdaddy! creator)|title=The 20th Century's Greatest Hits: A Top 40 List|date=2000|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-46683-188-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyvlZEXyMwIC}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Zager|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Zager|title=Music Production: For Producers, Composers, Arrangers, and Students|date=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-8201-0|edition=2nd|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=thgAKvlyip0C}}}}

'''Journals'''
* {{cite magazine|ref=none|last=Carlin|first=Peter Ames|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2004/4/2004_4_40.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304235304/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2004/4/2004_4_40.shtml|title=Brian Wilson's Wave|author-link=Peter Ames Carlin|magazine=[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]|date=August–September 2004|archive-date=March 4, 2006|issue=4|volume=55}}

'''Web articles'''
* {{cite web |ref=none|last1=McCormick |first1=Scott |title=The ingenious musical arrangements of Brian Wilson and The Beach Boys |url=https://blog.discmakers.com/2017/09/ingenious-musical-arrangements-of-brian-wilson/ |website=Disc Makers Blog |date=September 19, 2017}}
* {{cite web |ref=none|last1=McCormick |first1=Scott |title=Brian Wilson's songwriting tricks and techniques |url=https://blog.discmakers.com/2017/10/brian-wilson-songwriting-tricks-and-techniques/ |website=Disc Makers Blog |date=October 18, 2017}}
* {{cite news|ref=none|title=Brian Wilson: "LSD fucked with my brain"|url=https://www.nme.com/news/brian-wilson/57557|access-date=June 30, 2013|newspaper=NME|date=June 25, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509225246/http://www.nme.com/news/brian-wilson/57557}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{AllMusic}}
* {{discogs artist}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{MusicBrainz artist}}

{{Brian Wilson|state=expanded}}
{{The Beach Boys}}
{{The Beach Boys family}}
{{The Wrecking Crew}}
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| title = Awards for Brian Wilson
| list  =
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Brian}}
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