View source for Cree

{{short description|First Nations peoples in Canada and northern United States}}
{{Other uses}}
{{distinguish|Kree}}
{{redirect|Nêhiyawak|the rock group|Nêhiyawak (band)}}
{{redirect|Nehiyaw|the children's book author|Glecia Bear}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Cree
| native_name      = {{lang|cr-Latn|néhinaw}} {{lang|cr-Cans|ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐤ}}
<br />{{lang|cr-Latn|néhiyaw}} {{lang|cr-Cans|ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐤ}}<br />etc.
| native_name_lang = cr
| image            = Cree Indians in camp, probably Montana, ca 1893 (LAROCHE 56).jpeg
| caption          = A Cree camp, likely in [[Montana]], photographed {{Circa|1893}}
| flag             = 
| flag_caption     = Flag of Cree people of Canada
| population       = 356,655 (2016 census)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&B1=All&C1=All&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1 |title=2016 Canadian Census |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=28 April 2019 |date=21 June 2018}}</ref><br />Including [[Atikamekw]] and [[Innu]]
| popplace         = Canada
| region1          = [[Alberta]]
| pop1             = 95,300 <small>(2016)</small><ref name="2016-profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/index.cfm?Lang=E|title=Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=26 May 2022|date=21 June 2018}}</ref>
| region2          = [[Saskatchewan]]
| pop2             = 89,990 <small>(2016)</small><ref name="2016-profile"/>
| region3          = [[Manitoba]]
| pop3             = 66,895 <small>(2016)</small><ref name="2016-profile"/>
| region4          = [[Ontario]]
| pop4             = 36,750 <small>(2016)</small><ref name="2016-profile"/>
| region5          = [[British Columbia]]
| pop5             = 35,885 <small>(2016)</small><ref name="2016-profile"/>
| region6          = [[Quebec]]
| pop6             = 27,245 <small>(2016)</small><ref name="2016-profile"/>
| languages        = [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Plains Indian Sign Language|Cree Sign Language]], English, French
| rels             = [[Anglicanism]], [[Indigenous religion]], [[Pentecostalism]], [[Roman Catholicism]]
| related          = [[Métis]], [[Oji-Cree]], [[Ojibwe]], [[Innu]], [[Naskapi]]
}}

The '''Cree''', or '''nehinaw''' ({{lang|cr-Latn|néhiyaw}}, {{lang|cr-Latn|nihithaw}}), are a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|North American Indigenous people]], numbering more than 350,000 in [[Canada]], where they form one of the country's largest [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]].<ref name="auto1" /> They live primarily to the north and west of [[Lake Superior]] in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces]] of [[Alberta]], [[Labrador]], [[Manitoba]], the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Ontario]], and [[Saskatchewan]].<ref name="ce">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Cree |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cree |date=9 October 2018 |edition=online}}</ref> Another roughly 27,000 live in [[Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2018 |title=2016 Canada Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Quebec&SearchType=Begins&B1=All&C1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=24&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1 |access-date=28 April 2019 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> 

In the [[United States]], the Cree, historically, lived from Lake Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in [[Montana]], where they share [[Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation]] with [[Ojibwe]] (Chippewa) people.<ref name="three">{{cite web |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0000e.shtml |work=Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation |title=Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage}}</ref>

A documented westward migration, over time, has been strongly associated with their roles as traders and hunters in the [[North American fur trade]].<ref>{{Gutenberg |no=35658 |name=Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793 |first=Alexander |last=Mackenzie |author-link=Alexander Mackenzie (explorer) |date=1903 |publisher=A. S. Barnes & Company |location=New York |bullet=none}}</ref>

== Sub-groups and geography ==
[[File:Cree_map.svg|thumb|300px|Map of Cree dialects]]
The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic subdivisions within the larger ethnic group:

* ''[[Naskapi]]'' and ''[[Montagnais]]'' (together known as the ''Innu'') are inhabitants of an area they refer to as ''[[Nitassinan]]''. Their territories comprise most of the present-day political jurisdictions of eastern Quebec and Labrador. Their cultures are differentiated, as some of the Naskapi are still [[caribou]] hunters, and more [[nomad]]ic than many of the Montagnais; the Montagnais have more permanent settlements. The total population of the two groups (in 2003) was about 18,000 people, of which approx. 15,000 were in Quebec. Their dialects and languages are the most distinct from the Cree spoken by the groups west of Lake Superior.
* ''[[Atikamekw]]'' are inhabitants of the area they refer to as ''[[Nitaskinan]]'' ("Our Land"), in the upper [[Saint-Maurice River]] valley of Quebec (about {{cvt|300|km|mi|disp=or}} north of [[Montreal]]). Their population is around 8,000.
* [[East Cree]] – [[Grand Council of the Crees]]; approximately 18,000 Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Iyyu}} in Coastal Dialect / {{lang|cr-Latn|[[Iynu]]}} in Inland Dialect) of [[Eeyou Istchee]] and [[Nunavik]] regions of [[Northern Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Les Amérindiens du Canada |trans-title=Amerindians of Canada |language=fr |publisher=Authentik Canada |url=https://www.authentikcanada.com/fr-fr/faq/les-amerindiens}}</ref>
* [[Moose Cree]] – [[Moose Factory]]<ref name="moosecree.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.moosecree.com/community-profile/services.html |title=Moose Cree First Nation community profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210012321/http://www.moosecree.com/community-profile/services.html |archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> in [[Northeastern Ontario]]; this group lives on [[Moose Factory Island]], near the [[River mouth|mouth]] of the [[Moose River (Ontario)|Moose River]], at the southern end of [[James Bay]]. "Factory" used to refer to a [[trading post]].<ref>{{cite map |title=First Nations |publisher=Government of Ontario |url=https://files.ontario.ca/pictures/firstnations_map.jpg}}</ref>
* [[Swampy Cree]] – this group lives in [[northern Manitoba]], along the [[Hudson Bay]] coast, and adjacent inland areas to the south and west, as well as in Ontario, along the coasts of Hudson Bay and James Bay. Some also live in eastern Saskatchewan, around [[Cumberland House, Saskatchewan|Cumberland House]]. Their dialect has 4,500 speakers.
* [[File:Cree People.png|alt=Another Example Of The Areas The Cree People Lived|thumb|Another map of Cree dialects]][[Woodland Cree]] and Rocky Cree<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sixseasonsproject.ca/|title=Six Seasons of the Asiniskaw Īthiniwak|website=sixseasonsproject.ca}}</ref> – a group in [[northern Alberta]], Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.
* [[Plains Indians|Plains Cree]] – a total of about 34,000 people in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana, USA.

Due to the many dialects of the [[Cree language]], the people have no modern collective [[Endonym|autonym]]. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical {{lang|cr-Latn|nêhiraw}}, namely {{lang|cr-Latn|nêhiyaw}} and {{lang|cr-Latn|nêhirawisiw}}, respectively. The Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical {{lang|cr-Latn|iriniw}}, meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form {{lang|cr-Latn|ililiw}}, coastal East Cree and Naskapi use {{lang|cr-Latn|iyiyiw}} (variously spelled {{lang|cr-Latn|iiyiyiu}}, {{lang|cr-Latn|iiyiyuu}}, and {{lang|cr-Latn|eeyou}}), inland East Cree use {{lang|cr-Latn|iyiniw}} (variously spelled {{lang|cr-Latn|iinuu}} and {{lang|cr-Latn|eenou}}), and Montagnais use {{lang|cr-Latn|ilnu}} and {{lang|cr-Latn|innu}}, depending on dialect. The Cree use "Cree", "cri", "Naskapi, or "montagnais" to refer to their people only when speaking [[French language|French]] or [[English language|English]].<ref name=Pentland>{{cite book |quote=David H. Pentland, "Synonymy" |first=John J. |last=Honigmann |chapter=West Main Cree |title=Handbook of North American Indians |volume=6: Subarctic |editor1=June Helm |editor-link1=June Helm |editor2= William C. Sturtevant |editor-link2=William C. Sturtevant |publisher=Smithsonian |location=Washington, D.C. |date=1981 |page=227 |isbn=978-0-16-004578-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKfPuwEACAAJ&pg=PA227}}</ref>{{wide image|Cree Indian sun dancers, probably Montana, ca 1893 (LAROCHE 126).jpeg|500px|A group of Cree [[sun dance]]rs, photographed {{Circa|1893}} by [[Frank La Roche]]}}

== Political aboriginal organization ==

=== Historical ===
[[File:CreeCamp1871.jpg|thumb|alt=|nēhiyaw (Plains Cree) camp near the future site of [[Vermilion, Alberta]], in 1871]]

As [[hunter-gatherer]]s, the basic units of organization for Cree peoples were the "lodge", a group of perhaps eight to a dozen people, usually the families of two separate, but related, married couples living together in the same [[wigwam]] (domed tent) or [[tipi]] (conical tent), and the [[band society|band]], a group of lodges who moved and hunted together. In the case of disagreement, lodges could leave bands, and bands could be formed and dissolved with relative ease. However, as there is safety in numbers, all families would want to be part of some band, and [[Exile|banishment]] or exile was considered a very serious punishment. Bands would usually have strong ties to their neighbours through intermarriage and would assemble together at different parts of the year to hunt and socialize together. Other than these regional gatherings, there was no higher-level formal structure, and decisions of war and peace were made by consensus, with allied bands meeting together in-council. People could be identified by their '''[[clan]]''', which is a group of people claiming descent from the same common ancestor; each clan would have a representative and a vote in all important councils held by the band (compare: [[Anishinaabe clan system]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://johncochrane.ca/drupal/node/84|title=Traditional Cree Nation Custom Council|date=30 October 2012|first=Jon|last=Dorian|website=Kaministikominahiko-skak Cree Nation}}</ref>

Each band remained independent of each other. However, Cree-speaking bands tended to work together and with their neighbours against outside enemies. Those Cree who moved onto the [[Great Plains]] and adopted [[bison hunting]], called the Plains Cree, were allied with the [[Assiniboine people|Assiniboine]], the Metis Nation, and the [[Saulteaux]] in what was known as the "[[Iron Confederacy]]", which was a major force in the [[North American fur trade]] from the 1730s to the 1870s. The Cree and the Assiniboine were important intermediaries in the [[Great Plains Indian trading networks|Indian trading networks]] on the northern plains.<ref name="ce"/>

When a band went to war, they would nominate a temporary military commander, called a {{lang|cr-Latn|okimahkan}}, loosely translated as "war chief". This office was different from that of the "peace chief", a leader who had a role more like that of diplomat. In the run-up to the 1885 [[North-West Rebellion]], [[Big Bear]] was the leader of his band, but once the fighting started [[Wandering Spirit (Cree leader)|Wandering Spirit]] became war leader.
[[File:FEMA - 45024 - A Federal Disaster Assistance Agreement signing in Montana.jpg|thumb|[[Chippewa Cree]] Tribal Chairman Raymond Parker Jr. signs an agreement with the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] in [[Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation|Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation, Montana]] on August 17, 2010.]]

=== Contemporary ===
There have been several attempts to create a national political organization that would represent all Cree peoples, at least as far back as a 1994 gathering at the Opaskwayak Cree First Nation reserve.<ref name="brandonu">{{cite journal |last=Maclead |first=Neal |title=Plains Cree Identity: Borderlands, Ambiguous Genealogies and Narratives Irony |journal=Canadian Journal of Native Studies |volume=20 |issue=2 |year=2000 |pages=437–454 |url=http://www3.brandonu.ca/cjns/20.2/cjnsv20no1_pg437-454.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623191458/http://www3.brandonu.ca/cjns/20.2/cjnsv20no1_pg437-454.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2017 |access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

== Name ==
The name "Cree" is derived from the [[Algonkian languages|Algonkian]]-language [[exonym]] {{lang|oj-Latn|Kirištino˙}}, which the [[Ojibwa]] used for tribes around [[Hudson Bay]]. The French colonists and explorers, who spelled the term {{lang|fr|Kilistinon}}, {{lang|fr|Kiristinon}}, {{lang|fr|Knisteneaux}},<ref>{{cite web |first=Neal |last=McLeod |title=Cree |website=Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia |publisher=[[University of Saskatchewan]] |access-date=27 October 2019 |url=https://teaching.usask.ca/indigenoussk/import/cree.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=Alexander|editor=Milo Quaife|title=Alexander Mackenzie's voyage to the Pacific ocean in 1793|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzMXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1|year=1931|publisher=The Lakeside Press, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co}}</ref> {{lang|fr|Cristenaux}}, and {{lang|fr|Cristinaux}}, used the term for numerous tribes which they encountered north of Lake Superior, in Manitoba, and west of there.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=David|author-link=David Thompson (explorer)|title=Travels in western North America, 1784–1812|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itEUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA109 |year=1971 |publisher=Macmillan of Canada |page=109|chapter=Life with the Nahathaways |isbn=9780770512125 |quote=The French Canadians...call them 'Krees', a name which none of the Indians can pronounce{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> The French used these terms to refer to various groups of peoples in Canada, some of which are now better distinguished as Severn [[Anishinaabe]] (Ojibwa), who speak dialects different from the Algonquin.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Adolph M. |last1=Greeberg |first2=James |last2=Morrison |title=Group Identities in the Boreal Forest: The Origin of the Northern Ojibwa |journal=[[Ethnohistory (journal)|Ethnohistory]] |volume=29|issue=2|pages=75–102 |year=1982 |jstor=481370|doi=10.2307/481370}}</ref>

Depending on the community, the Cree may call themselves by the following names: the {{lang|cr-Latn|nēhiyawak, nīhithaw, nēhilaw}}, and {{lang|cr-Latn|nēhinaw}}; or {{lang|cr-Latn|ininiw, ililiw, iynu (innu)}}, or {{lang|cr-Latn|iyyu}}. These names are derived from the historical [[Endonym|autonym]] {{lang|cr-Latn|nēhiraw}} (of uncertain meaning) or from the historical autonym {{lang|cr-Latn|iriniw}} (meaning "person"). Cree using the latter autonym tend to be those living in the territories of Quebec and Labrador.<ref name=Pentland/> Alternative names include Inninu and Inninuwuk.

== Language ==
{{Main|Cree language}}

[[File:Cree type proof.jpg|thumb|Cree [[language]].]]
The Cree language (also known in the most broad classification as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi, to show the groups included within it) is the name for a group of closely related [[Algonquian languages]],<ref name="ce" /> the mother tongue (i.e. language first learned and still understood) of approximately 96,000 people, and the language most often spoken at home of about 65,000 people across Canada, from the [[Northwest Territories]] to [[Labrador]]. It is the most widely spoken [[Native American languages|aboriginal language]] in Canada.<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01|title=Canada: 2016 Census|date=2 August 2017|publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> The only region where Cree has [[official language|official status]] is in the Northwest Territories, together with eight other aboriginal languages, French and English.<ref name="lang">{{cite web |title=Languages Overview |website=Indigenous Languages and Education Secretariat |publisher=Government of Northwest Territories |access-date=27 October 2019 |url=https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/en/services/le-secretariat-de-leducation-et-des-langues-autochtones/languages-overview}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Languages of Canada |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CA |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 September 2008}} Note: The western group of languages includes Swampy Cree, Woods Cree and Plains Cree. The eastern language is called Moose Cree.</ref>

The two major groups: nehiyaw and Innu, speak a mutually intelligible Cree [[dialect continuum]], which can be divided by many criteria. In a dialect continuum, "It is not so much a language, as a chain of dialects, where speakers from one community can very easily understand their neighbours, but a Plains Cree speaker from Alberta would find a Quebec Cree speaker difficult to speak to without practice."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/cree/nehiyawewin.html |title=Cree |website=Language Geek |access-date=21 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041554/http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/cree/nehiyawewin.html |archive-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

One major division between the groups is that the Eastern group [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalizes]] the sound {{IPA|/k/}} to either {{IPA|/ts/}} (c) or to {{IPA|/tʃ/}} (č) when it precedes [[front vowel]]s. There is also a major difference in grammatical vocabulary (particles) between the groups. Within both groups, another set of variations has arisen around the pronunciation of the [[Proto-Algonquian]] [[phoneme]] ''*l'', which can be realized as {{IPA|/l/, /r/, /y/, /n/,}} or {{IPA|/ð/}} (th) by different groups. Yet in other dialects, the distinction between {{IPA|/eː/}} (ē) and {{IPA|/iː/}} (ī) has been lost, merging to the latter. In more western dialects, the distinction between {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (š) has been lost, both merging to the former. "Cree is a not a typologically harmonic language. Cree has both prefixes and suffixes, both prepositions and postpositions, and both prenominal and postnominal modifiers (e.g. demonstratives can appear in both positions)."<ref>{{cite book|last=Bakker|first=Peter|chapter=Diachrony and typology in the history of Cree (Algonquian, Algic)|editor1=Folke Josephson |editor2=Ingmar Söhrman|title=Diachronic and Typological Perspectives on Verbs|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXNoAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223|series=Studies in Language Companion Series|volume=134|year=2013|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-7181-5|page=223}}</ref>

Golla counts Cree dialects as eight of 55 North American languages that have more than 1,000 speakers and which are being actively acquired by children.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golla |first=Victor |author-link=Victor Golla |chapter=North America |editor=Christopher Moseley |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0 |pages=1–96 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&pg=PA1}}</ref>

== Identity and ethnicity ==

=== In Canada ===
[[File:Cree Indian (HS85-10-13885) edit.jpg|thumb|Cree Indian, taken by G. E. Fleming, 1903]]

The Cree are the largest group of [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] in Canada, with 220,000 members and 135 registered bands.<ref name="cangeo">{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ND05/indepth/justthefacts.asp|title=Source|website=canadiangeographic.ca|publisher=[[Canadian Geographic]]|access-date=28 October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414053717/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ND05/indepth/justthefacts.asp|archive-date=14 April 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Together, their reserve lands are the largest of any First Nations group in the country.<ref name="cangeo" /> The largest Cree band and the second largest First Nations Band in Canada after the Six Nations [[Iroquois]] is the [[Lac La Ronge First Nation|Lac La Ronge Band]] in northern Saskatchewan.

Given the traditional Cree acceptance of mixed marriages, it is acknowledged by academics that all bands are ultimately of mixed heritage and multilingualism and multiculturalism was the norm. In the West, mixed bands of Cree, Saulteaux, Métis, and Assiniboine, all partners in the [[Iron Confederacy]], are the norm. However, in recent years, as indigenous languages have declined across western Canada where there were once three languages spoken on a given reserve, there may now only be one. This has led to a simplification of identity, and it has become "fashionable" for bands in many parts of Saskatchewan to identify as "Plains Cree" at the expense of a mixed Cree-Salteaux history. There is also a tendency for bands to recategorize themselves as "Plains Cree" instead of Woods Cree or Swampy Cree. Neal McLeod argues this is partly due to the dominant culture's fascination with [[Plains Indian]] culture as well as the greater degree of written [[standardization (linguistics)|standardization]] and [[prestige (linguistics)|prestige]] Plains Cree enjoys over other Cree dialects.<ref name="brandonu" />

The [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Métis |website=Canada's First People |access-date=27 October 2019 |url=http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_metis/fp_metis1.html}}</ref> (from the French, {{lang|fr|Métis}} – of mixed ancestry) are people of mixed ancestry, such as Cree  and French, English, or [[Scottish people|Scottish]] heritage. According to [[Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada]], the Métis were historically the children of French fur traders and Cree women or, from unions of English or Scottish traders and Cree, Northwestern Ojibwe, or northern [[Dene]] women ([[Anglo-Métis]]). The Métis National Council defines a Métis as "a person who self-identifies as Métis, is distinct from other Aboriginal peoples, is of historic Métis Nation Ancestry and who is accepted by the Métis Nation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metisnation.ca/index.php/who-are-the-metis/citizenship|title=Métis Nation Citizenship|publisher=Métis National Council|access-date=27 October 2019|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207012218/https://www.metisnation.ca/index.php/who-are-the-metis/citizenship|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<gallery widths="140px" heights="200px" class="center">
File:Group of Crees (HS85-10-27756).jpg|Group of Cree people
File:Merasty women and girls - Cree - The Pas Manitoba 1942.jpg|Merasty women and girls, Cree, The Pas, [[Manitoba]], 1942
File:Chief King of the Wind (HS85-10-27755).jpg|[[Tribal chief|Chief]] King of the Wind
File:Chief Thundercloud (HS85-10-27757).jpg|[[Tribal chief|Chief]] Thundercloud
File:Chief Duckhunter (HS85-10-27759).jpg|[[Tribal chief|Chief]] Duckhunter
File:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 095.jpg|Cree girl (1928)
File:Woman of the Snake tribe and woman of the Cree tribe 0066v.jpg|alt=|Illustration of a Snake woman (left) and a Cree woman (right), c. 1840–1843, [[Karl Bodmer]]
</gallery>

=== In the United States ===
In the past, Cree lived in northern Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana. Today, American Cree are mostly enrolled in the [[federally recognized]] [[Chippewa Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy's Reservation]]. Others are enrolled as "Landless Cree" on the [[Fort Peck Indian Reservation]] and as "Landless Cree" and "Rocky Boy Cree" on the [[Fort Belknap Indian Reservation]], all in [[Montana]]. The Chippewa Cree share the reservation with the [[Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians]], who form the Chippewa ([[Ojibwa]]) part of the Chippewa Cree tribe. On the other reservations, the Cree minority share the reservation with the [[Assiniboine people|Assiniboine]], [[Gros Ventre]], and [[Sioux]] tribes. Historically, the southern limits of the Cree territory in Montana were the [[Missouri River]] and the [[Milk River (Alberta–Montana)|Milk River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cree |website=Crystalinks.com |url=http://www.crystalinks.com/cree.html}}</ref>

== First contact ==
In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682, at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers by a [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) party traveling about {{convert|100|mi}} inland. In the south, in 1732; in what is now northwestern Ontario, [[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye]], met with an assembled group of 200 Cree warriors near present-day [[Fort Frances]], as well as with the Monsoni,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Theresa|first=Schenck|title=Identifying The Ojibwe|journal=Algonquian Papers|volume=25 |year=1994|page=396|url=https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/download/631/531}}</ref> (a branch of the [[Ojibwe]]). Both groups had donned war paint in preparation to an attack on the [[Dakota people|Dakota]] and another group of Ojibwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlady |first=Walter M. |title=Indian Migrations in Manitoba and the West |journal=MHS Transactions |publisher=[[Manitoba Historical Society]] |series=Series 3 |volume=17 |year=1960 |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/indianmigrations.shtml}}</ref>

After acquiring firearms from the HBC, the Cree moved as traders into the plains, acting as middlemen with the HBC.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==First Nation communities==

===Naskapi===
{{further|Naskapi|Naskapi language}}
{{Location map many |Canada Newfoundland and Labrador |caption=Naskapi communities
|coordinates1={{coord|55.1667 |-66.867}} |label1=[[Kawawachikamach, Quebec|Kawawachikamach]]
|coordinates2={{coord|55.917 |-61.125}} |label2=[[Natuashish]]}}
The Naskapi are the Innu First Nations inhabiting a region of northeastern [[Quebec]] and [[Labrador]], Canada. The Naskapi are traditionally nomadic peoples, in contrast with the territorial Montagnais, the other segment of Innu. The Naskapi language and culture is quite different from the Montagnais, in which the dialect changes from y to n as in "Iiyuu" versus "Innu". {{lang|cr-Latn|Iyuw Iyimuun}} is the Innu dialect spoken by the Naskapi.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Tanner|first=Adrian|title=Innu (Montagnais-Naskapi)|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|date=16 October 2018|publisher=[[Historica Canada]]|edition=online|url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/innu-montagnais-naskapi}}</ref> Today, the Naskapi are settled into two communities: [[Kawawachikamach (Naskapi village municipality)|Kawawachikamach]] Quebec and [[Natuashish]], Newfoundland and Labrador.

The [[Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach]] is located in the [[Naskapi village municipality (Quebec)#Aboriginal local municipal units|Naskapi village]] of Kawawachikamach, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Schefferville]], Quebec. The village is in the [[Kawawachikamach, Quebec|reserve of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Community |url=http://www.naskapi.ca/en/Overview-1 |website=Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031181052/http://www.naskapi.ca/en/Overview-1 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=081&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

The [[Mushuau Innu First Nation]], located in the community of [[Natuashish]], Newfoundland and Labrador, is located in the Natuashish 2 reserve on the coast of [[Labrador]].<ref name="Innu.ca">{{cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://www.innu.ca/ |website=Innu Nation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mushuau Innu First Nation |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=032&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

===Montagnais===
{{further|Innu people|Innu language}}

====Eastern Montagnais====
{{Location map many |Canada Newfoundland and Labrador |caption=Eastern Montagnais communities
|coordinates1={{coord|50.3     |-64.033333}} |label1=[[Mingan, Quebec|Mingan]] |position1=bottom
|coordinates2={{coord|54.8     |-66.833333}} |label2=[[Schefferville]]
|coordinates3={{coord|50.183333|-61.816667}} |label3=[[Natashquan (municipality)|Natashquan]] |position3=top
|coordinates4={{coord|51.230278|-58.671667}} |label4=[[Pakuashipi]] 
|coordinates5={{coord|50.216667|-60.666667}} |label5=[[La Romaine, Quebec|Unamenshipit]] |position5=right
|coordinates6={{coord|50.216667|-66.383333}} |label6=[[Sept-Îles, Quebec|Sept-Îles]] |position6=top
|coordinates7={{coord|53.512778|-60.135556}} |label7=[[Sheshatshiu]] 
|coordinates8={{coord|47.561389|-52.7125 }} |label8=St. John's |mark8=Black pog.svg  }}

[[Innus of Ekuanitshit]] live on their reserve of [[Mingan, Quebec]], at the mouth of the [[Mingan River]] of the [[Saint Lawrence River]] in the {{lang|fr|i=unset|[[Côte-Nord]]}} (north shore) region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Les Innus de Ekuanitshit |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=082&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 3 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam]] based in Sept-Îles, Quebec, in the {{lang|fr|i=unset|Côte-Nord}} region on the Saint Lawrence River.<ref>{{cite web |title=Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=080&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 3 November 2008}}</ref> They own two reserves: Maliotenam 27A, {{convert|16|km|mi}} east of Sept-Îles, and Uashat 27, within Sept-Îles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=80&lang=eng |website=Reserves/Settlements/Villages |date=3 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Innu Nation of Matimekush-Lac John]] is based out of Schefferville, Quebec.<ref>{{cite web |title=La Nation Innu Matimekush-Lac John |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=087&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 3 November 2008}}</ref> One reserve, [[Matimekosh]], is an [[enclave]] of Schefferville. The other, [[Lac-John]], is {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} outside the town.<ref>{{cite web |title=La Nation Innu Matimekush-Lac John |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=87&lang=eng |website=Reserves/Settlements/Villages|date = 3 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Première Nation des Innus de Nutashkuan]] is based on their reserve of [[Natashquan, Quebec (reserve)|Natashquan 1]] or Nutashkuan. The reserve is located on the north shore of the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] at the mouth of the [[Natashquan River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Première Nation des Innus de Nutashkuan |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=083&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 3 November 2008}}</ref>

{{ill|Montagnais de Pakua Shipi|fr}} located in the community of [[Pakuashipi]], Quebec, on the western shore of the mouth of the [[Saint-Augustin River]] on the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the {{lang|fr|i=unset|Côte-Nord}} region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Montagnais de Pakua Shipi |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=088&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail |date=3 November 2008}}</ref> The community is adjacent to the settlement of [[Saint-Augustin, Côte-Nord, Quebec|Saint-Augustin]].

{{ill|Montagnais de Unamen Shipu|fr}} are located at [[La Romaine, Quebec]] at the mouth of the [[Olomane River]] on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. They have one reserve; Romaine 2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Montagnais de Unamen Shipu |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=084&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail |date=3 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bienvenue! |url=https://www.unamenshipu.com/ |website=Unamen-Shipu |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref>

[[Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation]] located in the community of [[Sheshatshiu]] in Labrador and is located approximately {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Happy Valley-Goose Bay]].<ref name="Innu.ca"/> Sheshatshiu is located adjacent to the [[Inuit]] community of [[North West River]]. The Sheshatshiu Nation has one reserve, Sheshatshiu 3.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=033&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail |date=3 November 2008}}</ref>

====Western Montagnais====
[[Pekuakamiulnuatsh First Nation]] is located on the reserve of [[Mashteuiatsh]] in the [[Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean]] region, {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Roberval, Quebec]], on the western shore of [[Lac Saint-Jean]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Première Nation des Pekuakamiulnuatsh |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=076&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 3 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Bande des Innus de Pessamit]] based in [[Pessamit]], Quebec, is located about {{convert|58|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Baie-Comeau]] along the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River at the mouth of the [[Betsiamites River]]. It is across the river directly north of [[Rimouski, Quebec]]. Pessamit is {{convert|358|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of Quebec City.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bande des Innus de Pessamit |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=085&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail |date=3 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Innue Essipit]] are based in their reserve of [[Essipit]], adjacent to the village of [[Les Escoumins, Quebec]]. The community is on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River at the mouth of the Escoumins River in the {{lang|fr|i=unset|Côte-Nord}} region, {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Tadoussac]] and {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Quebec City|Québec]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Innue Essipit |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=086&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail |date=3 November 2008}}</ref>

===Atikamekw ({{lang|cr-Latn|Nehiraw}})===
{{further|Atikamekw|Atikamekw language}}[[File:Nitaskinan_Map.png|thumb|Map of Nitaskinan]]
[[Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw]], officially named Atikamekw Sipi – Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw, is a [[tribal council]] in Quebec, Canada. It is composed of three Atikamekw First Nations. The council is based in [[La Tuque, Quebec]]. The Atikamekw are inhabitants of the area they refer to as [[Nitaskinan]] ("Our Land"), in the upper [[Saint-Maurice River]] valley.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atikamekw Sipi – Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1064&lang=eng |website=Tribal Council Detail |date=3 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Les conseils de bande atikamekw |trans-title=Atikamekw Band Councils |language=fr |url=http://www.atikamekwsipi.com/fr/la-nation-atikamekw/institutions/les-conseils-de-bande-atikamekw |website=Atikamekw Sipi}}</ref> The First Nations:

* [[Atikamekw d'Opitciwan]] live in [[Obedjiwan]], Quebec on the north shore of [[Gouin Reservoir]] in the [[Mauricie]] region. Their reserve, Obedjiwan 28, contains the community. It is located approximately {{convert|375|km|mi|abbr=on}} by road west of [[Saguenay, Quebec|Saguenay]] and {{convert|375|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Val-d'Or]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Atikamekw d'Opitciwan |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=079&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail |date=3 November 2008}}</ref>
* [[Atikamekw of Manawan]] are based in [[Manawan]], Quebec, on the south-western shores of Lake Métabeskéga in the [[Lanaudière]] region. The reserve is located {{convert|165|km|mi|abbr=on}} by road northeast of [[Mont-Laurier]] or {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Les Atikamekw de Manawan |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=078&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail |date=3 November 2008}}</ref>
* [[Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci]] in [[Wemotaci, Quebec]] on the north shore of the [[Saint-Maurice River]] at the mouth of the [[Manouane River (La Tuque)|Manouane River]] in the Mauricie region approximately {{convert|165|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Trois-Rivières]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=077&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail |date=3 November 2008}}</ref> The Nation owns two reserves; the first is around Wemotaci while the second is [[Coucoucache Indian Reserve No. 24|Coucoucache 24]] on the north shore of [[Reservoir Blanc]] on the [[Saint-Maurice River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci |website=Reserves/Settlements/Villages |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=77&lang=eng |date=3 November 2008}}</ref> Coucoucache 24 is not inhabited and is only accessible by boat.

===James Bay Cree===
{{further|Eeyou Istchee James Bay Regional Government|East Cree}}
[[Eeyou Istchee (territory)|Eeyou Istchee]] is a [[territory equivalent to a regional county municipality]] (TE) of [[Nord-du-Québec]] represented by the [[Grand Council of the Crees]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Eeyou of Eeyou Istchee |url=https://www.cngov.ca/community-culture/communities/ |publisher=Grand Council of the Crees |year=2019}}</ref> On 24 July 2012, the Quebec government signed an accord with the Cree Nation that resulted in the abolition of the neighbouring municipality of [[Baie-James]] and the creation of the new [[Eeyou Istchee James Bay Regional Government]], providing for the residents of surrounding [[Jamésie]] TE and Eeyou Istchee to jointly govern the territory formerly governed by the municipality of Baie-James. Eeyou Istchee is a territory of eight [[enclave]]s within Jamésie plus one enclave (Whapmagoostui) within [[Kativik, Quebec|Kativik]] TE. Each enclave is a combination of a [[Cree reserved land]] (TC) and a [[Cree village municipality]] (VC), both with the same name.
[[Image:Quebec MRC Eeyou Istchee location map.svg|thumb|300px|Location of Eeyou Istchee within Quebec]]
* [[Cree Nation of Chisasibi]] is at the Cree village of [[Chisasibi (Cree village municipality)|Chisasibi]] on the south shore of [[La Grande River]] on the eastern shore of [[James Bay]]. The Nation's reserve is [[Chisasibi]] TC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cree Nation of Chisasibi |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=058&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> Chisasibi is accessible via road and its airport. It is {{convert|768|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of Chibougamau via the {{lang|fr|i=unset|[[Route du Nord]]}} and the [[James Bay Road]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chisasibi & LG-1 Road |url=http://jamesbayroad.com/chisasibi/index.html |website=James Bay Road |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> (Chibougamau is {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} by road north of Montreal).
* [[Eastmain (Cree Nation)]] is located at [[Eastmain (Cree village municipality)|Eastmain]] VC and [[Eastmain, Quebec|Eastmain]] TC is the reserve. The Nation is located on the east coast of James Bay at the mouth of the [[Eastmain River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastmain |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=057&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> Eastmain is {{convert|619|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of Chibougamau via the {{lang|fr|i=unset|Route du Nord}} and the James Bay Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastmain |url=http://jamesbayroad.com/eastmain/index.html |website=James Bay Road |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Cree Nation of Mistissini]] is based in the Cree village of [[Mistissini (Cree village municipality)|Mistissini]], located in the south-east corner of the largest natural lake in Quebec, [[Lake Mistassini]]. The associated reserve is [[Mistissini, Quebec|Mistissini]] TC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cree Nation of Mistissini |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=075&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> Mistissini is {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of Chibougamau on [[Quebec Route 167|Route 167]].
* [[Cree Nation of Nemaska]] is headquartered at [[Nemaska (Cree village municipality)|Nemaska]] VC and its reserve is [[Nemaska]] TC located on the western shores of Lake Champion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cree Nation of Nemaska |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=059&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The village is the [[Seat of local government|seat]] of the Grand Council of the Crees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact |year=2019 |url=https://www.cngov.ca/contact/ |publisher=Grand Council of the Crees}}</ref> Nemaska is {{convert|333|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of Chibougamau, at km&nbsp;300 of the {{lang|fr|i=unset|Route du Nord}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nemaska (Nemiscau) |url=http://jamesbayroad.com/nemaska/index.html |website=James Bay Road |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Oujé-Bougoumou Cree Nation]] is located in the Cree village of [[Oujé-Bougoumou, Quebec|Oujé-Bougoumou]] on the shores of [[Opémisca Lake]]. Unlike the other Nations of Eeyou Istchee, Oujé-Bougoumou does not have an associated reserve.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oujé-Bougoumou Cree Nation |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=089&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The village is {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} due west of Chibougamau.
* [[The Crees of the Waskaganish First Nation]] is located at [[Waskaganish (Cree village municipality)|Waskaganish]] VC at the mouth of the [[Rupert River]] on the south-east shore of James Bay. The associated reserve is [[Waskaganish]] TC.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Crees of the Waskaganish First Nation |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=061&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> Founded in 1668 as Charles Fort, two years before the creation of the HBC, the community is on the site of the first fur trading post of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. After the HBC was formed, the community was known as Fort Rupert, Rupert Fort, or Rupert House after [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine]], the first governor of the HBC.<ref>{{cite DCB |first=G. Andrews |last=Moriarty |title=Gillam, Zachariah
 |volume=1 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gillam_zachariah_1E.html}}</ref>
* Cree First Nation of Waswanipi is located in the Cree village of [[Waswanipi (Cree village municipality)|Waswanipi]] and the reserve is [[Waswanipi, Quebec|Waswanipi]] TC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Waswanipi |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=056&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The Nation is located near the confluence of the [[Chibougamau River|Chibougamau]] and [[Waswanipi River]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Waswanipi |publisher=Cree First Nation of Waswanipi |url=https://www.waswanipi.com/en/about-waswanipi |access-date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107031734/https://www.waswanipi.com/en/about-waswanipi |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Cree Nation of Wemindji]] is headquartered at [[Wemindji (Cree village municipality)|Wemindji]] VC and its reserve is [[Wemindji, Quebec|Wemindji]] TC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cree Nation of Wemindji |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=060&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The village is on the east coast of James Bay at the mouth of the Maquatua River and is {{convert|696|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Chibougamau via the {{lang|fr|i=unset|Route du Nord}}.
* First Nation of Whapmagoostui located at [[Whapmagoostui (Cree village municipality)|Whapmagoostui]] VC, is the northernmost Cree village, located at the mouth of the [[Great Whale River]] on the coast of Hudson Bay in Kativik TE. The village is just south of the river while the Inuit village of [[Kuujjuarapik]] is on the north shore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Première nation de Whapmagoostui |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=095&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>
* Cree Nation of Washaw Sibi was recognized as the tenth Cree Nation Community at the 2003 Annual General Assembly of the Cree Nation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Washaw Sibi |url=https://cngov.ca/community-culture/communities/washaw-sibi/ |publisher=Grand Council of the Crees |year=2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Steve|last=Bonspiel|title=The Lost Cree of Washaw Sibi: The Tenth Cree Community of Eeyou Istchee finds its Identity|journal=Nation|volume=11|issue=13|date=14 May 2004|url=http://www.nationnewsarchives.ca/article/the-lost-cree-of-washaw-sibi-the-tenth-cree-community-of-eeyou-istchee-finds-its-identity/}}</ref> The Nation does not yet have a community or reserve recognized by either the Canadian or Quebec governments but the Nation has chosen an area about 40 minutes' drive south of Matagami.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Loon |first1=Joshua |title=Washaw Sibi Cree Nation finds home, after decades scattered |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/washaw-sibi-cree-nation-finds-home-after-decades-scattered-1.2553828 |publisher=CBC News |date=28 February 2014}}</ref>

===Moose Cree===
{{further|Moose Cree|Moose Cree language}}
{{Location map many |Canada Ontario |caption=Moose Cree communities
|coordinates1={{coord|49.8141827|-84.1653254}} |label1=[[Constance Lake 92|Constance Lake]] |position1=left
|coordinates2={{coord|47.8116164|-83.4816697}} |label2=[[Chapleau Cree First Nation|Chapleau]] |position2=left |mark2=Blue pog.svg
|coordinates3={{coord|52.28857 |-81.6593539}} |label3=[[Kashechewan]] |position3=right |mark3=Blue pog.svg
|coordinates4={{coord|48.3166804|-84.0920878}} |label4=[[Missanabie]] |position4=left |mark4=Blue pog.svg
|coordinates5={{coord|51.2654101|-80.6118384}} |label5=[[Moose Cree First Nation|Moose Cree]] |position5=left |mark5=Blue pog.svg
|coordinates6={{coord|49.0079307|-80.8464467}} |label6=[[Taykwa Tagamou Nation|Taykwa Tagamou]] |position6=top |mark6=Blue pog.svg
|coordinates7={{coord|47.9351617|-80.6614139}} |label7=[[Matachewan]] |position7=right |mark7=Green pog.svg
|coordinates8={{coord|47.8340139|-83.3494661}} |label8=[[Brunswick House First Nation|Brunswick House]] |position8=bottom |mark8=Green pog.svg
|coordinates10={{coord|43.7184038|-79.518144}} |label10=Toronto |position10=top |mark10=Black pog.svg }}

Moose Cree ({{langx|cr-Latn|Mōsonī}} or {{lang|cr-Latn|Ililiw}}), also known as Moosonee are located in [[Northeastern Ontario]].

[[Constance Lake First Nation]] is the only Cree member of [[Matawa First Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Constance Lake |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=182&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> They are located on their reserves, [[Constance Lake 92]] and [[English River 66]], in the [[Cochrane District]], Ontario.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constance Lake |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=182&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Mushkegowuk Council]], based in [[Moose Factory, Ontario]], represents chiefs from seven First Nations across Ontario. Moose Cree members are: [[Chapleau Cree First Nation]], [[Kashechewan First Nation]], [[Missanabie Cree First Nation]], [[Moose Cree First Nation]], and [[Taykwa Tagamou Nation]].<ref name="Mushkegowuk TC">{{cite web|title=Mushkegowuk Council|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1079&lang=eng|website=Tribal Council Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The Chapleau Cree First Nation and their two reserves, [[Chapleau Cree Fox Lake]] and [[Chapleau 75]], are located outside of [[Chapleau, Ontario]] in the [[Sudbury District]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapleau Cree First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=221&lang=eng}}</ref> The Kashechewan First Nation community is located on the northern shore of the [[Albany River]] on James Bay. The Hudson's Bay Company established a post, [[Fort Albany (Ontario)|Fort Albany]], at this location between 1675 and 1679.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Kudelik |first=Gail |date=27 July 2015 |title=Albany River |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/albany-river}}</ref> Kashechewan First Nation is one of two communities that were established from Old Fort Albany, the other being [[Fort Albany First Nation]]. The two Nations share the Fort Albany 67 reserve.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort Albany 67 |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06258&lang=eng}}</ref> The Missanabie Cree First Nation signed [[Treaty 9]] in 1906 but did not receive any reserved lands until 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |website=Missanabie Cree First Nation |url=https://www.missanabiecreefn.com/history |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref> The Missanabie reserve is in the [[Missanabie]], Ontario area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Missanabie Cree First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=10099&lang=eng}}</ref> The Moose Cree First Nation is based in [[Moose Factory]] in the Cochrane District.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moose Cree First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=144&lang=eng}}</ref> Moose Factory was founded in 1672–1673 by [[Charles Bayly]], the first overseas governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, and was the company's second post. It was the first English settlement in what is now Ontario.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=15 October 2021 |title=Moose Factory |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/moose-factory}}</ref> The Nation has two reserves: [[Factory Island 1]] on [[Moose Factory Island]], an island in the [[Moose River (Ontario)|Moose River]], about {{convert|16|km|mi}} from its mouth at James Bay; and [[Moose Factory 68]], a tract of land about {{convert|15|km|mi}} upstream on the Moose River.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moose Cree First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=144&lang=eng}}</ref> The Taykwa Tagamou Nation has two reserves, New Post 69, and their main reserve, [[New Post 69A]] outside [[Cochrane, Ontario]] along the [[Abitibi River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Taykwa Tagamou Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=145&lang=eng}}</ref>

[[Wabun Tribal Council]] is a regional chief's council based in [[Timmins, Ontario]] representing Ojibway and Cree First Nations in northern Ontario. Moose Cree members are: [[Brunswick House First Nation]] and [[Matachewan First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wabun Tribal Council|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1080&lang=eng|website=Tribal Council Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> Brunswick House's reserves are [[Mountbatten 76A]] and [[Duck Lake 76B]] located in the Sudbury District near Chapleau, Ontario.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brunswick House |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=228&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The Matachewan First Nation is on the Matachewan 72 reserve near [[Matachewan]] township in the [[Timiskaming District]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Matachewan 72 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06151&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

===Swampy Cree===
{{further|Swampy Cree}}

====Located in Ontario====
{{Location map many |Canada Ontario |caption=Swampy Cree communities
|coordinates1={{coord|55.9943 |-87.648323}} |label1=[[Fort Severn]] |position1=left
|coordinates2={{coord|51.2624986|-80.6017198}} |label2=[[Moose Factory]] |position2=bottom |mark2=Black pog.svg
|coordinates3={{coord|52.2077693|-81.6932088}} |label3=[[Fort Albany First Nation|Fort Albany]] |position3=right
|coordinates4={{coord|52.9262772|-82.4370719}} |label4=[[Attawapiskat First Nation|Attawapiskat]] |position4=left
|coordinates5={{coord|54.9928525|-85.4397603}} |label5=[[Peawanuck]] |position5=right 
|coordinates8={{coord|48.4027014|-89.3806104}} |label8=Thunder Bay |position=top |mark8=Black pog.svg 
|coordinates9={{coord|43.7184038|-79.518144}} |label9=Toronto |position9=right |mark9=Black pog.svg }}

[[Fort Severn First Nation]] and their reserve, Fort Severn 89,<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort Severn |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=215&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> located on the mouth of the [[Severn River (Hudson Bay)|Severn River]] on Hudson Bay, is the [[Extreme communities of Canada|most northern community]] in Ontario. It is a member of [[Keewaytinook Okimakanak Council]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort Severn |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=215&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Mushkegowuk Council]], based in [[Moose Factory, Ontario]], represents chiefs from seven First Nations across Ontario. Swampy Cree members are: [[Fort Albany First Nation]] and [[Attawapiskat First Nation]].<ref name="Mushkegowuk TC"/> Fort Albany First Nation is located at Fort Albany, Ontario, on the southern shore of the Albany River at James Bay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albany |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=142&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The reserve, Fort Albany 67, is shared with the Kashechewan First Nation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort Albany 67 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06258&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The Attawapiskat First Nation is located at mouth of the [[Attawapiskat River]] on James Bay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attawapiskat |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=143&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The community is on the Attawapiskat 91A reserve. The Attawapiskat 91 reserve is {{convert|27000|ha|acre}} on both shores of the [[Ekwan River]], {{convert|165|km}} upstream from the mouth on James Bay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attawapiskat |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=143&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

Independent from a Tribal Council is the [[Weenusk First Nation]] located in [[Peawanuck]] in the Kenora District.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weenusk |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=146&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date=7 December 2021}}</ref> The community was located on their reserve of [[Winisk 90]] on the mouth of the [[Winisk River]] on James Bay<ref>{{cite web |title=Weenusk |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=146&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> but the community was destroyed in the [[1986 Winisk flood]] and the community had to be relocated to Peawanuck.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cram |first=Stephanie |title=First Nation remembers devastating flood in northern Ontario, 30 years later |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/remembering-winisk-flood-30-years-later-1.3588024 |publisher=CBC News |date=20 May 2016}}</ref>

====Located in Manitoba====
{{Location map many |Canada Manitoba |caption=Swampy Cree communities in Manitoba
|coordinates1={{coord|55.8617|-92.0984}} |label1=[[Shamattawa First Nation|Shamattawa]] |position1=bottom
|coordinates2={{coord|56.1443|-96.0538}} |label2=[[Tataskweyak Cree Nation|Tataskweyak]] |position2=top |mark2=Black pog.svg
|coordinates3={{coord|56.0520|-96.0606}} |label3=[[York Factory First Nation|York Factory]] |position3=bottom
|coordinates4={{coord|53.0614|-99.4756}} |label4=[[Chemawawin Cree Nation|Chemawawin]] |position4=left
|coordinates5={{coord|55.4443|-101.1718}} |label5=[[Mathias Colomb First Nation|Mathias Colomb]] |position5=top
|coordinates6={{coord|53.0936|-99.1401}} |label6=[[Misipawistik Cree Nation|Misipawistik]] |position6=right
|coordinates7={{coord|53.4233|-100.1932}} |label7=[[Mosakahiken Cree Nation|Mosakahiken]] |position7=right
|coordinates8={{coord|53.8160|-101.2520}} |label8=[[Opaskwayak Cree Nation|Opaskwayak]] |position8=right
|coordinates9={{coord|52.744733|-100.692299}} |label9=[[Sapotaweyak Cree Nation|Sapotaweyak]] |position9=right
|coordinates10={{coord|51.2620|-97.2200}} |label10=[[Fisher River Cree Nation|Fisher River]] |position10=bottom
|coordinates11={{coord|56.8530|-101.0490}} |label11=[[Marcel Colomb First Nation|Marcel Colomb]] |position11=top
|coordinates12={{coord|54.0120|-97.4505}} |label12=[[Norway House Cree Nation|Norway House]] |position12=top
|coordinates20={{coord|49.5340|-97.0847}} |label20=Winnipeg |position=top |mark20=Black pog.svg 
}}
[[Keewatin Tribal Council]] is a Tribal Council based in [[Thompson, Manitoba]] that represents eleven First Nations, of which five are Swampy Cree, across northern Manitoba.<ref name="Keewatin Tribal Council">{{cite web|title=Keewatin Tribal Council|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1022&lang=eng|website=Tribal Council Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Fox Lake Cree Nation]] is based in [[Gillam, Manitoba|Gillam]], {{convert|248|km}} northeast of Thompson via [[Manitoba Provincial Road 280|Provincial Road 280 (PR 280)]], and has several reserves along the [[Nelson River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fox Lake |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=305&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Shamattawa First Nation]] is located on their reserve, Shamattawa 1,<ref>{{cite web |title=Shamattawa 1 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06460&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> on the banks of the [[Gods River]] where the [[Echoing River]] joins. The community is very remote; only connected via air or via winter ice roads to other First Nation communities. The [[Tataskweyak Cree Nation]] is located in the community of [[Split Lake, Manitoba]] within the Split Lake 171 reserve, {{convert|144|km}} northeast of Thompson on PR 280, on the [[Split Lake (Manitoba)|lake of the same name]] on the Nelson River system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tataskweyak Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=306&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[War Lake First Nation]] possess several reserves but are located on the Mooseocoot reserve in the community of [[Ilford, Manitoba]], {{convert|35|km}} east of York Landing.<ref>{{cite web |title=War Lake First Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=323&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[York Factory First Nation]] is based on the reserve of York Landing, {{convert|30|km}} south of Split Lake via ferry.<ref>{{cite web |title=York Factory First Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=304&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[York Factory]] was a settlement and Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) trading post, established in 1684, on the shore of Hudson Bay, at the mouth of the [[Hayes River]].<ref>{{CRHP|4481|York Factory National Historic Site of Canada}}</ref> In 1956, the trading post was closed and the community was moved inland to the current site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History: The Relocation |url=http://www.yffn.ca/kawechiwasik/our-history/ |publisher=York Factory First Nation |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>

Swampy Cree Tribal Council is, as the name suggests, a tribal council of seven Swampy Cree First Nations across northern Manitoba and is based in [[The Pas]].<ref name="Swampy TC">{{cite web |title=Swampy Cree Tribal Council Incorporated |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1005&lang=eng|website=Tribal Council Detail|date=3 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Chemawawin Cree Nation]] (also Rocky Cree) are based on their reserve Chemawawin 2, adjacent to [[Easterville, Manitoba]], {{convert|200|km}} southeast of The Pas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chemawawin Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=309&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Mathias Colomb First Nation]] (also Rocky Cree) is located in the community of [[Pukatawagan]] on the Pukatawagan 198 reserve.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pukatawagan 198 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06456&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Misipawistik Cree Nation]] (also Rocky Cree) is located near [[Grand Rapids, Manitoba]], {{convert|400|km}} north of Winnipeg at the mouth of the [[Saskatchewan River]] as it runs into Lake Winnipeg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Rapids 33 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06436&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Mosakahiken Cree Nation]] (also Rocky Cree) is located around the community of [[Moose Lake, Manitoba|Moose Lake]] about {{convert|63|km}} southeast of The Pas on their main reserve, Moose Lake 31A.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moose Lake 31A |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06415&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Opaskwayak Cree Nation]] (also Rocky Cree) has several reserves but most of the population lives on the Opaskwayak 21E reserve, immediately north of and across the Saskatchewan River from The Pas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opaskwayak Cree Nation 21E |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06427&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Sapotaweyak Cree Nation]] is located in the Shoal River 65A reserve adjacent to the community of [[Pelican Rapids, Manitoba|Pelican Rapids]], about {{convert|82|km}} south of The Pas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shoal River 65A |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06438&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation]] has several reserves but the main reserve is Swan Lake 65C which contains the settlement of Indian Birch, about {{convert|150|km}} south of The Pas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swan Lake 65C |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06442&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

Not affiliated with any Tribal Council: [[Fisher River Cree Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Fisher River |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=264&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Marcel Colomb First Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Marcel Colomb First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=328&lang=eng}}</ref> and [[Norway House Cree Nation]].<ref name="Norway">{{cite web |title=Norway House Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=278&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Fisher River Cree Nation]], located approximately {{convert|177|km}} north of [[Winnipeg]] in Koostatak on [[Lake Winnipeg]], control the Fisher River 44 and 44A reserves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fisher River |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=264&lang=eng}}</ref> [[Marcel Colomb First Nation]] is located outside of Lynn Lake on the Black Sturgeon reserve on Hughes Lake, {{convert|289|km}} northwest of Thompson via [[Manitoba Provincial Road 391|Provincial Road 391]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Sturgeon |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=09000&lang=eng}}</ref> [[Norway House Cree Nation]] is located in [[Norway House]] which is located on the [[Playgreen Lake]] section of the [[Nelson River]] system on the north side of Lake Winnipeg.<ref name="Norway"/> In 1821, Norway House became the principal inland fur trading depot for the Hudson's Bay Company.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lyon |first=D.M. |title=Norway House |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=16 April 2015 |publisher=Historica Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/norway-house}}</ref> Norway House was also where [[Treaty 5]] was signed.<ref>{{CRHP|12041|Norway House National Historic Site of Canada}}</ref> They control more than 80 reserves from less than {{convert|2|ha|acre}} to their largest, Norway House 17, at over {{convert|7600|ha|acre}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norway House Cree Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=278&lang=eng}}</ref> The Nation is one of the most populous in Canada with 8,599 people {{as of|November 2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norway House Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=278&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

====Located in Saskatchewan====

[[Prince Albert Grand Council]] is based in [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan]] and is owned by twelve First Nations of which three are Swampy Cree.<ref name=PADC>{{cite web |title=First Nations |url=https://www.pagc.sk.ca/first-nations/ |publisher=Prince Albert Grand Council |date=2014}}</ref> [[Cumberland House Cree Nation]] is based in [[Cumberland House, Saskatchewan]] on the [[Cumberland House Cree Nation 20]] reserve, {{convert|60|mi|km|order=flip}} southwest of [[Flin Flon]], Manitoba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cumberland House Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=350&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Cumberland House Provincial Park|Cumberland House]], founded in 1774 by [[Samuel Hearne]], was the site of the HBC's first inland fur-trading post.<ref>{{CRHP|1139|Cumberland House National Historic Site of Canada}}</ref> The [[Red Earth First Nation]] is located in the community of Red Earth, on the banks of the [[Carrot River (Saskatchewan)|Carrot River]], on the Carrot River 29A reserve. Close by is the Red Earth 29 reserve, about {{convert|75|km}} east of [[Nipawin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Earth |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=356&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Shoal Lake Cree Nation]] is located in Pakwaw Lake, on the Shoal Lake 28A reserve, {{convert|92|km}} east of Nipawin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shoal Lake Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=357&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

===Woodland Cree===
{{further|Woodland Cree}}

====Rocky Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Asinīskāwithiniwak}})====
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title= The Six Seasons of the Asiniskaw Ithiniwak |url= https://sixseasonsproject.ca/ | website=[[SSHRC]] |publisher=[[The University of Winnipeg]] |date= 24 August 2023}}</ref>
{{Location map many |Canada Manitoba |caption=Rocky Cree communities in Manitoba
|coordinates1={{coord|57.5400|-101.3459}} |label1=[[Barren Lands First Nation|Barren Lands]] |position1=top
|coordinates2={{coord|54.5500|-95.1949}} |label2=[[Bunibonibee Cree Nation|Bunibonibee]] |position2=top
|coordinates3={{coord|54.3414|-94.2753}} |label3=[[God's Lake First Nation|God's Lake]] |position3=right
|coordinates4={{coord|54.5011|-94.0323}} |label4=[[Manto Sipi Cree Nation|Manto Sipi]] |position4=bottom
|coordinates5={{coord|54.3732|-97.4648}} |label5=[[Cross Lake First Nation|Cross Lake]] |position5=left
|coordinates6={{coord|55.4700|-98.5318}} |label6=[[Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation|Nisichawayasihk]] |position6=right
|coordinates7={{coord|56.78177|-98.92874}} |label7=[[O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation|Mosakahiken]] |position7=right
|coordinates20={{coord|49.5340|-97.0847}} |label20=Winnipeg |position=top |mark20=Black pog.svg 
}}
The Keewatin Tribal Council, described under Swampy Cree, also represents Rocky Cree First Nations in Manitoba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Keewatin Tribal Council|url=http://www.ktc.ca/|website=Keewatin Tribal Council|date= 24 Aug 2023}}</ref> The [[Barren Lands First Nation]] is located on the north shore of [[Reindeer Lake]] close to the Saskatchewan border. It has one reserve, Brochet 197, {{convert|256|km}} northwest of Thompson, adjoining the village of [[Brochet, Manitoba|Brochet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Barren Lands |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=308&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Bunibonibee Cree Nation]] is located along the eastern shoreline of [[Oxford Lake]] at the headwaters of the [[Hayes River]]. The Nation controls several reserves with the main reserve being Oxford House 24 adjacent to the community of [[Oxford House, Manitoba]], {{convert|160|km}} southeast of Thompson.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bunibonibee Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=301&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[God's Lake First Nation]] is located in the [[God's Lake Narrows]] area on the shore of [[God's Lake]]. The main reserve is God's Lake 23, {{convert|240|km}} southeast of Thompson.<ref>{{cite web |title=God's Lake 23 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06444&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Manto Sipi Cree Nation]] also live on God's Lake in the community of God's River on the God's River 86A reserve,<ref>{{cite web |title=Manto Sipi Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=302&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> about {{convert|42|km}} northeast of God's Lake Narrows. All of the Rocky Cree communities of Keewatin Tribal Council are remote; only connected via air and ice road during winter months.

Five of the Swampy Cree Tribal Council First Nations contain Rocky Cree populations: [[Chemawawin Cree Nation]], [[Mathias Colomb First Nation]], [[Misipawistik Cree Nation]], [[Mosakahiken Cree Nation]], [[Opaskwayak Cree Nation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Swampy Cree Tribal Council|url=https://swampycree.com/|website=Swampy Cree Tribal Council|date= 24 August 2023}}</ref>

In Saskatchewan, the Prince Albert Grand Council, described under Swampy Cree, also has Rocky Cree members.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prince Albert Grand Council |url=https://www.pagc.sk.ca/|website=Prince Albert Grand Council|date= 24 August 2023}}</ref> The [[Lac La Ronge First Nation]] is one of the most populous First Nations in Canada with a registered population of 11,604 {{as of|November 2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lac La Ronge |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=353&lang=eng}}</ref> The Nation is based in [[La Ronge]] on the [[Lac la Ronge 156]] reserve but has other communities on other reserves.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lac La Ronge |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=353&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> La Ronge is {{convert|250|km}} north of Prince Albert at the north end of [[Saskatchewan Highway 2]]. The [[Montreal Lake First Nation]], on their reserves of [[Montreal Lake 106]], is on the southern shore of [[Montreal Lake (Saskatchewan)|Montreal Lake]], {{convert|93|km}} north of Prince Albert.<ref>{{cite web |title=Montreal Lake |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=354&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation]] is also a populous First Nation with 11,563 people {{as of|November 2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=355&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The Nation has eight communities and controls a large number of reserves; the administrative center is [[Pelican Narrows, Saskatchewan]], {{convert|80|km}} northeast of Flin Flon, Manitoba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=355&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Sturgeon Lake First Nation]] is located on the [[Sturgeon Lake 101]] reserve on the eastern shore of [[Sturgeon Lake (Saskatchewan)|Sturgeon Lake]] about {{convert|29|km}} northwest of Prince Albert.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sturgeon Lake First Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=360&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

Not affiliated with any Tribal Council are [[Cross Lake First Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross Lake Band of Indians |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=276&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=313&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> and [[O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=318&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Cross Lake First Nation]] is a populous Nation with a registered population of 9,138 people {{as of|November 2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross Lake Band of Indians |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=276&lang=eng}}</ref> The Nation is in [[Cross Lake, Manitoba]] on the Cross Lake 19 reserve, {{convert|80|km}} north of Lake Winnipeg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross Lake Band of Indians |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=276&lang=eng}}</ref> The [[Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation]] is based in [[Nelson House, Manitoba]] on the Nelson House 170 reserve located {{convert|19|km}} south of Thompson.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation|url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=313&lang=eng|website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]]|publisher=Government of Canada|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation]] is located in the settlement of [[South Indian Lake]], {{convert|130|km}} northwest of Thompson.<ref>{{cite web |title=O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=318&lang=eng}}</ref> [[Marcel Colomb First Nation]], listed under Swampy Cree, also has a Rocky Cree population.

====Woods Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Sakāwithiniwak / nīhithawak}})====
{{further|Woods Cree}}
The [[Canoe Lake Cree First Nation]] is based in [[Canoe Narrows, Saskatchewan]] on the [[Canoe Lake 165]] reserve.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canoe Lake Cree First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=394&lang=eng}}</ref> The Nation is a member of the [[Meadow Lake Tribal Council]].<ref name=MLTC>{{cite web |title=MLTC Program Services Inc |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1120&lang=eng |website=Tribal Council Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

The [[Bigstone Cree Nation]] is based in [[Wabasca, Alberta]], about {{convert|100|km}} northeast of Slave Lake, on the [[Wabasca 166A]] reserve.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigstone Cree Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=458&lang=eng}}</ref> The Nation is not associated with a Tribal Council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigstone Cree Nation |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=458&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The Bigstone Cree Nation was divided into two bands in 2010, with one group continuing under the former name, and the other becoming the [[Peerless Trout First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Clint |last=Buehler |title=Bigstone Cree Overwhelmingly Ratify Major Treaty Settlement |website=First Nations Drum |date=19 March 2010 |url=http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2010/03/bigstone-cree-overwhelmingly-ratify-major-treaty-settlement/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409002032/http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2010/03/bigstone-cree-overwhelmingly-ratify-major-treaty-settlement/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref>

The [[Fort McMurray First Nation]] is located on the reserves [[Gregoire Lake 176]] and [[Gregoire Lake 176A|176A]] located about {{convert|35|km}} southeast of [[Fort McMurray]] near [[Anzac, Alberta]] on [[Gregoire Lake]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort McMurray #468 First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=468&lang=eng}}</ref> They are the only Cree member of the [[Athabasca Tribal Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Athabasca Tribal Council Limited|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1029&lang=eng|website=Tribal Council Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council]] is based in [[Atikameg, Alberta]] with five members:<ref>{{cite web |title=Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1052&lang=eng|website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Loon River First Nation]] is headquartered in [[Red Earth Creek]] with reserves to the immediate west near [[Loon Lake, Alberta|Loon Lake]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Loon River Cree |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=476&lang=eng}}</ref> The 
[[Lubicon Lake Band]] is based in the settlement of [[Little Buffalo, Alberta|Little Buffalo]], approximately {{convert|80|km}} east of [[Peace River, Alberta|Peace River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lubicon Lake |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=453&lang=eng}}</ref> The [[Peerless Trout First Nation]] is located in [[Peerless Lake, Alberta|Peerless Lake]] on the [[Peerless Trout 238]] reserve, about {{convert|45|km}} west of Red Earth Creek.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peerless Trout First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=478&lang=eng}}</ref> [[Whitefish Lake First Nation]] is based in Atikameg, on the western shore of [[Utikuma Lake]] on the [[Utikoomak Lake 155]] reserve, {{convert|61|km}} north of [[High Prairie]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Whitefish Lake |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=459&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Woodland Cree First Nation]] is located in the hamlet of [[Cadotte Lake]] on the [[Woodland Cree 226]] reserve, {{convert|48|km}} northeast of Peace River.<ref>{{cite web |title=Woodland Cree First Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=474&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council]], based out of the town of [[Slave Lake]], Alberta is, as the name suggests, a Tribal Council of First Nations surrounding [[Lesser Slave Lake]]. Member Nations include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council|website=Tribal Council Detail|date=14 November 2008|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1025&lang=eng}}</ref> The [[Driftpile First Nation]], based in [[Driftpile, Alberta|Driftpile]], on the [[Drift Pile River 150]] reserve, {{convert|70|km}} west of Slave Lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Driftpile Cree Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=450&lang=eng}}</ref>
The [[Kapawe'no First Nation]] is headquartered at [[Grouard]], which is near [[High Prairie]]. They have six reserves, predominately located west of Lesser Slave Lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kapawe'no First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=452&lang=eng}}</ref> The [[Sawridge First Nation]] is based in Slave Lake and the two reserves, [[Sawridge 150G]] and [[Sawridge 150H|150H]], are adjacent to the town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sawridge First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=454&lang=eng}}</ref> The [[Sucker Creek First Nation]] is based in [[Enilda]], {{convert|10|km}} east of High Prairie, on the [[Sucker Creek 150A]] reserve.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sucker Creek |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=456&lang=eng}}</ref> Finally, the [[Swan River First Nation]], near [[Kinuso]], {{convert|40|km}} west of Slave Lake, controls the [[Swan River 150E]] and [[Assineau River 150F]] reserves.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swan River First Nation |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=457&lang=eng}}</ref>

The [[Little Red River Cree Nation]] is based out of the settlement of [[John D'Or Prairie]], Alberta, {{convert|48|km}} east of [[Fort Vermilion]], on the [[John D'Or Prairie 215]] reserve.<ref>{{cite web |title=Little Red River Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=447&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> They are a member of the [[North Peace Tribal Council]] based out of [[High Level, Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=North Peace Tribal Council |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1026&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

The [[Mikisew Cree First Nation]] is based in the community of [[Fort Chipewyan]] on the western tip of [[Lake Athabasca]], approximately {{convert|225|km}} north of Fort McMurray.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mikisew Cree First Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=461&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> They are not a member of a Tribal Council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mikisew Cree First Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=461&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> Fort Chipewyan, one of the oldest European settlements in Alberta, was established in 1788 by the [[North West Company]] as a fur trading post.<ref>{{CRHP|17705|Fort Chipewyan National Historic Site of Canada}}</ref>

[[Western Cree Tribal Council]] is based out of [[Valleyview, Alberta]]. Cree member Nations are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Western Cree Tribal Council|website=Tribal Council Detail|date=14 November 2008|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1030&lang=eng}}</ref> [[Duncan's First Nation]] is based in [[Brownvale]], adjacent to the reserve [[Duncan's 151A]], {{convert|39|km}} southwest of Peace River.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duncan's 151A |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06678&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation]] is on the [[Sturgeon Lake 154]] reserve, {{convert|10|km}} west of Valleyview.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=455&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

===Plains Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Paskwāwiyiniwak / nēhiyawak}})===
{{further|Iron Confederacy|Plains Indians}}

====Downstream people ({{lang|cr-Latn|Māmihkiyiniwak}})====
Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs is a tribal council located in [[North Battleford, Saskatchewan]]. Members are: [[Ahtahkakoop First Nation]], [[Moosomin First Nation]], [[Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head-Lean Man]], [[Red Pheasant First Nation]], [[Saulteaux First Nation]], and [[Sweetgrass First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=4451&lang=eng|website=Tribal Council Detail|date=3 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs |website=batc.ca |url=https://www.batc.ca/}}</ref>

[[File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council]] is a tribal council based in [[Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan]]. {{lang|cr-Latn|Kātēpwēwi-sīpīwiyiniwak}} Cree member Nations are: [[Little Black Bear First Nation]], [[Muscowpetung Saulteaux Nation]], [[Nekaneet Cree Nation]], [[Okanese First Nation]], [[Pasqua First Nation]], [[Peepeekisis Cree Nation]], [[Piapot Cree Nation]], and [[Star Blanket Cree Nation]]<ref>{{cite web|title=File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1041&lang=eng|website=Tribal Council Detail|date=3 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Meadow Lake Tribal Council]] is a tribal council based in [[Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan]] with nine member First Nations. The members with Plains Cree populations are [[Flying Dust First Nation]], [[Makwa Sahgaiehcan First Nation]], [[Ministikwan Lake Cree Nation]], and [[Waterhen Lake First Nation]]<ref name=MLTC/>

[[Saskatoon Tribal Council]] is, as the name suggests, a tribal council that is based out of [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]]. Cree member Nations are: [[Mistawasis Nêhiyawak]], [[Muskeg Lake Cree Nation]], [[Muskoday First Nation]], and [[One Arrow First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Saskatoon Tribal Council|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1051&lang=eng|website=Tribal Council Detail|date=3 November 2008}}</ref>

Touchwood Agency Tribal Council, based in [[Punnichy, Saskatchewan]], is a tribal council of four First Nations, collectively known as the Touchwood Hills Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Pasākanacīwiyiniwak}}). The Cree Nations are: [[Day Star First Nation]], [[George Gordon First Nation]], [[Kawacatoose First Nation]], and [[Muskowekwan First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Touchwood Agency Tribal Council|url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1043&lang=eng|website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]]|publisher=Government of Canada|date=3 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Touchwood Agency Tribal Council |website=TouchwoodAgency.ca |url=https://www.touchwoodagency.ca/home.html |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219201109/https://www.touchwoodagency.ca/home.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Yorkton Tribal Council is a tribal council based in [[Yorkton, Saskatchewan]]. Cree members are: [[Kahkewistahaw First Nation]] and [[Ocean Man First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yorkton Tribal Council|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1122&lang=eng|website=Tribal Council Detail|date=3 November 2008}}</ref>

Without affiliation with any tribal council: [[Beardy's and Okemasis' Cree Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Beardy's and Okemasis |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=369&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Cowessess First Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cowessess |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=361&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date=7 December 2021}}</ref> [[Ochapowace Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ochapowace |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=363&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date=7 December 2021}}</ref> [[Onion Lake Cree Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Onion Lake Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=344&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Pheasant Rump Nakota First Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pheasant Rump Nakota |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=409&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[White Bear First Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=White Bear |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=365&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

====Upstream people ({{lang|cr-Latn|Natimiyininiwak}})====

Agency Chiefs Tribal Council is a tribal council located in [[Spiritwood, Saskatchewan]] representing three First Nations: [[Pelican Lake First Nation]], [[Big River First Nation]], and [[Witchekan Lake First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Agency Chiefs Tribal Council|url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1087&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]]|publisher=Government of Canada|date=3 November 2008}}</ref>

Battlefords Tribal Council is based in [[North Battleford, Saskatchewan]], The three member Nations are [[Lucky Man Cree Nation]], [[Little Pine First Nation]], and [[Poundmaker First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Northwest Professional Services Corp. |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=3433&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

Interlake Reserves Tribal Council is a tribal council based in Fairford, Manitoba. The council has six Nations as members but the only Cree member is [[Peguis First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Peguis |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=269&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

Without affiliation with any tribal council: [[Big Island Lake Cree Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Big Island Lake Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=399&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Thunderchild First Nation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thunderchild First Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=349&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

Tribal Chiefs Ventures is a tribal council based in Edmonton with the following Cree members: [[Beaver Lake Cree Nation]], [[Heart Lake First Nation]], [[Frog Lake First Nation]], and [[Kehewin Cree Nation]].

====Beaver Hills Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Amiskwacīwiyiniwak}})====
{{further|Beaver Hills (Alberta)}}

[[Maskwacis Cree Tribal Council]] is based in the unincorporated community of [[Maskwacis]], (formerly Hobbema) Alberta, located {{convert|70|km}} south of [[Edmonton]]. The members are [[Ermineskin Cree Nation]], [[Louis Bull Tribe]], [[Montana First Nation]], and [[Samson Cree Nation]].<ref name="Maskwacis TC">{{cite web |title=Maskwacis Cree Tribal Council |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=9049&lang=eng |website=Tribal Council Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> All four members have individual reserves that surround the community of Maskwacis: [[Ermineskin 138]], [[Louis Bull 138B]], [[Montana 139]], [[Samson 137]], and [[Samson 137A]]. And all four share the reserve of [[Pigeon Lake 138A]], about {{convert|50|km}} to the northwest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pigeon Lake 138A |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06660&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Yellowhead Tribal Council]] is based in [[Morinville, Alberta]]. Member nations are: [[Alexander First Nation]], [[Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation]], [[O'Chiese First Nation]], and [[Sunchild First Nation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yellowheadtribalcouncil.ca//|title=Yellowhead Tribal Council|website=Yellowhead Tribal Council}}</ref> The [[Alexander First Nation]] is located on the reserve of [[Alexander 134]], west of [[Morinville]] and {{convert|40|km}} northwest of Edmonton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander 134 |date=14 November 2008 |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06650&lang=eng}}</ref> [[Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation]] is based on the [[Alexis 133]] reserve, outside [[Glenevis]], {{convert|70|km}} northwest of Edmonton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexis 133 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=441&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[O'Chiese First Nation]] and [[Sunchild First Nation]] control the reserves [[O'Chiese 203]] and [[Sunchild 202]] which are adjacent to each other {{convert|40|km}} northwest of [[Rocky Mountain House]].<ref>{{cite web |title=O'Chiese 203 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06637&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunchild 202 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06644&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

Not affiliated with any Tribal Council: [[Enoch Cree Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Enoch Cree Nation No. 440 |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=440&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Paul First Nation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=441&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> and [[Saddle Lake Cree Nation]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Saddle Lake Cree Nation |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=462&lang=eng |website=First Nation Detail|date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Enoch Cree Nation]] is located on their main reserve, [[Enoch Cree Nation 135]], adjacent to the western boundary of the city of Edmonton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Enoch Cree Nation #440 |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=440&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Paul First Nation]] is based on the [[Wabamun 133A]] reserve, {{convert|58|km}} west of Edmonton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wabamun 133A |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=06653&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> [[Saddle Lake Cree Nation]] is one of the most populous Nations in Canada with 11,235 people {{as of|November 2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saddle Lake Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=462&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref> The Nation is located in [[Saddle Lake, Alberta]] on the [[Saddle Lake 125]] reserve, {{convert|24|km}} west of [[St. Paul, Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saddle Lake Cree Nation |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=462&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |date = 14 November 2008}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Montana Indian Reservations.svg|thumb|Montana Indian Reservations]]
[[Fort Peck Indian Reservation]] located near [[Fort Peck, Montana]]

[[Chippewa Cree]] on the [[Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation]] in northern Montana

[[Fort Belknap Indian Reservation]] located at [[Fort Belknap Agency, Montana]]

===Other First Nations===
[[Papaschase First Nation]], removed from land that now makes up southeast Edmonton, were a party to Treaty 6 but are not recognized by the Canadian government.

== Ethnobotany ==
The Cree use the pitch of [[Abies balsamea]] for menstrual irregularity, and take an infusion of the bark and sometimes the wood for coughs. They use the pitch and grease used as an ointment for scabies and boils. They apply a [[poultice]] of pitch applied to cuts. They also use a decoction of pitch and sturgeon oil used for [[tuberculosis]], and take an infusion of bark for tuberculosis. They also use the boughs to make brush shelters and use the wood to make paddles.<ref>Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Nihithawak}}) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21</ref>

===Hudson Bay Cree subgroup===
The [[Hudson Bay]] Cree use a decoction of the leaves of ''[[Kalmia angustifolia]]'' for diarrhea, but they consider the plant to be poisonous.<ref>Holmes, E.M. 1884 Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory. The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302–304 (p. 303)</ref>
[[File:Hudson bay large.svg|thumb|[[Hudson Bay]] Cree use [[decoction]].]]

===Woods Cree subgroup===
The [[Woods Cree]] make use of [[Ribes glandulosum]] using a [[decoction]] of the stem, either by itself or mixed with wild red raspberry, to prevent clotting after birth, eat the berries as food, and use the stem to make a bitter tea.<ref>Leighton, Anna L. 1985 Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Nihithawak}}) of East-Central Saskatchewan. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series (p. 54)</ref> They make use of [[Vaccinium myrtilloides]], using a [[decoction]] of leafy stems used to bring menstruation and prevent pregnancy, to make a person sweat, to slow excessive menstrual bleeding, to bring blood after childbirth, and to prevent miscarriage. They also use the berries to dye porcupine quills, eat the berries raw, make them into jam and eat it with fish and bannock, and boil or pound the sun-dried berries into [[pemmican]].<ref>Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Nihithawak}}) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 63</ref> They use the berries of the ''minus'' subspecies of [[Vaccinium myrtilloides]] to colour porcupine quills, and put the firm, ripe berries on a string to wear as a necklace.<ref name="auto">Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree ({{lang|cr-Latn|Nihithawak}}) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64</ref> They also incorporate the berries of the ''minus'' subspecies of ''[[Vaccinium myrtilloides]]'' into their cuisine. They store the berries by freezing them outside during the winter, mix the berries with boiled fish eggs, livers, air bladders and fat and eat them, eat the berries raw as a snack food, and stew them with fish or meat.<ref name="auto"/>

== Notable Cree people ==
[[File:Mähsette Kuiuab Chief of the Cree indians 0022v.jpg|thumb|upright|Mähsette Kuiuab, [[Tribal chief|chief]] of the Cree, 1840–1843, [[Karl Bodmer]].]]
<!--Please only list members of Cree First Nations.-->
* [[Janice Acoose]], author, of Sakimay ([[Saulteaux]]) and Ninankawe Marival Métis ancestry
* [[Nathaniel Arcand]] ([[Alexander First Nation]]), actor
* [[Ethan Bear]], (b. 1997), [[NHL]] hockey player for the [[Vancouver Canucks]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oilersnation.com/2020/07/28/ethan-bear-to-don-jersey-with-cree-syllabics-in-exhibition-game/|title = Ethan Bear to don jersey with Cree syllabics in exhibition game|date = 28 July 2020}}</ref>
* [[Irene Bedard]], actress
* [[Craig Berube]], Head coach of the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] 
* [[Robyn Bourgeois]], author and academic
* [[Joe Buffalo]], actor and skateboarder
* [[Ashley Callingbull-Burnham]] ([[Enoch Cree Nation]]), 2015 Mrs. Universe winner, actress and first nations activist
* [[Harold Cardinal]], writer, political leader, teacher, and lawyer
* [[Lorne Cardinal]], actor
* [[Tantoo Cardinal]], actor
* [[Jonathan Cheechoo]], [[NHL]] and [[KHL]] hockey player
* [[Shirley Cheechoo]], actress, writer, and filmmaker
* [[Vern Cheechoo]], musician
* [[Misha (writer)|Misha Nogha Chocholak]], author
* [[Belinda Daniels]], language teacher
* [[Billy Diamond]], political leader, first Grand Chief of the Grand Council of the Crees (Eeyou Istchee)
* [[Neil Diamond (filmmaker)|Neil Diamond]], filmmaker
* [[Connie Fife]], poet
* [[Theoren Fleury]], retired NHL hockey player, humanitarian, spokesperson, and author
* [[Ralph Steinhauer|Ralph Garvin Steinhauer]], [[List of lieutenant governors of Alberta|tenth]] [[Lieutenant Governor of Alberta]] and first [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] to hold that post.
* [[Edward Gamblin]], musician
* [[Sebastian Gaskin]], musician
* [[Mary Greyeyes]] (1920–2011), the first [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] woman to join the [[Canadian Armed Forces]]
* [[Michael Greyeyes]], actor
* [[Tomson Highway]], playwright, librettist of the first Cree-language opera
* [[Tyson Houseman]], actor
* [[Joseph Kakwinokanasum]], writer
* [[Helen Knott]], activist and author
* [[Asivak Koostachin]], actor
* [[Jules Arita Koostachin]], writer and filmmaker
* [[Melina Laboucan-Massimo]], climate justice advocate
* [[Cody Lightning]], actor
* [[Wyatt C. Louis]], singer-songwriter
* [[Lawrence Martin (musician)|Lawrence Martin]], musician and politician
* [[Ovide Mercredi]], National chief of the [[Assembly of First Nations]]
* [[Delia Opekokew]], lawyer and activist
* [[Robert Falcon Ouellette]], A Cree Member of Parliament, played a pivotal role in promoting Indigenous languages including C-91 within Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.revparlcan.ca/en/honouring-indigenous-languages-within-parliament/ | title=Honouring Indigenous Languages within Parliament – Canadian Parliamentary Review – la Revue parlementaire canadienne | date=8 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4901314/indigenous-winnipeg-mp-delivers-historic-speech-in-house-of-commons/ | title=Indigenous Winnipeg MP delivers speech in Cree in House of Commons - Winnipeg &#124; Globalnews.ca }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/27/canada-native-languages-parliament-indigenous | title=Sound of native languages in parliament to mark win for indigenous Canadians | newspaper=The Guardian | date=27 January 2019 | last1=Cecco | first1=Leyland }}</ref>
* [[Bronson Pelletier]], actor
* [[Emily Riddle]], poet<ref>Catherine Zhu, [https://www.cbc.ca/books/n%C3%AAhiyaw-writer-emily-riddle-first-ever-winner-of-10k-canadian-first-book-prize-for-debut-poetry-collection-1.6845208 "Nêhiyaw writer Emily Riddle first ever winner of $10K Canadian First Book Prize for debut poetry collection"]. [[CBC Books]], May 18, 2023.</ref>
* [[Romeo Saganash]], Member of Parliament for [[Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou]], Quebec
* [[Paul Seesequasis]], writer and journalist
* [[Roseanne Supernault]], actress
* [[Clayton Thomas-Müller]], activist and memoirist
* [[Richard Throssel]] (1882–1933), photographer
* [[Michelle Thrush]], actor
* [[Loretta Todd]], film director
* [[Gordon Tootoosis]], actor<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nestor |first1=Rob |title=Tootoosis, Gordon (1941–2011) |url=https://teaching.usask.ca/indigenoussk/import/tootoosis_gordon.php |website=Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia |access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref>
* [[Shane Yellowbird]], country singer
* [[Alfred Young Man]] (Chippewa Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy's Reservation, b. 1948), educator, writer, curator, and artist

== See also ==
* [[Cree syllabics]]
* {{lang|cr-Latn|[[Wahkohtowin]]}} (Cree law)
* [[James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict]]
* [[Michif]]
* [[Shaking Tent Ceremony]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite book | last=Grant | first=Bruce | title=The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian | location=New York | publisher=Wings Books | year=2000 | isbn=0-517-69310-0 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00gran}}
* {{cite book | last=Stevens | first=James R. | title=Sacred Legends of the Sandy Lake Cree | publisher=McClelland and Stewart Ltd. | year=1971}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cree}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010628183759/http://www.creeculture.ca/ Cree cultural site]
* [http://www.eastcree.org/ The East Cree language web]
* [http://www.atlas-ling.ca/ The Cree-Innu linguistic atlas]
* [https://www.cngov.ca Grand Council of the Crees (GCC) and Cree Nation Government] – Official website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102131747/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1500394750433/1500394844909 Canada Government – Summary of the Agreement on the Cree Nation Governance]
*{{in lang|fr}}[http://www.autochtones.gouv.qc.ca/relations_autochtones/profils_nations/cris.htm Quebec Government – Cree of Quebec] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080045/http://www.autochtones.gouv.qc.ca/relations_autochtones/profils_nations/cris.htm |date=23 October 2018 }}
* [http://www.schoolnet.ca/ABORIGINAL/Plains_Cree The Plains Cree – Ethnographic, Historical and Comparative Study by David Mandelbaum]
* [http://www.llrib.ca/ Lac La Ronge Band website]
* [http://lrrcn.ab.ca/ Little Red River Cree Nation website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061011164830/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ND05/indepth/history.asp Brief history of Cree] from [[Canadian Geographic]]
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-94/life_society/james_bay/ CBC Digital Archives – James Bay Project and the Cree]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/arts/theatre/highway.html Pimooteewin, a first Cree language opera]
* [http://www.fisherriver.com/ Fisher River Cree Nation Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531014609/http://www.fisherriver.com/ |date=31 May 2017 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180804012235/http://giftoflanguageandculture.ca/ The Gift of Language and Culture website]
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/society/native_issues/topics/2473/ CBC Digital Archives – Eeyou Istchee: Land of the Cree]

{{First Nations in Alberta}}
{{Aboriginal peoples in Quebec}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cree]]
[[Category:Algonquian peoples]]
[[Category:First Nations in Alberta]]
[[Category:First Nations in British Columbia]]
[[Category:First Nations in Manitoba]]
[[Category:First Nations in Ontario]]
[[Category:First Nations in Quebec]]
[[Category:First Nations in Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:First Nations in the Northwest Territories]]
[[Category:Great Lakes tribes]]
[[Category:Plains tribes]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Montana]]