View source for Prague

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of the Czech Republic}}
{{Redirect|Praha}}
{{About|the capital of the Czech Republic||Prague (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Prague
| native_name             = {{nativename|cs|Praha}}
| settlement_type         = [[Capital city]]
| image_skyline           = {{multiple image
| border                  = infobox
| total_width             = 280
| image_style             = border:1;
| perrow                  = 1/2/2
| caption_align           = center
 | image1 = Prague (6365119737).jpg
 | caption1 = Panorama with [[Prague Castle]]
 | image2 = Národní divadlo z ostrova 1.jpg
 | caption2 = [[National Theatre (Prague)|National Theatre]]
 | image3 = Mrakodrapy v Praze 2018.jpg
 | caption3 = [[Pankrác]] district
 | image4 = Prague 07-2016 View from Old Town Hall Tower img3.jpg
 | caption4 = [[Old Town Square]]
 | image5 = PragueCzechRepublicMalaStranaMostecka.jpg
 | caption5 = [[Malá Strana]] 
}}
| image_flag              = Flag of Prague.svg
| image_blank_emblem      = Logo Praha.svg
| blank_emblem_type       = [[Wordmark]]
| image_shield            = Coat of arms of Prague.svg
| image_map               = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|type=shape|fill=#ffffff|fill-opacity=0|stroke-width=2|frame-width=250}}
| nickname                = ''City of a Hundred Spires''
| motto                   = {{native phrase|la|"Praga Caput Rei publicae"|italics=off}}<ref name=Vojtisek/><br />{{small|"Prague, Head of the Republic"}}
{{collapsible list
| title                 = ''{{nobold|other historical mottos &nbsp;}}''
| titlestyle            = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
| liststyle             = text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
| {{native phrase|la|"Praga mater urbium"|italics=off}}<br /><!--
 -->{{native phrase|cs|"Praha matka měst"|italics=off}}<ref name=Vojtisek/><br />{{small|"Prague, Mother of Cities"}}
| {{native phrase|la|"Praga Caput Regni"|italics=off}}<ref name=Duchacek>Milan Ducháček, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9REvBQAAQBAJ&dq=praga%20caput%20regni%20historiografie&pg=PA64 Václav Chaloupecký: Hledání československých dějin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418152300/https://books.google.com/books?id=9REvBQAAQBAJ&dq=praga%20caput%20regni%20historiografie&pg=PA64 |date=18 April 2023 }}'' (2014), cited after [http://abicko.avcr.cz/archiv/2001/7/obsah/vaclav-chaloupecky-12.-5.-1882--22.-11.-1951-.html abicko.avcr.cz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416134825/http://abicko.avcr.cz/archiv/2001/7/obsah/vaclav-chaloupecky-12.-5.-1882--22.-11.-1951-.html |date=16 April 2018}}.</ref><br />{{small|"Prague, Head of the Kingdom"}}
}}
| mapsize                 = 230px
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location within the Czech Republic##Location within Europe
| pushpin_map             = Czech Republic#Europe
| pushpin_relief          = 1
| coordinates             = {{Coord|50|5|15|N|14|25|17|E|region:CZ-10_type:city(1,300,000)|display=it}}
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{CZE}}
| established_title       = Founded
| established_date        = 8th century
| leader_party            = [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|ODS]]
| leader_title            = [[Mayor of Prague|Mayor]]
| leader_name             = [[Bohuslav Svoboda]]
| area_footnotes          = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |publisher=Demographia.com |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2          = 496.21
| area_urban_km2          = 298
| area_metro_km2          = 11425
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_min_m         = 172
| population_total        = 1397880
| population_as_of        = 2025-01-01
| population_footnotes    = <ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2025|url=https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/population-of-municipalities-t4l3n8d2iw|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|date=2025-05-16}}</ref>
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_metro        = 2267817<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CITIES|title=OECD - Metropolitan areas - Population, all ages|publisher=[[OECD]]|access-date=15 January 2022|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412004539/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CITIES|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_density_metro_km2 = 237
| population_demonym      = Praguer, Pragueite <br/> {{lang|cs|Pražan}} (male) <br/> {{lang|cs|Pražanka}} (female)
| demographics_type2      = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en|title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat|access-date=18 September 2023|website=www.ec.europa.eu|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213552/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|archive-date=15 February 2023|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1    = [[Capital city]]
| demographics2_info1     = €85.494 billion (2023)
| demographics2_title2    = Metro
| demographics2_info2     = €123.251 billion (2023)
| demographics2_title3    = Per capita (city)
| demographics2_info3     = €61,740 (2023)
| postal_code_type        = Postal codes
| postal_code             = 100 00 – 199 00
| area_code               = 
| area_code_type          = [[ISO 3166-2:CZ|ISO 3166-2]]
| iso_code                = CZ-10
| registration_plate      = A, AA – AZ
| website                 = {{URL|https://www.praha.eu/jnp/en/index.html|praha.eu}}
| elevation_max_m         = 399
| timezone                = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset              = +1
| timezone_DST            = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST          = +2
| blank3_name             = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022)
| blank3_info             = 0.965<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span> · [[List of Czech regions by Human Development Index|1st]]
| module             = {{designation list
 |embed                   = yes
 |designation1            = WHS
 |designation1_offname    = Historic Centre of Prague
 |designation1_date       = 1992 (16th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
 |designation1_type       = Cultural
 |designation1_criteria   = ii, iv, vi
 |designation1_number     = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/616 616]
 |designation1_free1name  = Area
 |designation1_free1value = {{convert|1,106.36|ha|abbr=on}}
 |designation1_free2name  = UNESCO Region
 |designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
 }}
| flag_link               = Flag of Prague
}}

'''Prague''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|ɑː|ɡ}} {{respell|PRAHG}}; {{langx|cs|Praha}} {{IPA|cs|ˈpraɦa||Cs-Praha.ogg}}){{efn|{{langx|de|Prag}}, {{langx|la|Praga}}}} is the capital and [[List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic|largest city]] of the [[Czech Republic]]<ref name=":1" /> and the historical capital of [[Bohemia]]. Prague, located on the [[Vltava]] River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its [[Prague metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] is home to approximately 2.3 million people.

Prague is a historical city with [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Czech Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Czech Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Czech Baroque architecture|Baroque]] architecture. It was the capital of the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] and residence of several [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, most notably [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] (r.&nbsp;1346–1378) and [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]] (r.&nbsp;1575–1611).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Prague, Czech Republic {{!}} Prague.com |url=https://www.prague.com/v/history/#:~:text=In%20the%2014th%20century,%20the,were%20constructed%20during%20this%20time. |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=prague.com |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222093737/https://www.prague.com/v/history/#:~:text=In%20the%2014th%20century,%20the,were%20constructed%20during%20this%20time. |url-status=live}}</ref> It was an important city to the [[Habsburg monarchy]] and [[Austria-Hungary]]. The city played major roles in the [[Bohemian Reformation|Bohemian]] and the [[Protestant Reformation]]s, the [[Thirty Years' War]] and in 20th-century history as the capital of [[Czechoslovakia]] between the World Wars and the post-war [[Communist era of Czechoslovakia|Communist era]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hedgie.eu/pages/history.php |archive-url=https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518044935/http://www.hedgie.eu/pages/history.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2016 |title=Short History of Bohemia, Moravia and then Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic |website=hedgie.eu |date=2015 |access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

Prague is home to a number of cultural attractions including [[Prague Castle]], [[Charles Bridge]], [[Old Town Square]] with the [[Prague astronomical clock]], the [[Josefov|Jewish Quarter]], [[Petřín]] hill and [[Vyšehrad]]. Since 1992, the historic center of Prague has been included in the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Site]]s.

The city has more than ten major museums, along with numerous theatres, galleries, cinemas, and other historical exhibits. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city. It is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including [[Charles University]] in Prague, the oldest university in [[Central Europe]].

Prague is classified as a "Beta+" [[global city]] according to [[GaWC]] studies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110011505/https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |archive-date=10 Jan 2025 |access-date=17 Jan 2025 |publisher=GaWC}}</ref> In 2019, the PICSA Index ranked the city as 13th most livable city in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.picsaindex.com/the-picsa-index/ |title=The PICSA Index |website=PICSA |access-date=2 July 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308164645/https://www.picsaindex.com/the-picsa-index/}}</ref> Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination and as of 2017, the city receives more than 8.5&nbsp;million international visitors annually. In 2017, Prague was listed as the fifth most visited European city after [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Rome]], and [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 100 City Destinations Revealed: Prague among Most Visited in the World |url=https://news.expats.cz/czech-tourism/top-100-city-destinations-revealed-prague-among-visited-europe-world/ |work=Expats.cz |date=8 November 2017 |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072053/https://news.expats.cz/czech-tourism/top-100-city-destinations-revealed-prague-among-visited-europe-world/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
{{see also|Names of European cities in different languages (M–P)#P}}

The Czech name ''Praha'' is derived from an old [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word, {{lang|sla|práh}}, which means "[[ford (crossing)|ford]]" or "[[Rapids|rapid]]", referring to the city's origin at a crossing point of the Vltava river.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://praguesummer.com/whats-in-a-name-prague-history-lesson/ |title=What's in a Name? (Prague History Lesson) |website=Prague Summer Program for Writers |date=22 February 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063453/http://praguesummer.com/whats-in-a-name-prague-history-lesson/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Another view to the origin of the name is also related to the Czech word {{lang|cs|práh}} (with the meaning of a [[Threshold (door)|threshold]]) and a legendary etymology connects the name of the city with princess [[Libuše]], prophetess and a wife of the mythical founder of the [[Přemyslid dynasty]]. She is said to have ordered the city "to be built where a man hews a threshold of his house". The Czech {{lang|cs|práh}} might thus be understood to refer to rapids or fords in the river, the edge of which could have acted as a means of fording the river&nbsp;– thus providing a "threshold" to the castle.

Another derivation of the name ''Praha'' is suggested from ''na prazě'', the original term for the [[shale]] hillside rock upon which the original castle was built. At that time, the castle was surrounded by forests, covering the nine hills of the future city&nbsp;– the [[Old Town, Prague|Old Town]] on the opposite side of the river, as well as the [[Lesser Town]] beneath the existing castle, appeared only later.<ref name=praha>{{cite book |last=Dudák|first=Vladislav|title=Praha: Průvodce magickým centrem Evropy |trans-title=Prague: A Guide to the Magical Center of Europe |year=2010 |publisher=Práh |location=Praha|isbn=978-80-7252-302-3|page=184}}</ref>

The English spelling of the city's name is borrowed from [[French language|French]]. In the 19th and early 20th centuries it was pronounced in English to rhyme with "vague": it was so pronounced by [[Lady Diana Cooper]] (born 1892) on [[Desert Island Discs]] in 1969,<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview with Lady Diana Cooper |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p009y17t |website=Desert Island Discs |access-date=2 February 2019 |ref=at 11 minutes 4 seconds |date=24 March 1969 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203031337/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p009y17t |url-status=live}}</ref> and it is written to rhyme with "vague" in a verse of [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Beleaguered_City The Beleaguered City] by [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow|Longfellow]] (1839) and also in the limerick [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/There_was_an_Old_Lady_of_Prague There was an Old Lady of Prague] by [[Edward Lear]] (1846).

Prague is also called the ''"City of a Hundred [[Spire]]s"'', based on a count by 19th century mathematician [[Bernard Bolzano]]; today's count is estimated by the Prague Information Service at 500.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kolik-vezi-ma-stovezata-praha-nadsenci-jich-napocitali-pres-pet-set-1fv-/domaci.aspx?c=A100805_115917_praha-zpravy_sfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514204127/http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kolik-vezi-ma-stovezata-praha-nadsenci-jich-napocitali-pres-pet-set-1fv-/domaci.aspx?c=A100805_115917_praha-zpravy_sfo |archive-date=14 May 2013 |title=Kolik věží má "stověžatá" Praha? Nadšenci jich napočítali přes pět set |language=cs |work=idnes.cz |publisher=Mladá fronta DNES |date=5 August 2010 |access-date=8 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nicknames for Prague have also included: the Golden City, the Mother of Cities and the Heart of Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit Prague, the City of a Hundred spires |url=http://www.prague.fm/ |publisher=prague.fm |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-date=10 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810201202/http://www.prague.fm/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The local Jewish community, which belongs to one of the oldest continuously existing in the world, have described the city as {{lang|he|עיר ואם בישראל}} ''Ir va-em be-yisrael'', "The city and mother in Israel".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Suzanne |date=2012-12-10 |title=A city and a mother in Israel |url=https://bltnotjustasandwich.com/2012/12/10/a-city-and-a-mother-in-israel/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=BLT |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.knizniklub.cz/knihy/89886-jewish-prague-zidovska-praha-anglicky.html |title=Jewish Prague/Židovská Praha - anglicky |language=cs}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Prague}}
{{For timeline}}
Prague has grown from a settlement stretching from [[Prague Castle]] in the north to the fort of [[Vyšehrad]] in the south, to become the capital of a modern European country. With archaeological deposits over 10m deep, the city serves as a model for the implementation of comprehensive regulations for the protection of archaeological heritage throughout the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Novák|first1=D|last2=Staňková|first2=V|last3=Rýpar|first3=V|last4=Podliska|first4=J|last5=Hasil|first5=J|title=Managing the Urban Archaeological Heritage of Prague: The Benefits of Collaboration|journal=Internet Archaeology|date=2025|issue=70|doi=10.11141/ia.70.3|doi-access=free|url=https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue70/3/index.html|archive-date=24 March 2025|access-date=25 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324173203/https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue70/3/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Early history===
[[File:Josef Mathauser - Kněžna Libuše věští slávu Prahy.jpg|thumb|The mythological princess [[Libuše]] prophesies the glory of Prague.]]
The region was settled as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age.<ref name="Demetz1997" /> Jewish chronicler [[David Gans|David Solomon Ganz]], citing [[Cyriacus Spangenberg]], claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in {{Circa|1306}} [[Anno Domini|BC]] by an ancient king, Boyya.<ref name=ganz />

Around the fifth and fourth century BC, a [[Celts|Celtic]] tribe appeared in the area, later establishing settlements, including the largest Celtic [[oppidum]] in [[Bohemia]], Závist, in a present-day south suburb [[Zbraslav]] in Prague, and naming the region of Bohemia, which means "home of the Boii people".<ref name="Demetz1997">{{cite book |last=Demetz |first=Peter|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/pragueinblackgol00deme |title=Prague in Black and Gold: Scenes from the Life of a European City |publisher=Hill and Wang |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8090-7843-1 |chapter=Chapter One: Libussa, or Versions of Origin |access-date=7 April 2016|chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="bohemiaradio">{{cite web |url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/unearthing-bohemias-celtic-heritage-ahead-of-samhain-the-new-year |title=Unearthing Bohemia's Celtic heritage ahead of Samhain, the 'New Year' |last=Kenety |first=Brian |date=29 October 2004 |publisher=Czech Radio |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810140803/http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/unearthing-bohemias-celtic-heritage-ahead-of-samhain-the-new-year |url-status=live}}</ref> In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] ([[Marcomanni]], [[Quadi]], [[Lombards]] and possibly the [[Suebi]]), leading some to place the seat of the [[Marcomanni]] king, [[Maroboduus]], in Závist.<ref name="marobudradio">{{cite web |url=http://www.rozhlas.cz/leonardo/historie/_zprava/202797 |title=Atlantis české archeologie |last=Kenety |first=Brian |date=19 November 2005 |publisher=Czech Radio |language=cs |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913181056/http://www.rozhlas.cz/leonardo/historie/_zprava/202797 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ganz">Dovid Solomon Ganz, Tzemach Dovid (3rd edition), part 2, Warsaw 1878, pp. 71, 85 ([https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=21930&st=&pgnum=72&hilite=available online] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421152851/https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=21930&st=&pgnum=72&hilite=available |date=21 April 2022}})</ref> Around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map drawn by Roman geographer [[Ptolemy|Ptolemaios]] mentioned a Germanic city called ''Casurgis''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cs-magazin.com/index.php?a=a2011021048 |title=Praha byla Casurgis |trans-title=Prague was Casurgis |language=cs |publisher=cs-magazin.com |date=February 2011 |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413175204/http://www.cs-magazin.com/index.php?a=a2011021048 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 5th century AD, during the great [[Migration Period]] following the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the Germanic tribes living in Bohemia moved westwards and, probably in the 6th century, the [[West Slavs|Slavic tribes]] settled the Central Bohemian Region. In the following three centuries, the [[Czechs|Czech tribes]] built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in the [[Divoká Šárka|Šárka valley]], [[Jinonice|Butovice]] and [[Levý Hradec]].<ref name="Demetz1997" />
[[File:Maqueta del castell de praga.JPG|thumb|left|upright|A model representing [[Prague Castle]] and its surroundings in the 10th century]]

The construction of what came to be known as [[Prague Castle]] began near the end of the 9th century, expanding a fortified settlement that had existed on the site since the year 800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novinky.cz/kultura/24807-slovane-na-hrade-zili-uz-sto-let-pred-borivojem.html |title=Slované na Hradě žili už sto let před Bořivojem&nbsp;– |publisher=[[Novinky.cz]] |access-date=14 April 2011 |archive-date=5 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405080130/http://www.novinky.cz/kultura/24807-slovane-na-hrade-zili-uz-sto-let-pred-borivojem.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle/history/archaeological-research.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401033615/http://www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle/history/archaeological-research.shtml |archive-date=1 April 2009 |title=Archaeological Research&nbsp;– Prague Castle |publisher=Hrad.cz |date=8 July 2005 |access-date=30 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort [[Vyšehrad]], was founded in the 10th century, some 70 years later than Prague Castle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.praguewelcome.cz/en/visit/monuments/top-monuments/65-vysehrad.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312091714/http://www.praguewelcome.cz/en/visit/monuments/top-monuments/65-vysehrad.shtml |archive-date=12 March 2013 |title=TOP MONUMENTS – VYŠEHRAD |publisher=praguewelcome.cz |access-date=14 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Prague Castle is dominated by the [[St. Vitus Cathedral|cathedral]], which began construction in 1344, but was not completed until the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/gothic-buildings-prague |title=5 of the Best Gothic Buildings in Prague|work=Architectural Digest |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210649/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/gothic-buildings-prague |url-status=live}}</ref>

The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th-century Czech duchess and prophetess [[Libuše]] and her husband, [[Přemysl, the Ploughman|Přemysl]], founder of the [[Přemyslid dynasty]]. Legend says that Libuše, prophesied from her castle at Vyšehrad, came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied: "I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars". She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site.<ref name="Demetz1997" />

The region became the seat of the [[duke]]s, and later [[King of Bohemia|kings of Bohemia]]. Under Duke of Bohemia [[Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus II the Pious]] the area became a [[Diocese|bishopric]] in 973.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeFACISbhCgC&q=archbishopric&pg=PA115 |title=Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands |last=Wolverton |first=Lisa |date=9 October 2012 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0812204223 |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410180614/https://books.google.com/books?id=FeFACISbhCgC&q=archbishopric&pg=PA115 |url-status=live}}</ref> Until Prague was elevated to [[archbishopric]] in 1344, it was under the jurisdiction of the [[Archbishopric of Mainz]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.radio.cz/en/section/travel-tip/prague-an-architectural-gem-in-the-heart-of-europe |title=Prague – an architectural gem in the heart of Europe {{!}} Radio Prague |work=Radio Praha |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724001258/http://radio.cz/en/section/travel-tip/prague-an-architectural-gem-in-the-heart-of-europe |url-status=live}}</ref>

Prague was an important seat for trading where merchants from across Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the [[Al-Andalus|Hispano-Jewish]] merchant and traveler [[Abraham ben Jacob]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx2xBWN3hX0C&q=Ibrahim+ibn+Ya%27qub+prague+jew+965&pg=PA8 |title=The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust |last=Rothkirchen |first=Livia |author-link=Livia Rothkirchen |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0803205024 |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410180614/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx2xBWN3hX0C&q=Ibrahim+ibn+Ya%27qub+prague+jew+965&pg=PA8 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Old New Synagogue]] of 1270 still stands in the city. Prague was also once home to a [[Slavery|slave]] market.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cHRvtwTLcMAC&pg=PA417 The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503104929/https://books.google.com/books?id=cHRvtwTLcMAC&pg=PA417&dq&hl=en |date=3 May 2016}}''". Michael Moïssey Postan, Edward Miller, Cynthia Postan (1987). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 417. {{ISBN|0-521-08709-0}}.</ref>

At the site of the ford in the Vltava river, King [[Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus I]] had the first bridge built in 1170, the Judith Bridge (Juditin most), named in honor of his wife [[Judith of Thuringia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.radio.cz/en/static/charles-bridge/history |title=History of Charles Bridge {{!}} Radio Prague |work=Radio Praha |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905164019/https://www.radio.cz/en/static/charles-bridge/history |url-status=live}}</ref> This bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1342, but some of the original foundation stones of that bridge remain in the river. It was rebuilt and named the Charles Bridge.<ref name=":0" />

In 1257, under King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II]], [[Malá Strana]] ("Lesser Quarter") was founded in Prague on the site of an older village in what would become the [[Hradčany]] (Prague Castle) area.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhkCBQAAQBAJ&q=king+ottokar+Mal%C3%A1+Strana+1257&pg=PT337 |title=The Rough Guide to Prague |last=Guides |first=Rough |date=16 January 2015 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=9780241196311 |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407215756/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhkCBQAAQBAJ&q=king+ottokar+Mal%C3%A1+Strana+1257&pg=PT337 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was the district of the German people, who had the right to administer the law autonomously, pursuant to [[Magdeburg rights]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBFwIGv2qMEC&q=Magdeburg+rights+Mal%C3%A1+Strana&pg=PA196 |title=The West European City: A Geographical Interpretation |last=Dickinson |first=Robert E. |author-link=Robert E. Dickinson |date=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780415177115 |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407160748/https://books.google.com/books?id=bBFwIGv2qMEC&q=Magdeburg+rights+Mal%C3%A1+Strana&pg=PA196 |url-status=live}}</ref> The new district was on the bank opposite of the [[Old Town (Prague)|Staré Město]] ("Old Town"), which had [[borough]] status and was bordered by a line of walls and fortifications.

===Late Middle Ages===
[[File:Archikatedra Świętych Wita, Wacława i Wojciecha w Pradze 20190816 1333 5260.jpg|thumb|The current [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] in Prague was founded in 1344.]]
Prague flourished during the 14th-century reign (1346–1378) of [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] and the king of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] of the new [[House of Luxembourg|Luxembourg dynasty]]. As King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, he transformed Prague into an imperial capital. In the 1470s, Prague had around 70,000 inhabitants and with an area of 360 ha (~1.4 square miles) it was the third-largest city in the Holy Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deset století architektury (1997) [TV cyklus] - Nové Město pražské (1998), 2. série - 21. díl |url=https://www.fdb.cz/film/deset-stoleti-architektury-2-serie-21-dil-nove-mesto-prazske/52565 |work=FDb.cz |language=cs |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221610/https://www.fdb.cz/film/deset-stoleti-architektury-2-serie-21-dil-nove-mesto-prazske/52565 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Charles IV ordered the building of the [[New Town, Prague|New Town]] (Nové Město) adjacent to the [[Old Town (Prague)|Old Town]] and laid out the design himself. The Charles Bridge, replacing the Judith Bridge destroyed in the flood just prior to his reign, was erected to connect the east bank districts to the Malá Strana and castle area. In 1347, he founded [[Charles University]], the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest university]] in Central Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cuni.cz |title=Charles University Official Website |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029011251/http://www.cuni.cz/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

His father [[John of Bohemia]] began construction of the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[St. Vitus Cathedral|Saint Vitus Cathedral]], within the largest of the Prague Castle courtyards, on the site of the Romanesque rotunda there. Prague was elevated to an archbishopric in 1344,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palmitessa |first=James |date=2002 |title=The Archbishops of Prague in Urban Struggles of the Confessional Age 1561–1612 |url=http://brrp.org/proceedings/brrp4/palmitessa.pdf |journal=Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice |volume=4 |pages=261–273 |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103017/http://brrp.org/proceedings/brrp4/palmitessa.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> the year the cathedral was begun.

The city had a [[mint (coin)|mint]] and was a center of trade for German and Italian bankers and merchants. The social order, however, became more turbulent due to the rising power of the [[Artisan|craftsmen]]'s [[guild]]s (themselves often torn by internal conflicts), and the increasing number of poor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKechnie |first=Gordon |date=2018-11-12 |title=PRAGUE REVISITED – PART I {{!}} Hungarian Review |url=https://hungarianreview.com/article/20181119_prague_revisited_part_i/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=hungarianreview.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-25 |title=Prague Story |url=https://czechtour.org/en/prague-story/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=CzechTour.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Hunger Wall, a substantial fortification wall south of Malá Strana and the castle area was built during a famine in the 1360s. The work is reputed to have been ordered by Charles IV as a means of providing employment and food to the workers and their families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prague's Hunger Wall, Impressive Story and Sight |url=https://www.praguewise.com/hunger-wall.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=PragueWise}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunger Wall Visiting Hours, Tickets, and Historical Significance in Prague |url=https://audiala.com/en/czech-republic/prague/hunger-wall |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Audiala: Your Pocket Tour Guide |language=en}}</ref>

Charles IV died in 1378. During the reign of his son, King [[Wenceslaus, King of the Romans|Wenceslaus IV]] (1378–1419), a period of intense turmoil ensued. During Easter 1389, members of the Prague clergy announced that Jews had desecrated the host (Eucharistic wafer) and the clergy encouraged mobs to pillage, ransack and burn the Jewish quarter. Nearly the entire Jewish population of Prague (ca 750 people) was murdered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everything2.org/title/The%2520Prague%2520Pogrom%2520of%25201389 |publisher=Everything2 |title=The Prague Pogrom of 1389 |date=April 1389 |access-date=16 June 2009 |archive-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618060237/http://www.everything2.org/title/The%2520Prague%2520Pogrom%2520of%25201389 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prague.cz/jewish-quarter/ |publisher=prague.cz |title=The former Jewish Quarter in Prague |date=April 1389 |access-date=16 June 2009 |archive-date=17 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417235108/http://www.prague.cz/jewish%2Dquarter/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Astronomical Clock (8341899828).jpg|left|thumb|The [[Prague astronomical clock]] was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still working.]]
[[Jan Hus]], a theologian and [[Rector (academia)|rector]] at Charles University, preached in Prague. In 1402, he began giving sermons in the [[Bethlehem Chapel]]. Inspired by [[John Wycliffe]], these sermons focused on what were seen as radical reforms of a corrupt Church. Having become too dangerous for the political and religious establishment, Hus was summoned to the [[Council of Constance]], put on trial for [[heresy]], and burned at the stake in [[Konstanz]] in 1415.

Four years later Prague experienced its [[Defenestrations of Prague|first defenestration]], when the people rebelled under the command of the Prague priest [[Jan Želivský]]. Hus' death, coupled with Czech proto-nationalism and [[proto-Protestantism]], had spurred the [[Hussite Wars]]. Peasant rebels, led by the general [[Jan Žižka]], along with Hussite troops from Prague, defeated Emperor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], in the [[Battle of Vítkov Hill]] in 1420.

During the [[Hussite Wars]] when Prague was attacked by "Crusader" and mercenary forces, the city militia fought bravely under the Prague Banner. This swallow-tailed banner is approximately {{cvt|4|by|6|ft|m|abbr=off}}, with a red field sprinkled with small white fleurs-de-lis, and a silver old Town Coat-of-Arms in the center. The words "PÁN BŮH POMOC NAŠE" (The Lord is our Relief/Help) appeared above the coat-of-arms, with a Hussite chalice centered on the top. Near the swallow-tails is a crescent-shaped golden sun with rays protruding.

One of these banners was captured by Swedish troops during the [[Battle of Prague (1648)]] when they captured the western bank of the [[Vltava river]] and were repulsed from the eastern bank, they placed it in the [[Swedish Army Museum|Royal Military Museum]] in [[Stockholm]]; although this flag still exists, it is in very poor condition. They also took the [[Codex Gigas]] and the [[Codex Argenteus]]. The earliest evidence indicates that a [[gonfalon]] with a municipal charge painted on it was used for the Old Town as early as 1419. Since this city militia flag was in use before 1477 and during the Hussite Wars, it is the oldest still preserved municipal flag of Bohemia.

In the following two centuries, Prague strengthened its role as a merchant city. Many noteworthy Gothic buildings<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.hrad.cz/castle/architektura/gotika_uk.html |title=Architecture of the Gothic |publisher=Old.hrad.cz |date=13 October 2005 |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=8 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808144404/http://old.hrad.cz/castle/architektura/gotika_uk.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle/photogallery/prague-castle/9.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401061009/http://www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle/photogallery/prague-castle/9.shtml |archive-date=1 April 2009 |title=Old Royal Palace with Vladislav Hall – Prague Castle |publisher=Hrad.cz |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=18 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> were erected and [[Vladislav Hall]] of the Prague Castle was added.

===Habsburg era===
[[File:Prague banner c1477.png|upright=0.7|thumb|Depiction of the "Prague Banner" (municipal flag dated to the 16th century)<ref>
This swallow-tailed banner is approximately {{cvt|4|by|6|ft|m|abbr=off}}, with a red field sprinkled with small white fleurs-de-lis, and a silver old Town Coat-of-Arms in the centre. The words ''PÁN BŮH POMOC NAŠE'' (The Lord God is our Help) appeared above the coat-of-arms, with a Hussite "host with chalice" centered on the top. Near the swallow-tails is a crescent-shaped golden sun with rays protruding. One of these banners was captured by Swedish troops in [[Battle of Prague (1648)]], when they captured the western bank of the Vltava River and were repulsed from the eastern bank, they placed it in the Royal Military Museum in [[Stockholm]]; although this flag still exists, it is in very poor condition. They also took the [[Codex Gigas]] and the [[Codex Argenteus]]. The earliest evidence indicates that a gonfalon with a municipal charge painted on it was used for Old Town as early as 1419. Since this city militia flag was in use before 1477 and during the Hussite Wars, it is the oldest still preserved municipal flag of Bohemia.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}</ref>]]
[[File:Praha CoA CZ small.svg|upright=0.7|thumb|The [[coat of arms of Prague]] (1649)<ref name=Vojtisek>{{ill|Václav Vojtíšek|cs}}, ''[http://www.historie.hranet.cz/heraldika/pdf/vojtisek1928a.pdf Znak Hlavního Města Prahy / Les Armoires de la Ville de Prague] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417192932/http://www.historie.hranet.cz/heraldika/pdf/vojtisek1928a.pdf |date=17 April 2016}}'' (1928), cited after [http://www.nakedtourguideprague.com/the-coat-of-arms-of-prague/ nakedtourguideprague.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009114718/http://www.nakedtourguideprague.com/the-coat-of-arms-of-prague/ |date=9 October 2016}} (2015).</ref>]]

In 1526, the Bohemian estates elected [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of the [[House of Habsburg]]. The fervent Catholicism of its members brought them into conflict in Bohemia, and then in Prague, where Protestant ideas were gaining popularity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prague.st/city-info/static/eng/czech-history/religious-conflicts.php |title=Religious conflicts |publisher=Prague.st |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235726/http://www.prague.st/city-info/static/eng/czech-history/religious-conflicts.php |url-status=live}}</ref> These problems were not preeminent under Holy Roman Emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]], elected King of Bohemia in 1576, who chose Prague as his home. He lived in Prague Castle, where his court welcomed not only astrologers and magicians but also scientists, musicians, and artists. Rudolf was an art lover as well, and Prague became the capital of European culture. This was a prosperous period for the city: famous people living there in that age include the astronomers [[Tycho Brahe]] and [[Johannes Kepler]], the painter [[Giuseppe Arcimboldo|Arcimboldo]], the alchemists [[Edward Kelley]] and [[John Dee]], the poet [[Elizabeth Jane Weston]], and others.

In 1618, the famous [[Defenestrations of Prague|second defenestration of Prague]] provoked the [[Thirty Years' War]], a particularly harsh period for Prague and Bohemia. [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] of Habsburg was deposed, and his place as King of Bohemia taken by [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]]; however his army was crushed in the [[Battle of White Mountain]] (1620) not far from the city. Following this in 1621 was an execution of 27 Czech Protestant leaders (involved in the uprising) in Old Town Square and the exiling of many others. Prague was forcibly converted back to [[Roman Catholicism]] followed by the rest of Czech lands. The city suffered subsequently during the war under an attack by [[Electorate of Saxony]] (1631) and during the [[Battle of Prague (1648)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.family-lines.cz/html/Articles/30-war.htm |title=The Kingdom of Bohemia during the Thirty Years' War |publisher=Family-lines.cz |access-date=14 April 2011 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172046/http://www.family-lines.cz/html/Articles/30-war.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Prague began a steady decline which reduced the population from the 60,000 it had had in the years before the war to 20,000. In the second half of the 17th century, Prague's population began to grow again. [[History of the Jews in the Czech Republic|Jews]] had been in Prague since the end of the 10th century and, by 1708, they accounted for about a quarter of Prague's population.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Prague.html |title=Prague |encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113164529/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Prague.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1689, a great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city. In 1713–14, a major outbreak of [[plague (disease)|plague]] hit Prague one last time, killing 12,000 to 13,000 people.<ref>M. Signoli, D. Chevé, A. Pascal (2007).''"[https://books.google.com/books?id=3u3rNCWtv0MC&pg=PA51 Plague epidemics in Czech countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503110934/https://books.google.com/books?id=3u3rNCWtv0MC&pg=PA51&dq&hl=en |date=3 May 2016}}"''. p.51.</ref>
[[File:Frantisek Palacky monument.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[František Palacký Monument, Prague|Monument]] to [[František Palacký]], a significant member of the Czech National Revival, created by [[Stanislav Sucharda]]<ref>Source: [https://umenipromesto.eu/katalog/detail/1364?v=list umenipromesto.eu]</ref>]]

In 1744, [[Frederick the Great]] of Prussia invaded Bohemia. He took Prague after a severe and prolonged siege in the course of which a large part of the town was destroyed.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Prague|volume=22|pages=248–250}}</ref> [[Maria Theresa|Empress Maria Theresa]] expelled the Jews from Prague in 1745; though she rescinded the expulsion in 1748, the proportion of Jewish residents in the city never recovered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jewish History of Prague |url=https://aish.com/the-jewish-history-of-prague/ |access-date=July 8, 2024 |website=Aish.com|date=6 October 2022 }}</ref> In 1757 the [[Prussia]]n bombardment<ref name=EB1911/> destroyed more than one-quarter of the city and heavily damaged St. Vitus Cathedral. However, a month later, Frederick the Great was defeated and forced to retreat from Bohemia.

The economy of Prague continued to improve during the 18th century. The population increased to 80,000 inhabitants by 1771. Many rich merchants and nobles enhanced the city with a host of palaces, churches and gardens full of art and music, creating a [[Baroque]] city renowned throughout the world to this day.

In 1784, under [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], the four municipalities of Malá Strana, Nové Město, Staré Město, and Hradčany were merged into a single entity. The Jewish district, called [[Josefov]], was included only in 1850. The [[Industrial Revolution]] produced great changes and developments in Prague, as new factories could take advantage of the coal mines and ironworks of the nearby regions. The first suburb, [[Karlín]], was created in 1817, and twenty years later the population exceeded 100,000.

[[Revolutions of 1848|The revolutions in Europe in 1848]] also touched Prague, but they were fiercely suppressed. In the following years, the [[Czech National Revival]] began its rise, until it gained the majority in the town council in 1861. Prague had a large number of German speakers in 1848, but by 1880 the number of German speakers had decreased to 14% (42,000), and by 1910 to 6.7% (37,000), due to a massive increase in the city's overall population caused by the influx of [[Czechs]] from the rest of Bohemia and [[Moravia]] and the increasing prestige and importance of the Czech language as part of the Czech National Revival. In 1891, the city council ordered that all German inscriptions be removed in Prague, while Czechs at the same time demanded equal status for the Czech and German languages in Bohemia and Moravia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Das böhmische Staatsrecht in den deutsch-tschechischen Auseinandersetzungen des 19. und 20. Jahrhundert|editor=Kurt Oberdorffer|publisher=Elwert|year= 1960|pages=38|contribution=Stellungnahme des Deutschtums er Sudetnländer zum "Historischen Staatsrecht"|author=Helmut Slapnicka}}</ref>

{{Panorama|image=Panorama von Prag – Vincenc Morstadt – 1835.jpg||height=220|caption=Panorama of Prague from the Schönborn Garden, circa 1835. The drawing by Czech vedutist [[Vincenc Morstadt]] was engraved by Friedrich Geissler.}}

===20th century===
[[File:Praha 2009-12-26-27.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Statue of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Prague|Statue]] of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk near [[Prague Castle]]]]

====First Czechoslovak Republic====
{{Main|First Czechoslovak Republic}}
World War I ended with the defeat of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and the creation of Czechoslovakia. Prague was chosen as its capital and Prague Castle as the seat of president [[Tomáš Masaryk|Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]. At this time Prague was a true European capital with highly developed industry. By 1930, the population had risen to 850,000.

====Second World War====
[[File:Prague liberation 1945 konev.jpg|thumb|The Red Army [[Prague offensive|enters]] Prague in May 1945.]]
{{further|German occupation of Czechoslovakia}}
[[Hitler]] ordered the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] to enter Prague on 15 March 1939, and from Prague Castle proclaimed [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate]]. For most of its history, Prague had been a multi-ethnic city<ref name=TOT1>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlas-europa.de/t04/bevoelkerung/europ_staedte/pdf/BevStaedte-Tabelle_dt.pdf |title=Einwohnerzahl europäischer Städte |quote=Prag insgesamt 1940 928.000 |language=de |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517074618/http://www.atlas-europa.de/t04/bevoelkerung/europ_staedte/pdf/BevStaedte-Tabelle_dt.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> with important Czech, German and (mostly native German-speaking) Jewish populations.<ref name=JEW1>{{cite web |url=https://www.jüdische-gemeinden.de/index.php/gemeinden/p-r/1593-prag |title=Aus der Geschichte jüdischer Gemeinden |quote=1937/38 ca. 45.000 |language=de |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331004340/https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/p-r/1593-prag |url-status=live}}</ref> From 1939, when the country was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]], Hitler took over Prague Castle. During the [[Second World War]], most Jews were [[Holocaust|deported and killed]] by the Germans. In 1942, Prague was witness to the assassination of one of the most powerful men in [[Nazi Germany]]—[[Reinhard Heydrich]]—during [[Operation Anthropoid]], accomplished by Czechoslovak national heroes [[Jozef Gabčík]] and [[Jan Kubiš]]. Hitler ordered bloody reprisals.<ref>Bryant, Chad (2007). ''Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p.&nbsp;167ff. {{isbn|978-0674024519}}</ref>

In February 1945, [[1945 Bombing of Prague|Prague suffered several bombing raids]] by the [[United States Army Air Forces|US Army Air Forces]]. 701 people were killed, more than 1,000 people were injured and some buildings, factories and historic landmarks ([[Emmaus Monastery]], [[Faust House (Prague)|Faust House]], [[Vinohrady Synagogue]]) were destroyed.<ref name="Bombing">{{cite web |url=http://www.praguepost.com/archivescontent/40592-looking-back-at-the-bombing-of-prague.html |title=Looking Back at the Bombing of Prague |website=[[The Prague Post]] |date=14 February 1945 |access-date=4 December 2011 |archive-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114154013/http://www.praguepost.com/archivescontent/40592-looking-back-at-the-bombing-of-prague.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Many historic structures in Prague, however, escaped the destruction of the war and the damage was small compared to the total destruction of many other cities in that time. According to American pilots, it was the result of a navigational mistake. In March, a deliberate raid targeted military factories in Prague, killing about 370 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=The bombing of Prague from a new perspective |date=13 December 2011 |url=https://www.radio.cz/en/section/czech-history/the-bombing-of-prague-from-a-new-perspective |publisher=Radio Prague |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220172922/http://radio.cz/en/section/czech-history/the-bombing-of-prague-from-a-new-perspective |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 May 1945, two days before Germany capitulated, an [[Prague uprising|uprising]] against Germany occurred. Several thousand Czechs were killed in four days of bloody street fighting, with many atrocities committed by both sides. Fought concurrently with the Prague uprising, the [[Prague offensive]] significantly helped the [[liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1945|liberation of Czechoslovakia]].  At daybreak on 9 May, the {{nowrap|[[3rd Shock Army]]}} of the [[Red Army]] took the capital city almost unopposed. The majority (about 50,000 people) of the German population of Prague either fled or were [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|expelled]] by the [[Beneš decrees]] in the aftermath of the war.

====Cold War====
{{Main|History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}
[[File:Havla 1989.jpg|thumb|Velvet Revolution in November 1989]]

Prague was a city in a country under the military, economic, and political control of the [[Soviet Union]] (see [[Iron Curtain]] and [[COMECON]]). The world's largest [[Stalin Monument (Prague)|Stalin Monument]] was unveiled on [[Letná]] hill in 1955 and destroyed in 1962.
The 4th Czechoslovak Writers' Congress, held in the city in June 1967, took a strong position against the regime.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pehe |first1=Jiří |author-link=Jiří Pehe |title=Post-Communist Reflections of the Prague Spring |url=http://www.pehe.cz/Members/redaktor/post-communist-refections-of-the-prague-spring |website=Jiří Pehe |date=6 November 2008 |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917092115/http://www.pehe.cz/Members/redaktor/post-communist-refections-of-the-prague-spring |url-status=live}}</ref> On 31 October 1967 students demonstrated at [[Strahov (district of Prague)|Strahov]]. This spurred the new secretary of the [[Czechoslovak Communist Party]], [[Alexander Dubček]], to proclaim a new deal in his city's and country's life, starting the short-lived season of the "[[socialism with a human face]]". It was the [[Prague Spring]], which aimed at the renovation of political institutions in a democratic way. The other [[Warsaw Pact]] member countries, except [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] and [[People's Republic of Albania|Albania]], were led by the [[Soviet Union]] to repress these reforms through the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invasion of Czechoslovakia]] and the capital, Prague, on 21 August 1968. The invasion, chiefly by infantry and tanks, effectively suppressed any further attempts at reform. The military occupation of Czechoslovakia by the [[Red Army]] would end only in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=Exploring Europe : History of Prague –EUROPEANS24 Europeans24 |url=https://europeans24.com/2021/09/exploring-europe-history-of-prague-europeans24/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jan Palach]] and [[Jan Zajíc]] committed suicide by [[self-immolation]] in January and February 1969 to protest against the "[[Normalization (Czechoslovakia)|normalization]]" of the country.

===After the Velvet Revolution===
[[File:Mrakodrapy v Praze 2018.jpg|thumb|Prague high-rise buildings at [[Pankrác]]]]
In 1989, after riot police beat back a peaceful student demonstration, the [[Velvet Revolution]] crowded the streets of Prague, and the capital of [[Czech and Slovak Federative Republic|Czechoslovakia]] benefited greatly from the new mood. In 1992, the [[Historic Centre of Prague]] and its monuments were inscribed as a cultural [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. In 1993, after the [[Velvet Divorce]], Prague became the capital city of the new Czech Republic. Since the 1990s, high-rise buildings began to be built in Prague in large quantities. In the late 1990s, Prague again became an important cultural center of Europe and was notably influenced by [[globalisation]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McAdams |first1=Michael |title=Global Cities as Centers of Cultural Influence: A Focus on Istanbul, Turkey |url=https://journals.openedition.org/transtexts/149 |work=Transtext(e)s Transcultures |date=1 September 2007 |issue=3 |pages=151–165 |doi=10.4000/transtexts.149 |access-date=15 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123335/https://journals.openedition.org/transtexts/149 |url-status=live |issn=1771-2084}}</ref> In 2000, the [[IMF]] and [[World Bank]] summits took place in Prague and [[Anti-globalization protests in Prague|anti-globalization riots]] took place here. In 2002, Prague suffered from [[2002 European floods|widespread floods]] that damaged buildings and its underground transport system.

Prague [[Prague bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics|launched a bid]] for the [[2016 Summer Olympics]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/index.php?news=1174578823 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807095901/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/index.php?news=1174578823 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |title=Prague Assembly Confirms 2016 Olympic Bid |publisher=Gamesbids.com |access-date=14 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but failed to make the candidate city [[shortlist]]. In June 2009, as the result of financial pressures from the [[Great Recession|global recession]], Prague's officials chose to cancel the city's planned bid for the [[2020 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/olympic_bids/future_bids_2016/1216134440.html |title=It's Official&nbsp;– Prague Out of 2020 Bid |publisher=[[GamesBids]] |date=16 June 2009 |access-date=14 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910085801/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/olympic_bids/future_bids_2016/1216134440.html |archive-date=10 September 2010}}</ref>

On 21 December 2023, [[2023 Prague shooting|a mass shooting]] took place at [[Charles University]] in central Prague. In total, 15 people were killed and 25 injured. It was the deadliest mass murder in the history of the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lopatka |first1=Jan |last2=Hovet |first2=Jason |title=Gunman kills 14 in unprecedented attack at Prague university |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/prague-university-shooting-leaves-several-dead-police-say-2023-12-21/ |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

==Geography==
Prague is situated on the [[Vltava]] River. The [[Berounka]] flows into the Vltava in the suburbs of [[Lahovice]]. There are 99 watercourses in Prague with a total length of {{cvt|360|km}}. The longest streams are Rokytka and Botič.<ref name=water>{{cite web |title=Vodní toky a vodní díla na území Prahy|url=https://praha.eu/web/portalzp/w/drobnevodnitoky_uvodnistr_1784970|publisher=City of Prague|language=cs|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

There are 4 reservoirs, 47 fishponds, and 33 retention reservoirs and dry polders in the city. The largest pond is Velký Počernický rybník with {{cvt|41.76|ha}}.<ref name=water/> The largest body of water is Hostivař Reservoir with {{convert|42|ha|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hostivařská přehrada není jen na koupání, ale i na výlet |trans-title=Hostivař dam is not only for swimming but also for a trip |url=https://www.hostivarskaprehrada.cz/hostivarska-prehrada-neni-jen-na-koupani-ale-i-na-vylet/|publisher=Hostivař Reservoir|language=cs|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

[[Geomorphological division of the Czech Republic|In terms of geomorphological division]], most of Prague is located in the [[Prague Plateau]]. In the south the city's territory extends into the [[Hořovice Uplands]], in the north it extends into the [[Central Elbe Table]] lowland. The highest point is the top of the hill Teleček on the western border of Prague, at {{cvt|399|m|ft}} above sea level. Notable hills in the centre of Prague are Petřín with {{cvt|327|m|ft}} and Vítkov with {{cvt|270|m|ft}}. The lowest point is the Vltava in [[Suchdol (Prague)|Suchdol]] at the place where it leaves the city, at {{cvt|172|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sedm pražských NEJ aneb Neznámý kopec Teleček|url=https://www.e15.cz/magazin/sedm-prazskych-nej-aneb-neznamy-kopec-telecek-850278|work=[[E15 (newspaper)|E15]]|language=cs|date=6 April 2016|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

Prague is located approximately at {{coord|50|5|N|14|25|E|display=inline}}. Prague is approximately at the same latitude as [[Frankfurt]], Germany;<ref>{{cite web |title=Latitude and Longitude of World Cities: Frankfurt |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html |access-date=27 May 2011 |archive-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524213744/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Paris]], France;<ref>{{cite web |title=Latitude and Longitude of World Cities |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html |access-date=27 May 2011 |archive-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524213744/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Vancouver]], Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latitude and Longitude of Vancouver, Canada |url=http://www.travelmath.com/cities/Vancouver,+Canada |access-date=27 May 2011 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125023230/http://www.travelmath.com/cities/Vancouver,+Canada |url-status=live}}</ref> The northernmost point is at {{coord|50|10|39|N|14|31|37|E|display=inline}}, the southernmost point is at {{coord|49|56|31|N|14|23|44|E|display=inline}}, the westernmost point is at {{coord|50|6|14|N|14|13|31|E|display=inline}}, and the easternmost point is at {{coord|50|5|14|N|14|42|23|E|display=inline}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Póly metropole – nejvzdálenější body hlavního města|url=https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/poly-metropole-nejvzdalenejsi-body-hlavniho-mesta|publisher=CzechTourism|language=cs|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> Farthest geographical points of the city territory are marked physically by so-called [[Prague Poles]].

===Climate===
[[File:Prague by Sentinel-2, 2020-05-18.jpg|thumb|Prague seen from [[SPOT (satellite)|satellite]]]]
Prague has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''; [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''Dobk'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=81511&cityname=Prague,+Czech+Republic |title=Prague, Czech Republic Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218062646/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=81511&cityname=Prague,+Czech+Republic |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyR6DwAAQBAJ&q=prague+koppen+cfb&pg=PA23 |title=Praga |last=Nogueira |first=Adeilson |date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Clube de Autores (managed) |language=pt |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126090806/https://books.google.com/books?id=GyR6DwAAQBAJ&q=prague+koppen+cfb&pg=PA23 |url-status=live}}</ref> bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb''), defined as such by the {{cvt|0|°C|0}} isotherm.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8eWDwAAQBAJ&q=prague+koppen+dfb&pg=PA40 |title=Prag Gezi Rehberi: Prag Travel Guide |last=Kadıoğlu |first=Muhsin |date=8 May 2019 |publisher=Muhsin Kadıoğlu |language=tr |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103413/https://books.google.com/books?id=S8eWDwAAQBAJ&q=prague+koppen+dfb&pg=PA40 |url-status=live}}</ref> The winters are relatively cold with average temperatures at about freezing point (0&nbsp;°C), and with very little sunshine. Snow cover can be common between mid-November and late March although snow accumulations of more than {{cvt|200|mm|0}} are infrequent. There are also a few periods of mild temperatures in winter. Summers usually bring plenty of sunshine and the average high temperature of {{cvt|24|°C|0}}. Nights can be quite cool even in summer, though. Precipitation in Prague is moderate ({{cvt|24-20|in|mm|-2|order=flip|disp=or}} per year) since it is located in the [[rain shadow]] of the [[Sudetes]] and other mountain ranges. The driest season is usually winter while late spring and summer can bring quite heavy rain, especially in the form of thundershowers. The number of hours of average sunshine has increased over time. [[Inversion (meteorology)|Temperature inversions]] are relatively common between mid-October and mid-March bringing foggy, cold days and sometimes moderate air pollution. Prague is also a windy city with common sustained western winds and an average wind speed of {{cvt|16|km/h|mph|0}} that often helps break temperature inversions and clear the air in cold months. 
{{clear}}

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = [[Clementinum]], Prague<br>[[Location identifier#WMO station identifiers|WMO ID]]: 11515; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1775–present
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 17.4
|Feb record high C = 18.5
|Mar record high C = 22.9
|Apr record high C = 30.7
|May record high C = 32.8
|Jun record high C = 37.7
|Jul record high C = 37.8
|Aug record high C = 36.8
|Sep record high C = 33.1
|Oct record high C = 27.8
|Nov record high C = 19.5
|Dec record high C = 17.7
|year record high C = 37.8
|Jan high C = 3.9
|Feb high C = 5.6
|Mar high C = 10.0
|Apr high C = 16.1
|May high C = 20.9
|Jun high C = 24.4
|Jul high C = 26.5
|Aug high C = 25.9
|Sep high C = 20.4
|Oct high C = 14.4
|Nov high C = 8.5
|Dec high C = 4.8
|year high C = 15.1
|Jan mean C = 1.8
|Feb mean C = 2.9
|Mar mean C = 6.5
|Apr mean C = 11.7
|May mean C = 16.2
|Jun mean C = 19.7
|Jul mean C = 21.6
|Aug mean C = 21.1
|Sep mean C = 16.2
|Oct mean C = 11.0
|Nov mean C = 6.3
|Dec mean C = 2.8
|year mean C = 11.5
|Jan low C = -0.5
|Feb low C = 0.0
|Mar low C = 2.9
|Apr low C = 6.9
|May low C = 11.3
|Jun low C = 14.8
|Jul low C = 16.6
|Aug low C = 16.3
|Sep low C = 12.2
|Oct low C = 7.9
|Nov low C = 3.9
|Dec low C = 0.6
|year low C = 7.7
|Jan record low C = -27.5
|Feb record low C = -27.1
|Mar record low C = -27.6
|Apr record low C = -8.0
|May record low C = -1.6
|Jun record low C = 3.6
|Jul record low C = 7.8
|Aug record low C = 6.4
|Sep record low C = 0.7
|Oct record low C = -7.5
|Nov record low C = -16.9
|Dec record low C = -24.8
|year record low C = -27.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 18.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 16.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 26.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 24.7
|May precipitation mm = 58.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 68.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 67.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 61.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 33.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 29.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 26.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 22.6
|year precipitation mm = 453.9
|Jan snow cm = 5.8
|Feb snow cm = 4.2
|Mar snow cm = 1.6
|Apr snow cm = 0.0
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.0
|Nov snow cm = 0.8
|Dec snow cm = 3.6
|year snow cm = 16.1
|humidity colour = green
|Jan humidity = 76.2
|Feb humidity = 71.2
|Mar humidity = 65.9
|Apr humidity = 58.7
|May humidity = 58.9
|Jun humidity = 59.3
|Jul humidity = 58.7
|Aug humidity = 60.5
|Sep humidity = 67.7
|Oct humidity = 73.5
|Nov humidity = 77.4
|Dec humidity = 76.7
|year humidity = 67.1
|Jan sun = 52.4
|Feb sun = 81.9
|Mar sun = 129.3
|Apr sun = 187.8
|May sun = 216.3
|Jun sun = 218.4
|Jul sun = 229.1
|Aug sun = 224.1
|Sep sun = 168.2
|Oct sun = 110.8
|Nov sun = 52.5
|Dec sun = 46.2
|year sun = 1716.9
|source = [[Czech Hydrometeorological Institute]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Praha Klementinum|url=http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/europa/repubblica-ceca/praha-klementinum/|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|access-date=2024-09-07|language=it|archive-date=2024-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907135648/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/europa/repubblica-ceca/praha-klementinum/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Průměrná teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909142632/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Srážkové úhrny v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/R.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909143119/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/R.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Množství nového sněhu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|access-date=2024-09-09|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909143254/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Průměrná relativní vlhkost vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909143356/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Délka slunečního svitu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky (Sunshine)|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/S.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909143631/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/S.php?ID=P1PKLE01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-09}}</ref>}}

==Administration and politics==
===Administrative division===
[[File:Prague districts en.svg|thumb|Map of Prague cadastral areas and administrative districts]]
{{main|Districts of Prague}}
Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic and as such is the regular seat of its central authorities. Since 24 November 1990, it is ''de facto'' again a statutory city, but has a specific status of the municipality and the region at the same time. Prague also houses the administrative institutions of the [[Central Bohemian Region]].
[[File:Bohuslav_Svoboda_(2022).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mayor Bohuslav Svoboda]]
Until 1949, all administrative districts of Prague were formed by the whole one or more cadastral unit, municipality or town. Since 1949, there has been a fundamental change in the administrative division. Since then, the boundaries of many urban districts, administrative districts and city districts are independent of the boundaries of cadastral territories and some cadastral territories are thus divided into administrative and self-governing parts of the city. [[Cadastre|Cadastral area]] (for example, [[Vinohrady]] and [[Smíchov]]) are still relevant especially for the registration of land and real estate and house numbering.

Prague is divided into 10 municipal districts (1–10), 22 administrative districts (1–22), 57 municipal parts, and 112 cadastral areas.
[[File:Mariánské náměstí 2-2 Praha, Staré Město 20170906 001.jpg|thumb|Prague New City Hall]]

===City government===
Prague is administered by the autonomous [[Prague City Assembly]], which consists of 65 members and is elected through municipal elections. As of Dec. 20, 18 members of the council were from the centre-right [[SPOLU (Czech Republic)|Together Prague]] group, which governs the city in conjunction with 12 members of the [[Czech Pirate Party|Pirates]] (centre to centre-left) and 5 members of the [[Mayors and Independents]] group (centre to centre-right).<ref name="k218">{{cite web | last=Michal | first=Petr | title=Parking reform in Prague: Disagreements in the coalition over the price of parking in zones! Vybrané peníze půjdou zpět do parkování – PORTOS | website=PORTOS – Advokátní kancelář PORTOS | url=https://portos.eu/parking-reform-in-prague-disagreements-in-the-coalition-over-the-price-of-parking-in-zones-vybrane-penize-pujdou-zpet-do-parkovani/ | access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref><ref name="f417">{{cite web | title=List of Members | website=Prague Portal | url=https://rekonstrukceradnice.praha.eu/web/eng/list-of-members | access-date=2024-12-23 | archive-date=20 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120185556/https://rekonstrukceradnice.praha.eu/web/eng/list-of-members | url-status=live }}</ref> Thus, the governing coalition has a comfortable majority in the assembly with 35 of 65 seats. Opposition parties include [[ANO (political party)|ANO 2011]] (right-wing populist) with 14 members, [[Prague Together]] (centre) with 11 votes, [[Freedom and Direct Democracy]] (right wing to far-right) with 3 members and, 2 unaffiliated Independents.<ref name="f417"/>

The executive body of Prague, elected by the Assembly, is [[Prague City Council]]. The municipal office of Prague is at [[Prague City Hall]] and has 11 members, including the [[List of mayors of Prague|mayor]]. It prepares proposals for the Assembly meetings and ensures that adopted resolutions are fulfilled. The [[List of mayors of Prague|Mayor of Prague]] is [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]] member [[Bohuslav Svoboda]].

==Demographics==
[[File:Prague population pyramid in 2021.svg|thumb|Prague population pyramid in 2021]]

===2011 census===
Even though the official population of Prague hovers around 1.3 million as of the [[2011 Czech census|2011 census]], the city's real population is much higher due to only 65% of its residents being marked as permanently living in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/data-z-mobilu-praha-se-denne-nafoukne-o-polovinu-v-centru-jsou-navstevnici-v_1704211045_miz |title=Data z mobilů: Praha se denně nafoukne o polovinu, v centru jsou návštěvníci v převaze |work=iROZHLAS |access-date=26 September 2018 |language=cs |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926131115/https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/data-z-mobilu-praha-se-denne-nafoukne-o-polovinu-v-centru-jsou-navstevnici-v_1704211045_miz |url-status=live}}</ref> Data taken from mobile phone movements around the city suggest that the real population of Prague is closer to 1.9 or 2.0 million, with an additional 300,000 to 400,000 commuters coming to the city on weekdays for work, education, or commerce.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ekonomickymagazin.cz/2018/06/praha-by-mela-byt-planovana-jako-metropole-pro-dva-miliony-lidi/ |title=Praha by měla být metropole pro dva miliony lidí |work=Ekonomický Magazín |access-date=26 September 2018 |language=cs |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130951/https://www.ekonomickymagazin.cz/2018/06/praha-by-mela-byt-planovana-jako-metropole-pro-dva-miliony-lidi/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

About 14% of the city's inhabitants were born outside the Czech Republic, the highest proportion in the country. However, 64.8% of the city's population self-identified as ethnically [[Czechs|Czech]], which is slightly higher than the national average of 63.7%. Almost 29% of respondents declined to answer the question on ethnicity at all, so it may be assumed that the real percentage of ethnic Czechs in Prague is considerably higher. The largest ethnic minority are [[Slovaks in the Czech Republic|Slovaks]], followed by Ukrainians and Russians.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Census shows population rise in Prague |url=http://praguemonitor.com/2012/01/24/census-shows-population-rise-prague |publisher=Prague Daily Monitor |agency=Czech News Agency (ČTK) |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416205818/http://praguemonitor.com/2012/01/24/census-shows-population-rise-prague |archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>

Prague's population is the oldest and best-educated in the country. It has the lowest proportion of children. Only 10.8% of census respondents claimed adherence to a religion; the majority of these were [[Roman Catholics]].<ref name="auto"/>

===Historical population===
Development of the Prague population since 1378<ref>{{cite web |title=Historie Prahy|url=http://www.prague-portal.com/sights/prague_history|publisher=Prague Portal.com|language=cs|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503045033/http://www.prague-portal.com/sights/prague_history|url-status=dead}}</ref> (since 1869 according to the censuses within the limits of present-day Prague):<ref>{{cite web|title=Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011|url=https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/historicky-lexikon-obci-1869-az-2015|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|language=cs|date=2015-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Census 2021: Population by sex|url=https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK|work=Public Database|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|date=2021-03-27}}</ref>
{{historical populations
|align=none|cols=3
|1250|4000
|1300|10000
|1378|40000
|1500|25000
|1610|60000
|1798|79000
|1869|270389
|1880|349574
|1890|437373
|1900|559433
|1910|667664
|1920|729820
|1930|950465
|1950|1057570
|1961|1133056
|1970|1140795
|1980|1182186
|1991|1214174
|2001|1169106
|2011|1268796
|2021|1301432
}}

===Foreign residents===
As of 31 March 2025, there were 351,734 foreign residents in Prague, of which 132,170 with permanent residence in Prague. The following nationalities are the most numerous:<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistiky: Cizinci s povoleným pobytem|url=https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/cizinci-s-povolenym-pobytem.aspx?q=Y2hudW09MQ%3d%3d|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Czech Republic)|Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic]]|language=cs|access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|colspan="2"|'''Foreign residents in Prague (March 2025)'''
|-\
!Nationality || Population
|-
|{{flagu|Ukraine}} ||164,723
|-
|{{flagu|Slovakia}} ||32,397
|-
|{{flagu|Russia}} ||24,405
|-
|{{flagu|Vietnam}} ||16,146
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other countries/territories}}
|-
|{{flagu|Kazakhstan}} ||6,855
|-
|{{flagu|Mainland China}} ||6,623
|-
|{{flagu|United States}} ||6,512
|-
|{{flagu|Romania}} ||6,027
|-
|{{flagu|India}} ||5,835
|-
|{{flagu|Bulgaria}} ||4,995
|-
|{{flagu|United Kingdom}} ||4,116
|-
|{{flagu|Italy}} ||3,812
|-
|{{flagu|Hungary}} ||3,765
|-
|{{flagu|Poland}} ||3,405
|-
|{{flagu|Germany}} ||3,372
|-
|{{flagu|Turkey}} ||3,300
|-
|{{flagu|Belarus}} ||3,183
|-
|{{flagu|France}} ||2,843
|-
|{{flagu|Uzbekistan}} ||2,558
|-
|{{flagu|Philippines}} ||2,213
|-
|{{flagu|Serbia}} ||2,084
|-
|{{flagu|Moldova}} ||1,949
|-
|{{flagu|Croatia}} ||1,752
|-
|{{flagu|South Korea}} ||1,547
|-
|{{flagu|Azerbaijan}} ||1,520
|-
|{{flagu|Armenia}} ||1,423
|-
|{{flagu|Spain}} ||1,414
|-
|{{flagu|Japan}} ||1,193
|-
|{{flagu|Israel}} ||1,153
|-
|{{flagu|Georgia}} ||1,106
|-
|{{flagu|North Macedonia}} ||1,100
|-
|{{flagu|Mongolia}} ||1,083
|-
|{{flagu|Kyrgyzstan}} ||1,056
|-
|{{flagu|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} ||1,040
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
|}
{{clear}}

==Culture==
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|WHS=Historic Centre of Prague
|image=Prague from Powder Tower 01.jpg
|Criteria=Cultural: ii, iv, vi
|ID=616
|Year=1992
|Includes=[[Historic Centre of Prague]] and [[Průhonice|Průhonice Park]]
|Area=1,106.36 ha
|Buffer_zone=9,887.09 ha
}}
{{See also|Prague underground (culture)}}
[[File:Praha Národní muzeum 2.jpg|thumb|[[National Museum (Prague)|National Museum]] is a dominant landmark of the [[Wenceslas Square]].]]
[[File:Praha Veletržní palác jih.jpg|thumb|Veletržní palác houses the largest collection of [[National Gallery Prague|National Gallery]] art.]]
[[File:Prague Congress Centre (1).JPG|thumb|[[Prague Congress Centre]] has hosted the [[IMF]]-[[World Bank Group|WBG]] meeting and [[NATO]] summit.]]
[[File:Praha Rudolfinum isometric.jpg|thumb|[[Rudolfinum]], a concert and exhibition hall]]
The city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hosting many cultural events. Some of the significant cultural institutions include the [[National Theatre (Prague)|National Theatre]] (''Národní Divadlo'') and the [[Estates Theatre]] (''Stavovské or Tylovo'' or ''Nosticovo divadlo''), where the premières of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' and ''[[La clemenza di Tito]]'' were held. Other major cultural institutions are the [[Rudolfinum]] which is home to the [[Czech Philharmonic|Czech Philharmonic Orchestra]] and the [[Municipal House]] which is home to the [[Prague Symphony Orchestra]]. The [[State Opera (Prague)|Prague State Opera]] (Státní opera) performs at the Smetana Theatre.

The city has many world-class museums, including the [[National Museum (Prague)|National Museum]] (Národní muzeum), the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, the [[Jewish Museum in Prague]], the [[Alphonse Mucha|Alfons Mucha]] Museum, the [[Prague Postal Museum]], the African-Prague Museum, the [[Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague]], the [[Náprstek Museum]] (Náprstkovo Muzeum), the [[Josef Sudek Gallery]] and [[The Josef Sudek Studio]], the [[Clementinum|National Library]], the [[National Gallery Prague|National Gallery]], which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic and the Kunsthalle Praha, the newest museum in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2022 |title=New €35m Kunsthalle Praha gallery backed by private collectors opens in the Czech capital |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/02/21/new-euro35m-kunsthalle-praha-gallery-backed-by-private-collectors-opens-in-prague |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330151959/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/02/21/new-euro35m-kunsthalle-praha-gallery-backed-by-private-collectors-opens-in-prague |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are hundreds of concert halls, galleries, cinemas and music clubs in the city. It hosts [[Lists of festivals|music festivals]] including the [[Prague Spring International Music Festival]], the [[Prague Autumn International Music Festival]], the [[Prague International Organ Festival]], the Dvořák Prague International Music Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dvorak's Prague Festival 2019 at the Rudolfinum (Dvorak Hall) in Prague |work=Prague Experience |date=2019 |url=https://www.pragueexperience.com/pop-up-information/performance.asp?PerformanceDetailsID=855 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129043917/https://www.pragueexperience.com/pop-up-information/performance.asp?PerformanceDetailsID=855 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Prague International Jazz Festival]]. Film festivals include [https://bohemiafilmawards.com/ Bohemia Film Awards], the [[Febiofest]], the [[One World Film Festival]] and Echoes of the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]]. The city also hosts the [[Prague Writers' Festival]], the Prague Folklore Days, Prague Advent Choral Meeting the [[Summer Shakespeare Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Lubor Mrazek |url=http://www.shakespeare.cz/lss/?artid=1&lang=en |title=O SLAVNOSTECH, Letní shakespearovské slavnosti 2013, Agentura SCHOK, Praha |publisher=Shakespeare.cz |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610210120/http://www.shakespeare.cz/lss/?artid=1&lang=en |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Prague Fringe Festival]], the [[World Roma Festival]], as well as the hundreds of [[Vernissage]]s and [[fashion show]]s.

With the growth of low-cost airlines in Europe, Prague has become a weekend city destination allowing tourists to visit its museums and cultural sites as well as try its Czech beers and cuisine.

The city has many buildings by renowned architects, including [[Adolf Loos]] ([[Villa Müller]]), [[Frank Gehry|Frank O. Gehry]] ([[Dancing House]]) and [[Jean Nouvel]] ([[Golden Angel]]).

Recent major events held in Prague:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[International Monetary Fund]] and [[World Bank]] Summit 2000
*[[NATO]] Summit 2002
*[[International Olympic Committee]] Session 2004
*[[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] General Assembly 2006 ([[IAU definition of planet|Definition of planet]])
*EU & USA Summit 2009
*[[Czechs|Czech]] [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union]] 2009
*USA & Russia Summit 2010 (signing of the [[START treaty (2010)|New START treaty]])
{{div col end}}

===In popular culture===
The early 1912 silent drama film ''[[Pro peníze]]'' was filmed mostly in Prague. Many films have been afterwards made at [[Barrandov Studios]] and at Prague Studios. Hollywood films produced in Prague include ''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission Impossible]]'', ''[[Dungeons & Dragons (2000 film)|Dungeons and Dragons]]'', ''[[XXX (2002 film)|xXx]]'', ''[[Blade II]]'', ''[[Frank Herbert's Children of Dune|Children of Dune]]'', ''[[Alien vs. Predator (film)|Alien vs. Predator]]'', ''[[Doom (film)|Doom]]'', ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|Chronicles of Narnia]]'', ''[[Hellboy (2004 film)|Hellboy]]'', ''[[EuroTrip]]'', ''[[Van Helsing (film)|Van Helsing]]'', ''[[Red Tails]]'', and ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]''.<ref name="Prague Studios">{{cite web |title=Prague Studios Credits: Movies shot at Prague Studios |url=http://praguestudios.com/credits/ |website=Prague Studios |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417220659/http://praguestudios.com/credits/ |archive-date=17 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many Indian films have also been filmed in the city including ''[[Yuvvraaj]]'', ''[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]]'' and ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'', ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'', ''[[Bang Bang!|Bang Bang]]'', ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'' and many more.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Husak |first=Igor |date=2024-08-29 |title=Amazing Bollywood Movies That Were Shot in Europe |url=https://hayotfilms.com/blog/bollywood-movie-shot-in-europe/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=HayotFilms - Video Production in Prague |language=en-US}}</ref>

Among the most famous foreign [[music video]]s filmed in Prague are: ''[[Never Tear Us Apart]]'' by [[INXS]], ''[[Some Things]]'' by [[Lasgo]], ''[[Silver and Cold]]'' by [[AFI (band)|AFI]], ''[[Diamonds from Sierra Leone]]'' by [[Kanye West]], ''[[Don't Stop the Music (Rihanna song)|Don't Stop the Music]]'' by [[Rihanna]] and Numb by Linkin Park.

[[Video game]]s set in Prague include ''[[Osman (video game)|Osman]]'', ''[[Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption]]'', ''[[Soldier of Fortune II: Double Helix]]'', ''[[Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness]]'', ''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]'', ''[[Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon]]'', ''[[Still Life (video game)|Still Life]]'', ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots|Metal Gear Solid 4]]'', ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3]]'', ''[[Forza Motorsport 5]]'', ''[[Forza Motorsport 6|6]]'' and ''[[Deus Ex: Mankind Divided]]''.

Historical fiction novels set in Prague include ''The Discovery of Witches, Shadows of Night'' by [[Deborah Harkness]].

Due to its large [[Pornography in the Czech Republic|pornography industry]], Prague has been nicknamed the "Porn Capital of Europe",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.progetto.cz/xxx-praga-benvenuti-nella-capitale-del-porno/?lang=en|title=XXX Prague, welcome to the porn capital|website=www.progetto.cz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://praguemorning.cz/the-czech-republic-land-of-pleasure-eweunyi0oq/|title=The Czech Republic, Land of Pleasure|first=Lidia|last=T|date=10 August 2019}}</ref> a nickname also given to [[Budapest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cafebabel.com/en/article/budapest-prague-and-porn-very-bad-trip-5ae00835f723b35a145e32f6/|title=Budapest, Prague and porn: very bad trip|first=cafébabel|last=FR|date=24 July 2012|website=Cafébabel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xpatloop.com/channels/2023/05/why-is-budapest-referred-to-as-the-euro-capital-of-porn.html|title=XpatLoop.com - Why is Budapest Referred to as Euro Capital of Porn?|website=xpatloop.com}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Na Perštýně 5, U Medvídků.jpg|thumb|[[U Medvídků]] (A.D. 1466), one of the oldest pubs in Europe]]
In 2008, the [[Allegro (restaurant)|Allegro]] restaurant received the first [[Michelin Guide|Michelin star]] in the whole of the post-Communist part of Central Europe. It retained its star until 2011. {{As of|2018}}, there were just two Michelin-starred restaurants in Prague: [[La Degustation]] Bohême Bourgeoise and Field. Another six have been awarded Michelin's Bib Gourmand: Bistrøt 104, Divinis, Eska, Maso a Kobliha, Na Kopci and Sansho. However, as of 2022, there are 27 Michelin-starred restaurants in Prague which still include La Degustation Bohême Bourgeoise and Field.

[[Beer in the Czech Republic|Czech beer]] has a long history, with brewing taking place in [[Břevnov Monastery]] in 993. In [[Old Town (Prague)|Old Town]], [[Žižkov]] and [[Vinohrady]] there are hundreds of restaurants, bars and pubs, especially with Czech beer. Prague also hosts several microbrewery festivals throughout the year. The city is home to historical [[brewery|breweries]] [[Staropramen Brewery|Staropramen]] (Praha 5), [[U Fleků]], [[U Medvídků]], U Tří růží, [[Strahov Monastery]] Brewery (Praha 1) and [[Břevnov Monastery Brewery|Břevnov Monastery]] Brewery (Praha 6). Among many microbreweries are: Novoměstský, Pražský most u Valšů, Národní, Boršov, Loď pivovar, U Dobřenských, U Dvou koček, U Supa (Praha 1), Pivovarský dům (Praha 2), Sousedský pivovar Bašta (Praha 4), Suchdolský Jeník, Libocký pivovar (Praha 6), Marina (Praha 7), U Bulovky (Praha 8), Beznoska, Kolčavka (Praha 9), Vinohradský pivovar, Zubatý pes, Malešický mikropivovar (Praha 10), Jihoměstský pivovar (Praha 11), Lužiny (Praha 13), Počernický pivovar (Praha 14) and Hostivar (Praha 15).

[[Prague ham]] and [[Prague cake]] are dishes typical for Prague.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Czechs |first=Petra Kupská {{!}} Cook Like |date=2024-03-01 |title=Prague Kolach Cake (Pražský koláč) |url=https://www.cooklikeczechs.com/prauge-kolach-cake/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Cook Like Czechs |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-20 |title=Prague ham makes EU list of traditional specialities |url=https://english.radio.cz/prague-ham-makes-eu-list-traditional-specialities-8165765 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en}}</ref>

==== Social media ====
In an October 2024 article, Prague was ranked 7th on "Europe's 10 most beautiful cities to visit in autumn". The ranking was done by Travelbag and based on analysing Google search and Instagram hashtags.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Prague ranked one of Europe's 10 most beautiful cities to visit in autumn |url=https://www.expats.cz/czech-news/article/prague-ranked-one-of-europe-s-10-most-beautiful-cities-to-visit-in-autumn |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.expats.cz |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027004645/https://www.expats.cz/czech-news/article/prague-ranked-one-of-europe-s-10-most-beautiful-cities-to-visit-in-autumn |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Zizkov tv tower.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Žižkov Television Tower]] with crawling "[[Babies (Černý)|babies]]"]]

Prague's economy accounts for 25% of the Czech GDP<ref name=CDAP>{{cite web |title=Prague Strategic Plan, 2008 Update |url=http://www.iprpraha.cz/uploads/assets/soubory/data/strategicky_plan/angl2008_web.pdf |website=Official site |publisher=City Development Authority Prague |year=2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208042327/http://www.iprpraha.cz/uploads/assets/soubory/data/strategicky_plan/angl2008_web.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> making it the highest performing regional economy of the country. As of 2021, its GDP per capita in [[Purchasing power parity|purchasing power standard]] is €58,216, making it the [[List of European Union regions by GDP|third best performing region in the EU]] at 203 per cent of the EU-27 average in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/national-accounts/data/database |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions|publisher=Eurostat|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623210352/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/national-accounts/data/database |url-status=live}}</ref>

Prague employs almost a fifth of the entire Czech workforce, and its wages are significantly above average (≈+20%). In 4Q/2020, during the pandemic, average salaries available in Prague reached CZK 45.944 (≈[[Euro|€]]1,800) per month, an annual increase of 4%, which was nevertheless lower than national increase of 6.5% both in nominal and real terms. (Inflation in the Czech Republic was 3.2% in 4Q/2020.)<ref name="RHDP">{{cite web |url=https://prague.tv/en/s72/Directory/c214-Business/n11952-Prague-is-sixth-most-developed-EU-region |title=Prague-is-sixth-most-developed-EU-region(GDP in 2016) |date=18 February 2010 |website=Official site |publisher=Eurostat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529212548/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-18022010-AP/EN/1-18022010-AP-EN.PDF |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.czso.cz/csu/xa/prumerna-hruba-mzda-v-praze-4-ctvrtleti-2020 |title=Average monthly gross wage in hl. Prague in the 4th quarter of 2020 |date=8 March 2020 |website=Český statistický úřad |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417172328/https://www.czso.cz/csu/xa/prumerna-hruba-mzda-v-praze-4-ctvrtleti-2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1990, the city's economic structure has shifted from industrial to service-oriented. Industry is present in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, printing, food processing, manufacture of transport equipment, computer technology, and electrical engineering. In the service sector, financial and commercial services, trade, restaurants, hospitality and public administration are the most significant. [[Service (economics)|Services]] account for around 80 per cent of employment. There are 800,000 employees in Prague, including 120,000 commuters.<ref name=CDAP/> The number of (legally registered) foreign residents in Prague has been increasing in spite of the country's economic downturn. As of March 2010, 148,035 foreign workers were reported to be living in the city making up about 18 per cent of the workforce, up from 131,132 in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gabriella |last=Hold |title=Foreign Resident Numbers Stable |url=http://www.praguepost.com/news/4214-foreign-resident-numbers-stable.html |work=[[The Prague Post]] |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114195632/http://www.praguepost.com/news/4214-foreign-resident-numbers-stable.html |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> Approximately one-fifth of all investment in the Czech Republic takes place in the city.
[[File:Prague 07-2016 View from Powder Tower img4.jpg|thumb|left|Na příkopě, the most expensive street among the states of V4]]
[[File:Charles Bridge (Karlův most), Vltava River, Prague, 2015.jpg|thumb|Tourism is a significant part of the city's economy.]]
Almost one-half of the national income from tourism is spent in Prague. The city offers approximately 73,000 beds in accommodation facilities, most of which were built after 1990, including almost 51,000 beds in hotels and boarding houses.

From the late 1990s to late 2000s, the city was a common filming location for international productions such as Hollywood and Bollywood motion pictures. A combination of architecture, low costs and the existing motion picture infrastructure have proven attractive to international film production companies.

The modern economy of Prague is largely service and export-based and, in a 2010 survey, the city was named the best city in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) for business.<ref>{{cite news |first=Cat |last=Contiguglia |url=http://www.praguepost.com/business/6003-prague-is-best-cee-city-for-business-survey.html |title=Prague Is Best CEE City for Business&nbsp;– Survey |work=[[The Prague Post]] |date=13 October 2010 |access-date=14 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125092300/http://www.praguepost.com/business/6003-prague-is-best-cee-city-for-business-survey.html |archive-date=25 November 2010}}</ref>

In 2005, Prague was deemed among the three best cities in Central and Eastern Europe according to ''[[The Economist]]'''s livability rankings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eiuresources.com/mediadir/default.asp?PR=660001866 |title=EIU Media Directory |publisher=Eiuresources.com |access-date=14 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710174424/http://www.eiuresources.com/mediadir/default.asp?PR=660001866 |archive-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> The city was named as a top-tier nexus city for innovation across multiple sectors of the global innovation economy, placing 29th globally out of 289 cities, ahead of [[Brussels]] and [[Helsinki]] for innovation in 2010.<ref name=innovation>{{cite web |url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-top-100-index-top-cities/ |title=2thinknow Innovation Cities Top 100 Index |date=September 2010 |publisher=2thinknow Innovation Cities Program |access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513183603/http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-top-100-index-top-cities/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Na příkopě]] is the most expensive street among all the states of the [[Visegrád Group|V4]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nejdražší ulice ve střední Evropě? Bezkonkurenčně vedou Příkopy |url=http://ekonomika.idnes.cz/nejdrazsi-ulice-ve-stredni-evrope-bezkonkurencne-vedou-prikopy-p8y-/ekonomika.aspx?c=A120423_184531_ekonomika_neh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426072538/http://ekonomika.idnes.cz/nejdrazsi-ulice-ve-stredni-evrope-bezkonkurencne-vedou-prikopy-p8y-/ekonomika.aspx?c=A120423_184531_ekonomika_neh |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2012 |work=iDNES.cz |date=26 April 2012}}</ref> In 2017, with the amount of rent €2,640 (CZK 67,480) per square meter per year, ranked on 22nd place among the most expensive streets in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pražská ulice Na Příkopě je 22. nejdražší ulicí na světě. Roční nájem stojí 67 tisíc za metr čtvereční |url=https://byznys.ihned.cz/c1-65959330-prazska-ulice-na-prikope-je-22-nejdrazsi-ulici-na-svete-rocni-najem-stoji-67-tisic-za-metr-ctverecni |work=Hospodářské noviny |date=16 November 2017 |language=cs|access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171651/https://byznys.ihned.cz/c1-65959330-prazska-ulice-na-prikope-je-22-nejdrazsi-ulici-na-svete-rocni-najem-stoji-67-tisic-za-metr-ctverecni |url-status=live}}</ref> The second most expensive is Pařížská street.

In the Eurostat research, Prague ranked fifth among Europe's 271 regions in terms of gross domestic product per inhabitant, achieving 172 per cent of the EU average. It ranked just above Paris and well above the country as a whole, which achieved 80 per cent of the EU average.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pop, Valentina |url=https://euobserver.com/regions/29502 |title=EUobserver / Prague Outranks Paris and Stockholm Among EU's Richest Regions |website=EUobserver |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=14 April 2011 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003053606/http://euobserver.com/regions/29502 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-18022010-AP/EN/1-18022010-AP-EN.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529212548/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-18022010-AP/EN/1-18022010-AP-EN.PDF |archive-date=29 May 2010 |title=ESTAT-2002-05354-00-00-EN-TRA-00 (FR) |access-date=14 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Companies with highest turnover in the region in 2014:<ref>{{cite web |first=Hana |last=Filipová |url=http://ihned.cz/c1-64728760-ktere-firmy-vladnou-krajum-tydenik-ekonom-zmapoval-podnikani-v-regionech |title=Které firmy vládnou krajům? Týdeník Ekonom zmapoval podnikání v regionech |trans-title=Which firms dominate the regions? 'The Weekly Ekonom' mapped out entrepreneurship in the regions |language=cs |publisher=Economics news |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418072526/http://ihned.cz/c1-64728760-ktere-firmy-vladnou-krajum-tydenik-ekonom-zmapoval-podnikani-v-regionech |url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class=wikitable style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! Name !! Turnover, mld. CZK
|-
|[[ČEZ]] ||200.8
|-
|[[Agrofert]] ||166.8
|-
|[[RWE Supply & Trading CZ]] ||146.1
|}

Prague is also the site of some of the most important offices and institutions of the Czech Republic

*[[President of the Czech Republic]]
*The [[Government of the Czech Republic|Government]] and both houses of [[Parliament of the Czech Republic|Parliament]]
*Ministries and other national offices (Industrial Property Office, [[Czech Statistical Office]], National Security Authority, etc.)
*[[Czech National Bank]]
*[[Czech Television]] and other major broadcasters
*[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]&nbsp;– [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
*[[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] global navigation project
*[[Czech Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic]]

==Tourism==
[[File:2022-10-15 Václavské náměstí 1.jpg|thumb|[[Wenceslas Square]] features the [[National Museum (Prague)|National Museum]] and has the busiest pedestrian traffic in the whole country.]]
[[File:Prague old town square panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Old Town Square]] featuring [[Church of Our Lady before Týn]] and Old Town City Hall with [[Prague Orloj]]]]
[[File:Prag Pulverturm.jpg|thumb|upright|The Gothic [[Powder Tower, Prague|Powder Tower]]]]
[[File:Prag ginger u fred gehry.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vlado Milunić|Milunić's]] and [[Frank Gehry|Gehry's]] [[Dancing House]] |alt=]]
[[File:Prague Mala Strana St. Nicholas-02.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Church (Lesser Town)|St. Nicholas Church]] in Malá Strana is the best example of the [[Baroque]] style in Prague.]]
[[File:Strahov knihovna Teolog 2.jpg|thumb|Library of the [[Strahov Monastery]] |alt=]]
[[File:Kafka statue Prague.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Franz Kafka]] monument, next to the [[Spanish Synagogue (Prague)|Spanish synagogue]]]]
Since [[revolutions of 1989|the fall of the Iron Curtain]], Prague has become one of the world's most popular tourist destinations. Prague [[Bombing of Prague|suffered considerably less]] damage during [[World War II]] than some other major cities in the region, allowing most of its historic architecture to stay true to form. It contains one of the world's most pristine and varied collections of architecture, from [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]], to [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance]], [[Baroque]], [[Rococo]], [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Neo-Renaissance]], [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]], [[Art Nouveau]], [[Cubism|Cubist]], [[Neoclassicism|Neo-Classical]] and ultra-modern.

Prague is classified as an "Beta+" [[global city]] according to [[GaWC]] studies, comparable to [[Vienna]], [[Manila]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2018 |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Research Network |access-date=2 July 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html}}</ref> Prague ranked sixth in the [[Tripadvisor]] world list of best destinations in 2016.<ref name="tripadvisor.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/TravelersChoice-Destinations-cTop-g1 |title=Best Destinations in the World – Travelers' Choice Awards – TripAdvisor |website=tripadvisor.com |year=2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=6 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406154643/https://www.tripadvisor.com/TravelersChoice-Destinations-cTop-g1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city receives more than 8.4&nbsp;million international visitors annually, {{As of|2017|lc=on}}. Furthermore, the city was ranked 7th in the world [[International Congress and Convention Association|ICCA]] Destination Performance Index measuring performance of conference tourism in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iccaworld.org/cnt/Research/ICCA%20DPI%202021-%20Public%20Abstract.pdf|title=2021 ICCA Ranking Public Abstract 2|website=www.iccaworld.org|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327072841/https://www.iccaworld.org/cnt/Research/ICCA%20DPI%202021-%20Public%20Abstract.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 2024 the city is ranked 3rd among the best places to visit during Christmas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Prague ranks third among the world's most desired Christmas destinations |url=https://www.expats.cz/czech-news/article/prague-ranks-3rd-among-the-world-s-most-desired-christmas-destinations |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=www.expats.cz |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201155905/https://www.expats.cz/czech-news/article/prague-ranks-3rd-among-the-world-s-most-desired-christmas-destinations |url-status=live }}</ref>

An iconic part of the city that made a comeback in 2025 is Prague's Matějská pouť (St. Matthew's fun fair) [[Matějská pouť s Cyclone roller coaster|Cyclone roller coaster]]. Originally constructed in 1963 it was an attraction at the Výstaviště fairgrounds. In 2018, it was removed due to urban revitalization plans. The Štaubert family, custodians of the ride, undertook an extensive restoration, dismantling and refurbishing the structure in Chotouchov near [[Kolín]]. The renovated Cyclone will be featured starting this year's Matějská pouť, scheduled from February 22 to April 15, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Iconic roller coaster returns to Prague's fairgrounds after major renovation |url=https://www.expats.cz/czech-news/article/iconic-roller-coaster-returns-to-prague-s-fairgrounds-after-major-renovation |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.expats.cz |language=en}}</ref>

Prague is also home to [[Clementinum|Klementinum]] is the oldest meteorological station in the Czech Republic with a continuous series of daily temperature measurements since 1775, although occasional measurements began another 20 years earlier. Klementinum is most likely the second oldest meteorological station in Europe at which temperatures have been measured continuously to this day. 

===Main attractions===
====Hradčany and Lesser Town (Malá Strana)====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Prague Castle]] with the [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] which stores the [[Czech Crown Jewels]]
*The [[Charles Bridge]] (Karlův most)
*The Baroque [[St. Nicholas Church (Lesser Town)|Saint Nicholas Church]]
*[[Church of Our Lady Victorious]] and [[Infant Jesus of Prague]]
*[[Písek Gate]], one of the last preserved city gate of Baroque fortification
*Petřín Hill with [[Petřín Lookout Tower]], Mirror Maze and [[Petřín funicular]]
*[[Lennon Wall]]
*The [[Franz Kafka Museum]]
*[[Kampa Island]], an island with a view of the Charles Bridge<ref name=YourCzechRepublic.cz>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourczechrepublic.cz/place/kampa-island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310172645/http://www.yourczechrepublic.cz/place/kampa-island |archive-date=10 March 2014 |title=Kampa Island |publisher=YourCzechRepublic.cz |access-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*The Baroque [[Wallenstein Palace]] with its garden
{{div col end}}

====Old Town (Staré Město) and Josefov====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*The [[Prague Astronomical Clock|Astronomical Clock]] (Orloj) on [[Old Town (Prague)|Old Town]] City Hall
*The Gothic [[Church of Our Lady before Týn]] (Kostel Matky Boží před Týnem) from the 14th century with 80 m high towers
*[[Stone Bell House]]
*The vaulted Gothic [[Old New Synagogue]] (Staronová Synagoga) of 1270
*[[Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague|Old Jewish Cemetery]]
*[[Powder Tower, Prague|Powder Tower]] (Prašná brána), a Gothic tower of the old city gates
*[[Spanish Synagogue (Prague)|Spanish Synagogue]] with its elaborate interior decoration
*[[Old Town Square (Prague)|Old Town Square]] (Staroměstské náměstí) with gothic and baroque architectural styles
*The art nouveau [[Municipal House]], a major civic landmark and concert hall known for its [[Art Nouveau]] architectural style and political history in the Czech Republic.
*[[Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague]], with an extensive collections including glass, furniture, textile, toys, Art Nouveau, Cubism and Art Deco
*[[Clam-Gallas Palace]], a baroque palace from 1713
*[[Church of St. Martin in the Wall]]
*Colloredo-Mansfeld Palace, with elements of High [[Baroque]] and the later [[Rococo]] and Second-Rococo adaptations. Known today for its well-preserved dance hall<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.radio.cz/en/section/in-focus/prague-city-gallery-brings-back-life-and-history-to-an-old-town-palace |title=Prague city gallery brings back life and history to an Old Town palace |work=Radio Prague International |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=2 July 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706021435/http://www.radio.cz/en/section/in-focus/prague-city-gallery-brings-back-life-and-history-to-an-old-town-palace}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.ghmp.cz/colloredo-mansfeld-palace/ |title=Colloredo-Mansfeld Palace |url-status=dead |publisher=GHMP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030114021/http://en.ghmp.cz/colloredo-mansfeld-palace/ |archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> 
*[[St. Clement's Cathedral, Prague]]
{{div col end}}

====New Town (Nové Město)====
{{div col}}
*Busy and historic [[Wenceslas Square]]
*The neo-renaissance [[National Museum (Prague)|National Museum]] with large scientific and historical collections at the head of Wenceslas Square. It is the largest museum in the Czech Republic, covering disciplines from the natural sciences to specialized areas of the social sciences. The staircase of the building offers a nice view of the New Town.
*The [[National Theatre (Prague)|National Theatre]], a neo-Renaissance building with golden roof, alongside the banks of the Vltava river
*The [[Deconstructivism|deconstructivist]] [[Dancing House]] (Fred and Ginger Building)
*[[Charles Square]], the largest medieval square in Europe (now turned into a park)
*The [[Emmaus monastery]] and {{nowrap|WW I Memorial}} "Prague to Its Victorious Sons" at Palacky Square (Palackého náměstí)
*The museum of the [[Operation Anthropoid|Heydrich assassination]] in the crypt of the [[Orthodox Cathedral of Saints Cyril and Methodius|Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius]]
*[[Wilhelm Stiassny|Stiassny]]'s [[Jubilee Synagogue]] is the largest in Prague
*The Mucha Museum, showcasing the [[Art Nouveau]] works of [[Alphonse Mucha]]
*[[Church of St. Apollinaire, Prague]]
*[[Church of Saint Michael the Archangel in Prague]]
*[[Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and St. Charles the Great, Prague]]
*[[Church of Our Lady on the Lawn]]
*[[St. Wenceslas Church (Zderaz)]]
*[[St. Stephen's Church, Prague|St. Stephen's Church]]
{{div col end}}

====Vinohrady and Žižkov====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[National Monument in Vitkov]] with a large bronze equestrian statue of [[Jan Žižka]] in Vítkov Park, Žižkov&nbsp;– [[Prague 3]]
*The neo-Gothic [[Church of St. Ludmila]] at Míru Square in [[Vinohrady]]
*[[Žižkov Television Tower]] 
*[[New Jewish Cemetery, Prague|New Jewish Cemetery]] in Olšany, location of [[Franz Kafka]]'s grave&nbsp;– [[Prague 3]]
*The Roman Catholic [[Sacred Heart Church (Prague)|Sacred Heart Church]] at Jiřího z Poděbrad Square
*The [[Vinohrady]] grand Neo-Renaissance, Art Nouveau, Pseudo Baroque, and Neo-Gothic buildings in the area between Míru Square, [[Jiřího z Poděbrad Square]] and Havlíčkovy sady park<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinohrady sights |url=http://www.myczechrepublic.com/prague/sightseeing/vinohrady.html |website=myCzechRepublic |access-date=12 August 2016 |archive-date=5 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805060450/http://www.myczechrepublic.com/prague/sightseeing/vinohrady.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

====Other places====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Vyšehrad|Vyšehrad Castle]] with [[Basilica of St Peter and St Paul]], [[Vyšehrad cemetery]] and Prague oldest Rotunda of St. Martin
*The [[Prague Metronome]] at [[Letná Park]], a giant, functional metronome that looms over the city
*[[Prague Zoo]] in [[Troja (Prague)|Troja]], selected as the 7th best zoo in the world by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine in 2007<ref name=forbes-zoo>{{cite web |url=http://www.abcprague.com/2008/02/28/forbes-magazine-prague-zoo-the-7th-best-in-the-world |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316214348/http://www.abcprague.com/2008/02/28/forbes-magazine-prague-zoo-the-7th-best-in-the-world |archive-date=16 March 2008 |title=Forbes Magazine: Prague Zoo the 7th Best in the World |publisher=Abcprague.com |access-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the 4th best by [[TripAdvisor]] in 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=Prague Zoo is the fourth best zoo in the world |url=https://www.zoopraha.cz/en/about-zoo/news/9345-prague-zoo-is-the-fourth-best-zoo-in-the-world |website=Prague Zoo |date=15 July 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053315/https://www.zoopraha.cz/en/about-zoo/news/9345-prague-zoo-is-the-fourth-best-zoo-in-the-world |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Výstaviště Praha#Industrial Palace|Industrial Palace]] (Průmyslový palác), [[Výstaviště Praha#Křižík's light fountain|Křižík's Light fountain]], funfair [[Lunapark, Prague|Lunapark]] and Sea World Aquarium in [[Výstaviště|Výstaviště compound]] in [[Holešovice]]
*[[Letohrádek Hvězda]] (Star Villa) in [[Liboc]], a renaissance villa in the shape of a six-pointed star surrounded by a game reserve
*[[National Gallery in Prague]] with large collection of Czech and international paintings and sculptures by artists such as [[Alphonse Mucha|Mucha]], [[František Kupka|Kupka]], [[Picasso]], [[Monet]] and [[Van Gogh]]
*Opera performances in [[National Theatre (Prague)|National Theatre]] – unlike drama, all opera performances run with English subtitles.
*[[Anděl (neighborhood)|Anděl]], a busy part of the city with modern architecture and a [[Nový Smíchov|shopping mall]]
*The large [[Nusle Bridge]], spans the [[Nusle]] Valley, linking New Town to [[Pankrác]], with the Metro running underneath the road
*[[Strahov Monastery]], an old Czech [[premonstratensian]] abbey founded in 1149 and monastic library
*[[Hotel International Prague]], a four-star hotel and Czech cultural monument
{{div col end}}

<gallery>
File:Prague 07-2016 view from Lesser Town Tower of Charles Bridge img3.jpg|The [[Charles Bridge]] is a historic bridge from the 14th century.
File:Night view of the Castle and Charles Bridge, Prague - 8034.jpg|[[Prague Castle]] is the biggest ancient castle in the world.
File:Národní divadlo ze Střeleckého ostrova.jpg|[[National Theatre (Prague)|National Theatre]] offers opera, drama, ballet and other performances.
File:Náměstí Míru sv. Ludmila.jpg|Náměstí Míru Square with [[Vinohrady]] Theatre and [[Church of St. Ludmila]]
File:Vyšehrad, z Císařské louky.jpg|[[Vyšehrad]] fortress contains [[Basilica of St Peter and St Paul]], the [[Vyšehrad Cemetery]] and the oldest Rotunda of St. Martin.
File:Praha, Letná, pohled na Pařížskou ulici.JPG|View of Pařížská St. from [[Letná Park]]
File:Prazske-vystaviste-holesovice.jpg|[[Výstaviště]] compound contains Průmyslový palác, [[František Křižík|Křižík's]] [[Musical fountain|Light Fountain]] and host funfair [[Amusement park at Prague Fairground|Lunapark]].
File:Prague Praha 2014 Holmstad flott gammelnye synagoge old-new synagogue Josefov.jpg|[[Old New Synagogue]] is Europe's oldest active synagogue. Legend has [[Golem]] lying in the loft.
File:Praha, Vítkov, památník II.JPG|[[National Monument on Vítkov]] Hill, the statue of [[Jan Žižka]] is the third largest bronze [[equestrian statue]] in the world.
File:Prague Zoo main entrance.JPG|[[Prague Zoo]], selected in 2015 as the fourth best zoo in the world by [[TripAdvisor]]
</gallery>

===Tourism statistics===
Prague is by far the most visited Czech city. In 2023, Prague was visited by 7,442,614 guests who stayed overnight, of which 78.8% were from abroad. Average number of overnight stays of non-residents was 2.3. Most non-residents arriving to Prague and staying overnight were from the following countries:<ref>{{cite web|title=Occupancy in collective tourist accommodation establishments by country|url=https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt&pvo=CRU04&z=T&f=TABULKA&skupId=1006&katalog=31743&pvo=CRU04&str=v222&c=v3~8__RP2023&u=v222__VUZEMI__100__3018#w=|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|work=Public Database|access-date=6 June 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610181038/https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt&pvo=CRU04&z=T&f=TABULKA&skupId=1006&katalog=31743&pvo=CRU04&str=v222&c=v3~8__RP2023&u=v222__VUZEMI__100__3018#w=|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Rank
!Country
!2023
!2019
|-
|||'''Total''' || '''7,442,614''' || '''6,803,741'''
|- 
|1|| {{GER}} || 1,029,856 || 900,526
|-
|2|| {{USA}} || 424,346 || 511,950
|-
|3|| {{GBR}} || 399,185 || 495,728
|-
|4|| {{SVK}} || 369,868 || 310,966
|-
|5|| {{POL}} || 331,834 || 252,633
|-
|6|| {{ITA}} || 324,696 || 335,101
|-
|7|| {{FRA}} || 200,370 || 248,911
|-
|8|| {{UKR}} || 198,134 || 170,305
|-
|9|| {{ESP}} || 194,571 || 227,345
|-
|10|| {{NLD}} || 162,753 || 148,520
|-
|11|| {{KOR}} || 155,583 || 272,451
|-
|12|| {{AUT}} || 151,259 || 132,500
|-
|13|| {{HUN}} || 104,924 || 108,175
|-
| || {{RUS}} || 23,517 || 392,968
|-
| || {{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Mainland China]] || 63,253 || 309,299
|}

In 2023, the most visited tourist destinations of Prague were:<ref>{{cite web|title=Návštěvnost turistických cílů 2023|url=https://cztlos-my.sharepoint.com/personal/kralikova_czechtourism_cz/_layouts/15/onedrive.aspx?id=%2Fpersonal%2Fkralikova%5Fczechtourism%5Fcz%2FDocuments%2FTourdata%20PDF%2FFinal%20grafika%20NTC%5F2023%5FCZ%2Epdf&parent=%2Fpersonal%2Fkralikova%5Fczechtourism%5Fcz%2FDocuments%2FTourdata%20PDF&ga=1|publisher=CzechTourism|language=cs|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Rank
!Destination
!Number of visitors<br>(in thousands)
|-
|1|| [[Prague Castle]] || 2,191.8
|- 
|2|| [[Petřín funicular]] || 1,915.7
|-
|3|| [[Prague Zoo]] || 1,358.4
|-
|4|| [[Petřín Lookout Tower]] || 643.1
|-
|5|| [[Old Town Hall (Prague)|Old Town Hall]] || 560.8
|-
|6|| [[List of botanical gardens in the Czech Republic|Prague Botanical Garden]] || 412.9
|-
|7|| Mirror Maze on Petřín Hill || 378.5
|-
|8|| Království železnic Smíchov || 320.2
|-
|9|| Chairlift in Prague Zoo || 305.6
|-
|10|| [[Municipal House]] || 261.0
|}

==Education==
{{Category see also|Education in Prague}}

Nine public universities and thirty-six private universities are located in the city, including:<ref>{{cite web |title=Seznam vysokých škol a univerzit |trans-title=List of colleges and universities |url=https://www.vejska.cz/vysoke-skoly/prehled? |website=Vejska.cz |access-date=1 January 2018 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102072850/http://www.vejska.cz/vysoke-skoly/prehled |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Public universities===
[[File:FFUK Praha.JPG|thumb|Charles University, founded in 1348, was the first university in Central Europe.]]
[[File:Vencovskeho aula.JPG|thumb|University of Economics, Prague]]
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Charles University]] (UK) founded in 1348, the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest]] university in Central Europe
*[[Czech Technical University in Prague|Czech Technical University]] (ČVUT) founded in 1707
*[[University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague|University of Chemistry and Technology]] (VŠCHT) founded in 1920
*[[University of Economics, Prague|University of Economics]] (VŠE) founded in 1953
*[[Czech University of Life Sciences Prague]] (ČZU) founded in 1906/1952
*Czech Police Academy (PA ČR) founded in 1993
{{div col end}}

===Public arts academies===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Academy of Fine Arts in Prague|Academy of Fine Arts]] (AVU) founded in 1800
*[[Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague|Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design]] (VŠUP) founded in 1885
*[[Academy of Performing Arts in Prague|Academy of Performing Arts]] (AMU) founded in 1945
{{div col end}}

===Private universities===
*Jan Amos Komenský University (UJAK) founded in 2001
*[[Metropolitan University Prague]] (MUP) founded in 2001
*[[The University of Finance and Administration]] (VSFS) founded in 1999

===Largest private colleges===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[University College of Business in Prague]] (VŠO) founded in 2000
*{{Interlanguage link|University of Economics and Management|lt=|cs|Vysoká škola ekonomie a managementu|qid=}} (VŠEM) founded in 2001
*{{Interlanguage link|College of Entrepreneurship and Law|lt=|cs|Vysoká škola podnikání a práva|qid=}} (VŠPP) founded in 2000
*{{Interlanguage link|Institute of Hospitality Management in Prague|lt=Institute of Hospitality Management|cs|Vysoká škola hotelová v Praze 8|qid=}} (VŠH) founded in 1999
*[[College of International and Public Relations Prague]] (VŠMVV) founded in 2001
*[[CEVRO Institute]] (CEVRO) founded in 2005
*[[Ambis College]] (AMBIS) founded in 1994
*{{Interlanguage link|Vysoká škola zdravotnická|lt=Medical College of Nursing|||qid=Q101064230}} (Vysoká škola zdravotnická) founded in 2005<!-- sourced from school's English-language general information page at http://www.vszdrav.cz/en/vszdrav-en/about-the-college/general-information-/ -->
*[[Anglo-American College|Anglo-American University]] (AAVŠ) founded in 2000
*[[University of New York in Prague]] (UNYP) founded in 1998
{{div col end}}

===International institutions===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Instituto Camões]]
*{{lang|de|[[Goethe-Institut]]|italic=no}}
*[[Instituto Cervantes]]
*[[British Council]]
*[[Alliance Française]] and [[Institut Français]]
*[[Istituto Italiano di Cultura]]
*[[Adam Mickiewicz Institute]] and [[Polish Institute]]
{{div col end}}

==Science, research and hi-tech centres==
{{category see also|Science and technology in the Czech Republic}}
[[File:Praha Holešovice EUSPA 1.jpg|thumb|[[European Union Agency for the Space Programme|EUSPA]] Headquarters of the [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] system in Prague's [[Holešovice]]]]

The region city of Prague is an important centre of research. It is the seat of 39 out of 54 institutes of the [[Czech Academy of Sciences]], including the largest ones, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Microbiology and the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. It is also a seat of 10 public research institutes, four [[business incubator]]s and large hospitals performing [[research and development]] activities such as the [[Motol University Hospital]] or [[Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine]], which was the largest transplant center in [[Europe]] as of 2019.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |url=https://www.praguemorning.cz/europes-largest-organ-transplant-center-is-in-prague/ |title=Europe's Largest Organ Transplant Center is in Prague |last=B |first=Petr |date=27 January 2020 |website=Prague Morning|access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127140931/https://www.praguemorning.cz/europes-largest-organ-transplant-center-is-in-prague/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Universities seated in Prague (see section ''Colleges and Universities'') also represent important centres of science and research activities.

{{As of|2008}}, there were 13,000 researchers (out of 30,000 in the country, counted in full-time equivalents), representing a 3% share of Prague's economically active population. Gross expenditure on research and development accounted for €901.3&nbsp;million (41.5% of country's total).<ref>J. Pechlát (2010).''"[http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/article/view/46/39 Prague as a knowledge city-region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305221227/http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/article/view/46/39 |date=5 March 2012}}"'' In: Teorie vědy, XXXI/3–4 2009, The Institute of Philosophy of the AS CR, pp. 247–267.</ref>

Some well-known multinational companies have established research and development facilities in Prague, among them [[Siemens]], [[Honeywell]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[Microsoft]] and [[Broadcom Inc.|Broadcom]].

Prague was selected to host administration of the EU satellite navigation system [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]]. It started to provide its first services in December 2016 and full completion is expected by 2020.

==Transport==
{{As of|2017}}, Prague's transport [[modal share]] by journey was 52% public transport, 24.5% by car, 22.4% on foot, 0.4% by bicycle and 0.5% by aeroplane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mhd86.cz/2017/06/27/cim-cestujeme-po-praze-52-cest-pripada-na-mhd-cyklodopravu-tvori-04/ |title=Čím cestujeme po Praze? 52% cest připadá na MHD, cyklodopravu tvoří 0,4% |date=27 June 2017 |website=mhd86.cz |language=cs|access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902071604/https://mhd86.cz/2017/06/27/cim-cestujeme-po-praze-52-cest-pripada-na-mhd-cyklodopravu-tvori-04/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Public transportation===
[[File:Prague 07-2016 tram at Florenc.jpg|thumb|Škoda 15 T, tram of the Prague tram system]]

The public transport infrastructure consists of the heavily used [[Prague Integrated Transport]] (PID, ''Pražská integrovaná doprava'') system, consisting of the [[Prague Metro]] (lines [[line A (Prague Metro)|A]], [[line B (Prague Metro)|B]], and [[line C (Prague Metro)|C]] – its length is {{cvt|65|km|0}} with 61 stations in total), [[Trams in Prague|Prague tram system]], [[Buses in Prague|Prague bus service]], [[Esko Prague|commuter trains]], [[funicular]]s, and seven [[Ferry|ferries]]. Prague has one of the highest rates of public transport usage in the world,<ref>{{cite web |title=Endurance |url=http://www.epomm.eu/endurance/index.php?id=2809&city=454 |publisher=Mgr. Jaroslav Mach |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214835/http://www.epomm.eu/endurance/index.php?id=2809&city=454 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with 1.2 billion passenger journeys per year.

Prague has about 300 bus lines (numbers 100–960) and 34 regular tram lines (numbers 1–26 and 91–99). As of 2022 the bus lines are being extended with [[trolley bus]] lines.

There are also three [[funicular]]s, the [[Petřín funicular]] on [[Petřín Hill]], one on Mrázovka Hill and a third at the [[Prague Zoo|Zoo in Troja]].
[[File:Prague - bus 112.jpg|left|thumb|[[SOR NB 18]] of the Prague bus service next to the Prague Zoo]]
[[Trams in Prague|The Prague tram system]] now operates various types of trams, including the [[Tatra T3]], newer [[Tatra KT8D5]], [[Škoda 14 T]] (designed by [[Porsche Design Group|Porsche]]), newer modern [[Škoda 15 T]] and nostalgic tram lines 23 and 41. Around 400 vehicles are the modernized [[Tatra T3|T3]] class, which are typically operated coupled together in pairs.

The Prague tram system is the [[Tram and light rail transit systems|twelfth longest]] in the world (144&nbsp;km) and its rolling stock consists of 786 individual cars,<ref>{{Urban Electric Transit |https://transphoto.org/show.php?cid=82&t=1}}</ref> which is the largest in the world. The system carries more than 360 million passengers annually, the highest tram patronage in the world after [[Budapest]], on a per capita basis, Prague has the second highest tram patronage after [[Zürich]].

All services (metro, tramways, city buses, funiculars and ferries) have a common ticketing system that operates on a [[proof-of-payment]] system. Basic transfer tickets can be bought for 30 and 90-minute rides, short-term tourist passes are available for periods of 24 hours or 3 days, and longer-term tickets can be bought on the smart ticketing system [[Lítačka]], for periods of one month, three months or one year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpp.cz/jizdne-na-uzemi-prahy/ |title=Jízdné na území Prahy |publisher=Dopravní podnik hlavnívo města Prahy |language=cs |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119031959/http://www.dpp.cz/jizdne-na-uzemi-prahy/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Since August 2021, people up to the age of 14 and over 65 can use Prague's public transport free of charge (proof of age is required). Persons between 15 and 18 years and between 60 and 64 years pay half price for single tickets and day tickets.

Services are run by the Prague Public Transport Company and several other companies. Since 2005 the ''Regional Organiser of Prague Integrated Transport (ROPID)'' has franchised operation of ferries on the [[Vltava]] river, which are also a part of the public transport system with common fares. [[Taxicab|Taxi]] services make pick-ups on the streets or operate from regulated taxi stands. Prague has the second best public transport system in the world, according to TimeOut magazine’s 2023 survey. 

====Prague Metro====
{{Main|Prague Metro}}
[[File:Praha - Metro - Staroměstská (7503784584).jpg|thumb|[[Staroměstská (Prague Metro)|Staroměstská]] metro station of Prague Metro]]
The [[Rapid transit|Metro]] has three major lines extending throughout the city: [[Line A (Prague Metro)|A]] (green), [[Line B (Prague Metro)|B]] (yellow) and [[Line C (Prague Metro)|C]] (red). A fourth Metro [[Line D (Prague Metro)|line D]] is under construction, which will connect the city centre to southern parts of the city (as of 2022, the completion is expected in 2028).<ref>{{cite web |title=Prague Metro, Czech Republic |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/prague_metro/ |publisher=railwaytechnology.com |access-date=30 May 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607061924/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/prague_metro/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro D |url=https://dpp.cz/metro-d |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy, akciová společnost |language=cs |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417105857/https://www.dpp.cz/metro-d}}</ref> The Prague Metro system served 589.2 million passengers in 2012,<ref name="annual-report-2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.dpp.cz/download-file/6145/annual_report_2012_en.pdf |title=Annual Report 2012 |publisher=Public Transport Company of the Capital City of Prague |date=2012 |page=66 |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053507/http://www.dpp.cz/download-file/6145/annual_report_2012_en.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> making it the [[List of metro systems|fifth busiest metro system in Europe]] and the most-patronised in the world on a per capita basis. The first section of the Prague metro was put into operation in 1974. It was the stretch between stations [[Kačerov]] and [[Florenc (Prague Metro)|Florenc]] on the current [[line C (Prague Metro)|line C]]. The first part of [[line A (Prague Metro)|Line A]] was opened in 1978 ([[Dejvická]] – [[Náměstí Míru]]), the first part of [[line B (Prague Metro)|line B]] in 1985 ([[Anděl (Prague Metro)|Anděl]] – [[Florenc (Prague Metro)|Florenc]]).

In April 2015, construction finished to extend the green line A further into the northwest corner of Prague closer to the airport.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hold |first=Gabriella |title=Metro Extension on the Right Track |url=http://www.praguepost.com/news/4900-metro-extension-on-right-track.html |website=The Prague Post |location=Czech Republic |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=30 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114111627/http://www.praguepost.com/news/4900-metro-extension-on-right-track.html |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> A new interchange station for the bus in the direction of the airport is the station [[Nádraží Veleslavín (Prague Metro)|Nádraží Veleslavín]]. The final station of the green line is [[Nemocnice Motol]] ([[Motol University Hospital|Motol Hospital]]), giving people direct public transportation access to the largest medical facility in the Czech Republic and one of the largest in Europe. A railway connection to the airport is planned.

In operation there are two kinds of units: "81-71M" which is modernized variant of the Soviet [[Metrovagonmash 81-717/81-714|Metrovagonmash 81-71]] (completely modernized between 1995 and 2003) and new "[[Metro M1 (Prague)|Metro M1]]" trains (since 2000), manufactured by consortium consisting of [[Siemens]], [[ČKD (company)|ČKD Praha]] and [[ADtranz]]. The minimum interval between two trains is 90 seconds.

The original Soviet "[[Metrovagonmash Ečs|Ečs]]" vehicles were excluded in 1997, but one vehicle is placed in public transport museum in depot [[Střešovice]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metroweb.cz/metro/Ecs/Ecs.htm |title=Historická souprava Ečs |publisher=Metroweb.cz |access-date=14 September 2013 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019170008/http://metroweb.cz/metro/Ecs/Ecs.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Náměstí Míru]] metro station is the deepest station and is equipped with the longest [[escalator]] in [[European Union]]. The [[Prague metro]] is generally considered very safe.

===Roads===
[[File:Barrande bridge.JPG|thumb|[[Barrandov Bridge]], part of the Prague Inner Ring Road |alt=]]
The main flow of traffic leads through the centre of the city and through inner and outer ring roads (partially in operation).

*'''Inner Ring Road''' (The City Ring "MO"): surrounds central Prague. It is the longest city [[tunnel]] in [[Europe]] with a length of {{cvt|5.5|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} and five interchanges has been completed to relieve congestion in the north-western part of Prague. Called ''[[Blanka tunnel complex]]'' and part of the City Ring Road, it was estimated to eventually cost (after several increases) [[Czech koruna|CZK]] 43 billion. Construction started in 2007 and, after repeated delays, the tunnel officially opened in September 2015. This tunnel complex completes a major part of the inner ring road.
*'''[[D0 expressway (Czech Republic)|Outer Ring Road]] (The Prague Ring "D0")''': this ring road will connect all major motorways and speedways that meet each other in Prague region and provide faster transit without a necessity to drive through the city. So far {{cvt|39|km|mi|0}}, out of a total planned {{cvt|83|km|mi|0}}, is in operation. Most recently, the southern part of this road (with a length of more than {{cvt|20|km|mi|0}}) was opened on 22 September 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening of Prague's Outer Ring (Czech only) |url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/klaus-bem-a-barta-strihli-a-otevreli-prazsky-okruh-mytne-se-plati-phs-/domaci.aspx?c=A100920_081710_domaci_jw |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926194912/http://zpravy.idnes.cz/klaus-bem-a-barta-strihli-a-otevreli-prazsky-okruh-mytne-se-plati-phs-/domaci.aspx?c=A100920_081710_domaci_jw |archive-date=26 September 2011 |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> As of 2021, the next {{cvt|12|km|mi|0}} section between [[Modletice]] and [[Běchovice]] is planned to be completed in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stát chce začít výkup pozemků pro Pražský okruh |url=https://www.novinky.cz/ekonomika/clanek/stat-chce-zacit-vykup-pozemku-pro-prazsky-okruh-40349633 |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=[[Novinky.cz]] |date=February 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506192218/https://www.novinky.cz/ekonomika/clanek/stat-chce-zacit-vykup-pozemku-pro-prazsky-okruh-40349633}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:Praha-Hlavni-nadrazi-2022.jpg|left|thumb|[[Praha hlavní nádraží|Prague main train station]] is the largest and busiest train station in the country.]]
The city forms the hub of the [[České dráhy|Czech railway]] system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system links Prague with major European cities (which can be reached without transfers), including [[Dresden]], [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]], [[Leipzig]], [[Regensburg]] and [[Munich]] (Germany); [[Vienna]], [[Graz]] and [[Linz]] (Austria); [[Warsaw]], [[Kraków]], [[Przemyśl]] and [[Gdynia]] (Poland); [[Bratislava]], [[Poprad]] and [[Košice]] (Slovakia); [[Budapest]] (Hungary); [[Basel]] and [[Zürich]] (Switzerland). Travel times range between 2 hours to Dresden and 13 hours to Zürich.<ref>{{cite web |title=Connections and tickets |url=https://www.cd.cz/en/spojeni-a-jizdenka/ |website=ČD.cz |access-date=15 February 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309232949/https://www.cd.cz/en/spojeni-a-jizdenka/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prague's main international railway station is [[Praha hlavní nádraží|Hlavní nádraží]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Czech Transport |url=http://czech-transport.com/index.php?id=419 |access-date=30 May 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009003611/http://czech-transport.com/index.php?id=419 |url-status=live}}</ref> rail services are also available from other main stations: [[Praha Masarykovo nádraží|Masarykovo nádraží]], [[Praha-Holešovice railway station|Holešovice]] and [[Praha-Smíchov railway station|Smíchov]], in addition to suburban stations. Commuter rail services operate under the name [[Esko Prague|Esko Praha]], which is part of [[Prague Integrated Transport|PID]] (Prague Integrated Transport).
{{clear}}
[[File:Prago-Ruzyně, flughaveno, el-aera vido, 7.jpeg|thumb|Václav Havel Airport Prague is one of the busiest airports in [[central Europe]], carrying 16.8 million passengers in 2018.|alt=]]

===Air===
Prague is served by [[Václav Havel Airport Prague]], the largest airport in the Czech Republic and one of the largest and busiest airports in central and eastern [[Europe]]. The airport is the hub of carriers [[Smartwings]] operating throughout Europe. Other airports in Prague include the city's [[Prague–Kbely Airport|original airport]] in the north-eastern district of [[Prague 19|Kbely]], which is serviced by the [[Czech Air Force]], also internationally. It also houses the [[Prague Aviation Museum, Kbely|Prague Aviation Museum]]. The nearby Letňany Airport is mainly used for private aviation and aeroclub aviation. Another [[Vodochody Airport|airport]] in the proximity is [[Aero Vodochody]] aircraft factory to the north, used for testing purposes, as well as for aeroclub aviation. There are a few aeroclubs around Prague, such as the [[Točná Airport|Točná airfield]].

===Cycling===
{{Main|Cycling in Prague}}
In 2018, 1–2.5 % of people commute by [[Cycling in Prague|bike in Prague]], depending on season. Cycling is very common as a sport or recreation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://prahounakole.cz/2014/08/potencial-cyklodopravy-v-praze/ |title=Potenciál cyklodopravy v Praze |date=4 August 2014 |work=Prahou na kole |access-date=3 December 2018 |language=cs |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105658/https://prahounakole.cz/2014/08/potencial-cyklodopravy-v-praze/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2019, there were {{cvt|194|km|mi|0}} of protected cycle paths and routes. Also, there were {{cvt|50|km|mi|0}} of [[bike lane]]s and {{cvt|26|km|mi|0}} of specially marked bus lanes that are free to be used by cyclists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsk-praha.cz/static/webbooks/udi-rocenka-2017-cz/index.html |title=Yearbook of transport in Prague 2017 |website=TSK-praha.cz |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=8 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208031412/http://www.tsk-praha.cz/static/webbooks/udi-rocenka-2017-cz/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2024, there are four companies [[Bicycle-sharing system|providing bicycle sharing]] in Prague: [[Rekola]] (1,000 bikes), [[Nextbike]] (1,000 bikes), [[Bolt (company)|Bolt]] and [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]]. Bikesharing is partly connected to the public transportation and subsidised by the city.

== Sport ==
{{see also|Football in Prague}}
Prague is the site of many sports events, national stadiums and teams.

=== Teams ===
*[[AC Sparta Prague|Sparta Prague]] ([[Czech First League]])&nbsp;– football club
*[[SK Slavia Prague|Slavia Prague]] (Czech First League)&nbsp;– football club
*[[Bohemians 1905]] (Czech First League)&nbsp;– football club
*[[FK Dukla Prague|Dukla Prague]] ([[Czech National Football League|Czech 2nd Football League]])&nbsp;– football club
*[[FK Viktoria Žižkov|Viktoria Žižkov]] ([[Czech National Football League|Czech 2nd Football League]])&nbsp;– football club
*[[HC Sparta Praha]] ([[Czech Extraliga]])&nbsp;– ice hockey club
*[[HC Slavia Praha]] ([[1st Czech Republic Hockey League|Czech 2nd Hockey League]])&nbsp;– ice hockey club
*[[USK Praha]] ([[National Basketball League (Czech Republic)|National Basketball League]])&nbsp;– basketball club
*[[Prague Lions]] ([[European League of Football]])&nbsp;–American football 
*[[AK Markéta Praha]] (speedway club)
*[[PSK Olymp Praha (athletics)|PSK Olymp Praha]] (athletics club)

=== Stadia and arenas ===
[[File:O2 Arena, od Českomoravské.jpg|thumb|The O2 Arena was built to host the [[2004 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships|2004 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]].]]
*[[O2 Arena (Prague)|O2 Arena]]&nbsp;– the second largest ice hockey arena in [[Europe]]. It hosted [[2004 IIHF World Championship|2004]], [[2015 IIHF World Championship]] and [[2024 IIHF World Championship|2024]], [[National Hockey League|NHL]] 2008 and 2010 Opening Game and [[Euroleague]] Final Four.
*[[Great Strahov Stadium|Strahov Stadium]]&nbsp;– the largest stadium in the world.<ref name="ct24">{{cite news |title=Strahovský stadion kapacitou překonal jen římský Circus maximus |url=https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/regiony/1834457-strahovsky-stadion-kapacitou-prekonal-jen-rimsky-circus-maximus |work=ČT24 |language=cs |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407025223/https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/regiony/1834457-strahovsky-stadion-kapacitou-prekonal-jen-rimsky-circus-maximus |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Fortuna Arena]], football stadium
*[[I. ČLTK Prague]], tennis club
*[[Markéta Stadium]], speedway and athletics stadium
*[[Stadion Juliska]], football and athletics stadium
*Gutovka– sport area with a large concrete [[skatepark]], the highest outdoor [[climbing wall]] in Central Europe, four [[beach volleyball]] courts and children's playground;<ref>{{cite web |title=Gutovka |url=http://www.praha.eu/jnp/en/entertainment/sport/sport_areas/gutovka.html |website=Praha.eu |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083258/http://www.praha.eu/jnp/en/entertainment/sport/sport_areas/gutovka.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Central European Beach Volleyball Championship 2018 took place here.

=== Events ===
*[[Prague International Marathon]]
*[[ATP Prague Open|Prague Open]]&nbsp;– Tennis Tournament
*[[Prague Chess Festival]]
*[[Sparta Prague Open]]&nbsp;– Tennis Tournament held at [[TK Sparta Prague]] in [[Prague 7]]
*[[Josef Odložil Memorial]]&nbsp;– athletics meeting
*World [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] Club Championships 2010 concluded in Strahov and Eden Arena.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=WFDF |title=Prague, Czech Republic to host the WFDF World Ultimate Club Championships 2010 |url=https://www.wfdf.org/news-media/news/news/1-news/211-WUCC%20Concludes%20in%20Prague,%20Czech%20Republic |access-date=10 September 2008 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217104316/http://wfdf.org/news-media/news/news/1-news/211-WUCC%20Concludes%20in%20Prague,%20Czech%20Republic |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Mystic SK8 Cup&nbsp;– [[World Cup of Skateboarding]] venue held at the [[Štvanice]] skatepark

==International relations==
[[File:PetrinObservationTower.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Petřín Lookout Tower]], an observation tower inspired by the [[Eiffel Tower]] in Paris, France, and built at Petřín hill]]

The city of Prague maintains its own EU delegation in [[Brussels]] called Prague House.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prague House: Mission and representational activities |url=http://www.prague-house.eu/en/prague-house/mission-and-representational-activities/ |website=prague-house.eu |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331171042/http://www.prague-house.eu/en/prague-house/mission-and-representational-activities/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Prague was the location of [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]]'s speech on 5 April 2009, which led to the [[New START]] treaty with Russia, signed in Prague on 8 April 2010.<ref>Ratification of the START treaty is a step towards Obama's goal of a nuclear weapons-free world. (Official White House Photo) by Pete Souza [http://www.peoplesworld.org/new-start-ratified-71-2 Dec. 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231120032/http://www.peoplesworld.org/new-start-ratified-71-2/ |date=31 December 2010}}.</ref>

The annual conference [[Forum 2000]], which was founded by former Czech President [[Václav Havel]], Japanese philanthropist [[Yōhei Sasakawa]], and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Elie Wiesel]] in 1996, is held in Prague. Its main objective is "to identify the key issues facing civilization and to explore ways to prevent the escalation of conflicts that have religion, culture or ethnicity as their primary components", and also intends to promote democracy in non-democratic countries and to support civil society. Conferences have attracted a number of prominent thinkers, Nobel laureates, former and acting politicians, business leaders and other individuals like: [[F. W. de Klerk|Frederik Willem de Klerk]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Nicholas Winton]], [[Oscar Arias Sánchez]], [[Dalai Lama]], [[Hans Küng]], [[Shimon Peres]] and [[Madeleine Albright]].

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic}}
Prague is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/politik/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften/ |publisher=Berlin |language=de |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209104752/https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Brussels]], Belgium<ref>{{cite web |title=Brussels |url=https://efus.eu/about-us/brussels/ |website=efus.eu |date=21 January 2012 |publisher=European Forum for Urban Security |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808183020/https://efus.eu/about-us/brussels/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/ |publisher=Chicago Sister Cities International |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314041125/http://www.chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Frankfurts Partnerstädte |url=https://frankfurt.de/service-und-rathaus/verwaltung/aemter-und-institutionen/hauptamt-und-stadtmarketing/referat-fuer-internationale-angelegenheiten/staedtepartnerschaft-als-tor-zur-welt |publisher=Frankfurt am Main |language=de |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812113254/https://frankfurt.de/service-und-rathaus/verwaltung/aemter-und-institutionen/hauptamt-und-stadtmarketing/referat-fuer-internationale-angelegenheiten/staedtepartnerschaft-als-tor-zur-welt |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hamburg]], Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte |url=https://www.hamburg.de/partnerstaedte/ |publisher=Hamburg |language=de |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904024526/https://www.hamburg.de/partnerstaedte/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyoto]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=https://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/sogo/page/0000083407.html |publisher=Kyoto |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315042511/https://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/sogo/page/0000083407.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Miami-Dade County Sister Cities Program |url=https://www.miamidade.gov/business/international-sister-cities.asp |publisher=Miami-Dade County |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303083348/http://www.miamidade.gov/business/international-sister-cities.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte |url=https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/international/partnerstaedte.html |publisher=Nuremberg |language=de |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901143416/https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/international/partnerstaedte.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=https://www.phoenixsistercities.org/sister-cities/ |publisher=Phoenix Sister Cities |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928123222/https://www.phoenixsistercities.org/sister-cities/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan<ref>{{cite web |title=What's Behind the Prague-Taipei Sister City Ties? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/whats-behind-the-prague-taipei-sister-city-ties/ |publisher=The Diplomat |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227063234/https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/whats-behind-the-prague-taipei-sister-city-ties/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Namesakes===
A number of other settlements are derived or similar to the name of Prague. In many of these cases, Czech emigration has left a number of namesake cities scattered over the globe, with a notable concentration in the [[New World]].
{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*[[Praha, Slovakia]]
*[[Praha, Texas]], United States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hnp51 |title=&#124; Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) |publisher=Tshaonline.org |date=10 November 2013 |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924141034/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hnp51 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Prague, Oklahoma]], United States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofpragueok.org/Article.cfm?articleID=18481 |title=The History of Prague |publisher=cityofpragueok.org |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307102228/http://www.cityofpragueok.org/Article.cfm?articleID=18481 |archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
*[[Prague, Nebraska]], United States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.casde.unl.edu/history/counties/saunders/prague/ |title=CASDE &#124; Prague – Saunders County |publisher=Casde.unl.edu |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=7 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807163411/http://www.casde.unl.edu/history/counties/saunders/prague/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[New Prague, Minnesota]], United States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newprague.com/VisitorHistory.html |title=Visitor Information |access-date=18 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515063811/http://www.newprague.com/VisitorHistory.html |archive-date=15 May 2008}}</ref>
|}

Additionally, [[Kłodzko]] is sometimes referred to as "Little Prague" ({{langx|de|Klein-Prag}}). Although now in [[Poland]], it had been traditionally a part of [[Bohemia]] until 1763 when it became part of [[Silesia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/poland/klodzko.html |title=Klodzko: Dolnośląskie – Poland |website=International Jewish Cemetery Project |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=21 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421161132/http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/poland/klodzko.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Czech Republic|EU}}
* [[Churches in Prague]]
* [[List of museums in Prague]]
* [[List of people from Prague]]
* [[Outline of Prague]]
* [[Outline of the Czech Republic]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*Bryant, Chad. ''Prague: Belonging in the Modern City''. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2021. 
*Jekova, Alena. ''77 Prague Legends''. Prague: Prah, 2006. {{ISBN|80-7252-139-X}}
*''Prague'' (Eyewitness Travel Guide by DK Publishing) (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0756615488 excerpt and text search 2006 edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602181244/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0756615488 |date=2 June 2020}}
*''Prague (City Guide)'' by Neil Wilson (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1741045134 excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602181253/https://www.amazon.com/dp/1741045134 |date=2 June 2020}}
*''Praha – Prague and environs'' (by Čedok) (1926) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120714025701/http://kramerius.mlp.cz/kramerius/MShowPageDoc.do?id=85423&mcp=&idpi=153231&author=digitised city guide from 1920s]
*''Rick Steves' Prague and The Czech Republic'' by Rick Steves and Honza Vihan (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/159880118X excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309070133/https://www.amazon.com/dp/159880118X |date=9 March 2021}}
*Wilson, Neil. ''Lonely Planet Prague'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1741043026 excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602181306/https://www.amazon.com/dp/1741043026 |date=2 June 2020}}
*Wilson, Paul, ed. ''Prague: A Traveler's Literary Companion''. Whereabouts Press, 1995.

===Culture and society===
*[[John Banville|Banville, John]]. ''Prague Pictures: Portraits of a City''. Bloomsbury, 2004.
*Becker, Edwin et al., ed. ''Prague 1900: Poetry and Ecstasy'' (2000). 224 pp.
*{{cite book |author=Boehm, Barbara Drake |display-authors=etal |title=''Prague: The Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437'' |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/218200 |location=New York |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2005 |isbn=978-1588391612 |access-date=22 May 2017 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713044530/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/218200 |url-status=live}}
*Burton, Richard D. E. ''Prague: A Cultural and Literary History'' (2003). 268 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1566564905 excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421152843/https://www.amazon.com/dp/1566564905 |date=21 April 2022}}
*Cohen, Gary B. ''The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914'' (1981). 344 pp.
*Fucíková, Eliska, ed. ''Rudolf II and Prague: The Court and the City'' (1997). 792 pp.
*Holz, Keith. ''Modern German Art for Thirties Paris, Prague, and London: Resistance and Acquiescence in a Democratic Public Sphere'' (2004). 359 pp.
*Iggers, Wilma Abeles. ''Women of Prague: Ethnic Diversity and Social Change from the Eighteenth Century to the Present'' (1995). 381 pp. [https://www.questia.com/read/13825165 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728101253/http://www.questia.com/read/13825165 |date=28 July 2011}}
*Porizka, Lubomir; Hojda, Zdenek; and Pesek, Jirí. ''The Palaces of Prague'' (1995). 216 pp.
*Rybár, Ctibor. ''Jewish Prague: Notes on History and Culture — A Guidebook'' (1991).
*Sayer, Derek. ''Prague: Crossroads of Europe''. London Reaktion Books, 2018. {{ISBN|978-1-78914-009-5}}.
*Sayer, Derek. ''Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century: A Surrealist History'' (Princeton University Press; 2013) 595 pp.; a study of the city as a crossroads for modernity.
*Sayer, Derek. "The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780–1920", ''Past & Present'' 1996 (153): 164–210. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651139 in Jstor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215054642/https://www.jstor.org/stable/651139 |date=15 December 2019}}
*Spector, Scott. ''Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Kafka's Fin de Siècle'' (2000). 331 pp. [https://www.questia.com/library/book/prague-territories-national-conflict-and-cultural-innovation-in-franz-kafkas-fin-de-siaecle-by-scott-spector.jsp online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828172313/http://www.questia.com/library/book/prague-territories-national-conflict-and-cultural-innovation-in-franz-kafkas-fin-de-siaecle-by-scott-spector.jsp |date=28 August 2011}}
*Svácha, Rostislav. ''The Architecture of New Prague, 1895–1945'' (1995). 573 pp.
*Wittlich, Peter. ''Prague: Fin de Siècle'' (1992). 280 pp.
{{refend}}

==External links==
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{{sister project links|d=Q1085|wikt=Prague|voy=Prague|c=Praha|s=Category:Prague|n=no|b=no|v=no|species=no|m=no|mw=no|q=no}}
*{{official website}} {{In lang|cs|en}}
*[https://www.prague.eu/en Official tourist portal]
*[http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/czech/prague/prague.html Old maps of Prague] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726234417/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/czech/prague/prague.html |date=26 July 2022 }} in Historic Cities site

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[[Category:Prague]]
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